3 Content

Circuit diagram for Separately Excited Dc Generator
Ex. No.:
Date :
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST AND LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC GENERATOR
AIM
To conduct the open circuit test and the load test on a given separately excited DC generator and to
draw its characteristic curves.
FUSE RATING
10 % of rated current ------------A
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
NAME OF THE APPARATUS
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
Ammeter
MC
0-25A
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
Rheostat
Wire wound
300,1.1A
Rheostat
Wire wound
220,1.1A
Tachometer
Digital
Resistive load
Variable
5KW
FORMULA
1. Armature drop =
2. Generated emf
I a Ra volts
Eg Vl I a Ra volts
PRECAUTION
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum rheostat position.
3. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition.
4. The Generator must be run in proper direction.
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. The prime mover is started with the help of the three point starter and it is made to run at rated
speed by varying motor field Rheostat when the generator is disconnected from the load by
DPST switch.
3. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the Open circuit voltage and corresponding
field currents are tabulated upto 150% of rated voltage of generator.
4. The motor is switched off by using the DPST switch.
TABULATION FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.NO.
OPEN CIRCUIT
FIELD CURRENT IN
VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
AMPS
TABULATION FOR LOAD TEST
S.NO
LOAD
VOLTAGE
IN VOLTS
LOAD
CURRENT
IN AMPS
FIELD
CURRENT
IN AMPS
ARMATURE
CURRENT
IN AMPS
Ia = IL+If
ARMATURE
DROP IN
VOLTS
MODEL GRAPH
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERSTICS
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
GENERATED
EMF IN
VOLTS
LOAD TEST
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
speed when the generator is disconnected from the load by DPST switch.
3. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the rated voltage is obtained
4. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed at no load condition.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads upto the rated current by
closing the DPST switch.
6. After tabulating all the readings the load is brought to its initial position gradually.
7. The prime mover is switched off using the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to their
initial position.
TO FIND Ra
2. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads by closing the DPST
switch.
Circuit Diagram To find Ra
Tabulation for Ra
SL.NO.
CURRENT IN
VOLTAGE IN
RESISTANCE IN
AMPS
VOLTS
OHMS
Mean R
RESULT
Thus the open circuit test and the load test on a given separately excited DC generator was
conducted and its characteristic curves were drawn.
Circuit diagram for self exited dc generator
Ex.No:
Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED
DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM
To conduct the open circuit test and the load test on a given self excited DC shunt generator and to
draw its characteristic curves.
FUSE RATING
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
Ammeter
MC
0-25A
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
Rheostat
Wire wound
220,1.2.2A
Tachometer
Digital
Resistive load
Variable
5KW
FORMULA
1. Armature drop =
2. Generated emf
I a Ra volts
Eg Vl I a Ra volts
PRECAUTION
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum rheostat position
3. At the time of starting, the generator should be in no load condition
4. The Generator must be run in proper direction
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
DPST switch.
3. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the Open circuit voltage and corresponding
field currents are tabulated up to 150% of rated voltage of generator.

S.NO.
OPEN CIRCUIT
FIELD CURRENT IN
VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
AMPS
TABULATION FOR LOAD TEST
S.NO
LOAD
VOLTAGE
IN VOLTS
LOAD
CURRENT
IN AMPS
FIELD
CURRENT
IN AMPS
ARMATURE
CURRENT
IN AMPS
Ia = IL+If
ARMATURE
DROP IN
VOLTS
MODEL GRAPH
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERSTICS
LOAD CHARACTERSTICS
GENERATED
EMF IN
VOLTS
LOAD TEST
DPST switch.
3. By varying the generator field rheostat gradually, the rated voltage is obtained
4. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed at no load condition.
5. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads upto the rated current by
closing the DPST switch.
7. The prime mover is switched off using the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to their
initial position.
TO FIND Ra
2. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads by closing the DPST
switch.
10
Tabulation for Ra
SL.NO.
CURRENT IN
VOLTAGE IN
RESISTANCE IN
AMPS
VOLTS
OHMS
Mean R
11
RESULT
Thus the open circuit test and the load test on a given self excited DC shunt generator was
conducted and its characteristic curves were drawn
12
Circuit diagram for load characteristics of d shunt motor
13
Ex.No:
Date:
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To conduct the load test on a given DC shunt motor and to draw its performance curves.
FUSE RATING
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
Ammeter
MC
0-20A
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
Rheostat
Wire wound
300,1.7A
Tachometer
Digital
FORMULAE
1. Torque T= (S1~ S2) x (R + t/2) x 9.81 N-m
Where R= Radius of the brake drum in m
t= Thickness of the belt in m
S1, S2 = spring balance reading in Kg
2. Input power= VL x IL in Watts
Where VL = Load Voltage in Volts
IL = Load current in amps
3. Output power = (2 NT) / 60 in watts

Where N= speed of the armature in rpm
T= Torque in N-m
4.Percentage of Efficiency = (output power/ input power) x 100
PRECAUTION
2. At the time of starting, the motor should be in no load condition
PROCEDURE
2. Using the three point starter the motor is started to run at the rated speed by adjusting the field
rheostat if necessary
3. The meter readings are noted at no load condition
4. By using the break drum with spring balance arrangement the motor is loaded and the
corresponding readings are noted up to the rated current
5. After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually
14
TABULATION
Radius of the drum = .........cm
S.No.
Load
voltage
Speed
current(IL)
(V)
(N)
In amps
In volts
In RPM
Thickness of the belt =..........mm

Spring balance
S1
S2
S1 ~ S2
Torque
Output
Input
Efficiency
(T)
power
power
In Nm
(Po)
(Pi)
In %
In watts
In watts
MODEL GRAPH
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERSTICS
T in Nm
IL in Amps
I
Efficiency in %
N in RPM
Output Power in Watts
15
MODEL CALCULATION
16
MECHANICAL CHARACTERSTICS
N
T
vL
Torque in Nm
IL in Amps
17
RESULT
Thus the load test on a given DC shunt motor was conducted and its performance curves were
drawn.
18
Circuit diagram of Swinburnes test
19
Ex. No.:
Date :
SWINBURNES TEST OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To predetermine the efficiency of a given DC shunt machine by Swinburnes test and also to draw
its Characteristics curves
FUSE RATING
No Load: 10 % of rated current ------------ A
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MC
0-10A
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
Voltmeter
MC
0-30V
Rheostat
Wire wound
300,1.7A
Tachometer
Digital
FORMULA
1. Armature resistance (R a) = 1.6 x RDC in ohms
Where 1.6 adds the skin effect
R DC = Resistance of the Armature coil when it is energized by DC supply
2. Constant loss
Wco VIo I ao 2 Ra in Watts
3. Armature Current
4. Copper loss
5. Total loss
I a I L I f in Amps
Wcu I a 2 Ra in Watts
Wtotal Constant loss + Copper loss in Watts
6. Input power for motor (W i) / Output power for generator (W o) = VIL in Watts
+ is used for Generator
- is used for motor
7. Out power for motor (W o) = Input power - Total losses

