I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Dng Vn Ton

M TURBO

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: in T - Vin Thng

H NI 2005

I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

Dng Vn Ton

M TURBO

KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh

: in T - Vin Thng

Cn b hng dn : GS.TSKH Hunh Hu Tu

H NI 2005

LI CM N

au qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu , em hon thnh kha lun

ca mnh v M Turbo di s hng dn v ch bo tn tnh
ca GS,TSKH Hunh Hu Tu.
Vi tnh cm trn trng , em xin chn thnh cm n GS, TSKH Hunh
Hu Tu hng dn, ch bo em hon thnh kha lun .
Em xin gi li cm n su sc ti cc thy ,c trong khoa in t - Vin
thng cng ton th cc thy c trong trng i Hc Cng Ngh dy d em
trong bn nm hc va qua.
S tin b trong hc tp v nghin cu ca ti c s gip v ng
vin rt ln ca cc bn cng lp v ngi thn. Ti xin cm n nhng tnh cm
qu bu .
H ni, ngy 02 thng 06 nm 2005
Dng Vn Ton

TM TT

m ha v gii m Turbo cho cht lng rt cao. N cho php tin gn

gii hn Shannon .

i n khi nim v m Turbo, ta nghin cu ti nhng khi nim c lin

quan l nn tng xy dng nn cu trc b m ha v gii m.. l nhng khi
nim v m chp, m k,v cc khi nim ton hc v xc sut, cc qu trnh ngu
nhin ca mt thng k kim tra: Xc sut hu nghim, xc sut tin nghim , hm mt
xc sut.. qua dn ti thut ton MAP ( Maximum a posteriori ) .V c bit l
nhng khi nim : i s log-hp l ( log-likelihood), thng tin ngoi lai,.Thng
qua v d v m nhn chng ta thy tc dng ca b gii m SISO .
Sau khi c c nhng khi nim c bn , chng ta tm hiu v cu trc b
m ha v gii m lp da trn thut ton MAP vi b gii m SISO ( Soft Input Soft
Output).
Cui cng l chng trnh m phng vic m ha v gii m ca Yufei qua
thy c cht lng ca m Turbo.
.

Mc lc

Trang

M u ...............................................................................................1
Chng 1 Tng quan v h thng tin s v gii hn Shannon ......2
1.1 Cu trc h thng tin s....................................................2
1.2 Gii hn Shannon v cht lng .....................................6
1.3 Tm tt chng ................................................................10
Chng 2 M k , M chp ...............................................................11
2.1 Gii thiu .........................................................................11
2.2 Cu trc m chp v gin biu din ...........................11
2.2.1 Cu trc m chp .......................................................11
2.2.2 Biu din m chp .....................................................15
2.2.3 Phn b trng s m chp..........................................19
2.3 M k .............................................................................22
2.3.1 Cu trc v nguyn l................................................22
2.3.2 S m ha
Chng 3 Cc khi nim v m Turbo ............................................28
3.1 Cc khi nim m Turbo .................................................29
3.1.1 Cc hm hp l ..........................................................29
3.1.2 Trng hp lp hai tn hiu.......................................30
3.1.3 T s Log-Hp l ......................................................31
3.1.4 Nguyn l ca gii m lp Turbo ..............................32
3.2 i s Log-Hp l ...........................................................33
3.2.1 M chn l n hai chiu...........................................35
3.2.2 M nhn .....................................................................36
3.2.3 Hp l ngoi lai .........................................................40
3.2.4 Tnh ton Hp l ngoi lai.........................................41

Chng 4: Cu trc m Turbo v b gii lp .................................47

4.1 Gii thiu .........................................................................47
4.2 Cu trc b m ha v gii m ........................................49
4.3 ng dng ca m Turbo..................................................53
Kt lun ..............................................................................................58
Ph lc - Chng trnh m phng Matlab .....................................59
Ti liu tham kho

DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
APP
AWGN
BER
bps
BPSK
BSC
FER
ISI
LLR
MAP
MLSE
pdf
RSC
SISO
SOVA
SER
SNR
QPSK
MPSK
QAM
TCM
VA

A posteriori probability
Additive white Gaussian noise
Bit error rate
bits per second
Binary phase shift keying
Binary symmetric channel
Frame error rate
Inter-symbol interference
Log-likelihood ratios
Maximum a posteriori
Maximum likelihood squence
estimation
probability density function
Recursive systematic
convolutional
Soft input, soft output
Soft output Viterbi algorithm
Symbol error rate
Signal-to-noise ratio
Quaternary phase shift keying
M-ary phase shift keying
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Trellis coded modulation
Viterbi algorithm

Xc sut hu nghim
Nhiu cng trng chun
T s li bt
Bt trn giy
Kha dch pha nh phn
Knh i xng nh phn
T s li khung
Xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu
T s log-hp l
Thut ton cc i hu nghim
Chui hp l ti a
Hm mt xc sut
M chp h thng hi quy
Li vo mm-Li ra mm
Thut ton Viterbi li ra mm
T l li k hiu
T s tn trn tp
Kha dch pha bn mc
Kha dich pha a mc
iu ch QAM
iu ch m li
Thut ton Viterbi

M U

Sau 50 nm k t khi Shannon a ra l thuyt thng tin s, ln u tin cc

nh nghin cu v m ho mi tm c mt phng php m ho tip cn c gn
ti dung lng ca knh Gaussian, chnh l pht hin ra m Turbo vo nm 1993.
Vic kt hp gia m ho vi ghp xen pha pht v gii m lp pha thu cho
nhng kt qu bt ng. Cc kt qu m phng cho thy m Turbo cho php truyn tin
gn cn Shannon trong khong vi phn mi dB. Tuy nhin, c s l thuyt cho m
Turbo vn cha c hon thin. V vy vic tm hiu v m Turbo c ngha khoa
hc cao.
V vy, ti chn ti M Turbo nhm tm hiu v nh gi cht lng
ca n trong h thng vin thng ngy nay

CHNG 1:
TNG QUAN V H THNG TIN S V GII HN SHANNON

1.1 CU TRC H THNG THNG TIN S

Vo cui th k 20 v u th k 21 ra i nhiu loi h thng thng tin s,
chng khc nhau v gii php x l tn hiu s nhm thc hin vic truyn cc tn hiu
s mt cch c hiu qu v phng din chim dng bng tn cng nh cng sut tn
hiu . Mt trong nhng gii php l dng k thut m ho kim sot li (Error
Control Encoding). Mc tiu chnh ca b m kim sot li trong h thng thng tin s
l lm cho tin cy ca truyn tin t cc i trong phm vi b rng buc v rng
bng tn, cng sut tn hiu v phc tp ca mch in trong h thng.
lm r vai tr ca vic m ho kim sot li, ta a ra m hnh h thng
thng tin s tng qut sau:
Ngun

iu

tin

ngun

knh

ch
Knh

Nhn

Gii

Gii

Gii

tin

m ngun

m knh

iu ch

Tp nhiu

Hnh 1.1: M hnh tng qut h thng thng tin s.

Trong , ngun tin l ni to ra cc bn tin cha ng nhng thng tin cn
pht i, cc bn tin ny c th l cc t, cc k hiu m v.v... u ra ca ngun tin l
chui cc k hiu c bin i t bng ch ci no , thng thng l cc k hiu
nh phn.
u ra ca ngun tin c nhiu thng tin d nn b m ngun c thit k
chui u ra ca ngun tin tr thnh chui cc ch s nh phn c d tha cc tiu.
Nu b m ngun to ra rb bit/giy th rb c gi l tc d liu.

Knh truyn l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra li cho tn hiu thu, nn b m

knh (gii m knh) thc hin thm vo cc bit kim tra vo chui thng tin nhm
gim ti thiu cc li xut hin trn ng truyn. B m knh n nh bn tin k ch
s u vo thnh bn tin mi n ch s u ra di hn gi l t m. Mt b kim sot
li c gi l tt khi n to ra cc t m c khong cch sai khc nhau (khong cch
Hamming ln). Mi b m c m t bng t s R = k/n < 1 c gi l tc m,
do tc d liu u ra b m knh l rc = rb/R bit/giy. Nh vy, b m knh lm
gim tc truyn d liu v lm tng rng bng tn trn knh.
tn hiu u ra b m knh ph hp vi knh truyn, b iu ch thc hin
sp xp cc chui s u ra b m knh thnh chui dng sng tng t (cc k hiu)
ph hp vi c tnh knh truyn. tng tc truyn, mi k hiu (symbol) c th
mang nhiu bt thng tin nh cc h thng iu ch nhiu mc (QPSK, MPSK, QAM,
TCM...). Mt b iu ch M mc thc hin sp xp khi n ch s nh phn u ra b
m knh thnh mt trong M cc dng sng c th, trong M = 2n. Qu trnh iu ch
c th c thc hin bng cch bin i gi tr bin , pha hoc tn s ca dng
sng hnh sin cn c gi l ti tin. Chu k dng sng u ra b iu ch l T giy v
rS = 1/T c gi l tc k hiu. rng bng tn tn hiu cc tiu l rS HZ v c
biu din nh sau:
rS =

rb
HZ
nR

(1.1)

Knh l phng tin c s dng truyn ti tin. V d, knh hu tuyn

in, knh v tuyn in, knh si quang... Hai nh hng quan trng nht ca knh l
tp nhiu v rng bng tn. Ngoi ra, trong knh thng tin di ng cn b hn ch
bi truyn lan a ng, trong cp si quang cn b tn sc tn hiu...
Tu theo yu cu u vo b gii m knh, b gii iu ch to ra chui nh
phn hay lng t. B gii m knh thc hin nh gi bn tin thu c, vi mc tiu
lm gim ti thiu nh hng tp nhiu trn knh, qu trnh gii m c da trn
nguyn tc m ho v c tnh ca knh. Sau , b gii m ngun bin i chui u
vo thnh chui u ra v phn phi ti ni nhn tin.
Nu b gii iu ch lm vic vi quyt nh cng th u ra ca n l chui
nh phn v gii m c gi l gii m quyt nh cng. n gin trong qu trnh
nghin cu v m knh, ta c th kt hp b iu ch, khi knh v b gii iu ch
thnh s knh kt hp sau:

Tp nhiu

iu

D liu vo

ch

Knh

Gii

iu

D liu ra

Knh kt hp
Hnh 1.2: S knh kt hp.

T s knh kt hp, nu gi tr u ra knh kt hp ch ph thuc vo gi

tr hin hnh u vo b gii m m khng ph thuc vo mt vi gi tr tn hiu trc
th ta gi l knh khng nh. N c miu t bng xc sut truyn P(i|j), trong i
l k hiu u vo nh phn v j l k hiu u ra nh phn. M hnh knh n gin
nht l khi xc sut xut hin li trong cc k hiu nh phn 0 v 1 l nh nhau v
knh l knh khng nh. M hnh knh loi ny c bit n nh knh i xng nh
phn (BSC-Binary Symmetric Channel).
Vi gii php quyt nh cng ti u ra b gii iu ch lm cho b gii m
knh t ci thin c tn hao thng tin. Ch khi b gii iu ch thc hin lng t
ho ti u ra, vi s mc lng t ln hn hai hoc a ra cc mu tn hiu bng gc
lin tc vo b gii m knh th qu trnh gii m nh vy c gi l gii m quyt
nh mm v s ci thin c tn hao thng tin.
S m knh thng c chia lm hai loi (hnh 1.3), l m dng sng
(Waveform) v m chui c cu trc (Structured sequence). Trong m dng sng bao
gm: m i cc (Antipodal), m trc giao (Orthogonal), m li (Trellis) v m tn
hiu a mc (M-ary). Trong m chui c cu trc bao gm: m khi (block), m chp
(convolutional) v m k (concatenated)
M khi l b m khng nh (chui bit c u ra ca b m ch ph thuc
vo bn tin u vo hin hnh m khng ph thuc mt vi qu bn tin trc ). Tri
ngc vi m khi l m chp, y l b m c nh (chui bit nhn c u ra ca
b m khng ch ph thuc vo bn tin u vo hin hnh m cn ph thuc vo mt
vi bn tin trc ). M lin kt l s kt hp ca hai b m vng trong v vng
ngoi c phn bit bi b ghp xen (xo trn).

