Done by: Cleon Smith

Teacher: Ms. Calame

Grade:11

What is health?
Health is defined as the state of being free from illness or injury.
Disease
An abnormal condition in a body that interferes with its vital physiological processes, caused by
pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, unfavorable environmental, genetic, or nutritional factors,
etc.
Sign
A sign is an indication of the existence of something; any objective evidence of a disease.
Symptom
While an symptom is any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e., such
evidence as perceived by the patient; a change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily
or mental state.
Ways to Maintain Good Health
A healthy breakfast is one of the most important parts to make a good health. An adult human
should be drink more than one liter water per day. Water keeps bodies at the current temperature
and also gives freshness to the skin. Time of the eating is another part to make good health.
Exercise should be done regularly. Maintaining a healthy weight. Weight is the most important
of the health. If your weight is standard on your body size so that you are fit. For control the
weight you change your food habit, do the exercise, and avoid every type of fast food etc.
increase the walking and running. Walking is one of the best exercises. Always take care your
mental health. Generally mental health is not thought of but it is an important issue of good
health. Positive thinking is one of the most important parts of mental health.
Types of Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites
or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
Deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of essential dietary elements and especially a vitamin or
mineral. It is not contagious.

Degenerative disease is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or
organs will increasingly deteriorate over time
Inherited disease is a disease or condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

Difference between Signs and Symptoms

Signs are the physical manifestation of the illness, injury or disease. It is objective, which means
that it can be seen and measured, usually by a doctor or a nurse. Symptoms, on the other hand,
are things that can only be felt by the patient. These are the things that a patient experiences
about the illness, injury or disease. These must be described to the doctor, in order for him or her
to diagnose the patient.

Pathogen and vectors

A pathogen is an organism which causes disease while an vector is organism which carries the
pathogen from one human to another.

Viruses
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms.
Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to bacteria. They are active
only inside the host. Outside the body they are simple crystals (like salt crystals).
They are non-cellular. i.e. they don't possess cellular structure, they lack cell wall, cell
membrane, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and other cellular components.

x, Ebola

Disease caused by viruses: HIV,

Protozoa

Protozoa are one-celled animals and the smallest of all animals. Most of them can only be seen
under a microscope. They do breathe, move, and reproduce (sexually or asexually). They live in
water or at least where it is damp.
Disease caused by Protozoa: Malaria,
Bacteria
A bacterium is a living cell consisting of a fluid called cytoplasm enclosed by a cell membrane
and cell wall. A bacterium contains DNA in the cytoplasm in the form of a chromosome.
Although a bacterium only has one chromosome it can have other, smaller DNA elements called
plasmids. The chromosome of a bacterium is never surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Bacteria
reproduce by binary fission. In this process the bacterium, which is a single cell, divides into two
identical daughter cells. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the bacterium divides into two

(replicates). The bacterial cell then elongates and splits into two daughter cells each with
identical DNA to the parent cell. Each daughter cell is a clone of the parent cell.
Disease caused by Bacteria: Meningitis, Gonorrhea,

Parasitic Worms
A worm classified as a parasite. (A parasite is a disease-causing organism that lives on or in a
human or another animal and derives its nourishment from its host.) Lice are examples of
parasites that live on humans; bacteria and viruses are examples of parasites that live either on
humans or in humans; parasitic worms (also called helminthes) live in humans.
Parasitic eggs contaminate food, water, air, feces, pets and wild animals, and objects such as
toilet seats and door handles. The eggs enter the body of a human through the mouth, the nose
and the anus. Once inside the body, parasitic eggs usually lodge in the intestine, hatch, grow and
multiply. They can sometimes infest other body sites.
Disease Caused by Parasitic worms: Hookworm Disease, Guinea worm disease, Sleeping
Sickness

How vectors carry pathogens and how they enter the body
Pathogens are illnesses caused by an infectious microbe that is transmitted to vertebrates by
another animal, usually an arthropod. This second animal is called a vector for the disease. There
are a large number of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases that can be transmitted by insect
vectors. The most common vectors are blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, fleas, lice,
biting flies, bugs, lice, helminthes(parasitic worms) and ticks.
Vectors typically become infected by a disease agent while feeding on infected vertebrates (like
birds, rodents, other larger animals, or humans)." The disease agent usually completes a part of
their lifecycle (and multiply) inside the host, and then get transmitted to a susceptible person or
other animal through the salivary glands of the vector when it bites another vertebrate.