8. Input power for Generator (W i) = Output power + Total losses
9. Percentage of efficiency = (Output power / input power) x 100
PRECAUTION
2. The motor should be at no load condition through out the experiment
20
TABULATION
S.No.
No load line
No load Field
No load
No load
current
current Ifo
armature
Voltage in
ILo in amps
in amps
current Iao=Ilo-
vlots
Ifo in amps
MODEL GRAPH
Generator
Motor
o/p power (watts)
21
Speed in rpm
PROCEDURE
2. By adjusting the field rheostat the motor is started to run at the rated speed
3. The armature rheostat is varied upto the rated voltage
4. The meter readings are noted at no load condition
5. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to their initial
position
TO FIND Ra
2. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads by closing the DPST switch.
MODEL CALCULATION
22
TABULATION FOR MOTOR ACTION

.......
Rated current =................A
Constant loss = ................... W
Field current =................A
Armature resistance =
Terminal voltage =.................V
S.NO
Line
voltage (V)
LINE
CURRENT
IN AMPS
ARMATURE
CURRNT
(Ia=IL-If) IN
AMPS
ARMATURE
TOTAL
CU LOSS IN
LOSS
WATTS
IN WATTS
ARMATURE
TOTAL
CU LOSS IN
LOSS
WATTS
IN WATTS
I/P
O/P
POWER
POWER
IN
=VLIL
IN
IN WATTS
WATTS
I/P
O/P
POWER
POWER
IN
=VLIL
IN
IN WATTS
WATTS
TABULATION FOR GENERATOR ACTION
ARMATURE
S.NO
Line
voltage (V)
LOAD
CURRENT
(IL) IN
AMPS
ARMATURE
CURRNT
(Ia=IL+If) IN
AMPS
23
24
TABULATION
TO FIND Ra
SL.NO.
CURRENT IN
VOLTAGE IN
RESISTANCE IN
AMPS
VOLTS
OHMS
Mean R
25
RESULT
Thus the efficiency of a given DC shunt machine was predetermined by Swinburnes test and its
performance curves were drawn.
26
Circuit diagram of speed control of dc shunt motor
TABULATION FOR FIELD CONTROL METHOD
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
= ...............V
S.NO
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
= ...............V
= ...............V
FIELD
SPEED
FIELD
SPEED
FIELD
SPEED
CURRENT
IN RPM
CURRENT
IN RPM
CURRENT
IN RPM
IN AMPS
IN AMPS
27
IN AMPS
Ex. No.:
Date :
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM
To conduct an experiment to control the speeds of the given DC shunt motor by field and armature
control method also to draw its characteristic curves.
FUSE RATING
No load: 10 % of the rated current------------------APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
Name of the apparatus
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
Ammeter
MC
0-10A
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
Rheostat
Wire wound
220,2.2A
Rheostat
Wire wound
50,5A
Tachometer
Digital
PRECAUTION
2. The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment
PROCEDURE
FIELD CONTROL METHOD (FLUX CONTROL METHOD)
2. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying the
rated voltage.
3. The field rheostat is varied gradually and the corresponding field current and speed are noted up
to 120% of the rated speed by keeping the armature current as constant.
4. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch after bringing all rheostats to their initial
position.
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD (VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD)
2. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying the
rated voltage
3. The armature rheostat is varied gradually and the corresponding armature voltage, armature
current and speed are noted up to the rated voltage.
4. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to their initial
position
28
TABULATION FOR ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
S.NO
FIELD CURRENT =
FIELD CURRENT =
FIELD CURRENT =
...............A
...............A
...............A
ARMATURE
SPEED
ARMATURE
SPEED
ARMATURE
SPEED
VOLTAGE
IN RPM
VOLTAGE
IN RPM
VOLTAGE
IN RPM
IN VOLTS
IN VOLTS
IN VOLTS
MODEL GRAPH
If1
If2
If3
FIELD CONTROL
Speed N (rpm)
Speed N (rpm)
ARMATURE CONTROL
Va1
Va3 Va2
If (Amps)
Va (Volts)
29
RESULT
Thus the speed control of the given DC shunt motor by field and armature control method was
conducted and also its characteristic curves were drawn.
30
Circuit diagram for load test on single phase transformer
31
Ex. No.:
Date :
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM
To conduct the load test on a given single phase transformer and to draw its performance curves.
FUSE RATING
Primary current = KVA rating of the transformer / primary voltage
Secondary current = KVA rating of the transformer / secondary voltage
125 % of primary current ------------A
125% of secondary current -------------A
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.No
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MI
0-10A
Ammeter
MI
0-20A
Voltmeter
MI
0-300V
Voltmeter
MI
0-300V
Wattmeter
UPF
300V,20A
Wattmeter
UPF
600V,10A
Transformer
Single
1KVA
Phase
230V/110V
FORMULAE
1. Input Power = (wattmeter reading x Multiplication factor) in watts
Multiplication factor = (Pressure coil rating x rating of current coil x pf)/ full scale reading
2. Output power = Vsy XI sy X
cos in watts
output power
3. Percentage Efficiency= input power

4. Percentage of Regulation =
x100
VNL VLOAD
x100
VLOAD
PRECAUTION
1. At the time of starting, transformer should be at no load condition.
2. High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be properly used as primary or
secondary side respective to the experiment
32
TABULATION
S.No
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Wattmeter
Input
Output
% of
Voltage
Current
Voltage in
current in
readings
power
power
reg
in volts
in amps
volts
Amps
in
in watts
W1
MODEL GRAPH
33
W2
watts
PROCEDURE
2. The DPST switch on the primary side is closed
3. The voltmeters and ammeters readings are noted and tabulated at no load condition
4. The transformer is loaded upto 130% of the rated load, corresponding ammeters, Voltmeters
and wattmeters readings are noted and tabulated.
5. After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually to its initial position
6. The supply is switched off
Model calculation
RESULT
Thus the load test on a given single phase transformer was conducted and its performance
curves were drawn.
34
Circuit diagram for open circuit of 1 phase transformer
35
Ex. No.:
Date :
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM
To predetermine the Efficiency and regulation of a given single phase transformer by conducting
the open circuit test and short circuit test and also to draw its Equivalent circuit.
FUSE RATING
Primary current = KVA rating of the transformer / Primary voltage
Secondary current = KVA rating of the transformer / Sy voltage
10% of the primary current ------------------------------------ A (for oc test)
125% of the secondary current ----------------------------------A (for sc test)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.No
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MI
0-1A
Ammeter
MI
0-10A
Voltmeter
MI
0-250V
Voltmeter
MI
0-60V
Wattmeter
LPF
250V,1A
Wattmeter
UPF
75V,10A
Auto transformer
Single
230V/0-270V
Single
1KVA
Phase
230V/110V
Phase
8
Transformer
PRECAUTION
1. At the time of starting of transformer should be at no load condition
2. High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be properly used as primary or
secondary respective to the experiments.
FORMULAE - EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. No load power factor ( cos 0 ) =
Woc
Voc xI oc
Where, W oc open circuit voltage in watts

