RARE hae BLT 3) Belt 3] tt wotv(s 3] Fae CA) He MERIT 3) Age KA DA ROIS HALTS] i BHT 5] Five 2X oare ms De DARE DOR te OFFA FAG wa) Le vets Lesson 13 DELEAM LS Fudd Wools s] Arm 3) LAULG wASAN[TS) KBEUESTS Leos SORTS] KW FRAAD KG BL La5KA Be78( (FS) ir OCI be wed wou pore KUU@S SC tec cals] Co., Lid. © essay pass change feelings misunderstand routine, daily social interaction chat entrance fee adults child eventually: notice word think question, entire passage take in © food preserved by boiling in soy sauce from now on « from sometime ahead since (how, what, why, who) on earth? four-kanji compound kanji compound suitable no no (used in writing)BY Save Any ayF R-EUT BLL IRS BUCARS SHEL Re IIB UTS 3] ERPS 18 (EH ~) catole] BolAboke Logatc 280 kITS Fis 3Eey Secs[ra) DS #6 PAE Peers] Thbt BREMIEI<) bROUTA UTA BRECON BINS Ae OSHS BIKALTS) LUZILSe5Le Ux3~] appropriate © continually advancing and retreating trial and error time necessitate a but comet nd | monthly> | come to Japan # “Wak \ stuff © streets signboard © decipher come across parking [attach] before Japanese English dictionary ° dictionary —_ maybe owner family name © branding somehow © get into one’s head © get used to seeing > range widen cross © seemingly [car parking] marketSALTS] — athe ERIS 3] Wate Ro#S 8 ebear BME Ee BE HIKAS Elmers AUELS ~celA~] RFS) RTS] cca — Rok KER MAAS Ae BEANS pedDEE BENDS EAB eR aA MA LHO~] ckbe ECHA[TS] WERE EIUES Cs5Us5lval Boece DOlkLS Ferg DACIS RADA DAES ICIS, SS CUTA LOWES [oa~] Woe c(ra) thet S] PhED poled EABMAS oe PEWNS DEEDS B80 Len DBEDD tAPLENL EF O~] monopolize listed in the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange > go public assume? dash living in Japan first of all exhibition hall for promoting tourism and local products tourism catch sight of Japanese dictionary hide -ly [monthly] contract- define usage instant suddenly even if misread daily fillin doesn’t matter note down noisy light shower of rain (especially in late autumn or early winter) sunflower development (or flow) [of a passage] proverbHD BAS HITAORORET SHARE me RY Boies Bane bebve HOAN-F4 Bord Etc RLS 3) Sus MES Lisl tf tati[~Sv3) EH se $s ep ss al ® Bal S 2] AFB [E~) AA REIN ayes HBT 3] ms £[%e] BvBAS ID Brey ENEMAS REVROLOROBST BLOAPE bEW ees BYOB ULBALLA BeCR6[FS] bebe EBS, be eS Wor DEED BELG Lorie) woke ee PARAL S) USVS[RELE~] [~sBV] ELIAS S) smsele] DUDA’ Lobe misinterpret ‘Caring for others is caring for oneself.’ Japanese-style pancake containing vegetables and other ingredients selected by the customer, fried on a hot plate and served with eS spicy sauces topic of conversation return misunderstanding © oneself excitedly party (in one’s home) just right somehow or other translate literally 9 misfortune ward off household (lit: corner) — good fortune quite [a lot] person who prefers aloha to sweet things sweet-toothed person pretending to know something one does not moment shame relate broaden [the topic] best seller party’ sympathize upside down rephrase © acquaintanceAO LoS fa rah a EAS ROAD SHES AED ~tee Liga AHL SI oUt BIBT 3) RR Fab A BRNS ReB[CAB~] ea _, May BF PEFR] AwH yxy H~ Ea) ARIEL wee tlt ony} w—XL%e] WLOFJAKbSAA “Three years on top ofa rock, too.’ (Le. You can FOEAPS BRL TARNS SSoEPSEES eolEh cw 5 Leys] CBee BELTS] BEATEN E5UE DOR Coat ELA BRE the Tale] Roy bo so5m do anything if you stick at it long enough.) ‘Ifyou live there, it's a capital city’ (Le, Ifyou live somewhere long enough, you grow to love it) capital city get used to living ‘Even monkeys sometimes fall from trees." (e., Even the best of us sometimes make mistakes.) tree climbing and soon squeeze join a company say put up with stoical vacuum cleaner sigh overflow {rubbish} pile up student preparing for an exam city center twins worldwide Stat / yy 950) season about % (percent) holiday cousin us [cousins] together sloppyFLT FOBT sales SS GELTA~] BSS[5Hi7A~] [sales] drop ree CSR Department of Engineering ADE Koo RET go back MR LE~] DAMA. ~] [music] related RF RFITA crisps, potato chips AVARY biel = 4YATYbLE COA instant food AYRE) instant ‘fe LECOA food oo BSS get tired of Aa HADRD DBD ARO standing idly by ROBIE SasEitieve easy to get on with KE BEY landlord SORTS) wubitlFS] excuse E10 THR gift (taken by a visitor) Bork Fb eo get annoyed (informal expression) hte ~~] ~PO [good] bloke, fellow SUICDUTS ScoyS be concerned about REED BEDS bother oneself about © feu F 31 LAKITS] trust EAS 2865 associate with BASU HEAEME countless vial-yvay simulation Halt 3) oA S] make a remark Hess OTS catch sight of HLT 3) Lta[t4] point out 152< BFK be hurt ~~) So[~ Orv] un- [uncomfortable] aD pretense ~bR~) ~LALLAHO~] [kind] -heartedness ~ELABI~] ~tV[KATA~) sity [humanity]ar BLE of lower status BBSS even more Ie DVS outside world Pr—b complaint false BR casual LITO FEDS take RFS EYMLAM SATFSLYGLA ‘es better to do something than worry about PEL PTL it’ BUGIS SI BAD5(FS]) react bs tbe convey STS] vorsital carry out mar B [MAD~] [ok 5at~] cost [money] ~ tn! Speaking of ~ , that reminds me.... LLBC ~LLEDE, “AKT? By the way, about ~ , they say that...? Broadening the topie of conversation. botk SS kB. It's certainly true that~-often happens, doesn’t it? Sympathizing with someone. DED. wOTLE TH. In other words, it means that. Restating something using different words. Ikebukuro: A district in Toshima Ward, Tokyo. One of Tokyo’s biggest urban centers, where several JR Japan Railways), private railways and underground terminals are located. fue Nerima: One of Tokyo's 23 wards, located on the north-western edge of the area. to “Es Ueno: A business, shopping and entertainment center in the western part of Taito Ward, Tokyo. ‘Tsukishima: An area of reclaimed land in Tokyo Bay within Chuo Ward, made from earth and sand dredged from the bay.‘Aomori: A prefecture in northern Tohoku, Honshu’s northernmost prefecture. }—+F—F Arthur Binard: A poet, haiku composer and essayist currently active as a writer in Japan. American. 1967-. ce Cita: A prefecture in north-eastern Kyushu.RV SF =~] ARB MBLT 3] oe ie Be ik Ab-V-FYYP tes eae Far-vayv HowLy 3] yuk 81960 ~] Ball RTS] ~e FELD “EH 3 Felts) MALT 3) iS fei ig KAS VAR i Lesson 14 FB PUOADEA pweeto[F 3] BOLE ae UE rE DIET PLEA 5avl(ta) #0 [1960 %24~] ACH AKEO[FS] ~en BAI RAO NS BASVTS) uLl[tval DEB ECOL Ua. BERS vue a5 televised anime [anime] be well received commentary explain things, matters mystery beautiful woman journey storytelling encourage impression animation broadcast series era [the 1960s] program compile when, in ~ ing filling in gaps time pass exist ignore talk work original work support manga author class, stratum,HS BEF S) sais AYlsé HS otg(F3] LOIPAL Formal ~T. Liaw RACED Laas ~S(FIUAEA~] cy he COA Srey BRIEITAD WAD Te MA DRED ELEF(FS) DU La] UD BO ee LOCALA cI AM Rape Bate BrB thickness