(Hygiene)
What is personal hygiene?
Personal hygiene may be described as the principle of maintaining cleanliness and grooming of
the external body.
Sterilization
to clean (something) by destroying germs or bacteria.
Antibiotics
An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism.
Immunity
Immunity is the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other
unwanted biological invasion.
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine
typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made
from weakened or killed forms of the microbe
Immunization (Vaccination)
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious
disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine.
How is personal hygiene maintained?
Good personal hygiene habits include:

Washing the body often. If possible, everybody should have a shower or a bath every
day. However, there may be times when this is not possible, for example, when people
are out camping or there is a shortage of water
If this happens, a swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will do
Cleaning the teeth at least once a day. Brushing the teeth after each meal is the best way
of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided. It is very important to clean
teeth after breakfast and immediately before going to bed
washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week

washing hands with soap after going to the toilet

Washing hands with soap before preparing and/or eating food. During normal daily
activities, such as working and playing, disease causing germs may get onto the hands
and under the nails. If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating, they
may get onto the food
Changing into clean clothes. Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap before
wearing them again
Turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or the
hand when coughing or sneezing. If this is not done, droplets of liquid containing germs
from the nose and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in,
or the droplets can get onto food

Importance of hygiene in handling and preparing food

Everyone has bacteria on their bodies. Even healthy people can spread bacteria onto food by
touching it with their hands. Thoroughly washing and drying hands before handling food and
between handling raw food and cooked or ready-to-eat food prevents the transfer of bacteria.
Effects of:
UHT
Food is heated temperatures greater than 135 C before to remove spores. This also allows the
products to be stored for much longer periods of time.
Pasteurization
Pasteurization destroys harmful microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and viruses) by applying a precise
amount of heat for a specified period of time, and is well-known for its role in making milk and
juices safe for consumption.
Auto Claving
Autoclaving is using the power of steam to kill off germs that would survive a simple washing
with boiling water and detergents.
Boiling
Boiling removes harmful microorganisms by subjecting them to high temperatures.
How disinfectants and antiseptic control microorganism
Both of these substances are agents that kill, or at least control the growth of, microbes.
Antiseptics are agents that are used on living tissue such as alcohol or iodine. Disinfectants are
used on non-living things such as floors, counter tops, dishes, etc. They are usually stronger and
are too toxic to be used on living tissue. A common disinfectant is bleach. They have various

ways of killing organisms such as interfering with the way they make their cell walls so they
blow up, or prevent them from reproducing somehow.
How antibiotics and antifungal agents work
Antifungal medicines are used to treat fungal infections. Antibiotics do not kill fungi - they kill
bacteria (a different type of germ).

(Disease Transmission and Control)

Acute Respiratory Infections
Acute respiratory infection is a serious infection that prevents normal breathing function. It
usually begins as a viral infection in the nose, trachea (windpipe), or lungs. If the infection is not
treated, it can spread to the entire respiratory system.
Method of transmission
The virus is usually spread via direct or indirect contact with large respiratory droplets
(Either aerosolized or on contaminated surfaces) containing viable virus particles. RSV (and
Other respiratory viruses) may survive on environmental surfaces for several hours.
Method of limiting spread

W sh h nds frequent y es eci y fter y uve been in ub ic ce.

Always sneeze into the arm of your shirt or in a tissue. Although this may not ease the
own symptoms, it will prevent you from spreading infectious diseases.
Avoid touching your face, especially your eyes and mouth, to prevent introducing germs
into your system.

Possible Treatment of:

There are no known cures. A doctor may prescribe medications to manage the symptoms while
nit ring the c nditi n. f the vir infecti n resu ts in sec nd ry infecti n c used by
bacteria, tests will help the doctor determine what type of antibiotic should be used.
Signs and Symptoms

congestion, either in the nasal sinuses or lungs

runny nose

cough

sore throat

body aches

fatigue

Gastro Intestinal Infections

Cause
Bacterial gastroenteritis is commonly caused by eating food that has spoiled or been
contaminated, and often by uncooked meat (for example, steak tartar, which is a raw meat dish)
or by eating meat that is cooked rare.

