Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
SYLLABUS
(For the Academic year 2013 - 2014)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
To produce graduates who are prepared to pursue their post graduation and
Research in the fields of Chemical Engineering and Petrochemicals, Material Science,
Biotechnology, Nanotechnology, Environmental Engineering, any emerging allied
areas and Business.
Engineering
fundamentals.
b. An ability to design and conduct experiments, and to analyze and interpret
experimental results with working knowledge of chemical process safety.
2
complex
chemical engineering
problems.
e. An ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.
f. An ability to understand the professional, societal and ethical responsibility
g. An ability to work as a member of multidisciplinary teams, and have an
understanding of team leadership.
h. To have good written and oral communication skills.
i. An ability to understand the impact of engineering solution in a global, economic
and societal context.
j.
Principal
Vice-Principal
Registrar (Academics)
Registrar (Administration)
Sri V. Venkatesham
Sri S. Swaminathan
Sri Ravi Sadasivan
Sri K.A. Badarinarayana
Dr. Archna
Dr. G. M. Madhu
Dr. Brijesh
Smt. Rajeswari M.
Kulkarni
Sri Ramasivakiran Reddy
Sri J. Koteswara Rao
Smt. V Sravanthi
Sub Groups
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
S.No.
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CHPE043
Subject Title
Credits Semester Category
TRANSPORT OPERATIONS
Momentum Transfer
3:1:0
III
Core
Process Heat Transfer
3:1:0
IV
Core
Mechanical Operations
3:1:0
IV
Core
Mass Transfer-I
3:1:0
V
Core
Mass Transfer-II
3:1:0
VI
Core
Transport Phenomena
3:1:0
VIII
Core
VII
Elective
4:0:0
Novel Separation Techniques
CHPE044
Multicomponent Distillation
CHOE03
CHOE04
8
9
10
B
Sub.Code
CH304
CH403
CH404
CH502
CH602
CH801
Transport Operations
Process Engineering and Technology
Process Analysis and Design
Management and Communications skills
Environmental and Sustainable technologies
Laboratories and Project Work
4:0:0
VII
Elective
Elective
Elective
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CH501
CH505
CH601
CH603
Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics
Chemical Reaction Engineering -I
Chemical Process Industries
Chemical Reaction Engineering-II
Biochemical Engineering
CHPE011
Petroleum Technology
CH402
10
11
12
13
14
V
V
VI
VI
VI
Core
Core
Core
Core
Elective
4:0:0
VI
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
Elective
Elective
CHPE021
CHPE023
Composite Materials
CHPE024
Advanced Thermodynamics
CHPE031
CHPE032
CHPE033
Electrochemical Technology
CHPE041
CHPE042
16
CHPE053
17
CHPE054
C
1
CH303
2
CH506
3
4
CH702
5
6
CH701
3:1:0
3:0:0
3:1:0
3:0:0
4:0:0
Pharmaceutical Technology
15
Core
CHPE013
8
9
IV
CH604
CHPE034
3:1:0
Process Optimization
CHPE035
CHPE052
Core
Core
Core
Core
Core
Elective
4:0:0
VII
Elective
4:0:0
VIII
Elective
D
1
2
3
4
AL601
CH703
HSS802
CHPE025
5
CHPE055
E
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
4:0:0
VIII
Elective
VI
Elective
VI
Elective
CHPE014
4:0:0
CHPE022
4:0:0
CHPE051
F
1
2
3
4
Operations Research
6
7
CHL304
CHL403
CHL404
CHL506
CHL50
CHL602
CHL601
CH604
CH701
CH306
CHL506
CH704
Elective
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
13
14
15
CH701
CH705
CH803
Project Work
0:0:1
-0:0:12
VII
Lab
VII
--
VIII
Lab
SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION VII SEMESTER B.E. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2013-14)
Sl Subject
No. Code
Teaching
Credits Teaching hours/week
(L:T:P) Dept.
L
T
P
End Exam
(Hrs)
Marks
CIE SEE Total
CH701
3:0:1
CH
03
50
50
100
CH702
Process Control
3:1:1
CH
03
50
50
100
CH703
Economics and
Entrepreneurship
3:0:0
CH
03
50
50
100
CHPE03x
Elective Group C
4:0:0
CH
03
50
50
100
CHPE04x
Elective Group D
4:0:0
CH
03
50
50
100
OE-I
Open Elective-I
3:0:0
AL
03
50
50
100
CH704
Design Project
0:0:2
CH
03
50
50
100
CH705
Inplant training/
Industrial visit
20
Elective Group C
Principles of Food Processing and
CHPE031
Preservation
Elective-Group D
CHPE041
CHPE032
CHPE042
CHPE033
Electrochemical Technology
CHPE043
CHPE034
Process Optimization
CHPE044
Multicomponent Distillation
CHPE035
CHPE045
CHOE04
SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION VIII SEMESTER B.E. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2013-14)
Sl.
No.
Subject
Code
Credits
Teaching
Title of the Subject (L:T:P
Dept.
)
Teaching
hours/week
L
End
Exam
(Hrs)
Marks
CH801
Transport
Phenomena
3:1:0
CH
03
CIE
50
CHPE05x
CH
03
50
50
100
HSS802
Principles of
Management
3:0:0
AL
03
50
50
100
CH803
Project Work
0:0:12
CH
24
03
100
100
200
10
24
23
Elective Group E
CHPE051
CHPE052
CHPE053
CHPE054
Introduction to Nanotechnology
CHPE055
10
SEE
50
Total
100
Legend: CH- Chemical Engineering Department, AL- Other departments, L-Lecture, T-Tutorial, P-Practical, CIEContinuous Internal Evaluation, SEE-Semester End Examination.
11
Reference Book:
12
1. Kemp I.C, Pinch Analysis and Process Integration - A user guide on process integration for
efficient use of energy, 2nd Edition, Butterworth Heinneman, 2006.
SIMULATION LABORATORY
1.
2.
3.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Course Delivery: Regular black board teaching, Power point presentations, laboratory work.
Course Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Explain the need for Mass and Heat integration in chemical industries.
2. Calculate the minimum amount of heat required in heat integration and minimum
quantity of fresh reactant require in mass integration by graphical and algebraic methods..
3. Calculate the minimum fresh solvent required in mass exchange networks by graphical
and algebraic methods.