put on sale weekly magazine monthly magazine ~ magazine type independent volume new work [several tens of millions of] copies best-selling work be ahit entertainment professional like ~ enormous, gigantic principle of competition principle level produce only -hess (interestingness) guarantee exaggerated pitcher scene second reach action hero sight depict every time just before happen, occurJoa wT 3) FIA0D Fik fEO ITS POND ot ws 2) HE by ATIF SIT LY KS UE] ~aE MYO EWS BLE Hoss fOlbedbe~] sand ee fii 3 [Fic~] a Abo WR a-e-yvary vars BES pea %) Clos skvITS) Lite DD BTS bbws Be s[F4] HDF oso iL BREE] ~tRe EvbTS ULFERG Crevaia te LRU BELT 39 BAR Lees. SnalTKE~] RvAK BECE WORD RVEI LAUTCELe] next week anticipate technique method build up know-how absorption (in something) accumulate oor imitation top brand separate volume fierce exaggerated roughly take up situation specific example traditional story speaker response give [a response] galaxy railway touch eternity story one word ending coffee shop shop image mysteriousBRS(7THAK~] aA TNE Fie ‘pete: ~ft ORT A ca (TS) 5K ett ite BOES / He 5 ob at fe tio 365 [iind?~) as m5 ca RTT Le~] He WAR FR 1S Fae Shi HAUIAD SB AUR HLS 5 ~eli~) Yrv7n Fe JbejhoLe hole FEW ITA ebom wip tboct BEB PHS exolFS] Lebad Feu DCA chi eae LESESLS 5 wk ISA] Wades BEd a BVTEF(BE~] cece METER RE BS ae c3eA EUIBS BA RSG ~CURAKB~) ALL hooked [on anime] space train train spaceship mechanization -ization leave behind flesh and blood they discriminate ‘hunting victim, will encounter, meet Saturn, dining car blood [blood] circulate hallucination torment self sacrifice [oneself] pieces glass bead bead scatter beautiful mine trap intelligence pool [~ days} later jungle soldier‘eS 56TU iti (ea: wm SHEET B] PC FuyvPtry[Fal HALTS] BES m>lLdoos RAH Hee WHR aye BELTS] MDS Ete wa (en RK RED Fay BRA BE] mi Bie BRT 3] intial 5] DNS Be BSR AT SoS fale] bs Cm IEDA MoLwa[FS] esp L&jIFS] UwlLxile LwoLALe ae¢ CIPAlTS] 80% LU TAA DS Cwi kaa] UP: ay) RBIE GAtWIFS) S4A[F 3) aan PAILS EG SiS & 4 [a] framework outline ‘scenario go out Personal Computer check in use rice dumpling wrapped in bamboo leaves rice cake wrapped in an oak leaf prizewinner university graduate desert panda exchange cool down unappetizing melt sleep lack, just, only dumpling stuffed with minced pork my mother important both standpoint construct discuss shake damage interested party to lose is to win favorableALF] Del s [FB] eat out 55 LRA BELFL bowl of sushi rice topped with sashimi and garnishes FAVA bRK—W direct mail Bly 4) BATCALT SI advertise BF 3) 525[F4] send by post Fil IDA evening newspaper FS) iko55[F4S] publish HBS =EXO PBEUSARADL< The early bird catches the worm,’ ae PBS early rising BRR LEAL R eH natural energy ‘Shhh Sve Leb local community HLT 4] EARE(TS) analyze ELE post [¥4] Poes[FS] carry out activities RA YF 4 PIG BIYFAPPIEG voluntary activities aee(F5] DEAT S] improve Ra countermeasure yoga PrAVyA jazz dance yy massage meee gym eh (2604E~] ~H¥H(2604aA~] over [260 years] Go ERI-AR NGO (non-governmental organization) Ja—*nr te) global aH wou (official) summer's day (a day on which the temperature is over 25°C) [$3] Dos <[F 3] recover ce UwI ar resident YAb-A[t4S) install BRAS Pe oOI KVM baseball tournament Le CPL mortified BR LATHE appearance from behindAb vas actress aa RMS drama BELTS) eb 25145] grow @ eK role me snb—5 in the middle of Hes OveIAW alarm bell St