Nm 1967, Forney a ra s m ho gm m vng trong l m chp v m

vng ngoi l m khi Reed-Solomon. Sau , nm 1993 Berrou a ra b m Turbo
c cu trc gm hai b m chp kt ni song song thng qua ghp xen v nm 1996
Benedetto a ra s m gm hai m chp lin kt ni tip. Cc b m ny u s
dng thut ton gii m lp v c cht lng tin ti gii hn Shannon.
M knh

M dng sng

M chui c cu trc
M khi

M i cc

M chp

M trc giao

M lin kt

M li
M tn hiu a mc

Hnh 1.3: S phn loi m knh.

1.2 GII HN SHANNON V CHT LNG

i vi mt h thng thng tin s c tc rb khi b gii hn v rng bng
tn W th c nh gi qua hiu qu s dng ph v c k hiu l .
=

rb
bit/giy/Hz
W

(1.2)

Thay (1.1) vo (1.2) ta c:

= rS

nR
W

bit/giy/Hz

(1.3)

Khi rng bng tn yu cu ti thiu cho tn hiu sau khi iu ch l rS HZ

th hiu qu s dng ph t cc i v c k hiu l max.
max = nR

(1.4)

 t c hiu qu s dng cng sut th yu cu t s Eb/N0 (Eb l nng

lng trung bnh thu c trn bit thng tin, N0 l mt ph cng sut tp m n
bin) phi t c xc sut li bit theo l thuyt v c quan h vi t s tn hiu trn
tp m S / N nh sau:
E
S
= nR b
N0
N

(1.5)

Nh vy, gii hn trn ca tc truyn d liu trn knh c lin quan ti t

s tn hiu trn tp m v rng bng tn h thng. Theo khi nim v dung lng
knh, k hiu l C, c Shannon - Hartley a ra nm 1948 , l tc cc i m
thng tin c th truyn qua trn knh c tp m v c nh ngha l lng thng tin
tng h cc i trn tt c cc phn b u vo knh c th xy ra.
C = max I ( X , Y )

(1.6)

P( x)

trong I(X,Y) l thng tin tng h gia X (u vo knh) v Y (u ra knh) c

nh ngha cho knh ri rc l:
I ( X , Y ) = x y P ( x, y ) log 2

P ( x, y )
,
P( x) P( y )

(1.7)

trong : P(x) v P(y) l hm mt xc sut (pdf) ca X v Y, P(x,y) l hm mt

xc sut lin hp X v Y.
Trong knh truyn, tp m quan trng nht l tp m nhit, c quy thnh
mt ngun tp m cng tnh ti u vo my thu. Tp m ny c gi nh l tp m
cng trng chun (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise), tc l tp m c mt ph
cng sut u trong sut trc tn s v c bin tp m tun theo phn b Gao-x
(chun), k vng bng khng. Khi , dng lng knh c xc nh l :

E
C = W log 2 1 + S
N0

bit/giy.

(1.8)

Nu p dng tiu chun Nyquist v gi thit rng, S = Es / T (ES l nng

lng tn hiu trung bnh trong khong thi gian T), th dng lng knh c xc
nh:
S

C = W log 2 1 + bit/giy
N

; N = N0 W

(1.9)

T (1.9) ta thy, khi rng bng tn W b gii hn th dung lng C c th

tng ln khi ta tng cng sut tn hiu truyn qua S. Mt khc, nu cng sut tn hiu S
khng i th dung lng C c th tng ln khi ta tng rng bng tn W.
nh l v m knh ca Shannon c pht biu nh sau:
Khi xem xt knh AWGN, tn ti m kim sot li sao cho c th truyn
thng tin qua knh vi tc nh hn dung lng knh v t s li bit
thp tu .
Ngha l, trong trng hp c s dng b m knh, khi tc truyn d liu
nh hn dung lng knh (rb < C) th cht lng thng tin c th t c xc sut li
thp tu , ngc li khi tc truyn d liu ln hn hoc bng dung lng knh (rb
C) th cht lng thng tin khng th t c xc sut li thp tu . nh l v m
knh ca Shannon khng ch ra cch thc thit k b m nhm t c tc d
liu tim cn tc cc i (rb = C) ti xc sut li thp tu , iu ny t ra thch
thc ln cho nghin cu pht trin v k thut m kim sot li.
Gi thit, vi ng truyn khng li t do (error-free), tc d liu t cc
i (rb = C) th hiu qu s dng ph t cc i max = C/W. Thay (1.5) vo (1.9) ta c:

max = log 2 1 + nR

Eb

N 0

bit/giy/Hz,

(1.10)

thay (1.4) vo (1.10) ta c:

max = log 2 1 + max

Eb
N0

bit/giy/Hz,

(1.11)

gi tr Eb/N0 nh nht ng vi ng truyn khng li l khi:

Eb 2max 1
.
=
N0
max

(1.12)

Nu rng bng tn khng b gii hn th khi W hay max 0 th ta c

Eb/N0 t cc tiu.
Eb
= ln 2 = 1,59 dB.
max 0 N
0
lim

(1.13)

Nh vy, khi ng truyn khng li th t s Eb/N0 t cc tiu l -1,59dB

(xem hnh 1.4).

Kt qu ca vic m ho em li thng c biu din bng tng ch m,

tc l hiu s gia Eb/N0 trong trng hp c s dng m v trong trng hp khng
s dng m, khi xem xt ti cng BER. V d, vi h thng iu ch BPSK khng m
th t c Eb/N0 l 9,6 dB ti xc sut li bit l 10-5 v = 1 b/s/Hz. Trong khi
gii hn ca Shannon trong trng hp ny l 0 dB . Cn trong trng hp s dng
m lin kt ni tip gm m Reed-Solomon v m chp th t c Eb/N0 l 2,2 dB
ti xc sut li bit l 10-5. Nh vy, tng ch m l 9,6-2,2 = 7,4 dB. Vi tng ch
ny cho php ta gim cng sut my pht (gim trng lng, gim kch thc v tng
tui th) v gim kch thc an ten.
7

bit/giy/Hz

6
5
4
3

1
0

64 trng thi
BPSK TCM

256 trng
thi BPSK
TCM

Turbo (2,1)
Gallileo
-2

-1.59 dB

BPSK (R=1)

Voyager
(4,1,14)cc

QPSK

(2,1,6)cc

10

Eb/N0 (dB)

Hnh 1.4: Hiu qu s dng ph ca cc s iu ch v m ho khc nhau

c tnh ton cho trng hp BER l 10-5 trn knh AWGN

Nh vy, theo l thuyt vn cn li 2.2 dB khng ci thin c. Nhiu n lc sau

nm 1980 v trc nm 1990 nhm tp trung gii quyt vn ny, nhng khng tm
ra c hng i mi. Hu ht ngi ta tp trung vo m chp lin kt ni tip vi
thut ton gii m Viterbi v cng phc tp. Song tng ch ch thm c vi phn
mi dB, m ta phi tr gi cho chi ph qu ln v phc tp thit b v thi gian

12

tnh ton. Tuy nhin, sau 50 nm khi bi bo ca Shannon xut bn, bng gii php
mi ngi ta t thm c gn 2dB, l s ra i ca m Turbo. M Turbo vi
thut ton gii m lp (iterative) hu nh khai thc c khe h v gii hn gia
dung lng v cht lng m. Chng c th t c Eb/N0 = 0,7 dB ti BER =10-5
v = 0,5 bit/giy/Hz.

CHNG 2: M CHP , M K
2.1 GII THIU:
Vi m khi , chui thng tin c chia on trong tng khi v c m ho
c lp vi dng ca chui m nh l mt dy k tip ca chiu di cc t m c lp
c nh. M chp th khc, n bt c b m chp to ra tng ng k bt thng tin ph
thuc vo k bt d liu v cc khung d liu trc .
V n l b m ho c b nh .
M chp khc xa so vi m khi, trn phng din v cu trc , cng c phn
tch v thit k. c tnh i s l quan trng trong cu trc ca mt b m khi tt v
nng cao hiu sut thut gii ca b gii m. Ngc li, cc b m chp tt hu nh
u c nhn ra qua vic nghin cu tnh ton ton din, v hiu sut cc thut gii
ca vic gii m xut pht trc tip t bn cht trng thi chui ca cc b m chp
hn l t tnh cht i s ca m.
Trong phn ny , ta s bt u tm hiu cu trc ca m chp ,cch biu din
m chp thng qua cc gin : hnh cy, hnh li, v trng thi.
Trong phn tip theo ca chng ta s cp ti m k( concatenated codes),
Khi nim c gii thiu ln u tin bi Forney (1966) t m tm ra nhiu
phm vi rng ri trong cc ng dng.

2.2 CU TRC M CHP V GIN BIU DIN

2.2.1 CU TRC M CHP
M chp c to ra bng cch cho chui thng tin truyn qua h thng cc
thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh c s trng thi hu hn. Cho s lng thanh ghi dch l N,
mi thanh ghi dch c k nh v u ra b m chp c n hm i s tuyn tnh. Tc
m l R = k/n, s nh ca b ghi dch l Nk v tham s N cn gi l chiu di rng
buc(Contraint length) ca m chp (xem hnh 2.1).

Gi thit, b m chp lm vic vi cc ch s nh phn, th ti mi ln dch s

c k bit thng tin u vo c dch vo thanh ghi dch th nht v tng ng c k bit
thng tin trong thanh ghi dch cui cng c y ra ngoi m khng tham gia vo qu
trnh to chui bit u ra. u ra nhn c chui n bit m t n b cng mun-2 (xem
hnh 2.1). Nh vy, gi tr chui u ra knh khng ch ph thuc vo k bit thng tin
u vo hin ti m cn ph thuc vo (N-1)k bit trc , cu thnh ln b nh

=( N 1)k v c gi l m chp (n, k,N).

Chui thng tin
u vo k bit

Nk trng thi
1 2 ... k

1 2 ... k

1 2 ... k

n
Chui m n bit
n b iu ch

Hnh 2.1: S tng qut b m chp.

Gi s u l vct u vo , x l vct tng ng c m ho, by gi chng

ta m t cch to ra x t u. m t b m ho chng ta phi bit s kt ni gia
thanh ghi u vo vo u ra hnh 2.1. Cch tip cn ny c th gip chng ta ch ra s
tng t v khc nhau cng nh l vi m khi . iu ny c th dn ti nhng k
hiu phc tp v nhm nhn mnh cu trc i s ca m chp . iu lm gim i
tnh quan tm cho mc ch gii m ca chng ta. Do vy, chng ta ch phc ho tip
cn ny mt cch s lc. Sau , m t m ho s c a ra vi nhng quan im
khc .
m t b m ho hnh 2.1 chng ta s dng N ma trn b sung G1,G2,GN
bao gm k hng v n ct . Ma trn Gi m t s kt ni gia on th i ca k nh
trong thanh ghi li vo vi n ca thanh ghi li ra. n li vo ca hng u tin ca Gi
m t kt ni ca u tin ca on thanh ghi u vo th i vi n ca thanh ghi li
ra. Kt qu l 1 trong Gi ngha l c kt ni, l 0 ngha l khng kt ni. Do
chng ta c th nh ngha ma trn sinh ca m chp :

G1 G2

G1

G =

...
G2
G1

GN
...
G2
G1

GN
...
G2
...

GN
...
...

GN
...

...

(2.1)

V tt c cc cc li vo khc trong ma trn bng 0. Do nu li vo l vct u,

tng ng vct m ho l :
x=u G

(2.2)

B m chp l h thng nu, trong mi on ca n ch s uc to, k s u l mu

ca cc ch s u vo tng ng. N c th xc nh rng iu kin n
tng ng c cc ma trn
1

0
G1 = 0

...
0

k n theo sau :

0
0 P1

...
1

(2.3)

0
0 Pi

...
1

(2.4)

0 ... 0

0 ...