Method of Transmission
Unclean water is a source of transmission of gastroenteritis-causing organisms, eating uncooked
meat.
Method of Limiting Spread

Make sure hands are washed well with soap and water after every trip to the bathroom
Ensure that the meat you are eating is properly cooked.
.

Possible Treatment
The main aim of treatment is to keep the person fully hydrated in order to avoid complications. It
is important that the person not lose too much salt (such as sodium and potassium), as these must
remain within certain ranges for the body to function properly. For more serious cases of
bacterial gastroenteritis, the person may be admitted to hospital and given fluids and salts
intravenously. Treatment with antibiotics is usually reserved for the most severe cases of
gastroenteritis.
Signs and Symptoms

loss of appetite
nausea and vomiting
diarrhea
abdominal pains and cramps
blood in your stools
fever

Cholera
Cause
A bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera infection.
Method of transmission
Transmission occurs primarily by drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated by
the feces (waste product) of an infected person.
Method of limiting spread
Drink and use safe water.
Wash your hands often with soap and safe water.
Cook food well.
Clean up the kitchen and places where the family bathes and washes clothes.
Possible Treatment of
Cholera can be treated by administering a vaccine.
Signs and Symptoms

Rapid heart rate

Loss of skin elasticity (the ability to return to original position quickly if pinched)
Dry mucous membranes, including the inside of the mouth, throat, nose, and eyelids
Low blood pressure
Thirst
Muscle cramps

Bird Flu
Cause
Bird flu occurs naturally in wild waterfowl and can spread into domestic poultry, such as
chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese.
Method of transmission
The disease is transmitted via contact with an infected bird's feces, or secretions from its nose,
mouth or eyes, Open-air markets, where eggs and birds are sold in crowded and unsanitary
conditions, are hotbeds of infection and can spread the disease into the wider community.
Undercooked poultry meat or eggs from infected birds can transmit bird flu. Poultry meat is safe
to eat if it's been cooked to an internal temperature of 165 F (74 C). Eggs should be cooked until
the yolks and whites are firm.
Method of limiting spread
Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
If a person is sick with flu-like illness they should stay home for at least 24 hours after the
fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (The fever should be gone
without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.)
While sick, limit contact with others as much as possible to keep from infecting them.
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the
trash after you use it.
Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an
alcohol-based hand rub.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Germs spread this way.
Clean and disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with germs like the flu.
Possible Treatment of
Antiviral drugs can be administered.
Signs and Symptoms

Cough.
Diarrhea.
Respiratory difficulties.
fever (over 100.4F)
Headache.
Muscle aches.
Runny nose.

Housefly Life Cycle (how it spreads diseases and method of control)

The house fly has complete metamorphosis: egg, larvae, pupae and adult. The life cycle from egg
to adult can be completed in about two weeks during warm weather. The house fly breeds in a
variety of organic materials such as manure, garbage, sewage, food wastes, lawn clippings, septic
tanks and silage.
How it spreads diseases
It is largely as a result of their indiscriminate feeding habits that houseflies spread disease. They
may settle and feed on decaying organic matter which contains many bacteria. If later the flies
alight on food for human consumption, harmful bacteria are deposited on it. There are many
ways in which the bacteria may be carried. They may adhere to the hairs on the fly's legs or
body; they may remain in the pseudo tracheae or esophagus, to be flushed out on to food with the
next salivary flow. They may be deposited in vomit spots of semi-digested food which has come
from a source of infection, or the bacteria may enter the digestive system and pass through it,
unharmed, and fall on food with the faeces of the fly..
Method of Control
Food for human consumption must not be stored or displayed in such a way as to allow flies to
settle on it. The numbers of houseflies should be kept as low as possible by removing decaying
organic matter in which they breed. Other sources of infection such as manure heaps must not be
allowed to accumulate for long periods near houses. Where this cannot be avoided the material
should be stored in fly-proof containers.
Aedes Aegypti
Aedes Aegypti goes through a complete metamorphosis with an egg, larvae, pupae, and adult
stage. The adult life span can range from two weeks to a month depending on environmental
conditions. The life cycle of Aedes Aegypti can be completed within one-and-a-half to three
weeks
They spread different types of diseases, but malaria parasite occurs only in Anopheles while
Dengue and Yellow fever parasites occur in Aedes.
edes is sh rter in ength th n n
n

he es is

edes usu

he es.

