Second Philippine International School

A.Y. 2008-2009

REVIEWER IN MUSIC, ART,

AND HEALTH

Submitted by:
Roxenette Gil B. Pangilinan
Submitted to:
Mr. Jerome Balandra

MUSIC

VOCAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

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The continent of Africa is home to approximately 800 million people from different cultural
backgrounds and traditions. Despite this cultural and environmental diversity, this nation is
home to one of the worlds most unique and complicated musical styles
- Music is an integral part in the lives of the Africans. To any African, music is closely related to
every aspect that goes much deeper than singing songs for rituals or special ceremonies. When
a mother lulls a baby to sleep, she is doing more than just calming the baby or singing the lullaby
but she also praises God for granting her child
- Traditional African music is functional. It is used for worship and courtship, for easing up hard
work and for giving pleasure or entertainment. It is basically an expression of life through sound
- Traditional African music has no system of notation.
- GRIOTS highly skilled musicians pass on tribal history through oral traditions
- African music is said to be a communal activity.
o At an early age, a young African child is exposed to rhythmic activities, dancing and
melodic patterns through musical games. This prepares him to participate in the
activities of the community such as fishing, hunting, farming and attending weddings
and funerals when he becomes an adult. It is for this reason that most Africans display a
precise sense of rhythm.
ELEMENTS OF AFRICAN MUSIC
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Rhythmic activities and percussive sounds predominate African music. These elements have
always fascinated non-African listeners and observers.
Their music is basically POLYRHYTHMIC.
o This means that they perform two or more basic rhythms simultaneously.
Most rhythms are based on a duple or triple meter that is played based on a contrasting
recurrent beat.
Another important element in African music is the vocal style. A wide range of tone quality is
observed among the Africans. This is partly due to the regional diversity of the people. Solo
singers use the open voice quality, open-throated and the falsetto in rendering their musical
numbers.
Glissandos, bends and swoops are the commonly observed musical traits of African vocal music.
Group singing is done through the call-response technique. In this technique, the lead singer,
who is highly trained, sings a line or a phrase which the rest of the group sings back in alteration.
The leader can improvise the melodic or rhythmic pattern depending on his expression. This
style of singing produces a polyphonic texture that is done in an extended for.

AFRICAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

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African music is predominantly rhythmic and percussive.

Most important musical accompaniment used by the Africans is handclapping.
African rituals and ceremonies are dependent on the musical accompaniment of the drums,
which is believed to help summon spirits.
Many of the instruments can somewhat imitate the human voice, that is why it is sometimes
referred to as talking instruments.
The melodic, harmonic and rhythmic traits of African music create the illusion of speaking
instruments

Nomadic societies do not use drums to accompany their music , instead, they are satisfied
with the use of sticks which are actually handy and practical to bring along
IDIOPHONES
1. Rattles functionally, there are two kinds of rattles. The primary rattles, which are held
by the hands and the secondary rattles, which are worn by the performers on their
bodies and are activated through bodily movements. Rattles are made from dried gourd
from the calabash tree and are covered with beads to crate rattling sounds when tapped
or shaken. An example of this is the sekere rattle of Nigeria.
2. Clappers clappers reproduce the sound of handclapping for ritual and ceremonial
purposes. They take the form of a wood or a stone slab resonator that is struck by a
smaller piece of the same material
3. Scraped and Stamped Idiophones Some sounds are produced by rubbing a gourd
against a board or by scraping a bottle with a tin. Others produce sound as they are
pounded on the ground in vertical motion. Pestles are usually used as stamping sticks to
accompany female choruses.
4. Mbira this melodic idiophone is made from graduated series of wooden or metal strips
that are arranged and mounted on a resonator. It has one to three manual, each having
five to twenty keys that are played like a piano
5. Xylophone another important melodic idiophone is the xylophone. This instrument is
made up of a series of wooden slabs or key mounted on a clay part or on a wooden
frame.
MEMBRANOPHONES
Drums are carved out of wood or made form strips of wood that are bounded together.
Sometimes, earthenwares such as vessels are also used as drum shells. Antelope skin and goat
skin are softened and stretched on top of the hollow drum. It is held with a ring around on the
edge of the drum and is tied on the wooden pegs.
AEROPHONES

Flutes are usually made from bamboo trees, stalks of millet, tip of a gourd and the husks of
cane. African flutes may have four to six finger holes that allow the musicians to play melodies
with a wide range. Panpipes are also used in some African societies. Reed pipes are also made
for the stalk of a millet. It is played by inhaling nd exhaling through the slit around its flag
Animals horns and elephant tusks and wood

CHORDOPHONES
Musical bows are the simplest of all African chordophones.
- Zithers are stinged instruments that are positioned horizontally
- Lutes are instruments whose strings run parallel to its neck and are played through plucking or
bowing.
- Harpes and lyres used to accompany solo singing, poetry, narrative songs and praise songs

LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

- Refers to the countries found in the southern part of the United States of America s well as the
entire Caribbean

Latin American music traces its origin from the native American music played and performed by
the American Indians
Influential musical style: American musical style

MUSICAL STYLES
1. Calypso is a form of music and dance popular in the Caribbean. It originated from the
pre-lenten carnival in Trinidad where musicians play in their music nightly
2. Rumba - Afro- Cuban song and dance that is polyrhythmic and natural moving. It
exhibits medium to fast tempos. It has a three part form made up of an introduction,
improvised verses and repetitive call and response singing.
3. Merengue well-know vocal and dance music that was adapted from the Dominican
Republic
4. Tango emerged at the end of the 19th century from Buenos Aires. This dance was
probably derived from milonga and the habanera.
5. Salsa is a musical style that has developed in New York City by the Urban Caribbean
Hispanics. This musical style is highly influenced by jazz and rock music and instruments.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA
Percussion
1. The bongo drum is a pair of drums struck by the hands. The first piece is larger than the other,
the drums are connected by a piece of wood.
2. The congo drum is a single-tall bongo, struck with the players hands. This comes in four
different sizes
3. The maracas is a pair of dried gourds with wooden handles. They are played by shaking. Each
piece of this may be filled with beads, beans or pebbles.
4. Claves are pairs of round, hardwood sticks that are tapped together. They are used to play a
special ongoing syncopated rhythm, that keeps a steady rhythm and tempo.
5. The cabasa looks like a wooden spool with metal beads wound around it, and has a wooden
handle. It is played by twisting the beads back and forth in the palm
6. Steel drums are tuned metal barrels
String Instruments
1. Cuatro is small four-stringed instrument that resembles a ukulele.
2. The tiple is found in Andes mountain regions of Venezuela and Colombia. It has four
coble or triple sets of strings that are used to accompany a certain music.
3. The charango is a lute-shaped instrument with five pairs of strings.

ART
BAROQUE PERIOD: HISTORY AND STYLE
Baroque period was the time when arts painting, music, architecture and literature were greatly
affected. It covered the period between 1600-1750. The highlights in cultural and historical
developments during the period were: Puritans reached New England (1620); beheading of Charles I
(1649); restoration of Charles II as King and England (1662); and the discovery of the Laws of Gravity by
Sir Isaac Newton.

In 1500s and 1600s, affluent and powerful European monarchs built elaborate palaces to display the
opulence of their state. The palace of Versailles was built with elaborate architectural ornamentation.
Baroque art had become the medium for spreading the message of counter reformation. The master of
the three arts during the period was Giovanni Bernini. He worked for years to finish the basilica. His
masterpiece is The Baldacchino, the tower above the high altar in saint peters basilica.
Baroque architecture is characterized by heavy sculptural embellishments and rich ornamentation.
Nature was incorporated but presented in formal arrangements.
Baroque paintings has a large-scale forms filled with colors which show strong feelings. The leading
painter during the period was Caravaggio. His painting, the Calling of St. Matthew, reflected his violent
nature. Famous painters were Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrandt van Rijn and Diego Velasquez.
Sculpture during the Baroque period was characterized by movement, quality and the use of different
materials in one single work. One material was used to stimulate another material. Many baroque
sculptures are set within elaborate architectural setting.
Music during the Baroque period was filled with complex details and contrast. Opera music developed
during the baroque period. The great baroque composers include Johann Sebastian Back, Claudio
Monteverdi, Alessandro Scarlatti, George Frideric Handel and Antonio Vivaldi.

CLASSICAL PERIOD: HISTORY AND STYLE

Classical period commenced in 1750. The period was marked by change of styles in art. Art borrowed
the classic style from Greece and Rome and worked with simple but elegant lines. The highlights of the
period in its cultural and historical development embraced the American Declaration of Independence
(1776), the Fall of Bastille (1789), the Execution of Louis XVI (1793) and the publication of the Lyrical
Ballads of Wordsworth and Coleridge (1798).
Classicism involves the idea of the best. The period in which art or society reaches its peak is called
classical.
Art in the classical period celebrated the masterpiece Cupid and Psyche by Antonio Canova. In painting,
Jacques-Louis Davids work, the Oath of the Horatii exhibits his severe and uncompromising style.
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, painted Napoleon Euthroved and Grande Odalisque.
In America, the principles of Neoclassicissm in architecture was embodied by Thomas Jefferson. His own
home, Monticello, is a good example of his Classical style.
Haratio Greenough was commissioned by the US Congress to erect a marble statue of George
Washington in a grand manner.