4. Optimize of mass and heat integration problems by Linear programming method.
5. Simulate any chemical process equipment and process for design and optimization.
Assessment and Evaluation vis--vis Course Outcomes:
What
To
Frequency
Max
whom
Marks
13
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Direct
Assessment
Methods
Indirect
Assessment
Methods
Internal
Students Thrice
Assessme
(Average of
nt Test
the best two
will be
computed)
Lab Test
Once
Assignme
Two
nt
(Average of
Two)
Standard
End of
S
course
E examinati
(Answer any
E on
5 of 10
questions)
Students
Students Middle of
feedback
the course
C
I
E
End of course
survey
25
Blue Books
1 to 4
Outcomes
20
05
Blue Books
Assignment
reports
4
2 and 4
100
Answer
scripts
1 to 4
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 & 3,
delivery of
the course
1,2,3, 4 & 5
effectivenes
s of delivery
of
instructions
and
assessment
methods
End of
course
Questionnai
re
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
00
00
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
20
20
Create
00
00
00
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
PROCESS CONTROL
Sub Code
Credit
: CH702
: 3:1:1
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: S. Swaminathan
Objectives: The student will
1. Understand a control system with various input functions, characteristics and
transfer functions
2. Know the behaviour of a control system for I and II order type
3. Understand different closed loop systems and Controllers (P, I, D and On Off
modes)
4. Study the transient response of above control systems
5. Learn the stability criteria - Routh and Bode root locus diagrams
6. Study advanced control techniques: (Cascade Control, Ratio control, Feed
forward)
7. Have practical training on control systems and their behaviour. Also have hands
on experience in handling automatic control systems of industrial importance.
Course content:
Unit I
First order systems: Thermometer, level, mixing tank, STR: Linearisation: I order
systems in series. Response for various input forcing functions.
Second order systems: Characteristics. Transfer functions. Response for various
input forcing functions. Transportation lag.
Unit II
Control System: Basic components, Servo and Regulator control.
Controllers: P,I,D and on-off modes. Controller combinations.
Final Control Elements: Valves, actuators, valve positioners,
characteristics.
Close Loop: Block diagram. Closed loop transfer function.
15
valve
Unit III
Transient response of servo and regulator control systems with various controller
modes and their characteristics.
Unit IV
Stability: Stability of linear control systems. Routh Test. Frequency Response
Bode diagrams, Bode criterion.
Control system Design by Frequency Response:. Gain and Phase margins.
Ziegler Nichols rules.
Root Locus: Root locus techniques, plotting.
Unit V
Controller tuning: Ziegler Nichols method, Cohen & Coon method.
Process Identification
Advanced Control Techniques: Introduction to Cascade Control, Ratio control, Feed
forward control, Adaptive control.
Thermometer
Single tank - Step Response
Non Interacting Tanks Step Response
Interacting Tanks Step Response
Pressure Tank
U Tube Manometer
Single tank - Impulse Response
Non Interacting Tanks Impulse Response
Interacting Tanks Impulse Response
Level/Flow/Pressure/pH/Temperature control P controller
Level/Flow/Pressure/pH/Temperature control PI controller
Level/Flow/Pressure/pH/Temperature control PD controller
Level/Flow/Pressure/pH/Temperature control PID controller
Valve characteristics.
Flapper Nozzle System
Valve Positioner.
1. Cougner, D.R., Process System Analysis and Control, 2nd Edition, McGraw
Hill, 1991.
2. Stephanopolous, G., Chemical Process Control- An Introduction to Theory and
Practice, Eastern Economy Edition, 2008.
Reference Book:
1. Harriott, Process Control, Tata McGraw Hill, 1982.
Course Delivery: Regular black board teaching, Power point presentations, laboratory work.
Indirect
Assessment
Methods
Standard
examination
Students feedback
Once
End of
course
(Answer any
5 of 10
questions)
Students Middle of
the course
End of
course
05
100
Evidence
collected
Blue Books
Record Note
Book
Course
Outcomes
1,2,3,5
1,2,3
Blue books
2,3
Assignment
reports
Answer
scripts
1,2,3,5
Feedback
forms
1 & 3,
delivery of
the course
1,2,3 & 4,
effectiveness
of delivery of
instructions
and
assessment
methods
Questionnai
re
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components such as:
Remembering
:
20%
Understanding
:
30%
17
2,3 and 5
Applying
Analysis
Evaluation
Create
:
:
:
:
20%
15%
10%
05%
18
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
j
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CH703
: 3:0:0
CIE
SEE
Contact Hrs
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
: 42
1. Learn basics of Cost estimation, Working Capital and Capital Investment and understand the
time value of money
2. Study depreciation methods and learn tax calculation methods
3. Learn the methods of estimation of profitability of an industry
4. Study the procedures adopted for Replacement and Selection from Alternatives.
5. Learn the importance of Cash flow diagrams and Break-even analysis.
6. Study the types of reports and inculcate Report writing skills along with its organization.
Course contents:
Unit I
Cost Analysis: Factors involved in project cost estimation, methods employed for the estimation
of the capital investment. Estimation of working capital. Time value of money and equivalence.
Unit II
Depreciation And Taxes: Depreciation calculation methods. Equivalence after taxes, Cost
comparison after taxes.
Unit III
Profitability: Methods for the evaluation of profitability. Break-even analysis.
Unit IV
Entrepreneur: Meaning of Entrepreneur; Evolution of the Concept, Functions of an
Entrepreneur, types of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship qualities, entrepreneurship development.
Small Scale Industry: Definition; Characteristics; Need and rationale: Scope; role of SSI in
Economic Development. Advantages of SSI. Steps to Start and SSI Government policy
towards SSI; Different Policies of S.S.I., Impact of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization
on S.S.I., IPR for entrepreneurs.
Unit V
Institutional Support: Different Schemes; TECKSOK; KIADB; KSSICE; KSIMC; DIC Single
Window Agency: SISI; NSIC; SIDBI; KSFC.
19
Frequency
Max
Marks
Evidence
Collected
Course
Outcome
Thrice (Average
Of The Best Two
Will Be
Computed)
30
Blue Books
1, 2 & 3
Once
10
Question Paper
Cum Answer
Scripts
2, 3 & 5
Assignment
Once
10
Blue Books
1, 2, 3 & 4
Standard
Examination
End Of Course
(Answer 5 From
10 Questions)
100
Answer Scripts
1, 2, 3 & 5
To
Whom
SEE
Surprise Test
Students
Feedback
End Of Course
Survey
Students
CIE
Internal
Assessment
Students
Indirect
Assessment
Methods
What
Middle Of The
Course
Feedback Forms
2, 3 & 5
(Delivery of
the course)
End Of Course
Questionnaire
1, 2, 3 & 5
(**)
20
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Remembering
:
15%
Understanding
25%
Applying
20%
Analysis
20%
Evaluation
15%
Create
05%
Learning
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
x
x
d
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
x
x
x
21
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
j
x
x
x
x
x
x
k
x
x
l
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE031
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinators: Ramasivakiran Reddy, Rajeswari M Kulkarni
Objectives: The student will
1. Learn characteristics of foods, perishability of unmodified foods and objectives
of preservation and processing of foods
2. Gain knowledge on Low temperature Preservation of foods and storage and
post-storage handling of foods, along with freezing techniques
3. Study High temperature methods of preservation of foods by heat treatment
4. Learn methods of Preservation by Dehydration with all relevant technological
aspects
5. Study all other information and methods of preservation of food by the addition
of agents, radiation and hurdle technology of preservation
Course content:
Unit I
Basic consideration: Aim and objectives of preservation and processing of foods,
characteristics of tissue and non-tissue foods, degree of perishability of unmodified
foods, causes of quality deterioration and spoilage of perishable foods,
Intermediate moisture foods, wastage of foods.