re s ender th n edes.

y bites during daytime, but anopheles prefers dawn and dusk.

edes h s b ck nd white stri es

ver the b dy exce t wings but the n
blocks of black and white scales mainly on the wings.

he es n y h s

 n he es rests with their bd

resting surface.

ens sticking u w rds, whereas Aedes lies parallel to their

Methods of Controlling Vectors

Vector control is any method to limit or eradicate the mammals, birds, insects or other
arthropods which transmit disease pathogens.
How rats act as vectors of disease
Rats become infected with pathogens by biting an animal with a pathogen. In ne weeks ti e
rats produce hundreds of fecal pellets and deposit urine in thousands of areas. The pathogens
may also be deposited via saliva and blood spewed during rodent fights. Finally, rodents shed
their hair daily and lose an entire coat twice a year. In this way, millions of rodent hairs and hair
fragments, possibly containing pathogens, are also deposited into our environment.

How rats act as vector of disease

Bats transmit disease by accidental biting or by passing pathogens in the air. Bats carry more
human pathogens than other animals. Bats like to live close to one another, snuggling up as they
roost, giving plenty of opportunity for pathogens to spread between the bats.

(Disease induced by human behavior)

Drug
A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise
introduced into the body.
Drug abuse
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that is characterized by
a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to significant problems or distress.
Prescription Drug
A prescription drug is a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment,
or prevention of disease.
Drug Dependence
Drug dependence is the body's physical need, or addiction, to a specific substance.

Adverse action and effect of:

Heroine
Once heroin enters the brain, it is converted to morphine and binds rapidly to receptors in the
Abusers typically report feeling a surge of pleasurable sensation rush. The intensity f the
rush is a depends on how much drug is taken and how rapidly the drug enters the brain and binds
to the receptors. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin,
dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea,
vomiting, and severe itching. After the initial effects, users usually will be drowsy for several
hours; mental function is clouded; heart function slows; and breathing is also severely slowed,
sometimes enough to be life-threatening.
Cocaine
Cocaine causes a short-lived, intense high that is immediately followed by the oppositeintense
de ressi n edginess nd cr ving f r
re f the drug. Pe e wh use it ften d nt e t r
sleep properly. They can experience greatly increased heart rate, muscle spasms and convulsions.

The drug can make people feel paranoid, angry, hostile and anxiouseven when they rent
high.
Regardless of how much of the drug is used or how frequently, cocaine increases the risk that the
user will experience a heart attack, stroke, seizure or respiratory (breathing) failure, any of which
can result in sudden death.

Marijuana
When a person takes marijuana, he usually feels its effect within minutes. The immediate
sensationsincre sed he rt r te essened c rdin ti n nd b nce nd dre y unre st te
of mindpeak within the first 30 minutes. These short-term effects usually wear off in two to
three hours, but they could last longer, depending on how much the user takes, the potency of
THC and the presence of other drugs added into the mix.
As the typical user inhales more smoke and holds it longer than he would with a cigarette, a joint
cre tes severe i
ct n nes ungs. side fr
the disc f rt th t g es with s re thr ts nd
chest colds, it has been found that consuming one joint gives as much exposure to cancerproducing chemicals as smoking five cigarettes.
The mental consequences of marijuana use are equally severe. Marijuana smokers have poorer
memories and mental aptitude than do non-users.

LSD
LSD users often experience loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth and tremors. Visual
changes are among the more common effectsthe user can become fixated on the intensity of
certain colors.
Extreme changes in mood, anywhere from a spaced- ut b iss t intense terr r re s
experienced. The worst part is that the LSD user is unable to tell which sensations are created by
the drug and which are part of reality.
eL

users ex erience n intense b iss they

ist ke f r en ighten ent.