1 ...

... ... ...

0

0 ...

0 ... 0

0 ...

1 ...

V
1

0
Gi = 0

...
0

... ... ...

0

0 ...

i=2,3,.N.
Chng ta xt mt vi v d minh ho :
V d 1: Xt m chp (3,1,3) . Hai gin tng ng co b m ho c
ch hnh 2.2:

ui

ui-

ui-

ui

ui-1

ui-2

Hnh 2.2 : Hai gin tng ng cho b m chp

(3,1,3)

B th nht s dng thanh ghi vi 3 nh, ngc li, b th hai s sng 2

nh, mi coi nh l b tr n v. L ra thanh ghi c thay th bi b tnh ton c
c chui li ra ca 3 b cng. B m ho c quy nh bi 3 ma trn b sung (
trong thc t l 3 vct hng do k=1)
G1 = [ 1 1 1 ]
G2 = [ 0 1 1 ]
G3 = [ 0 0 1 ]
Do , ma trn sinh t (2.1) l :
... ...
111 011 001 000 ...
000 111 011 001 000 ... ...

G =
000 000 111 011 001 000 ...

...
...
...
...
... ...
...

T (2.2) ta c th suy ra : Nu chui thng tin vo u = ( 11011) c m ho thnh

chui x=( 111100010110100). B m ho l h thng. Ch rng chui m ho c
th c to bng tng modul-2 cc hng ca G tng ng vi 1 trong chui thng
tin.
V d 2 : Xt m (3,2,2) . B m ho c ch trong hnh 2.3.By gi m c
nh ngha thng qua 2 ma trn:

1 0 1
G1 =

0 1 0
0 0 1
G2 =

0 0 1

B m ho l h thng, ma trn sinh c to ra :

101
010

000

G = 000
000

000
...

001
001
101
010
000
000
...

000
000
001
001
101
010
...

...
...
...
...
000 ...

000 ...
001 000

001 000
...
...

Chui thng tin u = ( 11011011) c m ha thnh chui m

x = (111010100110)
u1,i

u2,i

u1,i-1

u2,i-1

Hnh 2.3 : B m chp (3,2,2) .

Mt cch tng t ta cng c th biu din ma trn sinh G = (G1,G2,,GN),

Nh vy ngha ca ma trn sinh l n ch ra n ch ra phi s dng cc hm tng
ng no to ra vc t di n mi phn t c mt b cng mun-2, trn mi vc t
c Nk tham s biu din c hay khng cc kt ni t cc trng thi ca b ghi dch ti
b cng mun-2 . Xt vc t th i (gi, n i 1), nu tham s th j ca gi (Lk j
1) c gi tr 1 th u ra th j tng ng trong b ghi dch c kt ni ti b cng

mun-2 th i v nu c gi tr 0 th u ra th j tng ng trong b ghi dch khng

c kt ni ti b cng mun-2 th i
V d 3: Cho b m chp c chiu di rng buc N = 3, s nh trong mi
thanh ghi dch k = 1, chiu di chui u ra n = 3 tc l m (3,1,3) v ma trn sinh ca
m chp c dng sau:
g1
100
g
2
G = G 101 = G (4,5,7 )
M
111

g n

(2.5)

C th biu din di dng a thc sinh l:

G(D) = [D2 1+D2 1+D+D2]

(2.6)

Do s m chp c biu din nh sau :

u vo

u ra

2
3

Hnh 2.4 : S b m chp vi N=3, k=1, n=3 v a thc sinh (2.6)

2.2.2 BIU DIN M CHP

C ba phng php biu din m chp l : s li , s trng thi,
v s hnh cy. lm r phng php ny ta tp trung phn tch da trn v d 3

* S hnh cy :
T v d 3, gi thit trng thi ban u ca cc thanh ghi dch trong b m u
l trng thi ton 0. Nu bit vo u tin l bit 0 (k = 1) th u ra ta nhn c
chui 000 (n = 3), cn nu bit vo u tin l bit 1 th u ra ta nhn c chui
111. Nu bit vo u tin l bit 1 v bit vo tip theo l bit 0 th chui th nht
l 111 v chui th hai l chui 001. Vi cch m ho nh vy, ta c th biu din
m chp theo s c dng hnh cy (xem hnh 2.5). T s hnh cy ta c th thc
hin m ho bng cch da vo cc bit u vo v thc hin ln theo cc nhnh ca
cy, ta s nhn c tuyn m, t ta nhn c dy cc chui u ra.

000

000
a: 00
111
b: 01

111

001
c: 10
110
d: 11

000
a: 00
111
b: 01
001
c: 10
110
d: 11
011
a: 00
100
b: 01
010
c: 10
101
d: 11

Hnh 2.5 : S hnh cy vi N=3, k=1,n=3 (v d 3)

*S hnh li :

Do c tnh ca b m chp, cu trc vng lp c thc hin nh sau: chui

n bit u ra ph thuc vo chui k bit u vo hin hnh v (N-1) chui u vo trc
hay (N-1) k bit u vo trc . T v d 3 ta c chui 3 bit u ra ph thuc
vo 1 bit u vo l 1 hoc 0 v 4 trng thi c th c ca hai thanh ghi dch, k
hiu l a = 00; b = 01; c = 10; d = 11. Nu ta t tn cho mi nt trong s
hnh cy (hnh 2.5) tng ng vi 4 trng thi ca thanh ghi dch, ta thy rng ti tng
th 3 c 2 nt mang nhn a v 2 nt mang nhn b, 2 nt mang nhn c v 2 nt mang
nhn d. By gi ta quan st tt c cc nhnh bt ngun t 2 nhnh c nhn ging nhau
(trng thi ging nhau) th to ra chui u ra ging nhau, ngha l hai nt c nhn
ging nhau th c th coi nh nhau. Vi tnh cht ta c th biu din m chp bng

s c dng hnh li gn hn, trong cc ng lin nt c k hiu cho bit u

vo l bit 0 v ng t nt c k hiu cho cc bit u vo l bit 1 (xem hnh
2.6). Ta thy rng t sau tng th hai hot ng ca li n nh, ti mi nt c hai
ng vo nt v hai ng ra khi nt. Trong hai ng i ra th mt ng vi bit u
vo l bit 0 v ng cn li ng vi bit u vo l bit 1.

Chui thu
a

000

000

000
111 011

111

100

100

111

001

000
000
000
000
000
000
011
011
011
011
011
011
111
111
111
111
111
111

001

001

100
001

100
001

100

100

001

001

100
001

c
110

110
110
110
110
110
110
110
010
010
010
010
010
010
010
101
101
101
101
101
101
101

Hnh 2.6: S hnh li b m chp v d 3. Trng thi ban u ton bng 0

*S trng thi :
S trng thi c thc hin bng cch n gin s 4 trng thi c th
c ca b m (a, b, c v d tng ng vi cc trng thi 00, 01, 10 v 11) v trng thi
chuyn tip c th c to ra t trng thi ny chuyn sang trng thi khc, qu trnh
chuyn tip c th l:
0

a a, a c, b a, b c, c b, c d , d b, d d
1

(2.11)

K hiu l qu trnh chuyn tip t trng thi sang trng thi vi

bit u vo l bt 1.
Kt qu ta thu c s trng thi trong hnh 2.7 nh sau:
b

011

100

01
001

000

111

00

10
010
101

d
11

110

Hnh 2.7: S trng thi ca b m chp trong v d 3.

T s trng thi hnh 2.7, cc ng lin nt c k hiu cho bit u vo

l bit 0 v ng t nt c k hiu cho cc bit u vo l bit 1.
So vi s hnh li v s hnh cy th s trng thi l s n gin nht.
2.2.3 PHN B TRNG M CHP
Phn b trng s ca m chp l mt tham s quan trng tnh cht lng
ca n. Chng ta nh ngha Ai l s lng cc chui c trng s i trong li m n
phn k khi tuyn ton 0 ti mt im no v hi qui ln u tin ti im nt
sau . Tp hp :
{Adfree, Adfree+1, Adfree+2, ... Ai ...} c gi l phn b trng s ca m chp.
Phn b trng s c th tnh bng cch ci tin s chuyn i trng thi ca
m. S trng thi ci tin c th nhn c bng cch trin khai t trng thi ban
u ton 0 l S0 hay cn gi l Sin cho n trng thi kt thc Sout cng l trng thi
ton 0. Mi tuyn trong s trng thi c kt ni bt u trng thi Sin v kt
thc v trng thi Sout biu din mt chui m phn k v hi qui v trng thi ton 0
ng mt ln. Trng s chui m Ai biu din s lng cc chui m phn k t chui
ton 0 ti cng mt im nt v hi qui ln u tin ti cc nt tip theo. Ni cch
khc Ai bng s lng cc tuyn c trng s i trong s chuyn i trng thi m
rng c ni t im u n im cui.
Gi X l bin v nh lin quan n trng s Hamming ca chui m ho u
ra i, Y l bin v nh lin quan n trng s Hamming ca chui thng tin j, v Z l
bin v nh lin quan n tng nhnh. Mi nhnh trong s chuyn i trng thi
c nh s X iY j Z . S chuyn i trng thi c nh s nh trn c gi l
s chuyn i trng thi m rng.
Phn b trng s c th nhn c t hm truyn t ca s chuyn i
trng thi m rng. S chuyn i trng thi m rng c th xem l th ng i
ca tn hiu v hm truyn t c th nhn c theo qui lut ca Mason . Hm truyn
t c th nhn c t mt tp cc phng trnh m t s chuyn i trng thi trong
s chuyn i trng thi m rng.

*V d v s chuyn i trng thi m rng

Chng ta xem xt b m chp (2,1) v s chuyn i trng thi tng ng
ca n trong hnh 12.

1/01 (XYZ)

S3

1/10
(XYZ)

Sin
00

1/11 (X2YZ)

S2
10

11

0/01 (XZ)
1/00 (YZ)

0/10
(XZ)

S1

0/11 (X2Z)

01

Sout
00

Hnh 12: S trng thi m rng ca hnh 1.9.

V d chuyn i t trng thi Sin S2, ta c trng s Hamming u ra ca
nhnh l 2 khi u vo l 1 (tng ng vi 1/11), nn nhnh ny c gn l
X 2YZ . Nhnh t S2 S1 ta c 0/01 nn nhn ca n l XZ... Ta c h cc phng trnh

m t s chuyn giao trng thi trong s trng thi m rng nh sau:

S 2 = YZS1 + X 2YZSin
S1 = XZS 2 + XZS 3

(1.32)

S 3 = XYZS2 + XYZS3
S out = X 2 ZS1

(1.34)
S3 =

Gii S3 t (1.33), ta c:

XYZS2
1 XYZ

(1.35)
Thay th (1.35) vo (1.32), ta c:
S1 =

XZS 2
1 XYZ

(1.36)
Thay th (1.36) vo (1.31), ta c:

(1.31)

(1.33)

S2 =

(1 XYZ ) X 2YZSin
1 XYZ XYZ 2

(1.37)
Ngoi ra, thay th (1.36) vo (1.34), ta c:
S out

X 3Z 2S2
=
1 XYZ

(1.38)
Cui cng, thay th (1.37) vo (1.38), chng ta hm truyn t ca T(X,Y,Z)
l:
T( X , Y , Z ) =

S out
X 5YZ 3
,
=
S in 1 XYZ (1 + Z )

(1.39)
v trin khai T(X,Y,Z) thnh chui, ta c:

T( X , Y , Z ) = X 5YZ 3 + X 6Y 2 Z 4 + X 6Y 2 + X 7Y 3 Z 5 + 2 X 7Y 3 + X 8Y 4 Z 6

+ (X 7Y 3 + 3 X 8Y 4 + X 9Y 5 )Z 7 + (3 X 8Y 4 + 4 X 9Y 5 + X 10Y 6 )Z 8 + L

Ch rng, khong cch t do cc tiu i vi m ny l 5 v s lng ca

cc t m ti khong cch ny l A5 = 1. Chui thng tin to ra t m ny c trng s
Hamming bng 1 v chiu di on khc 0 gm 3 nhnh. C mt chui thng tin
khc c trng s bng 2, to ra t m c trng s bng 6, vi 4 nhnh khc 0.
Nu chng ta b qua chiu di ca nhnh bng cch t Z = 1, hm truyn t
s tr thnh:
T( X , Y ) = X 5Y + 2 X 6Y 2 + 4 X 7Y 3 + 8 X 8Y 4 + L

(1.40)

Ngoi ra, phn b trng s Ai c th nhn c bng cch t Y = 1.