Unit II
Low temperature Preservation of foods:
Chilling temperatures:
Considerations relating to storage of foods at chilling temperature, applications and
procedures, controlled and modified atmosphere storage of foods, post-storage
handling of foods.
Freezing temperature: Freezing process, slow and fast freezing of foods and its
consequences, other occurrences associated with freezing of foods. Technological
aspects of pre-freezing, Actual freezing, frozen storage and thawing of foods.
Unit III
22
To
whom
Frequen
cy
23
Max
Mar
ks
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
30
Blue Books
1 to 5
Outcomes
10
Standard
examinati
on
100
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
1,2,
3,4and 5
1 to 5
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
24
10
Feedback
forms
1 to 3,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 6
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
30
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Know different characteristics of food along with the processing and preservation
methods
2. Apply the knowledge of unit operations in food processing & preservation of
different kinds of food.
3. Explain low temperature preservation systems and for storage of foods
4. Explain high temperature preservation of foods by heat treatment
5. Preserve foods by applying Dehydration technology
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
a
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
25
x
x
j
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE032
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Unit III
Multiphase bioreactors: Packed, fluidized and trickle bed reactor. Bubble column
reactor, design equations with their applications.
Fermentation Technology: Animal and Plant Cell Reactor Technology.
Mixed Cultures: Introduction. Major Classes of Interactions: Simple Models
describing mixed cultures, Industrial utilizations of mixed cultures.
Unit IV
Biological Waste Treatment: Methods, Conversion of waste water to useful
products.
Industrial Bioprocess: Anaerobic process: lactic acid, acetone-butanol
production. Aerobic Processes: Citric Acid, Bakers Yeast, High fructose corn
syrup production.
Unit V
Introduction to Genetic Engineering (GE): Aim. Techniques. Achievements and
prospects of GE;Translation & Transcription of genetic code. DNA Replication
and Mutation and Alteration of cellular DNA. Viruses and Phages. Genetic
manipulation: Plasmids. Recombinant DNA Technology.
Text Book:
1. Bailey and Ollis, Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, McGraw
Hill, 1976.
2. Shuler M L and Kargi F, Bioprocess Engineering, 2 nd Edition, Prentice Hall,
2002.
Reference Books:
1. Aiba, S., Biochemical Engineering, Academic Press, London, 1965.
2. Atkinson, A., Biochemical Reactors, Pion Ltd, London. 1975.
3. Pelczar, Microbiology Concept and Application, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill,
2001 Reprint.
4. Doran, P.M., Bioprocess Engineering Principles, Academic Press.
5. Assessment and Evaluation vis--vis Course Outcomes:
6.
What
To
Frequenc Max
Evidence
whom
y
Mark collected
s
Internal
Student Thrice
30
Blue Books
Direct
C
Assessment s
(Average
Assessmen I
Test
of the best
t
E
two will
Methods
be
computed)
27
Course
Outcomes
1 to 9
Outcomes
SE
E
Indirect
Assessmen
t
Methods
Assignment
Two
10
Quiz
one
10
Standard
examinatio
n
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions)
Middle of
the course
100
Students feedback
End of course
survey
Student
s
End of
course
7.
28
Assignment
reports
Exam Papers
Answer
scripts
Feedback
forms
Questionnair
e
1 to 9
2 to 9
Outcomes
1 to 9
Outcomes
1 to 4,
delivery of
the course
1 to 9
effectivenes
s of delivery
of
instructions
and
assessment
methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
c
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
d
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
29
j
x
x
x
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
l
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Sub Code
Credit
: CHPE033
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: K.A. Badarinarayana
Objectives: The student will
1. Learn the Fundamentals: Faradays laws, mechanism of conduction in solids,
fluids, ionic melts, metals and semiconductors.
2. Study different electrode processes and their kinetics along with double layer
theory
3. Learn applications of Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes and
Polarography.
4. Study mechanisms of Electrode deposition of metals and alloys
5. Learn use and principles of working of different cells: Primary, Secondary and
Fuel Cells.
6. Study the methods of Corrosion and its prevention.
7. Learn methods of Electro winning, Environmental electrochemistry. Bio-electro
chemistry with typical examples
Course content:
Unit I
Introduction to theoretical aspects: Faradays laws, mechanism of conduction in
solids, liquids and gases and in ionic melts. Conduction in metals and
semiconductors.
Unit II
Reversible electrodes and potentials, electrode processes and electrode kinetics.
Various types of overpotentials. Polarisation. Butler-volmer for one electron and
mute electron steps. Models of electrical Double layer.
Unit III
Applied aspects: Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes. Polaroraphy.
Unit IV
Electrode deposition of metals and alloys.
Primary, Secondary and Fuel Cells.
30
Unit V
Corrosion and its prevention. Electro winning. Electro organic and inorganic
synthesis (and some typical examples). Environmental electrochemistry. Bioelectro chemistry.
Text Books:
1. Bockris, J.O.M., & Reddy, A.K.N., Modern Electrochemistry, Vol.1 & 2,
Plenum, New York.
2. Kuhn, Industrial Electrochemical Processes, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Reference Books:
1. Lingane, J.J., Electro Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley, New York.
2. Potter, E.C., Electrochemistry, Principles and Applications, Cleaverhume Press,
London.
3. Baizer, M.M., Marcel Dekker, Organic Electrochemistry, John Wiley, New
York.
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
End of
course
31
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 7
Outcomes
10
10
100
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
1,2,
3,4and 5
1 to 7
Outcomes
1 to 7
Outcomes
on
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
32
Feedback
forms
1 to 4,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 7
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
00
00
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
20
20
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Explain different fundamental laws of electro chemical technology
2. Derive different kinetic theories of electrode processes
3. Apply potentiometric and polarographic principles to practical systems
4. Design a simple methodologies for metals and alloys deposition on surfaces
5. Put into practice Primary, Secondary and Fuel Cells
6. Apply the principles of corrosion and its prevention to different environmental
conditions in a chemical process industry
7. Understand and explain the principles involved in Environmental electrochemistry.
Bio-electro chemistry
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
33
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
34
x
x
x
x
j
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
PROCESS OPTIMIZATION
Sub Code
Credit
: CHPE034
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: Brijesh, Ramasivakiran Reddy
Objectives: The student will
1. Learn to develop mathematical model for problems.
2. Study concepts of optimization for unconstrained function.
3. Learn numerical methods to optimize problems.
4. Study multivariable optimization.
5. Learn linear programming and its applications.
Course content:
Unit I
The Nature and Organization of Optimization Problems: Scope and Hierarchy,
Applications, General procedure, obstacles.
Developing models for optimization: Classifications of models, building models,
selecting functions to fit empirical data, factorial experimental design, degrees of
freedom.
Unit II
Formulation of objective function: Economic objective function, time value of
money in objective function.
Basic concepts of optimization: Function continuity, NLP programming,
convexity and its application, quadratic approximation, conditions for extremum of
an unconstrained function.
Unit III
Optimization of unconstrained function: One dimensional search: Numerical
methods for optimization a function with one variable, scanning and bracketing
procedure, polynomial approximation methods.