Not only do they disassociate from their usual activities in life, but they also feel the urge to keep
taking more of the drug in order to re-experience the same sensation. Others experience severe,
terrifying thoughts and feelings, fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death, and despair
while using LSD

Ecstasy
Users feel an energy buzz that makes them feel alert, alive, in tune with their surroundings, and
with sounds and c rs often experienced as more intense. Users often develop temporary
feelings of love and affection for the people there with and for the strangers around them.
Short-term risks of ecstasy can include feeling anxious or getting panic attacks, and developing
confused episodes, paranoia or even psychosis.
Alcohol
Depending on how much is taken and the physical condition of the individual, alcohol can cause:

Slurred speech
Drowsiness
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Upset stomach
Headaches
Breathing difficulties
Distorted vision and hearing
Impaired judgment
Decreased perception and coordination
Unconsciousness
Blackouts (memory lapses, where the drinker cannot remember events that occurred
while under the influence)
Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking causes many types of cancer, including cancers of the lung, esophagus,
larynx (voice box), mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and cervix, as well as
acute myeloid leukemia. Tobacco smoke is harmful to smokers and nonsmokers.

Social effects on the individual Family and community Of Drug Abuse

(Alcoholism Cigarette smoke)

Over-use f c h tends t neg tive y i

ct the busers ers n ity. ncre sed irrit bi ity
poor judgment and reasoning are just a couple of ways that alcohol damages the human
personality and relationships by extension. Alcoholism is attributable to verbal and physical
abuse of the spouse and the children and carries a great responsibility for the breakup of
marriages. Children living in the home with an alcoholic have lower grades, higher rates of
depression and frequently feel socially isolated.
It is well known that a parent with a drug or alcohol problem can have a negative effect on their
family members. You could say that the person with the problem is like someone stuck in a bog.
The other family members, in their efforts to help, often get pulled down into the bog too. The
first step in putting things right is when the others start to get their own feet on solid ground.
Only after they have done this will they be able to help tackle the addiction problem.

Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in
mucus membranes of the body. Gonorrhea bacteria can grow in the warm, moist areas of the
reproductive tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and fallopian
tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to
outside the body) in women and men. The bacteria can also grow in the mouth, throat, and anus.
Signs and Symptoms
Gonorrhea symptoms in women

Greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the vagina

Lower abdominal or pelvic pain
Burning when urinating
Conjunctivitis (red, itchy eyes)
Bleeding between periods
Spotting after intercourse
Swelling of the vulva
Burning in the throat (due to oral sex)
Swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex)

Gonorrhea symptoms in men

Greenish yellow or whitish discharge from the penis

Burning when urinating
Burning in the throat (due to oral sex)
Painful or swollen testicles
Swollen glands in the throat (due to oral sex)
Method of limiting spread

Minimizing sexual partners

Using Condoms
Treatment of Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotics. Treatment is recommended for:

A person who has a positive gonorrhea test.

Anyone who has had sexual contact in the past 60 days with a person diagnosed with
gonorrhea, whether or not they have symptoms or used condoms.
A newborn whose mother has gonorrhea at the time of delivery.

If the person has been treated for gonorrhea and doesnt get better, they may be retested with a
gonorrhea culture to see if there is bacterial resistance to the antibiotic they were taking. If there
is bacterial resistance, the person will need another antibiotic to cure the infection.

Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection. It is caused by a type of bacteria known as
Treponema pallidum.
Signs and Symptoms
Syphilis develops in stages, and symptoms vary with each stage. But the stages may overlap, and
symptoms don't always occur in the same order. The person may be infected with syphilis and
not notice any symptoms for years.
Primary syphilis
The first sign of syphilis is a small sore, called a chancre The sore appears at the spot where the
bacteria entered the body. While most people infected with syphilis develop only one chancre,
some people develop several of them. The chancre usually develops about three weeks after
exposure. Many people who have syphilis don't notice the chancre because it's usually painless,
and it may be hidden within the vagina or rectum. The chancre will heal on its own within six
weeks.