Ioc open circuit in Amps
36
Voc open circuit voltage in volts

S.NO
OPEN CIRCUIT
OPEN CIRCUIT
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
VOLTAGE IN
CURRENT IN
OBS
VOLTS
AMPS
(WATTS)
OPEN CIRCUIT POWER
ACT (WATTS)

S.NO
SHORT CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUIT
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
VOLTAGE IN
CURRENT IN
OBS
VOLTS
AMPS
(WATTS)
SHORT CIRCUIT POWER
37
ACT (WATTS)
2. No load working component resistance (Ro) =
Voc
in ohms
I oc x cos 0
Where Voc - open circuit voltage in volts

Ioc - open circuit current in amps
3. No load magnetizing component reactance (Xo) =
Voc
in ohms
I oc x sin 0
Where Voc - open circuit voltage in volts

Ioc -- open circuit current in amps
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
4. Equivalent impedance referred to HV side (Z02) =
Vsc
in ohms
I sc
Where, Vsc -- short circuit voltage in volts

Ioc -- short circuit current in amps
5. Equivalent resistance referred to HV side (R02) =
Where,
Wsc
in ohms
I sc 2
Wsc - short circuit power in watts
6. Equivalent circuit referred to HV side (X02) =

7. Transformation ratio (K) =
Z 202 R 202 in ohms
V2
V1
Where, V1 primary voltage in volts
V2 secondary voltage in volts
8. Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R01) =
R02
in ohms
K2
9. Equivalent reactance referred to LV side (X01) =
X 02
in ohms
K2
38
MODEL GRAPH
39
EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION

10. Output power = (X x KVA x cos ) in watts
Where, X fraction of load
KVA power rating of transformer
cos power factor
2
Copper loss = X x W sc in watts

Total loss = cu loss + iron loss in watts
output power
x100
output
power
total
losses
Efficiency=
in %
XxI sc [ R02 cos X 02 x sin
x100
V02
Regulation =
in %
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
3. The auto transformer is adjusted to energize the transformer with rated primary voltage on the
LV side.
4. The voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter readings are noted at No load condition
5. The auto transformer is brought to its initial position
6. The supply is switched off
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
3.
4.
5.
6.
The auto transformer is adjusted to energize the transformer with rated current on the HV side.
The voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter readings are noted at No load condition
The auto transformer is brought to its initial position
The supply is switched off
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1. The auto transformer is adjusted to energize the transformer with rated primary current on the
HV side
2. The voltmeter, ammeter and Wattmeter readings are noted down at short circuit condition.
3. The auto transformer is brought to its initial position.
4. The supply is switched off.
40
41
RESULT
Thus the Efficiency and regulation of a given single phase transformer was predetermined by
conducting the open circuit test and short circuit test and also its Equivalent circuits were drawn.
42
Circuit diagram for EMF and MMF method of alternator
43
EX.NO:
Date:
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD
AIM
To predetermine the voltage regulation of a three phase non salient pole alternator by EMF and
MMF method
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MC
0-2 A
Ammeter
MI
0-10A
Voltmeter
MI
0-600V
Voltmeter
MC
0-30V
Rheostat
220/1.2A
Tachometer
FORMULA USED
(i) Syn impedance Zs= Vph rated/ Isc | for the same field current
Where
V- Rated open circuit voltage for phase (V)
Isc- short circuit current
(ii)Syn reactance
2
Xs=(Zs -Rac2)
1/2
Where
Rac=Ra (dc)*1.6
(iii)% voltage regulation ={(Eg-VT)/VT}*100
(iv)Resultant field current (MMF Method)
2
1/2
for lagging PF
2
2
1/2
Ifr=[If1 +If2 +2If1If2cos(180-(90-))]
for leading PF
Ifr=[If1 +If2 +2If1If2cos(180-(90+))]
% voltage regulation ={(Eo-VT)/VT}*100