Unit IV
35
Text Book:
1. Edgar, T.F., Himmelblau, D.M., Ladson, L.S., Optimization of Chemical
Processes, Mc Graw Hill
Reference Book:
1. Rose, L.M., Applications of Mathematical Modeling to Process Development
and Design, Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London.
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 4
Outcomes
20
100
Assignmen
t reports
Answer
scripts
1,2, 3,4
1 to 4
Outcomes
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
Feedback
forms
1 to 2,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 4
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
10
10
10
Understanding
20
20
20
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
10
10
10
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Develop mathematical models for chemical engineering problems.
2. Optimize functions with single variable using numerical methods.
3. Optimize multivariable problems using numerical methods.
4. Understand linear programming and their applications.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
37
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
38
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE035
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 5
Outcomes
Assignme
nt
SE
E
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Standard
examinati
on
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
Two
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
41
20
Assignmen
t reports
2, 3,4and
5
100
Answer
scripts
1 to 5
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 to 3,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 5
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
10
10
10
Understanding
20
20
20
Applying
40
30
30
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Apply the shell balance method and similarly use the continuity & transport
equations to simple chemical engineering problems
2. Develop the models for practical engineering problems of mass transfer
3. Develop the strategies for development of models for momentum and heat transfer
applications
4. Apply the methods for the transport problems involving reactions also.
5. Apply tools for flow charting, parameter estimation and modular approach
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Programme Outcomes
Educational a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
42
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE041
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: Ravi Sadasivan
Objectives: The student will
1. Student learn about the different classification of polymer and rubbers and their
strength properties
2. He develops and awareness of melt processing as well as low temperature
casting process for thermosplastics and thermosets.
.
3. He develops a understanding of various shape forming process like injection
moulding, extrusion compression moulding, thermoforming, film blowing etc
based on end use requirement.
4. He is capable of developing mathematical formulations for through put for a
given requirement.
5. He is capable of subjecting the plastic materials to appropriate test for
suitability for a given application.
Course content:
Unit I
Principles of processing of polymers: Melt processing of thermoplastics.
Classification of processes. Thermoset plasting processing, crystallization,
orientation & shrinkage, co polymers blendings, compounding for engineering
application, stress strain behavior, WLF equation, practical assessment for long
term behavior.
Unit II
Polymer extrusion: Requirements of Polymer for extrusion. Single screw and
double screw plasticating extruder zones in extrusion, breaker plates, extruder
screw, power calculation. PVC extruder. Die and calibration equipment prime
mover for extrusion, co extrusion, extrusion coating, extrusion film blowing
reactive extrusion. Extrusion blow moulding for PET bottles, wire drawing-PVC,
spinning various types and applications. Application of various extruded
products. Rheological aspects of extrusion and extrusion defects. Operational and
43
Unit IV
Compression moulding: Applications. Principles. Comparison with other
processing methods. Derivation of compression mould thickness or compaction
force. Transfer moulding.
Calendering: Characteristics of polymer for calendering. Principles and operation
of calendaring. Derivation of film thickness and pressure required for rollers.
Guage control during calendaring. Application of PVC calendered products.
Unit V
Thermoforming: Basic principles. Vacuum forming. Pressure forming.
Description of operations. Product design. Application. Derivation of
thermoformed product thickness.
Rotational moulding: Principles. Operation & applications. Thickeness. Cooling
calculations.
Testing of plastics: Thermal, electrical, optical, mechanical properties testing.
Text Books:
1. Johnes, M., Principles of Polymer Processing, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
2. Crawford, R.J., Plastic Engineering, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Hienemann, 1998.
Reference Books:
1. McCrum, N.G., Buckley, C.P., Principles of Polymer Engineering, Oxford
Press, 1988.
2. Manas Chandha, Polymer Materials Vol 1,2 & 3, Springer.
Assessment and Evaluation vis--vis Course Outcomes:
44
What
Direct
Asses
sment
Meth
ods
C
I
E
Intern
al
Asses
sment
Test
To
wh
om
Freq
uenc
y
Stu
dent
s
Thric
e
(Aver
age
of the
best
two
will
be
comp
uted)
Two
Assig
nment
S
E
E
Indire
ct
Asses
sment
Meth
ods
Stand
ard
exami
nation
Students
feedback
End
of
cours
e
(Ans
wer
any 5
of 10
questi
ons)
Middl
e of
the
cours
e
End
of
cours
e
Stu
dent
s
End of
course
survey
45
M
ax
M
ar
ks
30
Eviden
ce
collect
ed
Cours
e
Outco
mes
Blue
Books
1 to 5
Outco
mes
20
Assign
ment
reports
2,
3,4and
5
10
0
Answer
scripts
1 to 5
Outco
mes
Feedba
ck
forms
1 to3,
deliver
y of
the
course
1 to 5
effecti
veness
of
deliver
y of
Questio
nnaire
instruc
tions
and
assess
ment
metho
ds
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
TestTest-3
2
Remembering
Understanding
Applying
20
20
30
00
10
20
00
10
20
Analysis
Evaluation
Create
30
00
00
40
20
00
40
20
00
Outcomes :
1. Student is able to assess and use requirement a choose a suitable polymer for a material of
fabrication
2. Student will be able to study a product design and production rate and choose an
appropriate shaping operation
3. Student would be capable of testing the manufactured product for a suitability
4. Student would be capable of making modification to moulds and dies for product
development
5. Student would be capable of suggesting packaging solutions
46
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
Programme Outcomes
b
c
d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE042
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: Brijesh, Ramasivakiran Reddy
Objectives: The student will
1. Learn the basic concepts of interface with examples
2. Study the generalized equation for excess pressure across different surfaces
3. Learn different methods of interfacial tension measurement
4. Learn concepts of Kinetics of spreading, contact angle hysteresis.
5. Study the concepts of electrical aspects of surfaces
6. Study different types of surfactants , thermodynamic and mass transfer
considerations.
Unit I
Introduction: Concept of Interface and its formation with examples. Mechanical
and Thermodynamic approaches to Interface. Equivalence in the concepts of
47
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
To
whom
Frequen
cy
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
49
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 6
Outcomes
10
10
100
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
Feedback
forms
2, 3,4and
5
1 to 6
Outcomes
1 to 6
Outcomes
1 to 4,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 6
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
10
10
10
Understanding
30
30
30
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Explain mechanical and thermodynamic approaches to interface
2. Derive the equation for excess pressure across different surfaces
3. Explain different methods of interfacial tension measurement.
4. Explain concepts of Kinetics of spreading, contact angle hysteresis.
5. Explain aspects of electrical aspects of surfaces
6. Explain thermodynamic and mass transfer considerations of surfactants
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
50
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE043
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: V. Sravanthi, Rajeswari M. Kulkarni
Objectives: The student will
1. Learn the fundamentals of adsorptive separations and modeling
2. Study the Pressure swing & thermal swing adsorption, Counter current
separations.
3. Study the basic concepts and design procedures of chromatographic columns.
4. Learn different membrane separation technological processes and their design
5. Study the surfactant based separations
6. Learn super critical fluid extraction process with examples
7. Study the principles of electric, magnetic and centrifugal separation processes.
Course contents:
Unit I
Adsorptive separations: Review of fundamentals. Mathematical modeling of
column factors. Pressure swing & thermal swing adsorption. Counter current
separations.
