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School of Mechanical and Industrial System Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong In, Gyeong-Gi 449-701, Republic of Korea
Machinery R&D Group, LS Cable Inc., Gyeong-Gi 431-080, Republic of Korea
article info
abstract
Article history:
The objectives of this paper are to study the heat transfer characteristics for enhanced sur-
face tubes in the pool boiling and to provide a guideline for the design conditions for the
evaporator using HFC134a. The shape of tube surfaces, the wall superheat, and the satura-
tion temperature are considered as the key parameters. Copper tubes (do 19.05 mm) are
treated with different helix angles and the saturation temperatures are controlled from 3
to 16 C. It is found that the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing
Keywords:
the wall superheat. It is also found that boiling heat transfer coefficients for Turbo-II and
Refrigeration system
Turbo-III are 1.53.0 times and 1.22.0 times higher than that for Turbo-I without the helix
Evaporator
angle, respectively. The higher heat transfer performance from Turbo-II and Turbo-III can
Pool boiling
be explained by the bubble detention phenomenon on the surface without the helix
R134a-tube
angle for the Turbo-I. The experimental correlations for the pool boiling heat transfer on
Enhanced surface
the present enhanced tubes without (Type I) and with the helix angle (Type II and Type
Experiment
Correlation
Heat transfer coefficient
1.
Introduction
Nomenclature
A
Cp
D
d
f
h
hfg
k
L
m
St
P
Pr
Q
Rw
Re
T
U
DP
DTLM
131
Greek letters
a
thermal diffusivity (m2 s1)
r
density (kg m3)
l
cavity height (mm)
e
base open length of cavity (mm)
s
surface tension (N m1)
v
kinematic viscosity (m2 s1)
Subscripts
in
inlet
out
outlet
evap
evaporation
ref
refrigerant
I
inside of tube
o
outside of tube
sat
saturation
wall
wall surface
w,o
wall outer
cw
cooling water
sup
super heat
heat flux on the tube, all data were taken at liquid pool
temperature of 7 C on horizontal tubes of 152 mm length
and 18.618.8 mm outside diameter at heat fluxes of
1080 kW m2 with an interval of 10 kW m2. Especially, Jung
et al. (2004) found that the heat transfer enhancement ratios
of the low fin, Turbo-B, and Thermoexcel tubes were
1.091.68, 1.775.41 and 1.648.77, respectively, in the range
of heat fluxes tested. Most of the above literature data are
based on the heat flux controlled boiling mode by a cartridge
heater. In the present study, circulated chilled water flowing
inside the evaporator is used as a heat source as in real case.
The heat flux decreases along the tube toward the downstream end because the temperature of the chilled water
becomes lower at that end. The boiling hysteresis phenomenon
in the temperature controlled mode was studied in detail
by Yoon et al. (2004).
In this study, the effect of enhanced surface tubes on the
pool boiling performance of HFC134a is studied to suggest
the design conditions for the turbo refrigeration systems.
The objectives of this paper are to measure and compare the
pool boiling heat transfer coefficients of HFC134a on three different enhanced tubes with helical cavities and to provide
heat transfer data to the turbo refrigerator industry for the design and manufacture of high efficiency flooded evaporators.
2.
Experiment
132
T205
BLV
40A
40A
40A
BLV
T202
T201
P201
BLV
T301
Mixing Tank
T30
2
BLV
BLV
ST
BLV
Sight glass
Condenser
20RT Ref
T102
EVA
CON
INV
Sub Tank
Evaporator
T101
P301
BLV
100A
BLV
P302
INV
PA
101
BLV
P302
BLV
20A
HT101
BLV
ST
T103
80A
FM101
INV
P101
1. INV: Invertre
2. FM: Flow Meter
3. HT: Heater
4. P : Pump
5. PA: Absolute Pres. Tr.
6. ST: Strainer
Cooling
Tower
50A
Water
Refrigerant (Vapor)
RTD
RTD
Sight glass
Tube sheet
Refrigerant (Liquid)
Test tube L = 1.918 m
133
3.
Data reduction
where
Tref Twe;i Tref Twe;o
Tref Twe;i
ln
Tref Twe;o
(2)
1
1
1
Rw
UA hi Ai
ho Ai
(3)
e
Rei
Di
r
fi
8
(6)
e2
pdi
0:425
;
7
(4)
where
0:036 0:884
Pr
g e ; Pr 33:09 e
and
Turbo-I
Turbo-II
Turbo-III
;
fi 5:056Re0:439
i
DTLM
inside the tube with surface treatments, the following correlation by Cha et al. (2003) is used since the geometric conditions
are exactly same:
(8)
Di (mm)
e/Di
Do (mm)
Helix angle ( )
e/Do
14.95
14.95
14.95
0.016
0.016
0.016
18.2
18.2
18.2
90
45
135
0.035
0.035
0.041
By introducing Eqs. (4), (5) and (7) into Eq. (8), the heat transfer coefficient inside the tube is obtained from the following
equation:
hi Sti rVCp
(9)
134
4.
Detention of Bubble
135
l
7:0
e
10
l
6:0
e
11
where
136
Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by Korea Energy Management Corporation Grant (2005-E-BD11-P-03-3-010-2005).
q3
2
Bo Bo2 240496=Bo 31=2
5dp
Db 4
192 6Bo
(12)
and
Bo
#
"
d2p rl rv g
s
(13)
In Eqs. (12) and (13), Db, and Bo are bubble diameter and Bond
number which are defined in Chien and Webb (1998b,c). In the
present study, dp is defined as the maximum horizontal length
of the cavity because the cavity is not in a circular shape but in
an elliptic shape as shown in Fig. 3. The generic form of the experimental correlation is based on Stephan and Abdelsalams
(1980) equation by adding a geometric non-dimensional
parameter for the cavity, l=e, which is the aspect ratio of the
cavity based on the height (l) and the base open length on
the surface (e) for the cavity. The effect of the aspect ratio on
the pool boiling heat transfer appears opposite for each case.
This is directly related with the bubble flow patterns for
each case as shown in Fig. 8. In the case without the helix
angle, the bubble remains within the cavity and therefore
the heat transfer performance increases as the height of the
cavity increases for a given base open length on the surface.
However, in the case with the helix angle, the bubble escapes
easily from the cavity and therefore the heat transfer performance increases as the height of the cavity decreases for
a given base open length on the surface. The present experimental correlations can be used for practical design of pool
boiling evaporators with enhanced tubes, which were widely
adopted for turbo chillers.
5.
Conclusion
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