Where
If1-field current required to produce (V+IRaCOS) on no load
If2- field current required to overcome demagnetzing effect on SC
Eo-voltage corresponding to Ifr from graph
44
TABULATION
(i)OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
S.NO
Field Current
Line voltage
Phase voltage
IF (A)
VL (v)
Vph(V)
(II) SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
S.NO
Field Current
If(A)
Short circuit
current Isc (A)
45
PROCEDURE
1. Circuit connection are given as per the circuit diagram
2. Field rheostat of motor is kept at is minimum position
3. DPST switch is closed. the motor is started by means of starter
4. The motor is set to run at rated speed of the alternator by varying the field rheostat of the motor
5. The residual EMF of the motor is noted for the zero field current of the alternator
6. Field rheostat of the alternator is varied and the corresponding induced EMF and the field
current is noted
7. Step 6 is repeated till the EMF reaches 120% of rated voltage
8. open circuit characteristics is drawn for the above values i.e between Eg per phase and If
9. the field rheostat of the alternator is brought back to its original position.i.e the induced EMF is
brought back to almost zero voltage
10. for the short circuit test TPST switch is closed
11. short circuit characteristics is drawn for the noted values between Isc and I f
12. synchronous impedance = Vph rated/Isc
13. Various power factors are assumed and the phasor diagrams are drawn for the both lagging and
leading power factor. the voltage induced is obtained from the phasor diagrams and the voltage
regulation corresponding to the power factor are calculated using formula
14. regulation characteristics power factor Vs voltage regulation are drawn for the various currents
46
Model graph
Regulation characteristic
47
RESULT
Thus the voltage regulation of a three phase non salient pole alternator was predetermined by
EMF & MMF method and regulation characteristics were drawn
48
Circuit Diagram of Induction Motor
49
Ex.No:
Date:
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given 3 phase induction motor and draw its performance
characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO
1
2
3
4
PRECAUTIONS
APPRATUS
Voltmeter
ammeter
WATT METER
Tahometer
RANGE
(0-600)v
(0-10)A
600V,10A
TYPE
MI
MI
UPF
QUANTITY
1
1
2
1
Before switching on the supply
Should not be any load on the induction motor side at time of stating
The phase sequence of RYB should be given properly
FORMULA USED
(i)Torque T=(T1~T2)xrx9.81 Nm
r- radius of the brake drum
(ii)o/p power Po=2NT/60
(iii)i/p power Pi=W1+W2
(iv)%=Po/Pi*100
(v)% slip=(Ns-N/Ns)*100
(vi)power factor cos=Pi/3VLIL
Procedure
circuit connection are given as per the diagram
after losing the TPST switch motor is started by using star-delta starter
Note down the no load reading of V1,I1,W1,W2,S1,S2 and N.
by applying load take different readings till the current reaches 120% of the rated current
using the formula ,efficiency ,torque, power factor and slips are calculated and curves are
plotted,
50
TABULATION
s.no
VL
IL
Spring readings
WATT
INPUT
O/P
(V)
(A)
S1
S2
(rpm)
METER
POWER
NM
POWER
(Kg)
(Kg)
(W)
(Pi)
S1~S2
(Kg)
Model Graph
51
(Po)
PF
(%)
(%)
RESULT
Thus the load test on three phase induction motor was performed and performance curve were
drawn.
52
Circuit diagram : No Load Test on 3 Phase Induction Motor
53
Ex.No:
Date:
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3 PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM
To conduct no load and blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor and draw the
equivalent circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No
Apparatus name
1.
Ammeter
2.
Voltmeter
3.
Wattmeter
Range
0-5 A
0-15 A
0-15 A
0-600 V
0-150 V
0-30 V
600 V/5 A
150 V/20 A
Type
MI
MI
MC
MI
MI
MC
LPF
UPF
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
PRECAUTIONS
Autotransformer should be in the minimum position.
Load should be in off position.
PROCEDURE
NO LOAD TEST
The connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
After observing all precautions the TPST switch is closed.
By adjusting autotransformer bring the voltmeter reading to rated value of the motor then
take the volltmeter,the ammeter and the wattmeter readings.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
Block the rotor by applying a load.
After observing all the precautions the TPST switch is closed.
By adjusting autotransformer bring the ammeter reading to rated value of the motor
then take the volltmeter,the ammeter and the wattmeter readings.
TO FIND THE STATOR RESISTANCE
The connection are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
For various and near the full load current note down the ammeter and the voltmeter
readings.
54
Circuit diagram: Blocked Rotor Test on 3 phase Induction Motor
55
FORMULA
NO LOAD TEST
No load line voltage
No load line current
No load power
= VO in V
= IO in A
= W O in W
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Blocked rotor line voltage = VSC in V
Blocked rotor line current = ISC in A
Blocked rotor power
= W SC in W
No load current per phase
IO
= ILo/ 3 in A
No load power per phase
WO
= W LO / 3 in W
Blocked rotor voltage per phase VSC
= VLSC in V
Blocked rotor current per phase ISC
= ILSC /3 in A
Blocked rotor power per phase W SC
= W LSC / 3 in W
Cos o
= W 0 / VO IO
-1
o = cos (W0 / VO IO)
Find Sin o
Magnetizing branch resistance RO
= VO / (IO Cos o ) in
Magnetizing branch reactance XO
= VO / (IO Sin o ) in
2
Total resistance
RSC
= W sc / ISC in
Total impedance
ZSC
= VSC / ISC in
2
2
Total reactance
XSC
= ZSC -RSC in
1
X1 = X2
= XSC / 2 in
1
R2
= RSC R1 in
Where
X1 - Stator reactance in
1
X2 - Rotor reactance referred to stator in
R1 - Stator resistance in
1
R2 - Rotor resistance referred to stator in
1
For any slip S,
RL
= R2 (1-S) in
1
1
Z
= (R1+R2 / S)+j(X1+X2 / S) in
56
Circuit diagram : To find Ra
TABULATIONS
NO LOAD TEST
Line voltage
in V
Line current
in A
Wattmeter reading
W1 (W)
W2 (W)
No load input
=K1W1+K2W2 (W)
Wattmeter reading
W1 (W)
W2 (W)
Copper loss
=K(W1+W2) (W)
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Line voltage
in V
Line current
in A
TO FIND RESISTANCE
S.No
Voltage
in V
current in
A
resistance
in
Mean (Rac)
57
RESULT
Thus the no load and blocked rotor tests were conducted and the equivalent circuit was drawn
58
PROGRAM:
%Program to plot unit step-response curves of a system having two inputs(u1 and u2) and two outputs(y1
and y2).
A=[-1 -1;6.5 0];
B=[1 1;1 0];
C =[1 0;0 1];
D=[0 0;0 0];
step(A,B,C,D)
grid
title(step-response of MIMO systems)
PROGRAM:
%Program to plot unit impulse-response curves of a system having two inputs(u1 and u2) and two
outputs(y1 and y2).
A=[-1 -1;6.5 0];
B=[1 1;1 0];
C =[1 0;0 1];
D=[0 0;0 0];
impulse(A,B,C,D)
grid
title(impulse-response of MIMO system)
59
Ex.No:
Date:
DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
AIM:
To digitally simulate the unit-step and unit- impulse response of the given higher-order
MIMO linear systems using state variable formulation and also form the transfer matrix expression.
x1 1 1 x1
1 1 u1
x 6.5 0 x 1 0 u
2
2
2
y1 1 0 x1
0 0 u1
y 0 1 x 0 0 u
2
2
2
TOOLS REQUIRED:
System with MATLAB software.
THEORY:
The transfer function expressions for the system to obtain the unit-step response curves with
MATLAB are
.
x Ax Bu
y Cx Du
The transfer matrix G(s) is a matrix that relates Y(s) and U(s) as follows:
Y(s) =G(s) U(s)
Taking Laplace transform of the state-space equations, we obtain
sX(s)-x(0) = AX(s)+BU(s)
---------(1)
Y(s) = CX(s) + DU(s)
-------- (2)
In deriving the transfer matrix, we assume that x(0) = 0. Then from equation (1), we get
-1
X(s) = (sI-A) BU(s)
-------- (3)
Substituting equation (3) into equation (2), we obtain

-1
Y(s) = [C (sI-A) B +D] U(s)

Thus the transfer matrix G(s) is given by
-1
G(s) = C (sI-A) B+D

The transfer matrix G(s) for the given system becomes
-1
G(s) = C (sI-A) B
1 0 s 1 1
=

0 1 6.5 s
=
1 1
1 0
1
s
1
s s 6.5 6.5 s 1
2
1 1
1 0
60
MODEL GRAPH:
61
s
s 1
1
S s 6.5 s 7.5 6.5