Lor actually 6% poe spirit Bust BIN scenery Heke(FS] vevalysl come alive KBLTS] LoLelrsl film in reality yes EwDTES pass by DITGARY pot noodles it BARAY EA traditional Japanese spatown inn es DabA traditional Japanese inn AYIPYF A originality RRIIIR character Pha~e (oT v9~. The hero is a ~ called ~. OT ihe Astory about ~ A closing expression used after summarizing a story. “EWS (0C) fi filo C3 ? Have you heard the news about..? atimono? BiB. So, what happened in the end? Encouraging someone to keep on talking. "F9ayiK—1 — Dragon Ball: A Japanese manga and anime film. A long hit in Japan and around the world. Fat Disney films: An American film company started by Walt Disney. 4 scour a9—4y "GRIGG 999» Galaxy Express 999: A Japanese science fiction manga, television anime and anime film.AAR REL DvP TYEURS ™] yvt—A(ONE PIECE) “- HER, MV =F Bo-uy t9 zoos ALY gH aevsues ‘elt BE trey Sit ay taboobs 7 THO FOR a4 reo ES ts TPL Peo pL Hoshino Tetsuro: The hero of Galaxy Express 999. Claire: A female character appearing in Galaxy Express 999. The Andromeda Galaxy Hikaru Genji: The hero of Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji). One Piece: A Japanese seafaring adventure manga and anime for boys. Translated and broadcast worldwide. Chile Urashima Taro: A Japanese fairy tale. Romania Eastern Europe Yukawa Hideki: Theoretical physicist. First Japanese to win a Nobel Prize in Physics (in 1949). 1907-1981. Tonegawa Susumu: Biologist. Awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (in 1987). 1939-. Kyoto University The Miracle Worker. A dvama depicting the lives of Helen Keller (who overcame the triple handicap of being blind, deaf and unable to speak) and her home tutor, Anne Sullivan. a Glass Mask: A Japanese manga for girls, Helen Keller: American educationalist and social welfare activist. 1880- 1968. ‘Miyazaki Hayao: Anime author, film director and manga artist. 1941-. Lupin III The Castle of Cagliostro: One of the Lupin III series of animated films. Ponyo: An animated feature film by Studio Ghibli (Miyazaki Hayao). Kiki's Delivery Service: An animated feature film by Studio Ghibli (Miyazaki Hayao). Spirited Away: An animated feature film by Studio Ghibli (Miyazaki Hayao),WY ES aeALT 3] aot 477 E Beas a ERTS) He ale RET 3] wie] HALT 2) El ‘#O(M~] tee BLT SI) Sate ee Web 2 eRAS~] BeLT 3) ceU ME Ay—-b(FS) tr Fuye7h APL 4 — Lesson 15 TWO BETS SOSUS WGARALTS) om, 25n9 cb 5OREDS woh Os a(ts) poe bbb cpteltsl] Hot) ZL8(43) Leathe ROLL DARN] ono BAM SI DI? 8EB(D5 VA] cjuzj[Fs] TEAL CAS bf my explanatory text better cut short express oneself modestly so line sidelong glance move about at first glance go back and forth carry proportion, percentage © comprise ewe organize group pass [time ~ J ratio share as might be expected efficiency [efficiency] drop show up, appear know (polite way of saying ‘shitteiru’) personnel start special project star playerTHAN b Le] AF (RWRE~] emi nS BRTY AE HLABO~] FIG alse Rite HET Bi HK 4 aa ESV] IRS HRSG ECA] bars BOCK VED BHCC BSA UEC BA] Cetak ovelFa] Decale] WALLED BALILOKD Legs xirer~] Lice TONS Ave kIeY has FCRVIO~] vee LDOxaE Lear LobsaUn LabxG Lebee % BOLD player team become a contender rule [rule] prove correct supporting roleo script > great pulse o [pulse] rise, increase adrenalin gradually © become exhausted ideal phenomenon reference materials © private interest] show > long-established shop © be outstanding © salesman (rapanese) drum [drumming] skill locality customer © carpet branch office office manager company name name textile modern20 irs wale 2) FOTO IL ‘al BR bie REX] x enlee~) bes re (Bie ~] ~FS B~] au mer WAL ~BLY XA~] HAS leaic~] AYR yas i TVADIYA ae va7 oe w-LA fA SBE MEF] ar ei Mik RE LED #5 ER LU kG men K mote C1FS) BWIELA BLe top [tome~] m Ut slAe~] HEB BAC 15 CH~] ~Falkvc~] kiw DRED wh BEASIBE ENE] BED 2uOF cae Beko Locdea Lacs +a] Bie cj ENA HFA THEW TAROF opening up a new market open up best anyway knowledge result? achieve [results] fruit grow [fruit] be fascinated polish [skill] {taiko-] lover forte putting to shame © rhythm, sense of [rhythm] presume upon [an offer] member leader dancing break dancing talent chef kindness reunion day, homecoming day generations Executive Committee member run subordinate c junior LED bulb lightbulbBye ury B#(T 3] 2 GR%Ic~] Halls 3] WELT) te BARLT 3) ET=aAb ie —RLGR~) WE [4 fie aL) OPES] HEXLTS] rH BRS a8 fail 3] HORD ah k(UD ORAL S] EGR mew wwoOlFS) S¢te[ya) 5CC(F4] PARALTS) HORA FrIU cCREK(FS] BOSLED 6 bBS Uek(t4] PWbAE LE. BOK [kme~] BOESF WEES La BOSOTLE~] (CEbKiPoTO) regime the next day decide the next year total avoid plan prepare report talk pleasantly the day before the beginning of spring event living room be out of touch (Le., be a long time) long time no see be to someone's taste be a nuisance, be in the way hospitality come ‘Time passes fast indeed.’ (exclamatory colloquial expression) mask scatter [beans] drive out. nowadays far more the four seasons each (lit: ‘from time to time’) [in each of the four seasons] I dit: ‘Uncle’) youth clubHi Ae~] ea a mito DRE~] ARBRE ~en aM yee oust OAL Sal aw ALT Se PIX BELTS) BB ae or Senet Rae Lead BALE] BT aAk Hoa Sa BENS Bh JE TE KE 5 [KEEN] mi [oee~] TAUOA BRS [c2e~] TOS CA ~on eB? URED ORRA EF BSD LER SUA BELLY RAST) GA cot BEF EC EADA kERF Smale] 309 CCE ETE EVPOLOIPATEI OTD BLE BEIUEG outrun [a person] exhibit parent and child speak to aquarium accompanied by ~ mother relay Doll Festival dolls for the Doll Festival close prefectures author biscuit fall in love with adventure like region, district speciality onion potato wide move cost exit poll lifestylerelated illness drown several footprint summit snowstorm, encounter [a snowstorm]OSPAT k25[94] tok (dS) IRGLA LAK wt sac eben~] Bree L3adE 2554) Ea (FS) BUBA cot LAs LebA BIKVITS) ca EUTHSW SHAS BEAAEF pi ce BICS ThDh BCLS PRECTTS) ‘turn back expect far event agree with policy new student, freshman. have [children] ‘grateful earn be astonished amateur not at all bad study by oneself standard compare new employee deal with degree hating to lose violin get changed sob convulsively sensible pampered child gong origin ancient kingdom astronomy scholar observe 3738 TE ei KE AE SAULT 3] RELTS] ADRS MOI mir Om stig RANE Moly Ls fait #AO~T i 6S FED HK e BST) RO(RK~] FRE SLB a5 E13 (MOI D ase] Aft inane AL "Revs A74 NHK Fete Mercury FARO Venus maths Mars BC Jupiter Lite[ta] control e pick up very ordinary o manual nota single metal © rust rust top sticker in other words blade meshing type shavings slightly © latest model carry around very [short novelette] short stories unexpected 6 be satisfied values differ conduct, scenario angle envious © intently stare at2 w5v6(F4) RICAS ED (FS) Ai FELT 3] BA DAVYIFA LY LE vbes RSA TH~] LEAL Kot TiN Bott Buoys EEb 3 lemre~] & ae e~] FKL] BEI