Secondary syphilis
Within a few weeks of the original chancre healing, they may experience a rash that begins on
the trunk but eventually covers the entire body even the palms of the hands and the soles of
the feet. This rash is usually not itchy and may be accompanied by wart-like sores in the mouth
or genital area. Some people also experience muscle aches, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph
nodes. These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or repeatedly come and go
for as long as a year.
Latent syphilis
If the person is treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary to the latent (hidden)
stage, when you have no symptoms. The latent stage can last for years. Signs and symptoms may
never return, or the disease may progress to the tertiary (third) stage.
Tertiary (late) syphilis
About 15 to 30 percent of people infected with syphilis who don't get treatment will develop
complications known as tertiary (late) syphilis. In the late stages, the disease may damage the
brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints. These problems may occur many
years after the original, untreated infection.
Limiting of spread

Limiting the number of sex partners

Use condoms

Treatment
Penicillin by injection is still the main treatment for all stages of syphilis. Treatment failures can
occur at any stage of the infection so follow-up for one to two years is important. Asymptomatic
(latent) syphilis should be treated to prevent occurrence of late complications (tertiary syphilis).

Herpes
Genital herpes is an STD caused by two types of viruses. The viruses are called herpes simplex
type 1 and herpes simplex type 2. Genital herpes can cause painful genital sores and can be
severe in people with suppressed immune systems. If you touch your sores or the fluids from the
sores, you may transfer herpes to another part of your body, such as your eyes.
Signs and symptoms
It is also possible to be infected and have no symptoms, so not everyone who is infected may be
aware of the infection. When symptoms are present, they consist of typically painful blisters
around the genital or rectal area. The blisters break open, form ulcers, and take 2 to 4 weeks to
heal. With the first outbreak of genital herpes, a person may also experience flu-like symptoms

including fever, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes. Immediately prior to an outbreak, there
may be an itching, burning, or tingling sensation of the skin.
In women, genital herpes usually causes blistering lesions on the vulva and around the vaginal
opening that progress to ulcer formation. The infection spreads to involve the cervix in most
cases, leading to cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix). Infection and inflammation of the
urethra accompanies the infection in some women, leading to pain on urination.
After the initial infection, a person typically has outbreaks later in life.
Limiting of spread

Limiting the number of sex partners

Use condoms

Treatment of Herpes
There is no cure for herpes. However, there are medicines that can prevent or shorten outbreaks.
One of these herpes medicines can be taken daily, and makes it less likely that you will pass the
infection on to your sex partner(s).
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver.
There are five main types of hepatitis that are caused by a virus, A, B, C, D, and E - plus types X
and G.
Hepatitis B
This is an STD (sexually transmitted disease). It is caused by the virus HBV (hepatitis B virus)
and is spread by contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. You get
hepatitis B by:

Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person (unprotected sex means without
using a condom) Using a syringe that was previously used by an infected person (most
commonly happens with drug addicts and people who inject steroids).
Having your skin perforated with unsterilized needles, as might be the case when getting
a tattoo, or being accidentally pricked. People who work in health care risk becoming
infected by accident in this way. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor,
with an infected person.
A baby can become infected through his mother's milk if she is infected.
Being bitten by someone who is infected.

Signs and Symptoms

fatigue.
flu-like symptoms.
dark urine.
pale-colored stool.
abdominal pain.
loss of appetite.
unexplained weight loss.
yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)

Limiting spread

Limiting sexual partners

Using a condom during intercourse with a infected person.

Treatment of Hepatitis
Treatment for acute hepatitis B infection
If a doctor determines that the hepatitis B infection is acute meaning it is short-lived and will
go away on its own the person may not need treatment. Instead, the doctor might recommend
rest and adequate nutrition and fluids while the body fights the infection.
Treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection
If the person has been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B infection, they may have treatment to
reduce the risk of liver disease and prevent you from passing the infection to others. Treatments
include:

Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications can help fight the virus and slow its
ability to damage the liver.
HIV/AIDS

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a

disease caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The illness alters the
immune system, making people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This
susceptibility worsens as the disease progresses.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of early HIV infection may include:

fever
chills

joint pain
muscle ache
sore throat
sweats (particularly at night)
enlarged glands
a red rash
tiredness
weakness
weight loss

If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person becomes vulnerable to
serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known as AIDS.
Signs and symptoms of AIDS may include:

blurred vision
diarrhea, which is usually persistent or chronic
dry cough
permanent tiredness
shortness of breath
swollen glands lasting for weeks
weight loss
white spots on the tongue or mouth
Method of limiting spread

Limiting sexual partners

Use of condoms
Prevention of blood transfer from someone who is infected(needles, blood transfusion)

Treatment
There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of drugs can be used in combination to control the
virus. Each class of anti-HIV drugs blocks the virus in different ways. It's best to combine at
least three drugs from two classes to avoid creating strains of HIV that are immune to single
drugs.