2
Hence
Y1 ( s)
Y ( s)
2
s 1
s 2 s 6.5
s 7.5
2
s s 6.5
s s 6.5
6.5
s 2 s 6.5
2
U1 ( s )
U ( s )
2
Since this system involves two inputs and two outputs, four transfer functions may be
defined depending on which signals are considered as input and output. Note that, when
considering the signal u1 as the input, we assume that signal u2 is zero, and vice versa.
The four transfer functions are
Y1 ( s )
s 1
2
U 1 ( s ) s s 6 .5
s
Y1 ( s )
= 2
U 2 ( s ) s s 6.5
Y2 ( s )
s 7 .5
2
U 1 ( s ) s s 6 .5
Y2 ( s )
6.5
2
U 2 ( s ) s s 6 .5
RESULT:
Thus, the unit-step and unit- impulse response of the given higher-order MIMO linear
systems was obtained using MATLAB and also the transfer matrix expression was formed.
62
Matlab coding
%Stability analysis according to location of roots of the s-plane
n=[1 2];
d=[1 8 18 16 5];
c=tf(n,d);
roots=zpk(c);
rootmap=pzplot(c);figure
result=isstable(c);
%Stability analysis using Root locus
rlocus(c);figure
%stability analysis using nyquist plot
nyquist(c)
63
Ex.No.
Date:
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM USING MAT LAB
AIM
To analyse the stability of linear system using Mat Lab.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1. MatLab software
2. PC
THEORY
STABILITY
The term stability refers to the stable working condition of a control system. The stability
of the system depending on the location of roots of characteristics equation.
(i)
If all the roots of characteristic equation has negative real parts, then the system
is stable.
(ii)
If any root of
characteristic equation has a positive real part or if there is a
repeated root on the imaginary axis then the system is unstable.
(iii)
If the condition(i) is satisfied execpt for the presence of one or more nonrepeated roots on imaginary axis, then the system is limitedly or marginally
stable.
PROCEDURE
Start the MatLab Software in PC.

To create new matlab program go to file menu and then click mfile.
Write the Matlab coding to analyze the stability.
Save and run the mfile.
See the output waveform in figure window and results in Matlab command window.
RESULT
Thus the stability of linear system was analyzed by using MatLab software.
64
Circuit Diagram
Proportional Controller
-KStep
tf(1,[1 1 ])
Gain
LTI System
Scope
Proportional-plus-Integral Controller
1
Step
Gain
1
s
tf(1,[1 1])
Integrator
LTI System
65
Scope
Ex.No:
Date:
STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS USING MATLAB
AIM
To study the effect of P, PI and PID controller using Mat Lab.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
3. MatLab software
4. PC
THEORY
CONTROLLERS
A controller is a device introduced in the system to modify the error signal and to produce
a control signal. The controller modifies the transient response of the system.
The controllers can be classified as follows
(i)
Two position or On-Off controller
(ii)
(iii)
Integral Controller
(iv)
Proportional-plus-integral controller
(v)
Proportional-plus-Derivative controller
(vi)
Proportional-plus-Derivative-plus-Integral controller
The Proportional Controller is a device that produces a control signal, u(t) which is
Proportional to the input error signal, e(t)
u(t) e(t)
u(t) = KP e(t)
U(S) = KP E(S)
U(S)/E(S) = KP
Proportional-plus-Integral Controller
The PI Controller is a device that produces a control signal, u(t) which is Proportional to
the input error signal and also integral to the input error signal, e(t)
u(t) (e(t)+e(t)dt)
u(t) = KP(e(t)+(1/Ti)e(t)dt)
U(S) = KP E(S)+ (KP/Ti) (E(S)/S)
U(S)/E(S) = KP(1+1/TiS)
Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative Controller
The Proportional Controller is a device that produces a control signal, u(t) which is
Proportional to the input error signal, integral to the input error signal, derivative of the input error
signal, e(t)
u(t) (e(t)+e(t)dt+de(t)/dt)
u(t) = KP(e(t)+(1/Ti)e(t)dt+Td de(t)/dt)
U(S) = KP E(S)+ (KP/Ti) E(S)/S+ KP TdS E(S)
U(S)/E(S) = KP(1+1/TiS+ TdS)
66
Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative Controller
du /dt
Derivative
1
Step
Gain
1
s
tf(1,[1 1 ])
Integrator
LTI System
67
Scope
PROCEDURE
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Start the MatLab Software in PC.

To create new Simulink program go to file menu and then click model.
Select and drag the components from simulink library to model.
Connect the components, save and simulate the model.
See the output from sink components
RESULT
Thus the P, PI and PID Controllers were constructed and simulated by using matlab
simulink software.
68
Circuit diagram Lag Compensator
MODEL GRAPH
o/p
Amp
Frequency in Hz
69
Ex.No:
Date:
DESIGN OF LEAD AND LAG COMPENSATOR
AIM
To construct a Lead and Lag compensator by using discrete elements and to obtain the
waveforms.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Sl. No.
01
02
03
04
05
06
Name of the component

Resistors
Capacitors
Function Generator
CRO
Breadboard and
Connecting Wires
Type/Range
10K,1K
1F
30MHz
-
Quantity
Each 1
1
1
1
1
-
THEORY
COMPENSATION
A device inserted into the system for the purpose of satisfying the specifications is called
compensator. The different types of compensators are lag compensator, lead compensator and
lag-lead compensator.
LAG COMPENSATOR
A compensator having the characteristics of a lag network is called lag compensator. If a
sin signal is applied to a lag compensator, then in steady state the output will have a phase lag
with respect to input. The lag compensation improves the steady state performance, reduces the
bandwidth and increases the rise time. If the pole introduced by the compensator is not cancelled
by a zero in the system then the lag compensator increases the order of the system by one.
When a system is stable and does not satisfy the steady state performance specifications then
lag compensation can be employed so that the system is redesigned to satisfy the steady state
requirements.
LEAD COMPENSATOR
A compensator having the characteristics of a lead network is called lead
compensator. If a sin signal is applied to a lead compensator, then in steady state the output
will have a phase lead with respect to input. The lead compensation increases the bandwidth
and improves the speed of response. It also reduces the peak overshoot.If the pole
introduced by the compensator is not cancelled by a zero in the system then the lead
compensator increases the order of the system by one. When a system is stable / unstable
and requires improvement in transient state response then lead compensation is employed.
70
LAG COMPENSATOR
SL.NO
Output Amplitude in volts
Frequency in Hz
LEAD COMPENSATOR
SL.NO
Output Amplitude in volts
71
Frequency in Hz
DERIVATION
LAG COMPENSATOR
Transfer function of lag compensator is given by
GC(s)=
.......................................................................(1)
For the given Electrical network

By Voltage division Rule,
Eo(s) = Ei(s)
Transfer function of electrical network
..................(2)
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we get

=
Where T= R2C and =(R1+R2)/R2
LEAD COMPENSATOR
The general form of lead compensator transfer function is
GC(s)=
..........................................................................................(1)
For the given Electrical network

By Voltage division Rule,
Eo(s) = Ei(s)
Transfer function of electrical network
...............................(2)
Comparing equation 1 and 2 we get
Where T=R1C and =
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