T( X ) = X 5 + 2 X 6 + 4 X 7 + 8 X 8 + L

(1.41)

vi A5 = 1, A6 = 2, A7 = 4 ....
Tng s ca cc chui thng tin khc 0 trn tt c cc tuyn c trng s
Hamming j c th nhn c bng cch ly o hm mt phn ca T(X,Y,Z) theo Y:

T( X , Y , Z )
Y

Y =1, Z =1

= X 5 + 4 X 6 + 12 X 7 + ....

(1.42)
Nh vy trn cct tuyn c trng s l 5 c mt bit thng tin 1, trn cc
tuyn c trng s bng 6 c 4 bit thng tin 1.... Cc hm truyn (1.41), (1.42) thng
c dng tnh ton ng bin tng xc sut li s kin Pe v xc sut li bt (BER)

2.3 M K ( Concatenated code)

2.3.1 CU TRC V NGUYN L
M k c gii thiu vo nm 1966, vi mc ch l tm ra lp m m xc sut li
s gim theo hm m tc b hn dung lng , trong khi vic gii m phc tp s tng
v tnh cht i s. N thc y cc nh nghin cu l thut quan tm, cc m k to
ra s chun ho cho nhng ng dng m cc yu t nh tng ch m ho cao, v iu
kin phc tp l cn thit. Khi nim m k c gii thch trong hnh 2.9, hai hay nhiu b
m ha c sp xp thnh cc tng da trn nguyn tc rt n gin: li ra ca b m ho
u tin ( outermost) c a ti li vo ca b m ho th hai, v c nh vy.
D liu
vo
D liu
ra

M ho 1

M ho 2

M ho n
Knh
truyn

Gii m 1

Hnh 2.9

Gii m 2

Gii m n

Nguyn l ca m ho k

Trong b gii m , m cui cng ( innermost) c gii m u tin, li ra ca n

c
a ti b gii m tip theo v c nh vy cho ti b gii m u tin
(outermost).
y ta xt trng hp m k hai mc, cu trc ca n ch cha hai b m ho, knh
truyn v hai b gii m. S cu trc nh sau:

Li
vo

M ho
1

M ho
2

Knh

Gii m
1

Gi m
1

Hnh 3.0 S khi ca m k hai mc

Gi s b m ho 1 l m khi ( n0,k0), v b m ho 2 l m khi (ni,ki), Tham s

ki v n0 phi l bi ca nhau . Thng thng n0 ln hn ki , bi vy
n0 = mki , m l s nguyn

(1.43)

Do , t m ca b m ha 1 l mt s nguyn ln so vi t d liu ca b m ho 2. K
hiu Rc0 , Ric l tc m ho ca m 1 v m 2, khi tc ton b ca m k l
Rc =

k0
k n
= 0 0 = Rc0 Rci
mni n0 mni

(1.44)

Nh vy tc ton b ca m k bng tch tc ca hai m cu thnh.

Li ch ch yu ca cc m k l chng b sung cch thc gii m tng giai on
lm mt i tnh phc tp ca vic gii m (mni, k0) trong tng ca hai m n gin (ni, ki) v
(n0, k0). Ni cch khc, b m ho 2 c gii m u tin , v sau l b m 1. C mt
vi cch thc thc hin vic gii m tng, ci m ph thuc vo bn cht ca b gii iu
ch v hot ng ca b gii m 1. Li ra b gii iu ch c th l c quyt nh cng ln
quyt nh mm, v b m ho 2, ln lt c th cung cp nhng nh gi cng hay mm
ti b m ho 1 ca k hiu m 1. Forney ( 1966) ch ra cch tt nht hot ng gii
m tng yu cu i vi b m ho 2 l nh gi xc sut hu nghim ca k hiu m ho 1
c cho bi chui knh nhn. Th tc ti u ny yu cu hot ng mm b gii iu ch
v b gii m 2.
n gin , chin thut gn ti u m b gii m 2 ch to ra nhng quyt nh k
hiu cng, b m ho 1 xem nh l tng ng knh truyn c thit lp bi tng ca b
m ho 2, b iu ch, knh truyn, gii iu ch, v b gii m cng 2. Knh truyn tng
ng ny c c trng bi xc sut li k hiu ps - ph thuc vo t s tn trn tp qua
knh vt l, gin iu ch, v dung lng sa ng li ca b m ho 2.

Li ra

i vi b m ho (n0, k0, t) RS ( Reed Solonon) s dng K- bt k hiu, v gi s

xc sut li bit l ps li vo b gii m RS , khi chng ta c th nh gi xc sut li bt
: Pb (e)

2 K 1 n0 j + t n0 j
p s (1 p s )n0 j

K
2 1 j =t +1 n0 j

(1.45)

Nh vy , qua khi nim ny ta thy n hai im bt li : Th nht l , li vo ca

cc b gii m l quyt nh cng , chng khng th thc hin gii m quyt nh mm. Do
, vic gii m ton b khng th c hp l ti a ( maximum likelihood). Th hai, li gii
mtong b m ho trong co xu hng tng s xut hin li, m b m ngoi khng th khc
phc.
trnh t nht l hai vn trn, ngi ta a ras m ho v gii m nh sau :

2.3.2: S M HA
n1
M ho 1

Xo trn
( )

k2

M ho 2

k2

Giai m 2

n1
Gii m 1

Xo trn
( )

Hnh 3.1. M k vi b xo trn ni tip

u
k Bt

M khi C1
(n1, k)

x1

Xo trn
N=mk

k Bt

M khi C2
(n2, k)

x2

Hnh 3.2 S m k song song

s hnh 3.1- m k ni tip th b m ho 1 l m RS ( Reed Solonon) cn

b m ho 2 l m chp. TacCng c th dng cc b m khi thay th cc b m ho
trn.
Cn s hnh 3.2 m k song song th thng thng c hai b m ho thng l b m
khi .
Khi ta thay th hai b m khi ny bng hai m chp h thng quy ( Recursive
System Convolutional Code- RSC) v thut ton gii m lp v cu trc gi l m
Turbo s c cp chng sau.

*B xo trn ( k hiu l ) hay cn gi l b ghp xen l mt tin trnh thc

hin hon v trt t sp xp ca chui gc theo mt quan h xc nh mt - mt.
Ngc li , b gii xo trn thc hin tr li chui thu c theo ng trt t sp xp
ca chui gc.
B xo trn ng vai tr rt ln trong vic nng cao kh nng sa li ca m,
n c s dng rng ri trong cc s m knh khi trn knh truyn thng xy ra
li cm, v d knh pha inh a ng, knh ghi t K thut xo trn c thc
hin ngay gia khi m knh v knh truyn vi mc ch lm thay i trt t sp xp
ca chui u vo to ra mt chui mi c trt t sp xp khc i truyn trn

knh. Tn hiu u thu nhn c cng vi li cm xy ra trn knh c b gii xo

trn sp xp li v ng trt t ban u, qu trnh ny lm phn tn li cm ra thnh
cc li n hay ni cch khcl li xut h in c lp , ngu nhin vi m, nh vn
sa li tr nn n gin hn. Mt li ch na l nh xo trn lm gim c
tng quan ca cc chui u vo cc b m thnh phn , do khi a qua qu trnh
gii m nhiu trng thi s lm tng cht lng m ho ln rt nhiu so vi qu trnh
gii m duy nht mt trng thi.
Ta gi s c chui bit gc : v v tr cc bt li l lin k nhau nh sau:
c= (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8,),
v chui xo trn :
c~ = (c~1 , c~2 , c~3 , c~4 , c~5 , c~6 , c~7 , c~8 , ) =(c2, c4, c1, c6, c3, c8, c5, c7)

Sp xp trong b xo trn :
c:

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8

c~

c2 c4 c1 c6 c3 c8 c5 c7

Nh th gi s bt c3, c4, c5 b li khi sau khi qua b xo trn th cc bt li

phn b ngu nhin c lp nhau (hnh v di )

Bt li

c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8
Chui ban u

c:

Bt li

c~ :

c2 c4 c1 c6 c3 c8 c5 c7
Chui xo trn

Tm li, chng va ri trnh by v vai tr m knh trong h thng tin s, gii hn

Shannon v phn tch v hai loi m c cht lng cao trong h thng vin thng : m
chp v m k l c s nghin cu tip v m Turbo.

CHNG 3 : CC KHI NIM V M TURBO

Gin m k ln u tin c xut bi Forney nh l phng php

nng cao m ho bng cch kt hp 2 hay nhiu khi n gin lin h vi nhau hay
cc m thnh phn (i khi cn c gi l cc m cu thnh). Kt qu l cc m c
kh nng sa li ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc m sa li khc, v chng c cung cp
vi cu trc cho php lin h d dng cho vic gii m phc tp tr nn nh i. Mt
chui m k hu ht thng c s sng cho h thng gii hn cng sut nh cc b
pht trn cc u d khng gian (deep-space probes) . Ph bin nht ca cc gin
ny bao gm m Reed-Solomon ngoi (ng dng lc u , di chuyn cui) i theo
sau l m chp trong ( p dng cui , di chuyn lc u). Mt m Turbo c th c
xem nh s chn lc hon ho ca cc cu trc m k thm vi thut ton lp cho
vic gii m kt hp vi dy m.
Cc m Turbo ln u tin c gii thiu vo nm 1993 b Bernou,
Glavieux, v Thitimajshima, a ra gin v xc sut li nh l hm ca Eb/N0 v s
ln lp. y gin c m t nhng thnh tu ca chng vi xc sut li bt l
10-5 , s dng tc m 1/2 qua knh nhiu trng (AWGN- l knh c mt ph
cng sut tri u, tc khng i) v iu ch BPSK c t s Eb/N0 =0.7 dB. Cc m
c to nn bng cch s dng 2 hay nhiu m thnh phn theo cch lp khc nhau
ca cng mt chui thng tin. Trong khi , i vi cc m chp bc cui cng ca
b gii m to ra quyt nh cng gii m cc bit (hay mt cch tng qut , cc k hiu
c m ho) , i vi gin m k, nh m turbo, hot ng thch hp , thut ton
gii m c th khng gii hn bn thn n vt qua quyt nh cng trong cc b gii
m. Thng tin cn dng nht c bit t mi b gii m, thut ton gii m c nh
hng ln nhau i vi quyt nh mm hn l cc quyt nh cng. i vi h thng
c hai m thnh phn, khi nim sau : gii m turbo l qua cc quyt nh cng li ra
ca b gii m ny li l u vo ca b gii m khc, v qu trnh ny lp mt s ln
cho n khi to ra nhng quyt nh ng tin cy.
i n tm hiu cu trc ca m Turbo v b gii lp chng ta xem xt cc
khI nim ton hc lin quan.