Unit II
Chromatography: Chromatography fundamentals. Different types. Gradient &
affinity chromatography. Design Calculations for chromatographic columns.
Unit III
Membrane separation processes: Thermodynamic considerations. Mass transfer
considerations. Design of RO &UF. Ion selective membranes. Micro filtration.
51
Text Books:
1. Rousseu, R.W., Handbook of Separation Process Technology, John Wiley &
Sons.
2. Seader.J.D., Separation Process Principles, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons.
Reference Books:
1. Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th Edition,2007.
2. Wankat, P.C., Rate Controlled Separations, Springer, 2005.
3. Wankat, P. C., Large Scale Adsorption Chromatography, CRC Press, 1986.
4. Sourirajan, S. & Matsura, T., Reverse Osmosis and Ultra Filtration Process
Principle, NRC Publication, Ottawa, 1985.
5. McHugh, M. A. & Krukonis, V. J., Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Butterworth,
1985.
Course Delivery: Regular black board teaching and Power point presentations.
Assessment and Evaluation vis--vis Course Outcomes:
What
To
Frequency
Max
whom
Marks
Internal
Students Thrice
30
Direct CIE
Assessme
(Average of
Assess
nt Test
the best two
ment
will be
Metho
computed)
ds
52
Evidence
collected
Blue Books
Course
Outcomes
1,3,4
SEE
Indire
ct
Assess
ment
Metho
ds
Assignme
nt
Standard
examinati
on
Students feedback
Once
End of
course
(Answer any
5 of 10
questions)
Students Middle of
the course
05
100
Assignment
reports
Answer
scripts
1 and 4
Feedback
forms
1 & 3,
delivery of
the course
2,3 and 4
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Remembering
:
15%
Understanding
:
25%
Applying
:
20%
Analysis
:
20%
Evaluation
:
15%
Create
:
05%
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION
Sub Code
Credit
: CHPE044
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Course content:
Unit I
Phase Equilibria:
For Multi component distillation. Thermodynamic
relationships for multi component mixture, prediction of phase equilibria.Use of
fugacities and activities. Introduction to the method of convergence characteristics.
The Theta method for converging temperature. Profile-Development & application
to conventional distillation columns. The 2N Newton-Raphson methodIntroduction and the Algorithm. The method of successive approximations.
Unit II
Methods of multicomponent distillation: Azeotropic and extractive distillation
process- qualitative characteristics and applications.
Unit III
Phase behaviours at constant pressure: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
azeotropes.
Unit IV
54
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
55
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 5
Outcomes
10
10
100
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
2, 3,4and
5
1 to 5
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
Feedback
forms
1 to 3,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 5
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
10
10
10
Understanding
20
20
20
Applying
30
30
30
Analysis
30
30
30
Evaluation
10
10
10
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Predict phase equilibria and determine thermodynamic properties
2. Apply numerical methods to determine parameters for multicomponent distillation
3. Understand different types of multicomponent distillation
4. Understand reactive distillation and applications
5. Determine the number of stages for multicomponent distillation.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
56
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
57
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE045
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: V. Venkatesham, S. Swaminathan
Objectives: The student will study
1. Basic laws for formulation of mathematical models
2. Methods to solve the chemical engineering problems on ordinary differential
equations
3. Methods of solving partial differential equations related to chemical
engineering
4. Applications of numerical techniques, finite differences and laplace transforms
in chemical engineering
Course content:
Unit 1
Mathematical Formulation of the Physical Problems: Applications of laws of
conservation of mass, energy. Statement of the problem. Modeling. Examples and
problems.
Unit II
Ordinary Differential Equations: Formulations of ordinary differential equations
involving chemical engineering problems. Solutions- Equations of first order and
first degree. Solutions - Equations of first order and second degree. Bernoulli
equation. Euler equation. Simultaneous linear differential equations.
Unit III
Partial Differential Equations: Formulations of partial differential equations
involving chemical engineering problems. Solutions. Fourier series.
Unit IV
58
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
59
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 3
Outcomes
20
Assignmen
t reports
1 to 3
100
Answer
scripts
1 to 3
Outcomes
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
Studen
ts
)
Middle
of the
course
End of
course
60
Feedback
forms
1 to 2,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 3
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
10
10
10
Understanding
20
20
20
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
30
30
Evaluation
10
20
20
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Formulate mathematical models for chemical engineering problems
2. Apply numerical methods to find the solutions to complex problems in chemical
engineering
3. Analyze chemical engineering problems through solutions to mathematical models
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OPEN ELECTIVE-I
Sub Code
Credit
: OE-I
: 3:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
DESIGN PROJECT
Sub Code
Credit
: CH704
: 0:0:2
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Direct
C
Assessme I
nt
E
Methods
Presentati
ons
Viva
To
whom
Frequen Max
cy
Mar
ks
Studen Once
30
ts
One
62
20
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Report
1 to 5
Outcomes
--
1 to 5
Presentati
on and
viva
Indirect Students
Assessme feedback
nt
Methods
End of course
survey
SE
E
One
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
100
Answer
scripts
1 to 5
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 to 3,
delivery
of the
course
Questionna 1 to 5
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery
of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
00
00
00
Understanding
20
20
20
Applying
30
30
30
Analysis
20
20
20
Evaluation
20
20
20
Create
10
10
10
Outcome : The student should be able to
1. Students should carry out literature review for any process in chemical engineering
2. Write material and energy balance for a process
3. Carry out computational and economic analysis
4. Write precise project reports with appropriate reference
5. Present the work progress from time to time with the results obtained
63
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
Programme Outcomes
b
c d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
64
x
x
x
x
x
: CH705
: 0:0:0
: Nil
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: All faculty
Course objective: The student will
1. Get exposed to practical aspects in chemical industry
2. Learn to understand working environment in chemical industry
3. Learn safety aspects and environmental concerns
Students are required to carry out training in a chemical industry for not less than
two weeks or Visit at least five chemical industries between sixth and seventh
semester. They are required to submit a report on the same.
Report
Direct
C
Assessmen I submissio
n
t
E
Methods
To
whom
Frequenc
y
Student
s
Once
65
Blooms Level
Remembering
Understanding
Applying
Analysis
Evaluation
Create
00
40
40
10
00
10
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
66
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
conduction in a cooling fin; Numerical problems using the equations derived in the above heat
transfer situations.
Unit IV
Concentration Distributions in Laminar Flow: Numerical problems on FLD; Steady state
Shell mass balances. General Boundary conditions applicable to mass transport problems;
Diffusion through stagnant gas and liquid films. Equimolar counter diffusion. Numerical
problems.
Unit V
Analogies between Momentum, Heat and Mass Transport: Applications of Reynolds,
Prandtl analogies.
Equations of Change: Equation of continuity Equation of motion; Navier Stokes equation and
application
Text Book:
1. Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, John Wiley, 1994.
Reference Books:
1. Welty, Wicks and Wilson, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transport, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley, 1983.