Input signal is applied to the circuit by using function generator.
Output waveforms are seen from the CRO.
Graph is drawn between Amplitude versus frequency.
72
Circuit Diagram for Lead Compensator:
Model graph
o/p
Amp
Frequency in Hz
73
Model Calculation:
Result
Thus the Lead and Lag compensators are constructed and transfer functions are
determined as
74
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
75
EX.NO:
Date:
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPERATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of given separately excited DC shunt generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1
TYPE
RANGE
QUANTITY
Ammeter
MC
0-2A
0-20A
Ammeter
MI
0-50mA
Voltmeter
MC
0-300V
0-30V
Voltmeter
MI
0-300V
Rheostat
Wire wound
300,1.1A
Rheostat
Wire wound
220,2.2A
Tachometer
Digital
Resistive load
Variable
5KW
Single phase auto transformer
230V/0-
270V
PRECAUTION:
1. At the time of starting the field rheostat at the motor side should be kept minimum
position.
2. At the time of starting the field rheostat at the generator side should be kept maximum position.
PROCEDURE:
TO FIND Kg
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch in the motor side.
3. By adjusting the field Rheostat of generator Eg and If values are noted down until it reaches
the rated voltage
4. From the tabulated vales the graph is plotted between E g and If, the slope of the above graph
gives the value of Kg.
TO FIND RL
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The generator terminals are connected to the load and DPST switch is closed.
3. By adjusting the motor field Rheostat speed of the DC motor is brought to the rated
speed.
4. By applying various load the load voltage and load current values are noted down.
5. The graph is drawn between load current and load voltage and slope of the above graph
will give the value of Rl.
76
To find Ra
To find Rf
To find Zf
77
TO FIND Zf
1.
2.
3.
4.
The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

Close the DPST switch
By varying single phase auto transformer take different values of Vf and I
Mean value of Zf is calculated by using the formula Zf= Vf / If.
TO FIND RF
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch
3. By varying field Rheostat from the maximum position, take different values of Vf and I
4. Mean value of Rf is calculated by using the formula Rf= Vf / If.
TO FIND RA
2. The ammeter and voltmeter readings are observed for different loads by closing the
DPST switch.
DERIVATION OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION:

Vf(t) =Rf if (t) +Lf
....... 1
Eg(t) Vf(t)
Eg (t) =Kg Vf (t) 2
Vf(s) = Tf(s)[Rf+sLf]
Eg(s) = kg Vf(s)
Taking the Laplace transform of this two equation
Vf(s)
If(s)
1/(Rf+SLf
)
Eg(s)
Kg
G(s) = Eg(s)/Vf(s) = Kg/(Rf+SLf)

= (Kg/Rf)/ (1+sLf/Rf)
G(s)=Eg(s)/Vf(s)= K/(1+sTf)
78
TABULAR COLOUMN:
To find Ra
S.NO
Iain Amps
Va in volts
Ra=Va/Ia
S.NO
If in Amps
Vf in volts
Rf=Vf/If
S.NO
If in mAmps
Vf in volts
Zf=Vf/If K
To find Rf
To find Zf
79
Model calculation
80
To find Kg
Eg in volts
Field current(If) Amps
81
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of given separately excited DC shunt generator
was derived and determined as
82
Circuit Diagram
To find Ra
83
Ex.No:
Date:
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE CONTROLLED DC MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of armature controlled D.C. Motor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Equipment
Type
Range
Quantity
100 W
1.
Motor
DC
2.
Ammeter
MC
(0-2) A
MC
(0-20) A
MC
(0-5) A
(0-300) V
3.
Voltmeter
MC
4.
Rheostat
wire wound
50/5A
wire wound
220,2.2A
5.
Tachometer
Digital
PRECAUTIONS:
1. At the time of starting, the field circuit rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance
position.
2. There should be no load on the motor at the time of starting.
FORMULAE:
1.Angular speed, =2N/60 (rad /sec)
2. Back EMF, Eb = V-IaRa (V)
3. Inductance of the armature, La= Xa/2f (H)
Where , N=Speed in rpm
S1, S2= Spring balance readings in Kg.
R=Radius of the brakedrum in m.
Ra= Armature resistance in
Za= Armature impedance in
La=Armature inductance in H
V=Supply voltage in Volts.
J= Moment of inertia of motor and load ,Kgm
B= Frictional coefficient of motor and load, N-m / (rad/sec)

kb = Back emf constant V/(rad/sec).
84
TABULATION
To find Kb & Kt
Sl.No
Armature
Voltage Va in
Volts
Armature
current Ia in
Amps
Speed,N
(rpm)
Angular speed
=2N/60
(rad/sec)
Back emf
Eb=V-IaRa
(V)
To find Ra
SL.NO.
CURRENT IN AMPS
VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
Mean R
85
RESISTANCE IN
OHMS
DERIVATION
if
ia
Rf
Vf = constant
Lf
Load
Va = input
M
La, Ra
J, B
(Output)
Armature controlled DC motor

As the flux is kept constant the relation between the developed motor torque Tm and
armature current is given by
Tm Ia
Tm=KT Ia.......................................................(1)
KT- Motor Torque constant in Vm/A
The applied input voltage Va being opposed back emf developed in the armature.
Em m
m =
eb = Kb
...............................................................(2)
Kb is Back emf constant in voltage(V/S) the rated dynamic equation are

Va eb = Ra Ia +La
Taking laplace transform
Va(s) eb(s)=Ra Ia(s)+La Ia(s)....................................(3)
From equation 2
Eb(s) = sKb m(s)....................................................(4)
or
Eb(s) = =Kbm(s)....................................................(5)
Tm(s) = KT Ia(s).......................................................(6)
86
MODEL GRAPH
87
Tm(s)=s Jmm(s)+sfmm(s).....................................(7)
+fm m
Tm =Jm
Tm(s) = sJm m(s)+fm m(s)....................................(8)

G(s)
KT
s(Ra+sLa) (sJm+fm)
H(s) = sKb
m(s)
G(s)
Va(s)
1+G(s)H(s)
m(s)/Va(s)= KT/(s(Ra+sLa)(sJm+fm))/((1+KT/s(Ra+sLa)(sJm+fm))sKb
m(s)/Va(s)= Km/(Rafm+KTKb)
Where Km= KT/(Rafm +KTKb)
Km = Motor gain constant
Tm= Rafm/(Rafm+K+Kb)
Tm= Motor Time constant
PROCEDURE:
TO FIND THE BACK EMF CONSTANT (Kb):
2. By varying the field rheostat the motor is run at rated speed.
3. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying
the rated voltage
4.
Note down the armature voltage (Va), Line current (IL) and speed (N)
5.
Calculate armature voltage drop (IaRa).
6.
Calculate back emf (Eb), using the formula Eb=V-IaRa.
10 .Calculate angular frequency (), using the formula

=2N/60 (rad /sec)
11. Repeat the steps from (4) to (9) for different armature voltage
12. Plot the angular speed Vs back emf curve as shown in Fig (6) and determine back emf
constant (Kb) from the plot by projecting any two points from the curve.
.
88
89
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and increase the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings
RESULT:
Thus the transfer function of armature controlled D.C. Motor was determined as
90
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
To find Rf
91
Ex.No:
Date:
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF FIELD CONTROLLED D.C.MOTOR
AIM:
To determine the transfer function of field controlled D.C Motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Apparatus
Type
Range
Quantity
Ammeter
MC
(0-2) A
MC
(0-10) A
Voltmeter
MC
(0-30) V
Rheostat
Wire wound
220/2.2A
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of Starting,
2. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
FORMULAE:
Torque, T = (S1-S2) x 9.81 x R (N-m)
Inductance of the Field, Lf= Xf/2f
2
Reactance, Xf=Zf -Rf

where,
S1, S2= Spring balance readings in Kg.