Rasig the PRLS SI] DE YaTROR Kobt UME ‘xi ee Rebs a<¢(ne~] BEDS tree (FS] BEA OeATTS) DiS FBLOD DTS LEvoe LaAcA Bvt BOWSS (FL 2e~] eA AC TEREST aval] Baty SOIKALTS] bomt BASED DAES bbaL [ in itself what ~ ought to be move up a grade view as important, make much of doubt © have [doubts] thorough enthusiast premiere [shakuhachi] population rapid increase © healing old-fashioned novel preconception © encounter, come in touch (contact) with keep saying treasure nationality © eye color, race easily treasure include traditional culture © illustration layout devise creative ways (of doing something) > 53. 4 EEF 3) Mm a~(~SE] Jee ~s) RIT] STL RAS ili HBS fue PREG HH RR Yasar HEF REAS APILT S] DLR bFh(%] Bae ELA, £083 [1 ~] fH FELT B] AIG ae Het S (Be ~] 772] SPAR Lwesu[ta] BA Sen[+)5 Lo 5 Lx4) c95I~L] Jesoltral Lakuaer BAS Loeineds ThIAP 5s SPALL c9A Com RDA L OITA bo Kw FSaAlta] oeOn 5 ween UOABS RAMER HOS(VOIY EFI~] avis Le5lLaltal Loe eenSl(C¥ EGE] eels) BRACE sponsor © category, field top [prize] bulletin (Journal) place [an article] meeting for the first time finish juryo (intermediate-division sumo wrestler) ‘sumo stable aspiration house journal honor parental home junior World Championships start training make one’s debut in the ring mere’ sumo wrestler of the rank of juryo or above plain sailing rise [to the rank of juryo) anniversary of a death be promoted notification Pm sure.... leave [the place where one was born and brought up] special chanko nabe (hotpot of meat, fish and vegetables)bee ze] we US whe TBM Be S7P7R-L Fail T+: EENEDS ee HOD WRITS] Eras) Be] HET Fe) Fah Fear e— R HS VRID Ai ELoSINee~] Sik + RB Jif HiMa ee e HILTS Base BRR Ba wokIG Lok bres BUS LLG bau JenbdDS PALwS wes BIRALFS) e625 Le] Tere Le THC BL sath KES kDE5 ke Dewk 5 e~] Bege5 RIA Bone wet KERR AAI oC boK id selfish © natto (fermented soybeans) like the taste of © sumo wrestler’s professional name strong resonance, ring'of nickname teacher sumo wrestler be born again custom be rewarded support © further precious proprietor hand-made doctor documentary sight © rely © get close to leisure organize [the contents], put in order © communal rice planting poisonous snake poison, feel relieved feel angry performer national universityFRE ere) eR F193] RLF 3] twee SHELF 3] WEDS LIPS TAL KITS) EE HERTS] BTS] Py7(F4) BR EXE BEG aM By RI~) Brewers RSE v(Msi~] Fai HST FLT 4S) RES aE it (na Pa AE PIA BB aE Looney Goeecalel ao LAaK IFS] Lore alta] wets wr (FS) dEY BBC BIA wobltal ANG EGER RAGBEILFS] CILKILTSI] Swi Wood ISD Bov[Ks 5 BAs~] bsRCS Phbbhi[Sk Ed~] Diaz ERT eC Lolya] ALO LOS SAEFLAU WhO wa LEFDADOIED PAEOD EF Laur private university economic tuition fee go to [a higher-level educational establishment] be unemployed © worry retire go from one place to another finally long time agree extra time extend negotiate raise pet dog eventually ‘one’s old school fake serious [illness] well up [brain] be flexible Kitten raise applaud democracy athletic ability top-flight product development ice cream raw material prototypemR S 3] ait TBR % [BaMhic~] Lolkess S¥45j04ad EBEBLY 5 ate] PETS ety bs SLTAE~] BPO UEDBALA oot PTO FAS itt Bre BAe BADE woclilky ance DEFIL/~BRIL ERULACIFSI A CRROE & Edu DPV BAIG DREMABKE~] ceo ZOBLIANED BoB aF failure trade secret hint “T can’t wait!” harp elegant play height frame stretch [a string] thumb pluck ‘upper body sway musical dialogue lead local, base