2. Mujumdar, A.S., Advances in Transport Processes, Vol 1, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1980
Indir
Standar
d
examina
tion
68
Answer
scripts
Feedback delivery
ect
Asses
smen End of course
t
survey
Meth
ods
ts
the course
forms
End of
course
Question
naire
of the
course
effectiven
ess of
delivery
of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components such as:
Remembering
:
15%
Understanding
:
25%
Applying
:
20%
Analysis
:
20%
Evaluation
:
15%
Create
:
05%
Course Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Explain different fundamental laws of transport and know the behaviour of transport
properties to changes in operating conditions
2. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical flow
situations
3. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical heat transfer
problems
4. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical mass
transfer situations
5. Apply transport equations to any kind of physical problem and develop mathematical
equations representing the physics
69
j
x
x
x
x
x
x
: CHOE04
: 3:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Unit I
Introduction To Process Integration: Graphical Techniques. Overall mass
targeting.
Unit II
Synthesis Of Mass Exchange Network: . Graphical approach. Direct recycle
strategies.
Unit III
Visualization Strategies: for development of mass integrated system. Algebraic
approach to targeting direct recycles.
Unit IV
Algebraic Approach: to targeting mass exchange. Network. Recycle strategies
using property integration.
70
Unit V
Heat Integration : Synthesis of Heat Exchange Networks (HENs), Heat Exchange
Pinch Diagram, Screening of Multiple Utilities Using the Grand Composite
Representation
Text Books:
1. Smith, R., Chemical Process Design & Integration , Wiley, 2005.
2. Mahmoud. M., El Hawalgi, Process Integration, Elsevier, 2006.
Reference Book:
1. Kemp, I.C, Pinch Analysis and Process Integration - A User Guide on Process
Integration for Efficient Use of Energy, 2nd Edition, Butterworth Heinneman,
2006.
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
Indirect
Assessme
nt
To
whom
Frequen
cy
71
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 4
Outcomes
10
100
Assignmen
t reports
Answer
scripts
Feedback
forms
1 to 4
1 to 4
Outcomes
1 to 2,
delivery of
the course
Methods
End of course
survey
End of
course
72
Questionna
ire
1 to 4
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
00
00
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
20
20
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Explain the need for Mass and Heat integration in chemical industries.
2. Calculate the minimum amount of heat required in heat integration and minimum
quantity of fresh reactant require in mass integration by graphical and algebraic
methods..
3. Calculate the minimum fresh solvent required in mass exchange networks by
graphical and algebraic methods.
4. Optimization of mass and heat integration by Linear programming method.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
73
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Sub Code
Credit
Prerequisite
: CH801
: 3:1:0
: Nil
CIE
SEE
Contact Hrs
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
: 70
Course contents:
Unit I
Introduction: Momentum Energy and Mass Transport Newtons law of viscosity (NLV).
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids. Fouriers law of heat conduction (FLHC). Ficks law of
diffusion (FLD).Effect of temperature and pressure on transport properties of fluids. Numerical
problems on the application and use of NLV, FLHC and FLD.
Unit II
Velocity Distribution in Laminar Flow: Steady state Shell momentum balances, Flow over a
flat plate, Flow through a circular tube and Annulus, Flow between parallel plates and a slit.
Numerical problems on the above situations.
Flow of falling film on outside of a circular tube, annular flow with inner cylinder moving, Non
Newtonian flow in a tube and over flat plate (Power law and Bingham fluids)
Unit III
74
Balances, Different situations of heat transfer: Heat conduction with internal generation by
electrical, nuclear, viscous energy sources. Heat conduction in a cooling fin: Forced and free
convection heat transfer. Numerical problems.
Unit IV
Concentration Distributions in Laminar Flow: Concepts and definitions on transport
velocities in a multicomponent system, Steady state Shell mass balances. Diffusion through
stagnant gas and liquid films (isothermal and non isothermal films). Equimolar counter diffusion.
Numerical problems.
Diffusion with homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction. Diffusion into falling film Forced
convection mass transfer.
Unit V
Analogies between Momentum, Heat and Mass Transport: Reynolds, Prandtls and Chilton
& Colburn analogies. Numerical problems.
Equations of Change: Equation of continuity Equation of motion; Navier Stokes equation.
Application of these equations in solving simple steady state problems previously discussed.
Text Book:
1. Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, John Wiley, 1994.
Reference Books:
1. Welty, Wicks and Wilson, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transport, 3rd
Edition, John Wiley, 1983.
2. Mujumdar, A.S., Advances in Transport Processes, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1980.
Course Delivery: Regular black board teaching, Power point presentations
75
Evidence
collected
Blue
Books
Course
Outcomes
1,2,3,4,5,6
Blue
Books
Assignme
nt reports
Answer
scripts
5 and 6
1,2and 3
1,2,3,4,5
and 6
Feedback
forms
1,2 & 3,
delivery of
the course
Questionn 1,2,3 ,4,5,6
aire
effectivenes
s of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessment
methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Remembering
:
10%
Understanding
:
30%
Applying
:
25%
Analysis
:
20%
Evaluation
:
10%
Create
:
05%
Course Outcomes: The student should be able to
1. Explain different fundamental laws of transport and know the behaviour of transport
properties to changes in operating conditions
2. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical flow
situations
3. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical heat
transfer problems
76
4. Derive mathematical equations by shell balance technique for different practical mass
transfer situations
5. Apply transport equations to any kind of physical problem and develop mathematical
equations
6. Explain and apply different analogies to common chemical engineering problems
77
k
x
l
x
x
x
: CHPE051
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Unit III
Processing Techniques: Mechanical volume reduction. Thermal volume
reduction. Component separation. Land filling and land forming. Deep well
injection.
78
Unit IV
Material recovery: Mechanical size alteration. Electromagnetic separation.
Drying and dewatering. Other material recovery systems. Recovery of biological
conversion products. Recovery of thermal conversion products.
Energy recovery: Energy recovery systems and efficiency factors. Determination
of output and efficiency. Details of energy recovery systems. Combustion
incineration and heat recovery. Gasification and pyrolysis. Refuse derived fuels
(RDF).
Unit V
Case studies: Major industries and management methods used in typical industries
Coal fired power stations, textile industry, oil refinery, distillery, sugar industry,
and radioactive waste generation units.
Text Books:
1. Howard S. Peavy, Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill International
Edition, 1986.
2. Dutta, Industrial Solid Water Management and Land Filling Practice, Narose
Publishing House, 1999.