R=Radius of the brakedrum in m.
Rf= Field resistance in
Lf= Field inductance in Henry.
DERIVATION
The differential equations governing the field controlled DC motor are
Rfif +Lf
= Vf ....................................(1)
T=Ktf if ...............................................(2)
J
+B
=T
On Taking Laplace transform of the differential equation
92
TABULATION
To find Ktf
S.No
Field current If IN
Amps
Spring balance readings

S1
(kg)
S2
(kg)
S1-S2
(kg)
Torque, T=
(S1-S2) x 9.81 x R
(N-m)
To Find Field Resistance (Rf):
S.No
Field current If in Amps
Field voltage Vf in Volts
Average d.c Field Resistance, Rf= ..........
93
Field Resistance,
Rf=Vf/If ()
Rf If(s)+Lf s If(s) = Vf(s)..........................(3)

T(s)= Ktf If(s)..........................................(4)
(s) + Bs (s) = T(s)..........................(5)
Equating equation (4) &(5) we get

Ktf If(s) = J
(s) + Bs (s)
(s)........................................(6)
If(s)=s
Equation (3) can be written as

(Rf+sLf)If(s)=Vf(s)...................................(7)
On substituting for If(s)from equation(6) in equation (7) we get,
(s) = Vf(s)
(Rf+sLf)s
=
=
=
Where, Motor gain constant, Km= Ktf/Rf B
Field Time constant, Tf = Lf/Rf
PROCEDURE:
TO FIND TORQUE CONSTANT (Ktf):
1. The Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Supply is given to the circuit by keeping armature current Ia is constant,
3. For various values of If corresponding spring balance readings S1 and S2 are noted.
5. Calculate Torque (T), using the formula
T = (S1-S2) x 9.81 x R (N-m)
7. Plot the field current Vs torque and determine Torque constant (Ktf) from the plot, by
projecting any two points from the curve.
To Find Field Resistance (Rf):
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and increase the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding voltmeter and ammeter readings
94
MODEL GRAPH
95
MODEL CALCULATION:
Result
Thus the transfer function of field controlled D.C Motor is determined as
96
Circuit diagram of 3 point starter
97
Ex.No:
Date:
STUDY OF STARTERS
AIM
To study about the starters used in Dc motor and three phase induction motor and their
role in starting the motors
APPRATUS REQUIRED
THEORY
THREE POINT STARTER
3 point DC starter is a unit intended to limit the starting current in a DC circuit. This starter
is a must for any DC motor applications.
This starter has three functions.
(a) To provide series resistance in a DC circuit when this starter is in START position. I.e. In
STARTposition full resistance is included, and is reduced to zero ohms when the handle is moved
to ON position, in discrete steps. The starter is held in ON position by an electromagnet. At this
ON position the DC circuit gets its full current from the DC Rectifier unit. In the case of a DC
motor,this is connected in series with the armature circuit, to limit the starting current and
eventually this resistance is CUTOUT, from the circuit. There by enabling the motor to run at its
full armature current. Therefore this starter acts as a first order protection circuit, in between a DC
rectifier unit and the DC circuit.
(b) No Volt Coil (NVC) This is normally connected to Field circuit in a DC motor. In case of a
failure in current in this circuit, for any reason, namely accidental tripping, or unintentional break
in field circuit, this coil will provide a signal to the electromechanically held arm (handle) to
release, and the starter is switched to OFF position, thereby providing safety to the system
.
(c) Over Load (OL) release switch This is connected in series with the armature circuit. In case of
current beyond the rated current of this coil in the circuit, this automatically trips the
electromagnet, which is holding the handle in ON position. Thereby tripping the starter from being
over loaded
The incoming power is indicated as L1 and L2. The components within the broken lines
form the three-point starter. As the name implies there are only three connections to the starter.
The connections to the armature are indicated as A1 and A2. The ends of the field (excitement)
coil are indicated as F1 and F2. In order to control the speed, a field rheostat is connected in
series with the shunt field. One side of the line is connected to the arm of the starter (represented
by an arrow in the diagram). The arm is spring-loaded so, it will return to the "Off" position when
not held at any other position.On the first step of the arm, full line voltage is applied across the
shunt field. Since the field rheostat is normally set to minimum resistance, the speed of the motor
98
Circuit diagram of 4 point starter
99
will not be excessive; additionally, the motor will develop a large starting torque.The starter also
connects an electromagnet in series with the shunt field. It will hold the arm in position when the
arm makes contact with the magnet.Meanwhile that voltage is applied to the shunt field, and the
starting resistance limits the current to the armature.As the motor picks up speed counter-emf is
built up; the arm is moved slowly to short.
FOUR-POINT STARTER
The four-point starter eliminates the drawback of the three-point starter. In addition to the
same three points that were in use with the three-point starter, the other side of the line, L1, is the
fourth point brought to the starter when the arm is moved from the "Off" position. The coil of the
holding magnet is connected across the line. The holding magnet and starting resistors function
identical as in the three-point starter.The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite
remote. The four-point starter provides the no-voltage protection to the motor. If the power fails,
the motor is disconnected from the line.
DIRECT ON LINE
A direct on line starter, often abbreviated DOL starter, is a widely-used method of
starting electric motors. The term is used in electrical engineering and associated with electric
motors. There are many types of motor starters, the
simplest of which is the DOL starter. The direct on line starter can be considered as a switch.
When the motor is required to run, the starter supplies the full supply voltage (such as 400V, 50
Hz, 3-phase in the UK) to the motor. The motor will start as quickly as it can. A DOL motor starter
is distinct from a simple relay in that it will also contain protection devices, and in some cases,
condition monitoring.
by excessive current flowing through the circuit. Thermal overloads have a small heating
device that increases in temperature as the motor running current increases. A bi-metallic strip
located close to the heater deflects as the heater temperature rises until it mechanically causes
the device to trip and open the circuit, cutting power to the motor should it become overloaded. A
thermal overload is basically a circuit breaker that will accommodate the brief high starting current
of a motor whilst being able to accurately protect it from a running current overload. This is
because the heater coil and the action of the bi-metallic strip introduces a time delay that affords
the motor time to start and settle into normal running current without the thermal overload
tripping. Thermal overloads can be manually or automatically resettable depending on their
application and have an adjuster that allows them to be accurately set to the motor run current.
2. KM1 No-Volt Coil
The No-Volt coil serves the purpose of keeping the holding-in contactor closed, this is
connected in parallel across the start switch (which is a normally open switch) in the control
circuit. The no-volt coil is energized once the start switch is initiated and keeps current flowing
through the control circuit. In the event of no power being supplied to the motor, the motor will
stop. In order for the motor to be turned on again, the start switch must be initiated and therefore
be the catalyst for closing the holding in contactor and hence energize the no-volt coil. Only once
the no-volt coil is energized, will current remain flowing in the control circuit.
100
Circuit diagram of DOL starter
101
DOL starting is sometimes used to start small water pumps, compressors, fans and
conveyor belts. In the case of an asynchronous motor, such as the 3-Phase Squirrel-Cage Motor,
the motor will pull a high starting current until it has run up to full speed. This starting current is
commonly around 6 times the full load current, but may as high as 12 times the full load current.
For this reason, larger motors will normally be soft started or run on variable speed drives in order
to minimise disruption to the power supply.
These devices are used to protect the motor as well as the user of the motor being
operated:
1. Overload Coil :
The overload coil, also known as a thermal overload, is designed to open the starting
circuit and thus cut the power to the motor in the event of the motor drawing too much current
from the supply. The overload coil is a normally closed device which opens due to heat generated
Performance
25
Record
15
Viva
10
Total
50
Staff Sign
RESULT
Thus the starters used in DC motor and three phase induction motor and their role in
starting the motors were studied
102
Schematic Diagram of Synchro Transmitter
103
Ex.No:
Date:
STUDY OF SYNCHROS
AIM:
To study the characteristics of synchro as angular displacement sensor.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
1
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT/
QUANTITY
COMPONENT
REQUIRED
Synchronous transmitter and
receiver kit
Digital storage oscilloscope
THEORY
A synchro is an electromagnetic transducer commonly used to convert an angular position of
a shaft into an electric signal. It is commercially known as a selsyn or an autosyn.
The constructional features of synchro transmitter is shown in Fig (1). The basic synchro unit
is usually called a synchro transmitter. Its construction is similar to that of a three phase
alternator. The schematic diagram of synchro transmitter is shown in Fig (2). The
stator is of laminated silicon steel and is slotted to accommodate a balanced three- phase
winding which is usually of concentric coil type (three identical coils are plced in the stator with
their axis 120 apart ) and is Y- connected. The rotor is of dumb-bell construction and is wound
with a concentric coil. An ac voltage is applied to the rotor winding through slip rings.
Let an ac voltage
Vr(t)= Vr sin c t
be applied to the rotor of the synchro transmitter. This voltage causes a flow of magnetizing
current in the rotor coil which produces a sinusoidally time varying flux directed along its axis and
distributed nearly sinusoidally in the air gap along the stator periphery. Because of transformer
action, voltages are induced in each of the stator coils. As the air gap flux is sinsoidally
distributed, the flux linking any stator coil is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the
rotor and stator coil axes and so is the voltage induced in each stator coil. The stator coil voltages
are of course in time phase with each other. Thus we see that the synchro transmitter acts like a
single- phase transformer in which the rotor coil is the primary and the stator coils form the three
secondaries.
104
Synchro Error Detector
105
Let vs1n, vs2n, vs3n, respectively be the voltages induced in the stator coils S 1, S2, S3 with
respect to neutral. The rotor axis makes an angle with the axis of the stator coils S2
vs1n = K Vr sin c t cos ( + 120 )
vs2n= KVr sin c t cos ( )
------------------------------ (1)
-------------------------------(2)
vs3n = KVr sin c t cos ( + 240 )
-------------------------------(3)
The three terminal voltages of the stator are

