Semiconductor

Chemical Bonding is one of the topics discussed in Chemistry, wherein it has two
types, the covalent and ionic bonding. Clearly, when we know something about a materials
bonding, we are in better position to predict and even control its structure and properties.
Fortunately, we can also make generalizations regarding properties such as melting point,
stiffness and coefficient of thermal expansion even without having to consider the details of
the band structure of inner and outer electron shells. Understanding covalent bonds will help
us fully understand how semiconductors work. The chemical bonds in the best known
semiconductors, silicon and germanium, are almost purely covalent. There is a relationship in
the number of valence electrons in Silicon and doping elements like AS GA etc. in the
creation of P & N type semiconductor.
Integrated Circuit
Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally
revolutionized the electronics and computer industries. It is also used to create storage media,
sensors, and other devices. Sophisticated chemical processes are needed to fabricate the
chips. The fabrication of an integrated circuit (IC) requires a variety of physical and chemical
processes performed on a semiconductor (e.g., silicon) substrate. In general, the various
processes used to make an IC fall into three categories: film deposition, patterning, and
semiconductor doping. Integrated circuits are in many modern electronic devices such as
computers and cell phones. Ones need a requisite knowledge of mathematics, physics and
chemistry that is essential to define features in semiconductor materials with dimensions
ranging from 10 to 1000 angstroms.
Optical Fiber
The optical behavior of a solid material is a function of its interactions with
electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths within the visible region of the spectrum.
Using fiber optic technology, transmission of information is interference free, rapid and
intense.
Optical fibers are composed primarily of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), though minute
amounts of other chemicals are often added. The purity and chemical composition of the

glass used in optical fibers determine Other chemical compounds such as germanium
tetrachloride (GeCl 4 ) and phosphorus oxychloride (POC1 3 ) can be used to produce core
fibers and outer shells, or claddings, with function-specific optical properties. the most
important
characteristic
of
a
fiber

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch an electronic signal,
and an integrated circuit contains millions of transistors etched out of a small semiconductor
surface. Extensive research on the effect of electron surface states led to the creation of the
first point-contact germanium transistor in 1947. After the invention of transistors, advances
in epitaxial growth of silicon thin films, chemical vapor deposition, and surface etching
techniques made the industrial large-scale manufacture of silicon-based integrated circuits
possible.