Music during the Classical period meant art music. Music historian used the term to emphasize the
specific period and style in music history around 1750-1825. The greatest masters were Ludwig van
Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Joseph Haydn and Christopher Willibald Gluck.
Classical music was written for religious services, opera, ballet and concerts. It involved music for group
of instruments (symphony orchestras for voice) and music for both voices and instrmetns.

ROMANTIC PERIOD: HISTORY AND STYLE

Romanticism was the period during the early to mid-19th century. The cultural and historical
development during the period highlighted the proclamation of Napoleon as Emperor (1804), the
invention of the first working steam engine (1814), the Revolution (1848) which overthrew Louis
Philippe, King of France and the recognition of Beethoven for his Eroica Symphony (1804).
Romanticism is founded on the assumption that the object of life and art is to grasp all directly,
spontaneously and freely. It emphasized imagination and emotion over reason and order.
In architecture, the romantic movement was marked by revivals of historical styles like Gothic.
In painting, romanticism focused on peoples longing to return to nature, and on the insignificance of
humanity in relation to natures vastness.
John Constable, a great English Romantic landscape painter of the 18th century painted Salisbury
Cathedral. His landscape tends to focus on English country life. The cathedral is framed by trees that
echo its Gothic vertical spires. Humanity, like the cathedral, is at one with nature.
Romantic paintings show dramatic scenes from nature. The work of Caspar David Friedrich shows two
persons watching the crimson sky by the sea in Moonrise Over the Sea 1822.

MODERN ART
Impressionism as a style in painting evolved in France in the 1860s. the group of painters called
Impressionists studied changes in light and color caused by weather conditions, times of day and
seasons. They painted mostly outdoors. They painted quickly to capture atmosphere and mood at
different times of the day.
Claude Monet was the outstanding painter of the French Impressionism. In May 1874, the
Impressionists held an art show in Paris. Their works were laughed at, criticized and rejected. A critic
who disapproved of Monets landscape declared that it was impressionistic; the edges were not clear
and the technique as sloppy. In response, Monet entitled one of his landscapes, Impression Sunrise. The
impressionists avoided using black paint because it seldom seen in nature. Other Impressionists were
Pierre-August Renoir, Edouard Manet, Mary Cassatt and Edgar Degas.

Post-Impressionism developed in the late 19th century. Paul Cezanne was a post-Impressionist who had
great influence in Modern Art. He used form and color to express the way he felt about nature. Unlike
the Impressionists, Cezanne employed prominent brush strokes and clear outlines.
Expressionism flourished in the early 1900s. The artists of this movement were interested in the
expressive possibilities of color to create mood and action. They gave form to their strong inner feelings.
Expression art includes both deep despair and intense joy. The imagery may be dark and painful or
bright and pleasurable. Vincent Van Gogh was a joyful expressionist. His painting, Starry Night, presents
heavenly bodies in swirling brush strokes and energetic vivid colors.
Edvard Munchs painting, The Scream, represents the darker side of Expressionism. The image in the
picture shows intense anxiety, fear and insanity.

HEALTH
BARBITURATES AND THEIR USES
Depressants are prescription drugs which can cause great damage to any person, especially if abused.
However, if taken under a doctors prescription, these can be helpful in the treatment of different
illnesses.
THREE MAIN GROUPS OF DEPRESSANTS
1. Sedative hypnotics drugs used to treat people who have trouble sleeping
2. Tranquilizers drugs used to relieve anxiety and tension
3. Alcohol slows down brain function and other parts of the nervous system
Barbiturates
To reduce stress, some people turn to alcohol. Other turn to drugs to bring back a feeling of
calmness. One such class of drugs is called barbiturates. These drugs serve to depress the central
nervous system and are often called sleeping pills.
These drugs have slang names like:
-

Barbs
Goof balls
Sleeping pills
Candy
Sleepers
Downers

Medical Use of Barbiturates

1. Used in the treatment of anxiety and tension

2. Used in various types of convulsive disorder caused by epilepsy, tetanus or drugs

3. Used to sedate and relax patients prior to surgery so that the necessary pre-operative
procedures may be carried out quickly and efficiently
4. Used by psychiatrists in the diagnosis and treatment of certain mental disorders.
5. Widely used as anesthetics for brief surgical procedures
6. Used by dentist as anesthesia for tooth extraction
7. Used in calming or slowing down people under unusual tension or stress
8. Used in the treatment of certain nervous disorders.
Effects of Using Barbiturates
A. Medically Prescribe Doses
a. Mildly depresses the action of the nerves, skeletal muscles, heart, breathing and lowers
blood pressure
B. Higher Doses
a. Effects resemble alcohol drunkenness
b. Confusion, slow and staggering speech
c. Impaired thinking and concentration
d. Weakened emotional control
e. Irritability, anger and violent tendencies
f. Sleepiness.