3.1. CC KHI NIM M TURBO

3.1.1 CC HM HP L ( LIKELIHOOD FUNTIONS)

Nhng thit lp ton hc v kim chng cc gi thuyt da trn nh l

Bayes. i vi k ngh thng tin lin lc, cc ng dng c lin quan ti knh AWGN
l iu ng quan tm hn c, tc dng ln nht ca nh l Bayes m t xc sut hu
nghim (APP- a posteriori probability) ca mt quyt nh trong cc s hng ca bin
ngu nhin lin tc x l :

P(d=i | x) =

P( x | d = i ) P(d = i )
p ( x)

i=1,.,M

(3.1)

P(x) = p ( x | d = i) P(d = i )

(3.2)

i =1

Trong P(d=i | x) l APP, v d=i biu din d liu d thuc v lp tn hiu

th i t tp hp M lp. Hn na, p( x| d=i) biu din hm mt xc sut (pdf) ca tn
hiu nhiu cng d liu c gi tr lin tc c nhn x, vi iu kin trn lp tn hiu
d=i. Cng vy, p(d=i), c gi l xc sut tin nghim ( a priori probability), l xc
sut xy ra lp tn hiu th i. x in hnh l s ngu nhin quan st hay l mt
thng k kim tra c to ra li ra ca b gii iu ch hay b vi x l khc. Do
, p(x)l hm mt xc sut pdf ca tn hiu nhn x, to ra thng k kim tra trn
ton b khng gian ca cc lp tn hiu.
Phng trinh (3.1) , cho quan st c bit , p(x) l h s chia k t khi n c
sinh ra bi ly trung bnh qua tt c cc lp ca khng gian. Ch thng p c s
dng ch r hm pdf ca bin ngu nhin lin tc, v ch hoa P c s dng ch
xc sut ( tin nghim va APP) . Xc nh APP ca tn hiu nhn c t phng trnh
(3.1) c th c xem nh l kt qu ca th nghim. Trc khi th nghim, ni chung
c tn ti (hoc c th c lng c) mt xc sut tin nghim P(d=i). Th nghim

bao gm s dng phng trnh (3.1) cho tnh ton APP, P(d=i | x), c th xem nh l
lc la tinh t tin tc trc v d liu, xy ra bi qu trnh kim tra tn hiu nhn
x.

3.1.2 TRNG HP LP HAI TN HIU

i vi cc phn t logic nh phn 1 v 0 c biu din bng cc mc in

th in t tng ng l +1 v -1. Bin d c s dng biu din bit d liu c
pht, mi khi xut hin , n xem nh l in th hoc phn t logic. i khi theo mt
cch nh dng l tin li hn nh dng khc ; chng ta c th nhn ra s khc nhau
trong tng hon cnh . Bt nh phn 0 ( hay mc in th -1) l phn t khng trong
php cng. i vi vic pht tn hiu qua knh AWGN , Hnh (3.1) ch ra hm pdf c
iu kin, m ch nh l hm hp l (likelihood funtions). Hm bn phi p(x | d=+1)
ch r hm pdf ca bin ngu nhin x vi iu kin d=+1 ang c pht. Hm bn
tri p(x | d=-1) giI thch tng t ,l hm pdf ca bin ngu nhin x vi iu kin d=1 ang c pht. Honh biu din ton b min gi tr c th ca thng k kim
tra x c to ti b nhn. Trn hnh (3.1) , vi gi tr quy nh xk c bit, y ch
s ch ra khong thi gian quan st th k. Mt ng thng t xk ct hai hm hp l
sinh ra 2 gi tr hp l l 1 =p(xk | dk=+1) v l 2 =p(xk | dk=-1). Vai tr ca quyt nh
cng c bit gi l hp l ti a, la chn d liu dk = +1 hay dk = -1 kt hp vi
gi tr ln trong hai gi tr b chn l 1 hay l 2 tng ng. i vi mi bt d liu thi
im k, iu ny tng ng vic gii m dk=+1 nu xk nm bn phi ca ng
quyt nh t tn l 0 , ngc li l gii m dk=-1.
S hm hp l c biu din nh sau:

Hnh 3.2: Hm hp l

Nguyn tc quyt nh tng t, c gi l ti a hu nghim ( maximum a

posteriori -MAP) , c th c xem nh l nguyn tc ti thiu xc sut li (minimum
probability of- error rule) , nh gi ti xc sut tin nghim ca d liu. Biu thc
tng qut cho nguyn tc MAP trong thut ng APPs l :
(3.3)

Phng trnh (3.2) cho thy chng ta c th la chn cc gi thit H1, (d =+1)
nu APP, P(d=+1 | x) ln hn APP ,P(d=-1 | x). Ngc li , la chn gi thit H2, (d=1). S dng nh l Bayes vo phng trnh (3.1) , APPs trong phng trnh (3.3) c
th c thay th bi cc biu thc tng ng , sinh ra:
(3.4)

y , pdf p(x) xut hin c 2 v ca bt phng trnh (3.1) nn b kh.

Phng trnh (3.4) c biu din trong thut ng v t s, to ra gi l kim tra t s
hp l ( loglikelihood ratio test ) nh sau:

Hay :
(3.5)

3.1.3 T S LOG- HP L ( LOG-LIKELIHOOD RATIO)

Bng cch a ra thut ton v t s hp l c pht trin trong phng trnh

(3.3) n phng trnh (3.5) , chng ta to ra c metric c ch gi l t s log-hp l
( Log-Likelihood Ratio LLR). N l s thc biu din li ra quyt nh cng ca b
tch sng (detector) , c nh ngha :

(3.6)

Do vy
(3.7)

hay
(3.8)

y L(x | d) l LLR ca thng k kim tra x to ra bi php o ca li ra knh

x di iu kin ln lt l d=+1 hay d=-1 c th c pht, v L(d) l LLR tin
nghim ca bt d liu d. n gin k hiu, Phng trnh (3.8) c vit :
(3.9)
y , k hiu Lc(x) nhn mnh rng ton hng LLR ny l kt qu ca php o knh
truyn to b nhn. Phng trnh (3.1) ti (3.9) c pht trin vi ch mt b tch

sng d liu trong t duy ca chng ta. Tip theo, s gii thiu v b gii m s sinh
ra nhng li ch thng thng ca vic to quyt nh . Cho m h thng , li ra
LLR(li ra mm) ca b gii m bng :
(3.10)
y , L( d ) l LLR ca bt d liu li ra ca b gii iu ch ( li vo ca b gii
m ), v Le( d ) c gi l LLR ngoi lai, biu din thng tin b sung c vay mn
t qu trnh gii m. Chui li ra ca b gii m h thng c cu thnh cc gi tr
biu din cc bt d liu v cc bt chn l. T phng trnh (3.9) v (3.10) li ra LLR
ca b giI m by gi c vit nh sau :
(3.11)
Phng trnh (3.11) cho thy li ra LLR ca b gii m h thng c th c
biu din nh l c ba phn t LLR mt php o knh truyn, m thng tin tin
nghim v d liu,v LLR ngoi lai xut pht duy nht t b gii m. Cui cng to ra
L( d ), mi LLRs ring c th uc cng thm vo phng trnh (3.11), v 3 s hng
u l thng k c lp. Li ra b giI m mm ny L( d ) l mt s thc cung cp mt
quyt nh cng Gi tr dng ca L( d ) quyt nh rng d=+1, v gi tr m quyt
nh d=-1. ln ca L( d ) th thin tin cy ca quyt nh . Thng thng gi
tr ca Le( d ) i vi vic gii m c cng k hiu nh l Lc(x) + L(d) v do hot
ng nhm ci thin tin cy ca L( d ).

3.1.4 NGUYN L CA VIC GII M LP ( TURBO)

Trong b nhn thng tin thng thng , b gii iu ch thng c thit k
to ra nhng quyt nh mm v ri c truyn ti b gii m. Vic ci thin cht
lng (hiu sut) li ( error- performance ) s dng h thng nh quyt nh mm so
snh vi quyt nh cng c nh gi gn 2dB trong AWGN. Nh b gii m c th
c gi l B gii m li vo mm / li ra- mm (soft- input / soft output), bi v
qu trnh gii m cui cng li ra ca b gii m phi kt thc trong cc bt ( Cc
quyt nh cng) . Vi m Turbo , y, s dng 2 hay nhiu m thnh phn, v vic
gii m bao hm vic ly li ra t mt b gii m l li vo cho b gii m khc bng
cch lp, b gii m li ra cng s khng c thch hp. l nguyn nhn cc quyt

nh cng trong b gii m lm gim bt cht lng h thng ( so snh vi cc quyt

nh mm). Do , Nhng g cn thit cho vic gii m ca cc m Turbo l b gii
m li vo mm / li ra- mm . Vic gii m lp u tin ca b gii m li vo
mm / li ra- mm c gii thch trong hnh (3.3), Tng qut ta gi s rng d liu
nh phn c kh nng l nh nhau, to ra gi tr LLR tin nghim ban u L(d) = 0 ng
vi s hng th ba trong phng trnh (3.7). Gi tr LLR knh truyn Lc(x) c o
bi vic lp logarit ca t s gi tr l 1 v l 2 cho quan st ring bit x ( Hnh 3.2), xut
hin s hng th hai ca phng trnh (3.7). Li ra L( d ) ca b gii m trong hnh
3.3 c to thnh LLR t b tch sng L( d ) v li ra LLR ngoi lai Le(x) , biu din
thng tin vay mn t qu trnh gii m . Nh gii thch trong hnh 3.3 , vic gii m
lp , hp l ngoi lai, c phn hi ti li vo ( ca b gii m thnh phn khc)
to ra s lc la tinh t xc sut tin nghim ca d liu cho b lp tip theo.
Ta s minh ha b SISO cho m h thng :

Phn hi cho vic lp tip theo

L(d) gi tr
tin nghim

B tch sng gi tr
LLR tin nghim
L( d )=Lc(x)+L(d)

Le( d ) gi tr
ngoi lai ra
Gi tr LLR ra

B gii m
Li vo mm
Li ra mm

L( d )=L( d )+Le( d
)
L( d ) gi tr
ra

Lc(x) gi tr
vo knh

Hnh 3.3

tin nghim

B gii m li vo mm / li ra mm( cho m h thng)

3.2 I S LOG HP L ( LOG- LIKELIHOOD ALGEBRA)

gii thch s phn hi lp tt nht ca li ra b gii m mm, chng ta s

dng khi nim i s Log- hp l . i vi d liu c lp thng k d, tng ca hai t
s log hp l (LLRs) c nh ngha nh sau :
L(d1)

+ e L(d2 )
L ( d1 ) L ( d 2 )
e

1 + e

(3.12)

(1) sgn [L(d1 )] sgn [L(d 2 )] min ( L(d1 ) ), L(d 2 )

(3.13)

L(d2) = L(d1 d2) =loge e

L ( d1 )

Ta s chng minh cng thc (3.12) . Tht vy, xut pht t nh ngha v L(d) chng
ta c:
L(d)=loge P(d = +1) = log e P (d = +1)
P(d = 1)

1 P (d = +1)

Do ,
P (d = +1)
e L(d ) =

1 P (d = +1)

e L (d ) - e L (d ) P(d=+1) = P(d=+1)
e L (d ) = P(d=+1)(1+ e L (d ) )
e L(d )
P(d=+1) =
(1 + e L(d ) )

Mt khc,
P(d=-1)=1-P(d=+1) =

1
1 + e L(d )

y d1 v d2 l cc bt d liu c lp thng k biu din cc th +1 v -1

tng ng vi mc lgc 1 v 0 . Theo cch ny, th d1 d2 sinh ra -1 khi d1 v d2 c
cc gi tr nh nhau (cng l +1 hay -1) v sinh ra +1 khi d1 v d2 c gi tr khc nhau
Do

L(d1 d2)=loge P (d 1 d 2 = 1) = log e P(d1 = +1) p(d 2 = 1) + P(d1 = 1) p (d 2 = +1)

P (d 1 d 2 == 1

P (d1 = +1) P (d 2 = +1) + P(d1 = 1) P(d 2 = 1)

= loge e

+ e L(d2 )
L ( d1 ) L ( d 2 )
e
1 + e

L ( d1 )

Ta s tm hiu ngha cc k hiu trong cng thc : y logarit t nhin

c s dng, v hm sgn(.) biu din hm du. C 3 php cng trong phng trnh
(3.12). Du + c s dng cho php cng thng thng. Du c s dng ch
tng modul-2 ca d liu c biu din di dng cc s nh phn. Du
ch php
cng log-hp l , tng ng vi php ton c m t trong phng trnh (3.12).
Tng ca hai LLRs k hiu bi ton hng
c nh ngha l LLR ca tng

modul-2 ca cc bt d liu c lp thng k c s. Phng trnh 3.13 ly gn ng

vi phng trnh 3.12 v s rt c li trong v d v s m ta s xt sau ny.
Tng cu LLRs , nh c m t phng trnh (3.12) hay (3.13) sinh ra mt s kt
qu ng quan tm sau khi m LLRs l rt ln hay rt nh:
1.