Reference Books:
1. Sastry C.A., Waste Treatment Plants, Narose Publishing House, 1995.
2. Lagrega, Hazardous Waste Management, McGraw Hill, 1994.
C
I
E
Internal
Assessment
Test
Assignment
Quiz
SEE Standard
examination
To
Frequency
whom
Students Thrice
(Average
of the best
two will be
computed)
Two
Max
Evidence
Marks collected
30
Blue Books
Course
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
10
2, 3,4and 5
one
10
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of 10
questions)
100
79
Assignment
reports
Exam Papers
Answer
scripts
1 to 5
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
Course
Indirect
Assessment
Methods
Programme Outcomes
Students feedback
Students Middle of
the course
Feedback
forms
1 to 2,
delivery of
the course
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
End of course
survey
End of
course
80
Questionnaire
1 to 5
effectiveness
of delivery
of
instructions
and
assessment
methods
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
c
x
x
x
x
x
e
x
x
x
x
x
f
x
x
x
x
x
h
x
x
x
x
x
81
j
x
x
x
x
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
l
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE052
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course co-ordinator: S. Swaminathan, V. Sravanthi
Objectives: The student will
1. To acquire knowledge of proto types, models, principle of similarity
2. Study the physical, static, dynamic, thermal and chemical similarity
3. Understand the principle of dimensional analysis and develop differential
equation based on physical and chemical laws
4. Understand the regime concept and criteria for static dynamic process and
extrapolate the process taking into account boundary effect
5. Learn to develop scale up techniques for chemical engineering unit operations
and process for both batch a continuous process.
Course content:
Unit I
Introduction: Concept of prototypes, models, scale ratios, element. Principles of
similarity: Geometric similarity. Distorted similarity. Static, dynamic, kinematics,
thermal and chemical similarity with examples.
Unit II
Dimensional analysis: (Review of Rayleighs, Buckingham methods),
Differential equation for static systems, flow systems, thermal systems, mass
transfer processes, chemical processes-homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Unit III
Regime concept: Static regime. Dynamic regime. Mixed regime concepts. Criteria
to decide the regimes. Equations for scale criteria of static, dynamic processes,
Extrapolation. Boundary effects.
Unit IV
82
Scale up: Mixing process, agitated vessel, Chemical reactor systemsHomogeneous reaction systems. Reactor for fluid phase processes catalysed by
solids. Fluid-fluid reactors.
Unit V
Stagewise mass transfer processes. Continuous mass transfer processes. Scale up
of momentum and heat transfer systems. Environmental challenges of scale up.
Text Books:
1. Bisio, A., Kabel, R.L., Scale up of Chemical Processes, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Johnstone and Thring, Pilot Plants, Models and scale up method in Chemical
Engineering.
Reference Book:
1. Ibrahim and Kuloor, Pilot Plants and Scale up Studies, IISc.
C
I
E
Internal
Assessment
Test
Assignment
Quiz
SEE Standard
examination
Indirect
Assessment
Methods
Students feedback
End of course
survey
To
Frequency
whom
Students Thrice
(Average
of the best
two will be
computed)
Two
one
Max
Evidence
Marks collected
30
Blue Books
Course
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
10
2, 3,4and 5
10
End of
course
(Answer
any 5 of 10
questions)
Students Middle of
the course
End of
course
83
100
Assignment
reports
Exam Papers
Answer
scripts
Feedback
forms
Questionnaire
1 to 5
Outcomes
1 to 5
Outcomes
1 to 3,
delivery of
the course
1 to 5
effectiveness
of delivery
of
instructions
and
assessment
methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
20
20
Create
00
00
00
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
b
x
x
x
x
x
c
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
f
g
h
i
e
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
84
j
x
x
k
x
x
x
x
x
l
x
x
x
x
x
: CHPE053
: 4:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Unit I
Introduction and need for impact assessment. Legislation and pollution control
acts and Regulations.
Methodologies-collection of data and analysis, cost benefit analysis.
Unit II
Applications of Impact assessment methods in specific developed projects,
advantages and disadvantages of different methods, Applicability of specific
methods with examples.
Unit III
85
Impact assessment report contents for the developmental projects like thermal
power projects, refinery process and chemical process industries.
Unit IV
Ranking of impacts, concepts and contents of environmental management plan.
Environmental audits, waste audit, life cycle assessment, industrial symbiosis.
Unit V
Clean technology Option: Clean technology: Clean technology and clean up
technology, material reuse, waste reduction at source and clean synthesis.
Text books:
1. Unwin, EIA, theory and practice, Hyman Ltd., 1988.
2. Larry W. Carter, EIA, Mc Graw Hill book Co., 1997.
Reference Books:
1. Environmental Health and Safety Auditing Handbook, McGraw Hill, Inc., New
York, 1994.
2. Clean Technology and Environment, Edited by RC Kirkwood and A J Longley,
Chapman & Hall, 1995.
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
End of
course
86
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 6
Outcomes
10
10
100
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
2, 3,4and
5
1 to 6
Outcomes
1 to 6
Outcomes
on
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
Feedback
forms
1 to 4,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 6
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
10
10
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
10
10
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: On successful completion of this course the students will be able to
1. Explain the need for environment and ecology of terrestrial atmospheric and marine
system.
2. Explain interconnectedness and consequences of all human activities and need of
clean technology.
3. Explain perspective of short term and long term impact of human activities.
4. Collect data analyze and prepare a report of impact assessment.
5. Explain legal procedure to get clearance from legal authorities.
6. Explain alternative cleaner technologies and advantages of employing them.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
87
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
88
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY
Sub Code
Credit
: CHPE054
: 3:0:0
CIE
SEE
: 50 Marks
: 50 Marks
Unit IV
Optical Microscope and their description, operational principle and application for
analysis of nanomaterials, UV-VIS-IR Spectrophotometers, Principle of operation
and application for band gap measurement.
Unit V
Nanolithography and nanomanipulation, E beam lithography and SEM based
nanolithography and nanomanipulation, Ion beam lithography, oxidation and
metallization. Mask and its application. Deep UV lithography, X-ray based
lithography.
Reference Books:
1. Mark James Jackson, Microfabrication and Nanomanufacturing, CRC Press,
2005.
2. Principe, E. L., Gnauck, P. and Hoffrogge, P., A Three Beam Approach to
TEM Preparation Using In-situ Low Voltage Argon Ion Final Milling in a FIBSEM Instrument Microscopy and Microanalysis, 11: 830-831 Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
3. Shaw, L.L., Processing & properties of structural nano materials, John Wiley
and Sons, 2010.
4. Narayanan, K.V., Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics,
Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2001.
Direct
Assessme
nt
Methods
C
I
E
SE
E
To
whom
Frequen
cy
Max Evidence
Course
Mar collected Outcomes
ks
30 Blue Books
1 to 5
Outcomes
20
100
Assignmen
t reports
Answer
scripts
2, 3,4and
5
1 to 5
Outcomes
on
Indirect
Assessme
nt
Methods
Students
feedback
End of course
survey
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
Feedback
forms
1 to 3,
delivery of
the course
Questionna
1 to 5
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
30
30
Analysis
30
30
30
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Understand the underlying thermodynamic principles
2. Determine the thermodynamic equilibrium
3. Understand the methods of fabrications and applications of nanomaterials
4. Understand principle and operations of applied analytical instruments
5. Understand lithography and its applications.
91
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Programme Outcomes
e
f
g
h
i
x
x
92
: CHPE055
: 4:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course coordinator: G.M. Madhu, Archna
Objectives: The students will study
1. Theoretical insight and skills required to plan, implement, analyse, and report a
scientific experiment.