vs1s2= vs1n - vs2n=
3 KVr sin ( + 240 ) sin c t
vs2s3= vs2n - vs3n=
KVr sin ( + 120 ) sin c t
vs3s1= vs3n - vs1n= 3 KVr sin () sin c t

When
------------(4)
-------------(5)
-------------(6)
= 0, from eqns (1)-(3) it is seen that maximum voltage is induced in the stator coil S 2,
while it follows from eqn (6) that the terminal voltage v s3s1 is zero. This position of the rotor is
defined as the electrical zero of the transmitter and is used as reference for specifying the angular
position of the rotor.
Thus it is seen that the input to the synchro transmitter is the angular position of the rotor shaft
and the output is a set of three single-phase voltages given by eqns (4) - (6). The magnitudes of
these voltages are functions of shaft position.
The synchro error detector is shown in Fig (3). The output of the synchro transmitter is
applied to the stator windings of a synchro control transmitter is applied to the stator windings of a
synchro control transformer. The control transformer is similar in construction to a synchro
transmitter exept for the fact that the rotor of the control transformer is made cylindrical in shape
so that the air gap is practically uniform. The system (transmitter control transformer pair) acts
as an error detector. Circulating currents of the same phase but of different magnitudes flow
through the two sets of stator coils. The result is the establishment of an identical flux pattern in
the air gap of the control transformer as the voltage drops in resistances and leakage reactances
of the two sets of stator coils are usually small.
The control transformer flux axis thus being in the same position as that of synchro transmitter
rotor, the voltage in the control transformer
rotor is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the two rotors and is given by
e(t)= KVr cos sin c t
--------------------(7)
where is the angular displacement between the two rotors. When = 90, i.e the two rotors are
at right angles, then the voltage induced in the control transformer rotor is zero. This position is
known as electrical zero position of the control transformer. Let the rotor transmitter rotate in the
same direction through an angle resulting in a net angular separation of = (90between the two rotors.
106
+ )
107
From equation (7) the voltage at the rotor terminals of the control transformer is then
e(t)= KVr sin ( - ) sin c t
--------------------(8)
For smaller angular displacements between the two rotor positions,

e(t)= KVr ( - ) sin c t
--------------------(9)
The output of synchro error detector is a modulated signal, the modulating wave has the
information regarding the lack of correspondence between the two rotor positions and the carrier
wave is the ac input to the rotor of the synchro transmitter. This type of modulation is known as
suppressed carrier modulation.
The modulating signal representing the discrepancy between the two shaft positions is
em (t)= Ks ( - )
where Ks is known as sensitivity of error detector and has the unit of volts(rms) / rad angular
difference of the shafts of the synchro pair.
RESULT:
The characteristics of synchros as angular displacement sensor was studied.
108

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