L(d)

= L(d )

L(d)

0 =0

2.Gii m hng ngang v s dng phng trnh (3.11) , to ra LLR ngoi lai
ngang

3. t L(d) = Leh( d ) cho vic gii m dc bc 4

4. Gii m dc, v s dng phng trnh 3.11, chng ta to ra LLR ngoi lai
dc

5. t L(d) = Lev ( d ) cho gii m ngang bc 2. Ri lp bc 2 ti bc 5

6. Sau khi lp ( Lp t bc 2 ti 5) to ra quyt nh ng tin cy,
chuyn ti bc 7.
7. Li ra mm l :
(3.14)

Phn tip theo , ta s ly v d minh ho ng dng ca thut gii i vi m nhn

n gin
3.2.1 M CHN L N HAI CHIU (TwoDimensional Single Parity Code)
Ti b m ho, cc bt d liu v bt chc l u nhn cc gi tr nh hnh 3.5a,
y mi lin h gia bt d liu v chn l trong hng hay ct ring bit c din t
di dng cc s nh phn (1,0)

d i d j = pij

(3.15)

V
d i = d j pij

i, j {(1,2 ),

(3,4), (1,3), (2,4)}

(3.16)

Du l php cng modul-2. Cc bt pht c biu din di cc chi :

d1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , p12 , p34 , p13 , p 24 .

li vo b nhn , cc bt nhiu sai c biu din bi chui {xi }, {xij }, y

xi = d i + n cho mi bit d liu nhn , xij = pij + n cho mi bt chn l, v n biu din

phn phi nhiu , n l thng k c lp vi c d i v pij . Cc ch s i v j biu din v

tr trong mng li ra b m ho c ch trong hnh 3.5a. Tuy nhin, s tin li hn khi
chng ta biu din chui nhn di dng {x k } y k l ch s thi gian. C hai quy
c s c s dng. Chng ta s dng i v j khi trng tm vo mi lin h v v tr
trong m nhn, v s dng k khi trng tm trn kha cnh chung v tn hiu lin quan
thi gian ( Time related signal ). S dng mi quan h c suy ra t phng trnh
3.7 n 3.9 , v gi s cng kiu nhiu AWGN , LLR cho php o knh truyn ca tn
hiu xk nhn c thi im k , c vit l :
p ( x k | d k = +1)
Lc ( x k ) = log e

p ( x k | d k = 1)

(3.17a)

Nh vy , chng ta tm hiu c s l thuyt v t s log-hp l ( LLR ) ,

mt khi nim l nn tng xy dng nn s cu trc gii m Turbo.
By gi thy r tc dng ca thut ton trn, chng ta xt trn v d v m nhn (
tc m c xy dng trn c s khng gian hai chiu)
3.2.2 M NHN (PRODUCT CODE)
Xem xt m hai chiu ( m nhn) c m t trn hnh 3.4. Cu trc c th
c m t nh l mt mng d liu to bi k1 hng v k2 ct. K1 hng cha cc t m
to bi k2 bt d liu v n2-k2 bit chn l. Do vy, mi k1 hng biu din mt t m t
m ( n2,k2). Tng t, k2 ct cha cc t m to bi k1 bt d liu v n1-k1 bt chn l.
Do vy, mi k2 ct biu din mt t m t m (n1, k1). T l khc nhau ca cu trc
c t tn d cho d liu, ph cho chn l ngang ( hng theo cc hng ) , v pv cho
chn l ct ( hng theo cc ct). Kt qu l , khi k1 k 2 bt d liu c m ho vi
hai m -m ngang ( horizontal code) v m dc ( vetical code ).

Ngoi ra, trong hnh 3.4 c cc khi c t tn l Leh v Lev cha cc gi tr

LLR ngoi lai c bit t cc bc gi m ngang v dc, tng ng. Cc m sa li
ni chung cung cp mt vi ci thin v cht lng. Chng ta s xem xt rng , LLRs
ngoi lai miu t php o ca vic ci thin .
Ch rng, m nhn ny l mt v d n gin cho m k. Cu trc ca n
cha ng 2 bc m ho ring bit ngang v dc.
Chng ta xem li quyt nh gii m cui cng cho mi bt v im mu cht
ng tin cy ca n trn gi tr ca L( d ) , nh ch Phng trnh 3.11. Vi phng
trnh ny , thut ton sinh ra LLRs ngoi lai ( ngang v dc) v L( d ) cui cng c th
c m t. i vi m nhn, qu trnh ca thut ton gii m lp nh sau :
t LLR tin nghim L(d) = 0 ( Tr phi xc sut tin nghim ca cc bt d
liu khng c kh nng bng nhau)

k1 hng

n1-k1 hng

k2 ct

n2-k2 ct

ph

pv

Leh
Ngoi lai

ngang

Hnh 3.4 Tch nhn hai chiu

Lev
Ngoi lai

dc
d1 = 1

d2 = 0

p12=1

d3 = 0

d4 = 1

p34=1

p13=1

p24=1

(a) Cc s nh phn li

ra b m ho

Lc(x1) = 1.5

Lc(x2) = 0.1

Lc(x12) = 2.5

Lc(x3) = 0.2

Lc(x4) = 0.3

Lc(x34) = 2.0

Lc(x13) = 6.0

Lc(x24) = 1.0

(b) T s log-hp l li vo b giI m Lc(x)

Hnh 3.5 V d tch nhn

Ta c :

Lc ( x ) = log e

1 x k 1 2
exp

2
2
1 xk + 1 2
1
exp

2
2
1

(3.17b)

2
1 x +1
1 x 1
= k + k = 2 xk
2
2

(3.17c)

Thng thng th nhiu c varian 2 =1 , do ta c

Lc ( x ) = 2xk

(3.18)

Ta xt chui d liu d1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 4 l cc ch s nh phn 1 0 0 1, nh ch hnh

3.5a. Bng cch s dng Phng trnh (3.15) , v chui chn l ln lt l
p12 , p34 , p13 , p 24 nhn cc gi tr nh phn l

1 1 1 1.

Do , chui pht l :

{d , p } = 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
i

ij

(3.19)

Khi cc bt d liu c din t di gi tr l th lng cc +1 v -1 tng

ng vi cc mc logic 1 v 0, chui pht s l :

{d , p }= +1
i

ij

-1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Gi s rng nhiu pht thay i chi d liu chn l thnh chui nhn cl
:

{x , x } = 0.75, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 1.25, 1.0, 3.0, 0.5

i

(3.20)

ij

y cc phn t ca {xi},{xij} tng ng v tr bt d liu v chn l

{di},{pij} c pht.
Do , trong thut ng k hiu v tr , chui nhn c th c k hiu nh sau
:

{x , x } =
i

ij

x1, x2, x3, x4, x12, x34, x13, x24

T Phng trnh (3.18) gi s cc php o knh truyn cho ta cc gi tr LLR

nh sau :

{L ( x ), L ( x )} = 1.5, 0.1, 0.20, 0.3, 2.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0

c

ij

(3.21)

Cc gi tr ny c ch r trong hnh 3.5b l cc php o li vo b gii m.

N cho thy, s bng xc sut tin nghim i vi d liu pht , nu quyt nh cng
c da trn c s cc gi tr {xk}, hay {Lc(xk)} trn, qu trnh s cho kt qu vi 2
li , t khi d2 v d3 s c sp xp khng ng
nh l bt 1.
Nh th ta ch ra c gi tr php o knh truyn Lc(x), nhiu,.. v vic
quan trng cui cng l ta phi tnh gi tr LLR ngoi lai ( ngang v dc) .
3.2.3 HP L NGOI LAI (Extrinsic Likelihood)
i vi v d m nhn trong hnh 3.5 , chng ta s dng Phng trnh (3.11)
m t li ra mm i vi tn hiu nhn tng ng vi d liu d1 :
(3.22)

y , s hng:

biu din LLR ngoi lai c phn phi bi m ( tng ng vic thu d liu d2 v xc
sut tin nghim ca n , kt hp vi vic thu m chn l tng ng p12 ) . Tng qut
li ra mm L( di ) i vi tn hiu nhn c tng ng d liu di l :

(3.23)

y, Lc ( xi ), Lc ( x j ), Lc ( xij ) l cc php o LLR knh truyn ca vic thu

tng ng di, dj , v pij, .
L(di) v L (dj) l LLRs ca xc sut tin nghim ca di, v dj tng ng. V

l phn phi ngoi lai t cc m. Phng trnh (3.22) v (3.23) c th c hiu mt

cch tt nht trong hnh 3.5b. i vi v d , g s cc tn hiu c kh nng nh nhau,
li ra mm L( d1 ) c m t bi b tch sng php o LLR ca Lc(x1) = 1.5 cho vic
[Lc(x12) = 2.5]
thu tng ng d liu d1 , gi tr dong LLR ngoi lai [ Lc(x2)=0.1]
vay mn t d liu d2 v chn l p12 bi vy cung cp thng tin v d liu d1 nh
trong Phng trnh (3.15) v (3.16).
By gi ta s tnh ton cc gi tr LLR ngoi lai

3.2.4 TNH TON HP L NGOI LAI

Vn xt v d trong hnh 3.5 , ta s tnh ton Lh( d ) v Lev( d ) :
Leh( d1 ) = [Lc(x2) + L(d2)]

Lc(x12)

(3.24a)

Lev( d1 ) = [Lc(x3) + L(d3)]

Lc(x13)

(3.24b)

Leh( d 2 ) = [Lc(x1) + L(d1)]

Lc(x12)

(3.25a)

Lev( d 2 ) = [Lc(x4) + L(d4)]

Lc(x24)

(3.25b)

Leh( d3 ) = [Lc(x4) + L(d4)]

Lc(x34)

(3.26a)

Lev( d3 ) = [Lc(x1) + L(d1)]

Lc(x13)

(3.26b)

Leh( d 4 ) = [Lc(x3) + L(d3)]

Lc(x34)

(3.27a)

Lev( d 4 ) = [Lc(x2) + L(d2)]

Lc(x24)

(3.27b)

Cc gi tr LLR ch trong hnh 3.5 c a vo biu thc Leh( d ) trong cc

Phng trnh (3.24) ti (3.27), v, gi s l cc tn hiu c kh nng nh nhau, Cc gi
tr L(d) ban u c t bng 0, do to ra :
Leh( d1 ) = (0.1 + 0)

2.5 -0.1 = L(d1) mi

(3.28)

Leh( d 2 ) = (1.5 + 0)

2.5 -1.5 = L(d2) mi

(3.29)

Leh( d3 ) = (0.3 + 0)

2.0 -0.3 = L(d3) mi

(3.30)

Leh( d 4 ) = (0.2 + 0)

2.0 -0.2 = L(d4) mi

(3.31)

y php cng log-hp l c tnh ton mt cch gn ng , tc ta ly

xp x trong Phng trnh (3.13). Tip theo, chng ta tin hnh to ra tnh ton hng
dc u tin, s dng biu thc Lev( d ) trong Phng trnh (3.24) ti (3.27). By gi ,
cc gi tr ca L(d) c th c tnh ton nhanh chng bng cch s dng nhng gi tr
L(d) mi vay mn t vic tnh ton ngang u tin, ch trong Phng trnh (3.28) ti
(3.31). l :
Lev( d1 ) = (0.2 0.3)