2. Scientific writing, reviewing, and presentation of texts.
Course content:
Unit I
Research Methodology: Introduction, Defining the research problem, research
design.
Unit II
Method of data collection: Sampling design. Measurement and scaling
techniques, methods of data collection, sampling fundamentals.
Unit III
Data Analysis: Processing and analysis of data, Testing of Hypotheses
parametric), Chi-square test, Analysis of variance and covariance.
Unit IV
Data Analysis: Testing of hypotheses (non-parametric), Techniques of
multivariate analysis.
Unit V
Report writing and Presentation: Interpretation of results and report writing.
Text Books:
1. Kothari, C.K., Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, 2nd
Edition, 2012 Reprint.
93
2.
To
whom
Frequen Max
cy
Mar
ks
Internal
Studen Thrice
30
Direct
C
Assessme ts
(Average
Assessme I
nt Test
of
the
nt
E
best two
Methods
will be
compute
d)
Assignme
Two
20
nt
End of 100
SE Standard
examinati
course
E
on
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
Indirect Students
ts
of
the
Assessme feedback
course
nt
Methods End of course
End of
survey
course
94
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Blue Books 1 to 3
Outcomes
Assignmen 1 to 3
t reports
Answer
1 to 3
scripts
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 to 2,
delivery of
the course
Questionna 1 to 3
ire
effectiven
ess
of
delivery of
instruction
s
and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
00
00
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
20
20
Analysis
30
40
40
Evaluation
00
20
20
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The student will be able to
1. Explain and apply techniques for scientific writing and research methodology to
prepare the writing of a scientific report.
2.
Perform investigation using methods, explain and take position on the results as
well as summarize related work
3.
Apply the knowledge in scientific writing and research methodology and use the
knowledge to write a scientific report.
Course
Educational a
Objectives
1
2
Programme Outcomes
b
c d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
95
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Sub Code
Credit
: HSS802
: 2:0:0
CIE : 50 Marks
SEE : 50 Marks
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course coordinator: K.A. Badarinarayana, Ravi Sadasivan
Objectives: The students will study
1. Principles of management and its functional area.
2. Objectives of planning and steps involved.
3. Types of organization, departmentation and span of control.
4. Process of selection and recruitment.
5. Leadership and motivation.
6. Coordination and control systems.
Course content:
Unit I
Management: Introduction: Meaning nature and characteristics of Management,
Scope and functional areas of management Management as a science, art or
profession Management & Administration Roles of Management, Levels of
Management.
Unit II
Planning: Nature, importance and purpose of planning process Objectives
Types of plans (Meaning only) Decision making Importance of planning
Steps in planning & planning premises Hierarchy of plans.
Unit III
Organizing And Staffing: Nature and purpose of organization Principles of
organization Types of organization Departmentation Committees
Centralization Vs Decentralization of authority and responsibility Span of control
MBO and MBE(Meaning only). Nature and importance of Staffing Process of
Selection & Recruitment (in brief).
Unit IV
Directing & Controlling: Meaning and nature of directing Leadership styles,
Motivation Theories, Communication Meaning and importance.
96
Unit V
Directing & Controlling: Coordination, meaning and importance and Techniques
of Co ordination. Meaning and steps in controlling Essentials of a sound
control system Methods of establishing control (in brief).
Text Books:
1. Tripathi, P.C., Reddy, P.N., Principles of Management, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Koontz , H., Principles of Management, McGraw Hill, 2004.
Reference Books:
1. Lusier, R., Thomson, Management Fundamentals Concepts, Application,
Skill Development.
2. Robbins, S., Management, Pearson Education/PHI, 17th Edition, 2003.
Direct
C
Assessme I
nt
E
Methods
SE
E
Frequen Max
cy
Mar
ks
Internal
Studen Thrice
30
Assessme ts
(Average
nt Test
of the
best two
will be
compute
d)
Assignme
Two
10
nt
Quiz
one
10
Standard
examinati
on
Indirect Students
Assessme feedback
To
whom
End of
100
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
97
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Blue Books 1 to 6
Outcomes
Assignmen
t reports
Exam
Papers
Answer
scripts
2, 3,4and
5
1 to 6
Outcomes
1 to 6
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 to 4,
delivery of
nt
Methods
End of course
survey
course
the course
End of
course
Questionna 1 to 6
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
98
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Test-1
Test-2
Test-3
Remembering
20
20
20
Understanding
20
10
10
Applying
30
40
40
Analysis
30
20
20
Evaluation
00
00
00
Create
00
00
00
Outcomes: The students will be able to
1. Understand the role of management and its functions.
2. Understand importance and steps in planning.
3. Understand authority and responsibility, process of recruitment.
4. Explain leadership and motivation theories.
5. Understand modes and barriers in communication.
6. Explain importance and methods of control systems.
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
Programme Outcomes
b
c d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
99
PROJECT WORK
Sub Code
Credit
: CH803
: 0:0:12
Pre-requisite: Nil
Course coordinator: Archna
Objective: The student will
1. Identify the upcoming areas of chemical engineering.
2. Plan experimental or theoretical work using multidisciplinary knowledge
3. Apply the mathematical, computational engineering and economics knowledge
for practical problems
4. Usage of various instrumental techniques
5. Interact with industry and research canters
6. Understanding the principle of working in teams and the concept of team
leadership
7. Learn flow sheeting and designing of plants
8. Improve report writing skills
Course content:
A group of students will be assigned a case study, or an analytical problem to be
carried out under the supervision of a guide. The group shall not contain more than
four students. Guides are allocated in the beginning of the seventh semester and the
problem on design of an equipment or process is identified. The students are
required to give a comprehensive presentation in the form of seminar on the project
work during the semester and submit the report at the end of the semester. During
the semester performance of the students are evaluated by the guide and faculty
committee to award the CIE marks. The final project report will be evaluated and
examined at the end of the eighth semester for SEE marks.
Assessment and Evaluation vis--vis Course Outcomes:
What
To
whom
Frequen Max
cy
Mar
ks
100
Evidence
collected
Course
Outcomes
Direct
C
Assessme I
nt
E
Methods
SE
E
Indirect Students
Assessme feedback
nt
Methods End of course
survey
50
End of
100
course
(Answer
any 5 of
10
questions
)
Studen Middle
ts
of the
course
End of
course
101
Report
1 to5
Outcomes
Report
1 to 5
Outcomes
Feedback
forms
1 to3,
delivery of
the course
Questionna 1 to 5
ire
effectiven
ess of
delivery of
instruction
s and
assessmen
t methods
Questions for CIE and SEE will be designed to evaluate the various educational
components
such as:
Blooms Level
Remembering
10
Understanding
10
Applying
30
Analysis
20
Evaluation
10
Create
20
Outcome : The student should be able to
1. Carry out literature review for the upcoming areas of chemical engineering
2. Write protocols for the experiments to be carried out for the area under study
3. Carry out computational and economic analysis
4. Write precise project reports with appropriate reference
5. Present the work progress from time to time with the results obtained
Mapping of Course Outcomes with Programme Outcomes
Course
Educational a
Objectives
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Programme Outcomes
b
c d
e
f
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
102
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x