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IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL 2013
I. INTRODUCTION
UPADHAYAY et al.: ACTIVE INTEGRATED ANTENNA USING BJT WITH FLOATING BASE
203
45 mm
, 58 mA).
ferent from the pattern for the active antenna, which implies that
the current distribution is different (at least along the antenna
length, which has a greater impact on the -plane pattern).
III. INJECTION LOCKING
Fig. 5. Frequency and power variation with bias voltage (received with 10 dB
gain horn from 1 m away).
be raised to at least 7 V (
) for oscillations to start,
and after that it could be reduced down to 5.2 V (
)
while maintaining oscillations. Very little change in these values
was seen even when injection locking was used. These voltages
and currents are far beyond the recommended maximum values
for this transistor, and many devices burnt out during experimentation. At this stage this circuit is not practical this is just
a demonstration that such an active antenna is possible. While
the operation of the circuit is not very clear, it is probable that
the device is biased in the avalanche breakdown region [11],
which is known to show negative resistance. Oscillators using
avalanche breakdown have been demonstrated [12], but at low
frequencies, and not in the form of active antenna.
The radiation pattern of just the 2-port patch, with a match on
one port is shown in Fig. 7, and it is seen to be substantially dif-
204
IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 23, NO. 4, APRIL 2013
TABLE I
INJECTION POWER AND LOCKING BANDWIDTH
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to the staff of Agilent Technologies
for a donation of ADS software.
REFERENCES
(computed by DSO) of the signals fed to the two channels, lowpass filtered, is also shown. This trace makes it easy to identify
locking and unlocking.
This particular case (using a 20 dB coupler) shown in Fig. 8
gave an enhanced amplitude when injection is locked close to
the free-running frequency, and more importantly clearly shows
the time to lock, which is very small (
). Other cases
with longer locking times, and even cases of slow unlocking
after staying locked for some time, have also been observed.
IV. CONCLUSION
An active antenna using a BJT with floating base has been
demonstrated successfully for the first time. This is also possibly
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