6.0 0.1 = L(d1) mi

(3.32)

Lev( d 2 ) = (0.3 0.2) 1.0 - 0.1 = L(d2) mi

(3.33)

Lev( d3 ) = (1.5 0.1)

6.0 -1.4 = L(d3) mi

(3.34)

Lev( d 4 ) = (0.1 1.5)

1.0 1.0 = L(d4) mi

(3.35)

Nh vy , kt qu ca php lp u tin trong hai bc gii m ( ngang v

dc) nh sau :

Php o Lc(xk) ban u

1.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

-0.1

-1.5

-0.3

-0.2

Leh( d ) sau gii m ngang u tin

0.1

-0.1

-1.4

1.0

Lev( d ) sau gii m dc u tin

Mi bc gii m ci thin LLRs ban u ci m ch da trn cc php o

knh truyn. iu ny c thy qua bi vic tnh ton LLR li ra ca b gii m, s
dng Phng trnh (3.14). LLR ban u dng, LLRs ngoi l dng to ra c s
ci thin ( y ta khng cp ti thut ng v ngoi lai dc) :
LLRs c cI thin i vi Leh( d )

1.4

-1.4

-0.1

0.1

LLR ban u dng i vi c hai LLR ngoi l ngang v dc to ra c s

ci thin nh sau :

LLR c cI thin i vi Leh( d ) + Lev( d )

1.5

-1.5

-1.5

1.1

i vi v d ny , c th thy rng , thng tin vay mn t vic gii m

ngang n l l to ra quyt nh cng ng n li ra ca b gii m, nhng
i vi cc bt d liu d3 v d4 th tin cy l rt thp. Sau khi kt hp LLR ngoi lai
dc trong b giI m, gi tr LLR mi a ra mc cao hn v tin cy. Chng ta
s tip tc thc hin thm php lp gii m ngang v dc xc nh xem c s thay
i no ng k kt qu thu c.

Chng ta li s dng mi lin h ch trong Phng trnh (3.24) ti (3.27) v

thc hin vi vic tnh ton ln hai i vi Leh( d ) , s dng L(d) mi t nhng tnh
ton hng dc, ch Phng trnh (3.32) ti (3.25) , Do vy :
Leh( d1 ) = (0.1 0.1)

2.5 0

= L(d1) mi

(3.36)

Leh( d 2 ) =(1.5 + 0.1)

2.5 -1.6 = L(d2) mi

(3.37)

Leh( d3 ) =(0.3 + 1.0)

2.0 -1.3 = L(d3) mi

(3.38)

Leh( d 4 ) =(0.2 1.4)

2.0 1.2 = L(d4) mi

(3.39)

Tip theo, chng ta thc hin tnh ton i vi Lev( d ) , s dng L(d) mi t
nhng tnh ton ngang th hai, ch trong Phng trnh (3.36) ti (3.39) ta c :
Lev( d1 ) = (0.2 1.3)

6.0 1.1 = L(d1) mi

(3.40)

Lev( d 2 ) = (0.3 + 1.2)

1.0 -1.0 = L(d2) mi

(3.41)

Lev( d3 ) = (1.5 + 0 )

6.0 -1.5 = L(d3) mi

(3.42)

Lev( d 4 ) = (0.1 1.6)

1.0 1.0 = L(d4) mi

(3.43)

Nh vy, vic lp ln hai gii m ngang v dc , to ra gi tr trc , kt qu

trong LLR li ra mm c tnh li t Phng trnh (3.14), c vit di dng :
L( d ) = Lc (x) + Leh( d ) + Lev( d )
(3.44)
LLR ngoi lai ngang v dc ca Phng trnh (3.36) n (3.43) v kt qa
LLR b giI m c thy r. Trong v d ny , lp ngang v dc ln hai a ra s ci
thin ng k so vi lp ln mt. Kt qu ch ra s cn bng ca gi tr ng tin cy
trong s bn quyt nh d liu :
Cc php o L c(x) ban u :
Lev( d ) sau gii m dc ln hai

1.1

-1.0

-1.5

1.0

-1.6

-1.3

1.2

2.6

-2.5

-2.6

2.5

Leh( d ) sau gii m ngang ln 2

Li ra mm l L( d ) = Lc (x) + Leh( d ) + Lev( d ) , sau tt c 4 ln lp c gi tr

nh sau :

1.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

Nh th , ta c th nhn xt thy rng ta c th quyt nh ng n v 4 bt

d liu v c bit mc tin cy ca quyt h l rt cao. V d minh ho tiu biu
c nguyn l gii m Turbo.

CHNG 4 : CU TRC M TURBO V B GII LP

4.1 GII THIU

M Turbo c gii thiu u tin vo nm 1993, bao gm hai m chp h

thng qui ( Recursive Systematic Convolution Code - RSCC) kt ni song song kt
hp b xo trn v thut ton gii m lp .Cc thut ton gii m Turbo thng c c
tnh ging nhau c kt hp gia thut ton gii m lpv cc kiu gii m thnh
phn vi li vo mm , li ra mm ( Soft Input/ Soft Output-SISO). C hai kiu gii
m thnh phn ph bin cho m Turbo l gii m c lng theo chui ( Sequence
Estimation) nh SOVA ( Soft Out Viterbi Algorithm) v thut ton c lng theo k
hiu (Symbol by Symbol) nh MAP( Maximum a posteriori), cng nhng ci tin ca
chng.
Thut ton gii m VA v MAP c bn l khc nhau v ch tiu ti u. Thut
ton gii m VA l thut ton tm kim chui trng thi c kh nng ln nht s vi
chui tn hiu thu y .

s = arg max P[s | y ]

s

Thut ton gii m MAP khc vi thut ton VA l xc nh tng trng thi si
c th c kh nng ln nht vi chui tn hiu thu y
si = arg max P[s i | y ]
si

im khc nhau v bn cht gia chng l trng thi c c lng bi thut

ton VA phi c dng tuyn c kt ni qua li, trong khi cc trng thi c
c lng bi thut ton MAP th khng cn phi kt ni thnh tuyn.
Khi ng dng vo cc h thng truyn dn s, thut ton VA cho php cc
tiu xc sut li khung FER. Trong khi thut ton MAP cho php cc tiu xc sut
li bit BER. Do cu trc m Turbo gm hai b m chp thnh phn kt ni song song
, v vy qu trnh gii m c th c xem nh gm hai qu trnh c lng chui

Mardkov( xem ph lc) ( Mi qu trnh tng ng vi mt b m thnh phn). Do c

hai qu trnh ny c thc hin vi cng mt chui d liu nn vic c lng c th
chia s thng tin vi nhau di dng lp. Nh vy, u ra ca b gii m ny c th s
dng lm thng tin bit trc cho b gii m kia. Nu u ra ca mi b gii m c
dng quyt nh cng ( c s dng b lng t ) th hiu qu ca vic chia s thng tin
s khng cao. Tuy nhin, nu u ra l c lng mm th c th ci thin ccht
lng mt cch ng k.
Ta c th m t s qua v thut ton MAP vi qu trnh gii m SISO :
Ta cn xc nh
si = arg max P[s i | y ]
si

Theo cng thc xc sut thnh phn :

P (s i | y ) =

P ( y | si ) P( si ) f ( y | si ) f ( si )
=
p( y)
p( y )

y : P(si|y) l xc sut hu nghim, f(y | si) l hm pdf, f(si) l xc sut tin

nghim , thng thng ta gi s rng ban u li vo th f(si) =M =hng s
( L( d ) = 0 )
Do xc nh si tng ng vi xc nh :
f ( y | si ) f ( si )
max

p( y)

max{ f ( y | s i )}

Thay gi tr ca y vo hm f ( y | si ) ta tnh c max{ f ( y | si )} t

si f ( si )

V thy rng lc ny f ( si ) M khi f ( si ) s c a ti li vo ca b

gii m SISO khc v n ng vai tr l thng tin ngoi lai.

M Turbo c cht lng kim sot li trong khong vi phn mi dB tnh t

gii hn Shannon. S tng ln mt cch t ngt v cht lng c da trn khm
ph v b sung cc kt qu ca Golay m ng ta a ra ln u tin t nm 1950.
Ngay sau , cht lng c tng ln khong 2dB nh vo kt qu vic iu
khin trong m Turbo. Thnh tu to ln c khuyn ngh ng dng vo h thng
thng tin v tuyn in khi m i hi v rng bng tn ngy cng tng do nhu cu

B m 1

B m 2

Knh
Kt hp

dch v truyn s liu.

B gii m 1

Lp

B gii m 2

Nh vy, M Turbo c hai phn quan trng. l, m xon kt ni song song

v gii m lp.

4.2 CU TRC B M HA V GII M

M Turbo c cu trc gm t nht hai m RSC c kt ni song song kt hp
vi b xo trn v thut ton gii m SISO:

B m 1

Xo trn
B m 2

B m chp
h thng
(RSC 2)

S
C1

Lc b v
ghp knh

D liu

B m chp
h thng
(RSC 1)

C2

Chui m
R = 1/3;
(... S P1 P2 S P1 P2 S ...)
R = 1/2;
(... S P1 S P2 S P1 S P2 ...)

Hnh 4.5 S m ha m Turbo

Nh vy, chui d liu h thng u vo S c a trc tip ti b m chp

RSC1 to ra cc bit kim tra C1 v a qua b xo trn ti RSC2 to ra C2.
Cc bt h thng v kim tra C1,C2 c a ti b lc b v ghp knh
loi b bt cc bt kim tra tng tc m ha. Nu ta loi b xen k C1 v C2 ta
c tc m tng cng l 1/2 , cn khng loi b th tc tng cng l 1/3.
Tn hiu u ra b m ha c iu ch v truyn qua knh nh hnh 4.1
Hnh 4.2 l v d v s m RSC , trong chui u vo c a ngay ti
u ra gi l chui bt h thng. S trng thi v s li ca v d trong hnh 4.2
c biu din trong hnh 4.3:

Hi tip

H thng

u vo ,u
Kim tra ,c

Hnh 4.2 M RSC

1/0

[u/c]

11

11
0/1

0/1
1/0

10

01
0/0

1/1

(a)

[un,cn]

00

01
10
11
00

1/1
00

10

0/0

01
n-1

(b)

Hnh 4.3 S trng thi(a) v s li ca m chp (b)

Ti b gi m , b tch knh s tch ra cc bt h thng v kim tra tng ng
vi cc b gii m SISO .B SISO l thit b gii m vi li vo mm , li ra mm,
trong u vo l tin cy knh ( Lc(x)) , thng tin tin nghim ( L(d)). u ra
gm thng tin hu nghim L( d ), thng tin h thng d ( Le( d ) cn gi l thng tinh
ngoi lai ( extrinsic information ) . Vn ny chng ta xt chng 3.

Do u pht s dng b xo trn ( xem chng 2) , nn trong b gii m c

cc b xo trn ging ht u pht v cc b gii xo trn tng ng.
B gii m dng thut gii m lp nn thng tin d c s dng lm thng
tin tin nghim cho b gii m SISO ( RSC1) khc. nng cao cht lng gii m
ngi ta tng s ln lp n , s ln lp c th c quy nh trc hoc t ng dng
theo nhiu bin php nh gi .
Do vy b gii m lp c cu trc nh sau :

~
bk

bk

c~1k

Knh

C1k
RSC 1
S/P

RSC 2

C2k

P/S
c~2 k

Chui bit h
thng thu
~
c bk
Chui bt kim
tra ca m th
1 thu c c~1k

c~1k

B gii xo trn
u ra ngoi
t b gii m
th 1

B gii
m 1

B xo trn

u ra ngoi
t b gii
m 2

B gii
m 2

B xo trn

c~2 k

B gii xo trn
Chui bt kim
tra ca m th
2 thu c
c~2 k

Hnh 4.4 S gii m lp

Nh vy , chui m ti u ra ca b ghp knh s c a ti b phn knh

thng qua knh truyn .
Do , ti li ra ca b phn knh cha bit h thng , hai chui bt kim tra ( bt
c m ha) v cc chui bit ny s b li do nh hng ca knh truyn.
Gi s chui bt h thng u vo l bk, hai chui bit m ha l C1k v C2k.
Chui bit h thng v kim tra thu c qua knh truyn tng ng l
~ ~ ~
bk , C1k , C 2 k .
~

Theo hnh 4.4 th u tin cho chui bt h thng bk v C1k qua b gii m 1
~

~ ~

hi ta s thu c chui bt , gi s l bk .C hai chui bk , bk cho qua b xo

~

trn v sau kt hp vi chui C2 k a ti li vo ca b gii m 2, nh th li ra

ca b gii m s l chui b k . thu c chui thng tin h thng ban u cn phi

~

cho chui b k qua b gii xo trn.

