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The Sopot culture in Hungary was short lived, limited only for its middle phase (Sopot 1-B - II)2, being represented by only a few sites and with an alien ancestry.
We do know that the culture came from beyond the
Drava to our region. The sudden appearance of the culture to the north of the Drava, on a populated settlement
area of the Linear band pottery culture (LBPC) is not yet
solved in every detail.
The Sopot culture is a typical phenomenon of the transition from the Middle Neolithic to the Late Neolithic.
Its situation is determined by the fact that it is situated
between two big cultures, the Linear band pottery culture (LBPC) and the Vinca culture and for this reason
plays an intermediate role. Its short Hungarian life is
modelling well the influence of the historical change
within the Vinca culture on the neighbouring territories.
The research of the Sopot culture concerns in certain
respect the theories about the formation of the Lengyel
culture, since it is standing in time between the LBPC
and Lengyel culture.
According to Stojan Dimitrijevic3, the Sopot culture
developed from the Starcevo culture on the effect of the
Vinca culture. In essence, it could be considered as the
simplified version of the Vinca culture, that came into
existence at the border of it, showing a lot of relationships with the LBPC. Its appearance in Hungary took
place in the phase I-B of the Croatian Sopot culture4, the
first Transdanubian finds (Becsehely5, Komlsd6)
appear still in the late Zseliz period (Vinca B2). But in
the time of its Transdanubian distribution the Zseliz
group probably came to an end, at least the fact that
Zseliz and Sopot features turned up on the same sites
(Balca7, Nagycsepely8) and on sites close to eachother
(Bksmegyer9, Szentendre10) can be interpreted this
way. There is another possibility to interpret this situation - in accordance with E. Neustupny's infiltration theory" - that they lived together.
In the Hungarian material two groups can be separated, a western and an eastern one12. The north-south
dividing line running between them is the straight con-
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ly for the Brezovljani type, but the late LBPC can not be
left out of consideration in Transdanubia.
Outside of the distribution territory, the Sopot culture
has no direct influence on the evolution. North of the
Danube in the territory of the Zseliz group, the
Slovakian researchers can prove a direct transformation
between the LBPC and the Lengyel culture21. In the latest phase of the Zseliz group grey, undecorated biconical cups can be found in large numbers with the characteristic incised Zseliz-ceramics. The most important
sites of the period are Vycapy Opatovce, Vel'ky Grob,
Horn Lefantovce, Sarovce, Bajc, Bksmegyer22. The
latest phase of the Zseliz group belonging to the
Vorlengyel-period can nowadays be found also in
Transdanubia (Balca (Fig. 3.10-13.), Nagycsepely,
Ltrny23(Fig. 3.1-9.)), so the transformation of the
Zseliz material began everywhere in the territory, but the
appearance of the Sopot culture modified the situation in
the larger part of Transdanubia.
The Sopot culture was studied from the standpoint of
the Lengyel culture up to now. The question arose in the
way, what kind of role did it play in the formation of the
Lengyel culture. The responses given to the question
can be summarised so that the Sopot culture was the
transporter, intermediator, respectively accelerator of
the southern element playing determining role in the formation of the Lengyel culture24. The base of the supposition of the close relation between the Sopot and the
Lengyel cultures is the large number of common characteristic features, such as e.g. the existence of certain
forms in both cultures: the first appearance of the dish
with open mouth, the globular bowl, pot with cylindrical neck, pedestalled bowl. The simple striped painting
pattern, typical for the Sopot culture, can also be found
in the Lengyel culture, the plastic decorations are of
Lengyel character as well (Fig. 4.). If we compare the
common characteristic features both with the LBPC and
with the Lengyel culture, we experience that the ones
belonging to the first group are in larger numbers and
are different in their type. While the elements showing
relation to the LBPC acted as example of the direct borrowing, the ones to the Lengyel culture represent rather
the identical evolution trend. In order that we could
interpret the characteristic features existing mutually in
the Sopot and Lengyel cultures this way, their chronological situation has to be precised. We have only scarce
data concerning the outer relations of the two cultures.
The fragments belonging to the Zseliz and Sarka group
among the earliest finds of the Sopot culture in
Becsehely are well known25. There are Tisza imports in
Bicske26. At Balca fragments of Tisza character (?)
turned up as well (Fig. 5.2-3.). Sopot material can hard-
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REFERENCES
BARNA 1996 = BARNA J.: A lengyeli kultra tmegsrja
Eszterglyhorvtiban. The common grave of the
Lengyel culture in Eszterglyhorvti (County Zala).