KINDS OF ALCOHOL AND THEIR USES

Alcohol is a depressant that slows down brain functions and other parts of the nervous system. It existed
long before the birth of Christ.
TYPE S OF ALCOHOL
1. Ethyl alcohol found in beverages and drug preparation. It is addictive and causes physical and
psychological dependence
2. Grain alcohol a mash produced from ground corn, rye, barley, wheat or other cereals
3. Methyl alcohol alcohol from wood. It is very poisonous that even its fumes are harmful
4. Denatured alcohol ethyl alcohol mixed with methanol makes it poisonous. It is largely used for
industrial purposes.
Uses of Alcohol
1. As disinfectant
2. As solvent in medicines
3. As an ingredient in cosmetics like perfumes, hairtonics and lotions
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DRINKING IN THE BODY

1. When a person takes alcohol, about 20% of it passes through the lining of the stomach
and into the bloodstream. The rest goes to the small intestines where it enters the
bloodstream and begins to affect the brain.
2. Alcohol can be detected in the blood 5 minutes after it has been consumed.
3. Alcohol is deposited in each organ.
4. Drinking immediately after eating slows down the rate of absorption into the
bloodstream.
5. A heavier person is likely to be less affected than a lighter person
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DRINKING ON BEHAVIOR
1. It slows down reaction time (response or movement) and affects a persons
coordination due to the slow functioning of the brain.
2. It causes depression of the brain centers resulting to aggressiveness, excessive activity,
confusion, disorientation and stupor.
3. It causes loss of judgment and memory due to the destruction of the cortical tissues or
brain cells. Alcohol consumption ma radically alter both ones ability and ones
motivation to process information regarding sexual risk (cf.www.units.myohio.edu)
4. The individual becomes progressively less conscious of his environment.
SOCIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF ALCOHOL DRINKING
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Broken homes
Insanity
Poverty
Child misery
Crime

FALSE BELIEFS ABOUT ALCOHOL DRINKING

Alcoholics people who have developed dependence on alcohol
Peoples belief about alcohol is clouded with myths. They think that drinking alcohol is not as harmful as
taking drugs. The truth is, alcohol is a drug. It is produced by a chemical reaction in some foods and has
powerful effects in the body.
There are many reasons why people drink alcohol. Some reasons are:
1. They give in to pressure from friends who drink alcohol. Drinkers learn to drink from their
friends. It makes them feel part of the group.
2. Drinkers believe that drinking is a sign of adulthood and maturity.
3. Drinkers believe that alcohol helps them escape from problems.
4. Drinkers believe that alcohol makes them feel relaxed.

5. Some people are influenced by family members who drink alcohol.

6. People become curious because of advertisements in newspapers, magazines and billboards.
False belief about alcohol drinking
1. Drinking enables one to forget troubles and escape from problems and annoyances.
2. Drinking offers an opportunity to have a good time with a social or a business group
3. Drinking enables one to get rid of certain inhibitions.
4. Alcoholic beverages are effective treatments for shock.
5. Eating while drinking prevents intoxications.
6. Beer drinkers do not become alcoholics
7. Alcohol drinking contributes to success in business transactions
8. Alcoholic can quit drinking anytime they want to
9. Alcoholics can recover without help from the family.

MAKING THE RIGHT DECISION: NO TO DRUGS AND ALCOHOL

These are some of the recreational activities that can help you avoid alcohol whenever you are tempted
or pressure to try it:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Get involved in some useful activities.

Join any civic or religious organization in you barangay
Volunteer in community projects.
Learn a sport or join a team
Help in disseminating information about alcohol drinking

Making Right Decision

1. Say No to alcohol and drugs
2. Avoid situations wherein friends or family members may pressure you to drink alcohol or take
drugs
3. Get together with friends who are not drinking
4. Politely refuse when you are offered a drink. No one can force you to drink
Reasons for Avoiding Alcohol and Drugs
1. Taking prohibited drugs is illegal. Obeying the law makes your life and the lives of others around
you safer.
2. Drug use and drinking alcohol get in the way of the challenges you face everyday.
3. Drug abuse and alcohol drinking brings greater problems instead of solutions. Many lives have
been destroyed because of loss of control in taking drugs and drinking alcohol.
4. Misuse and abuse of drugs and alcohol are not signs of adulthood and maturity

5. Drinking alcohol gives a person an unpleasant odor while drug abusers tend to neglect personal
hygiene.
6. Alcohol drinking, if abused, injures the general health of a person by lowering his body
resistance to diseases
7. Drug use and alcohol drinking oftentimes develop negative traits in a person
8. Avoiding alcohol and drugs shows how you value yourself and your relationship with your family
and other people.
9. Drug abuse oftentimes lead to impaired emotional maturation
10. The combination of alcohol and drug intake may result to death.