Effects of STI, on the pregnant mother and fetus

Contracting a sexually transmitted disease/infection during or prior to pregnancy may cause
damage to the developing fetus, which may result in physical and mental abnormalities or even
the loss of the baby. Some infections are transmitted from the mother to the child through the
placenta during pregnancy, affecting the fetus inside of the womb. Others can spread during the
birthing process or postnatal period (through breastfeeding or direct contact). According to
Centers f r ise se C ntr The h r fu effects f T s in babies may include stillbirth (a
baby that is born dead), low birth weight, conjunctivitis (eye infection), pneumonia, neonatal
se sis (infecti n in the b bys b d stre ) neur gic d
ge b indness de fness cute
hepatitis, meningitis, chronic iver dise se nd cirrh sis. The f
wing ist r vides
information on specific STDS and the potential threats they pose to pregnant mothers. It is
crucial that women protect themselves and their children by learning how to avoid these
infections and getting sufficient prenatal care.

(Pollution, Community Health and the Environment)

Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
changes. Pollution occurs when any form of impurity is introduced into a clean source. There are
mainly four types of pollution - air, water, soil and land.
Pollutants
A pollutant is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects.
Sewage
The ter sew ge describes r w sew ge sew ge s udge r se tic t nk w ste. R w sew ge is
mainly water containing excrement, industrial release
Biodegradable
Any substance that is capable of being decomposed by biological agents, especially bacteria.
Landfill
A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is
isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is
accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Non-biodegradable
A substance or chemical that is non-biodegradable cannot be changed to a harmless natural state
by the action of bacteria, and may therefore damage the environment
Reduce
To make something smaller or use less, resulting in a smaller amount of waste.
Reuse
To reuse is to use an item again after it has been used.

Recycle
Recycling is a process to change waste materials into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials
Effects of air pollution
Air pollution could be caused by any substance that holds the potential to hinder the atmosphere
or the wellbeing of the living beings surviving in it. The sustainment of all things living is due to
a combination of gases that collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the
increase or decrease of the percentage of these gases can be harmful for survival.
How sewage, detergents, oil, industrial waste and pesticide pollute water including causes
of eutrophication
Sewage and waste water -The sewage and waste water that is produced by each household is
may contain chemicals and detergents released in to sea with fresh water. The sewage water
carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious health problems.
Oil leakage: Oil spill poses a huge concern as large amount of oil enters into the sea and does
not dissolve with water; there by opens problem for local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and
sea otters.
Pesticides reach creeks and rivers through storm drains and household drains
When pesticide or fertilizer is applied outdoors, some of the material may move to other
locations. Storm drains are frequently located in streets. Rain and runoff from garden and lawn
irrigation runs down the streets through gutters into the storm drains. In most cities, the runoff
flows through pipes or directly into the creeks, rivers, groundwater and oceans.
Industrial waste-Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and
pollutants which can cause damage to us and our environment. Many industries do not have
proper waste management system and drain the waste in the fresh water which goes into rivers,
canals and later in to sea. The toxic chemicals have the capability to change the color of water,
increase the amount of minerals, also known as Eutrophication, change the temperature of
water and pose serious hazard to water organisms.

Water cycle and how water is treated for bacteria

In the water cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you, can turn into
water vapor. Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose
their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation. Precipitation is either absorbed into the
ground or runs off into rivers. Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants.

Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere. Water that runs off into
rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.
Domestic ways of purifying water
Water may be purified on a small scale by the following methods:
Boiling
By heating water to a temperature of 100C or 212F, pathogenic organisms are killed and hard
water becomes soft.
Filters
Straining through muslin cloth is not a very hygienic method as bacteria are not removed, nor
foul gases or fine solid particles. Charcoal, sand, porous iron may also be used as filtering
materials.
Use of Chemicals
Bleaching powder and hypochlorite solutions may be used to purify domestic water supply.

