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CHAPTER 3 Motion In Two Or Three Dimensions

water is 1.5 m>s, and the river is 60 m wide. What is your path relative to the earth that allows you to cross the river in the shortest
time? Explain your reasoning.
Q3.16 A stone is thrown into the air at an angle above the horizontal and feels negligible air resistance. Which graph in Fig. Q3.16
best depicts the stones speed v as a function of time t while it is in
the air?
Figure Q3.16
v

3.7 .. CALC The coordinates of a bird ying in the xy-plane are

given by x1t2 = at and y1t2 = 3.0 m - bt 2, where a = 2.4 m>s
and b = 1.2 m>s2. (a) Sketch the path of the bird between t = 0
and t = 2.0 s. (b) Calculate the velocity and acceleration vectors
of the bird as functions of time. (c) Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the birds velocity and acceleration at t = 2.0 s.
(d) Sketch the velocity and acceleration vectors at t = 2.0 s. At
this instant, is the bird speeding up, is it slowing down, or is its
speed instantaneously not changing? Is the bird turning? If so, in
what direction?

Section 3.3 Projectile Motion

t
(a)

t
(b)

t
(c)

t
(d)

(e)

EXERCISES
Section 3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors

3.1 . A squirrel has x- and y-coordinates 11.1 m, 3.4 m2 at time

t 1 = 0 and coordinates 15.3 m, - 0.5 m2 at time t 2 = 3.0 s. For
this time interval, nd (a) the components of the average velocity,
and (b) the magnitude and direction of the average velocity.
3.2 . A rhinoceros is at the origin of coordinates at time t 1 = 0.
For the time interval from t 1 = 0 to t 2 = 12.0 s, the rhinos average velocity has x-component - 3.8 m>s and y-component
4.9 m>s. At time t 2 = 12.0 s, (a) what are the x- and y-coordinates
of the rhino? (b) How far is the rhino from the origin?
3.3 .. CALC A web page designer creates an animation in which a
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dot on a computer screen has a position of r 34.0 cm +
2 2 n
12.5 cm>s 2t 4 15.0 cm>s2tn. (a) Find the magnitude and
direction of the dots average velocity between t = 0 and
t = 2.0 s. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the instantaneous velocity at t = 0, t = 1.0 s, and t = 2.0 s. (c) Sketch the
dots trajectory from t = 0 to t = 2.0 s, and show the velocities
calculated in part (b).
3.4 . CALC The position of a squirrel running in a park is given
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by r 310.280 m>s2t + 10.0360 m>s22t24n 10.0190 m>s32t3n.
(a) What are vx1t2 and vy1t2, the x- and y-components of the
velocity of the squirrel, as functions of time? (b) At t = 5.00 s,
how far is the squirrel from its initial position? (c) At t = 5.00 s,
what are the magnitude and direction of the squirrels
velocity?

Section 3.2 The Acceleration Vector

3.5 . A jet plane is ying at a constant altitude. At time t 1 = 0 it

has components of velocity vx = 90 m>s, vy = 110 m>s. At time
t 2 = 30.0 s the components are vx = - 170 m>s, vy = 40 m>s.
(a) Sketch the velocity vectors at t 1 and t 2. How do these two vectors differ? For this time interval calculate (b) the components of
the average acceleration, and (c) the magnitude and direction of
the average acceleration.
3.6 .. A dog running in an open field has components of velocity vx = 2.6 m>s and vy = - 1.8 m>s at t 1 = 10.0 s. For the time
interval from t 1 = 10.0 s to t 2 = 20.0 s, the average acceleration
of the dog has magnitude 0.45 m>s2 and direction 31.0 measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis. At t 2 = 20.0 s,
(a) what are the x- and y-components of the dogs velocity?
(b) What are the magnitude and direction of the dogs velocity?
(c) Sketch the velocity vectors at t 1 and t 2. How do these two
vectors differ?

3.8 . CALC A remote-controlled car is moving in a vacant parking

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lot. The velocity of the car as a function of time is given by v
3 2 n
2
35.00 m>s - 10.0180 m>s 2t 4 32.00 m>s + 10.550 m>s 2t4 n .
(a) What are ax(t) and ay(t), the x- and y-components of the velocity of the car as functions of time? (b) What are the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the car at t = 8.00 s? (b) What are the
magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the car at t = 8.00 s?
3.9 . A physics book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed
of 1.10 m>s. It strikes the oor in 0.350 s. Ignore air resistance.
Find (a) the height of the tabletop above the oor; (b) the horizontal distance from the edge of the table to the point where the book
strikes the oor; (c) the horizontal and vertical components of the
books velocity, and the magnitude and direction of its velocity,
just before the book reaches the oor. (d) Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t, and
vy-t graphs for the motion.
3.10 .. A daring 510-N swim- Figure E3.10
mer dives off a cliff with a runv0
ning horizontal leap, as shown in
Fig. E3.10. What must her minimum speed be just as she leaves
9.00 m
the top of the cliff so that she will
1.75 m
miss the ledge at the bottom,
which is 1.75 m wide and 9.00 m
Ledge
below the top of the cliff?
3.11 . Two crickets, Chirpy and
Milada, jump from the top of a vertical cliff. Chirpy just drops and
reaches the ground in 3.50 s, while Milada jumps horizontally with
an initial speed of 95.0 cm>s. How far from the base of the cliff
will Milada hit the ground?
3.12 . A rookie quarterback throws a football with an initial
upward velocity component of 12.0 m>s and a horizontal velocity
component of 20.0 m>s. Ignore air resistance. (a) How much time
is required for the football to reach the highest point of the trajectory? (b) How high is this point? (c) How much time (after it is
thrown) is required for the football to return to its original level?
How does this compare with the time calculated in part (a)?
(d) How far has the football traveled horizontally during this time?
(e) Draw x-t, y-t, vx-t, and vy-t graphs for the motion.
3.13 .. Leaping the River I. A car traveling on a level horizontal
road comes to a bridge during a storm and nds the bridge washed
out. The driver must get to the other side, so he decides to try leaping it with his car. The side of the road the car is on is 21.3 m
above the river, while the opposite side is a mere 1.8 m above the
river. The river itself is a raging torrent 61.0 m wide. (a) How fast
should the car be traveling at the time it leaves the road in order just
to clear the river and land safely on the opposite side? (b) What is
the speed of the car just before it lands on the other side?
3.14 . BIO The Champion Jumper of the Insect World. The
froghopper, Philaenus spumarius, holds the world record for