Zalai Mzeum 6. 1996. 149-160.
BNFFY 1996 = BANFF Y, E.: Neolithic and Copper Age
settlements at Haht and Zalaszentbalzs. 1.
Zalaszentbalzs-Pusztatet. In: Archaeology and set
tlement history in the Haht basin, south-west
Hungary, ed.: Szke Bla M. Antaeus 22. 1996. 3540.
DIMITRIJEVIC 1968 = DIMITRIJEVIC, S.: Sopotskolendelska kultra. Monographiae Archaeologicae I.
Zagreb 1968
DIMITRIJEVIC 1978 = DIMITRIJEVIC, S.: Neolit u
sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Arheoloska istrazivanja
u Sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj. Zagreb 1978. 71-128.
DOMBAY 1960 = DOMBAY, J.: Die Siedlung und das
Grberfeld in Zengvrkony. Archaeologia
Hungarica37. 1960
FARKAS 1986 = FARKAS, Z.: Die lteste Besiedlung durch
Trger der Lengyel-Kultur im Raum des Bratislavaer
Tores. Internationales Symposium ber die LengyelKultur. Nitra-Wien 1986. 61-67.
GOLDMAN 1984 = GOLDMAN, GY: Battonya-Gdrsk
eine neolithische Siedlung in Sdost-Ungarn.
Bkscsaba 1984
HORVTH 1991 = HORVTH, F.: Vinca Culture and its
Connections with the South-East Hungarian
Neolithic: a Comparison of Traditional and 14C
Chronology. Banatica 11. 1991. 259-273.
HORVTH 1998 = HORVTH, L. A.: Siedlungsgeschicht
liche Probleme im Karpatenbecken an der Wende
des mittleren und spten Neolithikums. In: The Late
Neolithic of the Middle Danube Region, ed.: Florin
Drasovean. Timisoara 1998. 123-137.
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NOTES
It is the modified version of a paper delivered in Dva
REGNYE 1995
ferences.
KALICZ-MAKKAY1972
KALICZ-MAKKAY 1972
Fig. 78.
REGNYE 1996
KALICZ 1985.78-80.
KALICZ1988. 116.
Fig. 6. 1-4.
NEUSTUPNY1982.
KALICZ 1988. 110.
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37
DIMIRIJEVIC 1978
18
39
40
NOVOTNY 1962.225.
41
MAKKAY 1983
42
RACZKY 1987.82.
43
PAVK 1964
36
BARNA 1996.3.2.
BARNA 1996.3.4.
RUTTKAY1985. 22.
REGNYE 1996.36.
RUTTKAY 1979
BARNA 1996.3.3.
NEMEJCOV-PAVKOV 1986
FARKAS 1986
KALICZ 1995.61.
NOVOTNY1986
KALICZ 1985
PAVK 1981
DOMBAY 1960
BNFFY 1996
BARNA 1996
KALICZ 1998.65.
KALICZ 1994.268.
5.1.
A Sopot kultra a kzps neolitikumbl a ks neolitikumba val tmenet tipikus jelensge. Helyzett meghatrozza,
hogy kt nagy kultrkr a vonaldszes kermia kultra s a
Vinca kultra kztt helyezkedik el. Magyarorszgi megjele
nsre a horvtorszgi Sopot kultra I-B fzisban kerlt sor,
legels dunntli leletei mg a ks Zselzi idszakban (Vinca
B2) bukkannak fel.
A magyarorszgi leletanyagban kt csoportot klnthetnk
el, egy nyugatit s egy keletit. A kzttk fut -D-i hatrvo
nal egyenes folytatsa a szlavniai klasszikus Sopot kultra s
a Brezovljani tpus kztti hatrnak. A kt csoport elklnt
snek oka leletanyaguk klnbzsge, ami az eltr eredetbl
addik. A K-i csoport a klasszikus Sopot kultra kzvettsvel
tbb Vinca elemet tartalmaz, mg a Brezovljani tpusban tbb
a vonaldszes rksg.
A Duntl szakra, a Zselzi csoport terletn a szlovk ku
tats kzvetlen talakulst tud kimutatni a vonaldszes kermia
kultrja s a lengyeli kultra kztt. Nhny jabb lelhely
alapjn a Zselzi csoport terletn mindentt megindult ez az
talakuls, csupn a Dunntl nagyobbik rszn a Sopot kult
ra megjelense mdostotta a helyzetet.
A kutats a Sopot kultrt eddig a lengyeli kultra szemsz
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