Large scale water purification and identify the stages

Water purification plays a key role in ensuring access to safe drinking water. Safe drinking water
positively impacts the health of the entire community. Water analysis involves looking for
several kinds of contaminants, including unsafe levels of organic, inorganic, microbial and/or
radioactive contaminants.
Screening
Water from lakes, rivers or the ground passes through a screen as it enters the water treatment
plant. When the water source is a lake or river, the screen serves an important function, keeping
out large natural contaminants such as plants and wood, or fish. If ground water is used,
screening may not be necessary since the water has passed through layers of the earth in what is
essentially a natural screening function.
Coagulation
Treatment plant workers add alum and other chemicals to the water, which cause tiny sticky
particles, or floc, to form. These floc attract dirt particles, making them eventually heavy enough
to sink to the bottom of the water storage tank.

Sedimentation
The water and floc flow into a sedimentation basin. As the water sits there, the heavy floc settle
to the bottom, where they remain until removal.
Filtration
Water passes through layers of gravel, sand and perhaps charcoal, which serve to filter out any
remaining particles. The gravel layer is often about 1 foot deep and the sand layer about 2 feet
deep.
Disinfection
Water goes into a closed tank or reservoir. Chlorine or other disinfecting chemicals kill any
remaining microorganisms or bacteria in the water and help keep the water clean until
distribution. If a water treatment facility uses ground water as its only water source, disinfection
may be the only step required to sufficiently treat the water. After it is disinfected, the purified
water sits in the closed tank or reservoir until it flows through pipes to homes and businesses.

Proper and improper treatment of sewage

Proper sewage disposal is getting rid sewage in the most environmentally and human friendly
way as possible whilst improper sewage disposal is the opposite. It causes the wide spread of
many diseases and poses as a health problem for human beings. Disease-causing bacteria can
contaminate drinking water supplies and be transported by flies, rodents and dogs. Proper
sewage disposal methods are essential to control disease-causing bacteria, to remove and
stabilize organic material, avoid the contamination of drinking water and reduce unpleasant
odors and unsightly appearance.

Pit Latrine

Parts of the pit latrine and their functions

A pit latrine generally consists of three major parts:
A hole in the ground this is the hole through which the faeces enter the pit,
Pit- this is where the faeces is stored.
Shelter this is t

r vide riv cy t

ers ns wh

re using the trine.

Why the location of the pit latrine is important

It is important to locate a latrine downhill from water sources wherever possible. Pit latrines
should not be built uphill of a well, particularly in areas of fissured rock such as limestone, since
faecal pollution may be carried directly through cracks and joints in the rock to the well. The
latrine pit should not penetrate groundwater and should be at least two meters above the water
table. The site should be well drained and above ood level.
Latrines should also be an established minimum safe distance from the nearest water source. The
latrine should be a minimum distance of six meters from the house, so that it is easy to reach
during bad weather but will not cause problems of odor in the house.

Methods of disposing domestic refuse.

Ocean Dumping
Ocean dumping is the deliberate disposal of hazardous wastes at sea from vessels, aircraft,
platforms or other humanmade structures.
Sending waste to Landfill
Incineration
Incineration is the use of fire to destroy waste.

Open Dumping
Open dumps are illegally dumped, abandoned piles of garbage and debris in large quantities.
Recycling
Recycling is a process to change waste materials into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials.

Landfill and operations

A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump or dumping ground and historically as a
midden) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste
treatment
Operations
Spreading and Compacting
Bulldozers quickly spread and compact the waste in layers of about 2 feet. This process
eliminates voids where rodents might seek harborage, and conserves valuable landfill volume. It
is repeated until the compacted waste reaches a height of 8 to 10 feet.
Waste Cells and Lifts
Each day's deposit of covered waste is called a cell. A continuous row of cells is called a lift. The
landfill is made up of many lifts.
Daily Cover
At the end of each day's operation, bulldozers spread and compact at least 6 inches of earth over
all of the waste. An approved alternative cover, such as shredded green waste, may also be used.
The daily cover prevents the emergence of flies and other insects, and controls odors, blowing
Surveying
This is done to ensure proper surface drainage and slope stability, to measure in-place volumes
and densities of the wastes, and to control the height and extent of the fill area.
Materials Recovery
Many landfills salvage wood, metal objects, broken paving, and green wastes. Some landfills are
operated in conjunction with a materials recovery facility for recycling glass, paper, plastics,
aluminum, and other materials. Unauthorized salvaging, or scavenging, is strictly prohibited.