Thc ra trong s trn th cc b gii m chnh l b gii m SISO.
y thng tin ngoi lai dc a vo b gii m to nn qu trnh lp.Qu
trnh lp cho n khi no m xc sut li bt ca chui h thng l cc tiu iu ny
tng ng vi vic lp cho n khi khi phc c chui u vo.
V hnh 4.5 l kt qu ca qu trnh m phng b m ha v gii m lp :

Moi lien he BER va SNR

10

-1

10

)
R
E
B(
g
o
L

-2

10

lap 1

lap 2
-3

10

lap 3

lap 4

lap 5
-4

10

-1

-0.5

0.5
SNRdB

1.5

Hnh 4.5 Kt qu m phng bng Matlab

4.3 NG DNG M TURBO

Theo ti liu ca NASA v thng tin v tr th m Turbo c ng dng trong
cc b pht p. y ban t vn v h thng d liu v tr (CCSDS) khuyn ngh s
dng cc m vi cc b m Turbo 16 trng thi, tc 1/2 , 1/3 ,1/4 , v 1/6.
Theo khuyn ngh ca CDMA 2000 trong h thng thng tin di ng t bo th h th
ba 3G
CDMA bng rng th m Turbo c s dng cho c hai hng i v v, vi m
Turbo 8 trng thi tc 1/2, v 1/3 v m chp kt ni tip 4 trng thi tc 1/3
Trong h thng thng tin di ngINMARSAT a phng tin th m Turbo
c s dng trong h thng iu ch 16-QAM, tc 64kb/s.Cn trong dch v s th
hin ang nghin c ng dng.

KT LUN :
Nh vy, M turbo l b m c cht lng tt nht so vi cc b m bit t
trc ti nay vi phc tp ca b m ha cng nh b gii m chp nhn c.Cc
kt qu m phng u cho thy cht lng ca b m ny tin gn gii hn Shannon
khi khung d liu pht kh ln.Khi khung d liu nh cht lng ca n vn tt hn
rt nhiu so vi cc b m ha khc.
Lun vn vi ti M Turbo nu c vai tr ca m knh trong h
thng tin s, l thuyt ca Shannon v cc b m thng c s dng nng cao
cht lng ca h thng nh m chp, m k. Cc chng cng phn tch c cu
trc v nguyn l ca m Turbo thng qua qu trnh m ha v gii m lp.Phn tch
c thut ton SISO thng c s dng trong s gii m lp ( gii m Turbo).
V cui cng l chng trnh m phng bng Matlab ca Yufei cho kt qu
di dng File Txt v c chuyn thnh th biu din ca t s Eb0/B0 vo B
qua nh gi cht lng ca m Turbo .

PH LC
Chng trnh m phng bng matlab b m ha v gii m Turbo
ca Yufei.
clear all
% hin th thng bo di dng File txt
diary turbo_logmap.txt
% Chn thut ton gii m
dec_alg = input(' Please enter the decoding algorithm. (0:Log-MAP, 1:SOVA) default
0 ');
if isempty(dec_alg)
dec_alg = 0;
end
% Kch thc khung
L_total = input(' Please enter the frame size (= info + tail, default: 400) ');
if isempty(L_total)
L_total = 400; % Cc bt thng tin v bt ui
end
%B to m
g = input(' Hy nhp b to m : ( default: g = [1 1 1; 1 0 1 ] )
if isempty(g)
g = [ 1 1 1;
1 0 1 ];
end
%g = [1 1 0 1; 1 1 1 1];
%g = [1 1 1 1 1; 1 0 0 0 1];

');

[n,K] = size(g);
m = K - 1;
nstates = 2^m;
%puncture = 0, puncturing into rate 1/2;
%puncture = 1, no puncturing
puncture = input('Hy chn punctured / unpunctured (0/1): default 0
if isempty(puncture)
puncture = 0;
end
% Tc m
rate = 1/(2+puncture);

');

% Bin Fading; a=1 trong knh AWGN

a = 1;
% S ln lp
niter = input(' Nhp s ln lp cho mi khung . Mc nh l 5 ');
if isempty(niter)
niter = 5;
end
%S lng khung li tnh cho vic dng
ferrlim = input(' Nhp s lng khung li kt thc Mc nh l 15
if isempty(ferrlim)
ferrlim = 15;
end
EbN0db = input(' Hy nhp t s Eb/N0 dB : Mc nh [2.0] ');
if isempty(EbN0db)
EbN0db = [2.0];
end
fprintf('\n\n----------------------------------------------------\n');
if dec_alg == 0
fprintf(' === Log-MAP decoder === \n');
else
fprintf(' === SOVA decoder === \n');
end
fprintf(' Kch thc khung = %6d\n',L_total);
fprintf(' B to m: \n');
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:K
fprintf( '%6d', g(i,j));
end
fprintf('\n');
end
if puncture==0
fprintf(' Punctured, Tc m = 1/2 \n');
else
fprintf(' Unpunctured, Tc m = 1/3 \n');
end
fprintf(' S ln lp = %6d\n', niter);
fprintf(' Kt thc khung li = %6d\n', ferrlim);
fprintf(' Eb / N0 (dB) = ');
for i = 1:length(EbN0db)
fprintf('%10.2f',EbN0db(i));
end

');

fprintf('\n----------------------------------------------------\n\n');
fprintf('+ + + + Xin hy i to kt qu. + + + +\n');
for nEN = 1:length(EbN0db)
en = 10^(EbN0db(nEN)/10); % Chuyn Eb/N0 t dB sang s thng thng
L_c = 4*a*en*rate; % Gi tr tin cy ca knh
sigma = 1/sqrt(2*rate*en);
% lch chun ca nhiu AWGN
% Xa vic m li bit v li khung
errs(nEN,1:niter) = zeros(1,niter);
nferr(nEN,1:niter) = zeros(1,niter);
nframe = 0; % Xa vic m khung pht
while nferr(nEN, niter)<ferrlim
nframe = nframe + 1;
x = round(rand(1, L_total-m)); % Cc bt thng tin
[temp, alpha] = sort(rand(1,L_total));
% nh x xo trn ngu nhin
en_output = encoderm( x, g, alpha, puncture ) ; % Li ra b m ha (+1/-1)
r = en_output+sigma*randn(1,L_total*(2+puncture)); % Cc bt nhn
yk = demultiplex(r,alpha,puncture); % Phn knh to li vo cho b gii m 1 v 2
% T l bt nhn
rec_s = 0.5*L_c*yk;
% Ti u ha thng tin ngoi lai
L_e(1:L_total) = zeros(1,L_total);
for iter = 1:niter
% B gii m 1
L_a(alpha) = L_e; % Thng tin tin nghim
if dec_alg == 0
L_all = logmapo(rec_s(1,:), g, L_a, 1); % Thng tin y
else
L_all = sova0(rec_s(1,:), g, L_a, 1); % Thng tin y .
end
L_e = L_all - 2*rec_s(1,1:2:2*L_total) - L_a; % Thng tin ngoi lai
% B gii m 2
L_a = L_e(alpha); % Thng tin tin nghim
if dec_alg == 0
L_all = logmapo(rec_s(2,:), g, L_a, 2); % Thng tin y .
else
L_all = sova0(rec_s(2,:), g, L_a, 2); % Thng tin y
end

L_e = L_all - 2*rec_s(2,1:2:2*L_total) - L_a; % Thng tin ngoi lai

% c lng cc bt thng tin
xhat(alpha) = (sign(L_all)+1)/2;
%S lng cc li bt trong lp hin ti
err(iter) = length(find(xhat(1:L_total-m)~=x));
% m khung li cho lp hin ti
if err(iter)>0
nferr(nEN,iter) = nferr(nEN,iter)+1;
end
end %iter
% S lng tng cng cc bt li cho tt c qu trnh lp
errs(nEN,1:niter) = errs(nEN,1:niter) + err(1:niter);
if rem(nframe,3)==0 | nferr(nEN, niter)==ferrlim
% T l li bt
ber(nEN,1:niter) = errs(nEN,1:niter)/nframe/(L_total-m);
% T l li khung
fer(nEN,1:niter) = nferr(nEN,1:niter)/nframe;
%Hin th kt qu
fprintf('************** Eb/N0 = %5.2f db **************\n',
EbN0db(nEN));
fprintf('Frame size = %d, rate 1/%d. \n', L_total, 2+puncture);
fprintf('%d Khung pht, %d Khung li.\n', nframe, nferr(nEN, niter));
fprintf('T l li bt (Lp t 1 cho ti %d):\n', niter);
for i=1:niter
fprintf('%8.4e ', ber(nEN,i));
end
fprintf('\n');
fprintf('T l li khung (Lp t 1 cho ti %d):\n', niter);
for i=1:niter
fprintf('%8.4e ', fer(nEN,i));
end
fprintf('\n');
fprintf('***********************************************\n\n');
% Lu li kt qu
save turbo_sys_demo EbN0db ber fer
end
end
end

%while
%nEN

diary off
%Chng trnh chuyn t File .txt sang dng th.
clear all
SNRdB=-1:0.5:2;
L1=[1.6918e-001 1.4188e-001 1.1636e-001 8.8204e-002 6.0383e-002 4.0226e-002
2.1772e-002];
L2=[1.6315e-001 1.3534e-001 1.0160e-001 6.3608e-002 3.1529e-002 1.3906e-002
3.8956e-003];
L3=[1.6399e-001 1.3467e-001 9.6577e-002 5.3954e-002 2.0587e-002 7.6621e-003
1.6597e-003];
L4=[1.6332e-001 1.3518e-001 9.3122e-002 4.9590e-002 1.9047e-002 5.1714e-003
1.1295e-003];
L5=[1.6298e-001 1.3534e-001 9.3907e-002 4.7342e-002 1.8074e-002 3.4330e-003
9.1233e-004];
hold on
semilogy(SNRdB,L1,'y-s');
semilogy(SNRdB,L2,'b-^');
semilogy(SNRdB,L3,'k-o');
semilogy(SNRdB,L4,'r-+');
semilogy(SNRdB,L5,'m-v');
title('Moi lien he BER va SNR');
xlabel('SNRdB');
ylabel('Log(BER)');

Ti liu tham kho

[1]

Alister Burr, Modulation and Coding for wireless Communications,

Prentice Hall ,2001.

[2]

C.Richard Johnson et al., Telecommunication Breakdown, Prentice

Hall, 2004.

[3]

John B. Anderson, Digital Transmission Engineering, Prentice Hall,

1999.

[4]

Sergio Benedetto and Ezio Biglieri, Principles of Digital Transmission

with wireless amplication, Kluwer, 1999.

[5]

Sklar, Digital Communication 2 edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 2001.

[6]

Yufei, Matlab code for experiment on turbo codes ( updated June

07,1999)

[7]

Nguyn Trng Thi , Nghin cu nh hng ca b ghp xen ti

cht lng m Turbo, Lun Vn Thc S K Thut, Hc vin khoa hc k
thut qun s, B Quc phng, 2003