joint hurt place of origin ambience happen to elegant be captivated time progress simultaneously program production simultaneous Latin-American music move [to the spot] dawn improvised performance improvised band Ss?Mb staple food cook itself plentifully side dish miso soup majority well-known strain of rice the very best highest-quality green tea the finest groundwater good quality abundant © rainwater snowmelt Japanese cedar pine2 DAR Laidts BAS BE Avia DY b BBE a7 BRL F 3] BERT 3] 1513 [th Pakcsi~] BARTS] KET TKRETNT B Tey it KAS Bok SHEL T 3] RT A STS] MAD] RESTS wins SLT 4B] wrlya) Ble LS [AHE~] Lace vEaU bs BAAS oepce YH bees FMIUEF osvlts] kpulss] kone lbw Tvai~] Ave [FS] BVEET BFECIS BEDIAL BTOET 820aF EAOI[FS) RLF LB IAA Robe LFS) eC Ule] SV EHTS <¥nS &2529(F4]) KWo kcige tte WALESIFS] VEUSLY (Le< ten] Japanese chestnut oak soak into continuously well forth rock penetrate resort development golf course fell destroy, [groundwater] become polluted translate into English pour cold water on pump (for information) fruitless argument without any outsiders pump-priming be proficient at, enjoy to the full translate surroundings connect closely with one’s own distinctive create, build crumble be common to word fashion flat advance reduce marked have [a meal]cL v LIAS COARSE Lacs aL S50 FS) F3EnS ~Falbe50~] Lacée £580 CaS [7] ce BEKE hah tA Wateus kad) vectra) FES prElL se eC e~] pee s(FS] NERS DINER Us5Le5(F] Le549(t) 5K SITS) touvlts] ALOE sek LAai ERATE) asec Sle] k5RA eating alone diagram interesting please look at food education White Paper ° cook become used to hearing -ed [cooked] food ingredient dish quick and easy externalization again recent years ° still form transformation attend be concerned about sit around [a dining table] respond ~ out of ~ people rise be employed visit Japan development, change campaign depreciation of the yen most numerous new type rise and fall external factor 63fait AFLFS) ‘itt EEK RAG Mik RE 8S KLSL 4E 6[e] ABH] eee sales] SFE WALT 3) HES] crasLO] v9 FR ae zl fivHitaS zhi) “he MeHECTS] vy 3] mA] ATS) Sen Baa HEE ste IEEE LAS wi Lolta) th LAB 0 HDFT S 2B ooo BEEGTS] Bee VIOCALTS) LEGO KS 5e5(F4] Lwokaltal (balD]bsu OI SAD BRA no DAP SS BLDA WLs5[FS] (EAKALTS] c5ke5s(ta] GARETT) Sosa BAELEU OA BEA WEA BWI DA reliability obtain household percentage of students going on to higher education number owned get rights and wrongs skilful doctor stingy clumsy haiku save electricity amount used report give birth to bad-mouthed commentator basics queue pile on in its own way experience of life wear makeup make a decision purchase consider ina disaster safety standard responsibility legacy diplomatave EOS EHS aVAF OW falavAzo—~] BE) HaHa HRT 3] TI7k RYT II hag PAEVI(FS) Lar| AYRIYE GARY i eet ie~(~H RR) BEE jal DIA BLT 3) Pra HS ZLB 44a DYVRVAY—* DIF gue a a & Lary BRITS) Balle SPOS Eo 6 S46 Rela] Leper jgur CIA) Leda LEGON EF 25~[~L 250085) Cr KILEC(TSI nes CHS EEL} ac Ler be 220593] ce bond strengthen mother tongue cholesterol [cholesterol] level huge, enormous contribution to society contribute brand barrier-free disability go diving pot noodles consumption total [consumption] approximately a noodles greenhouse farm freezing be available (on the market) deficient strawberry Christmas cake bonito: Pacific saury, seasonal word (in haikti) in season skill tradition become widespread kimono fabricsBEA young master HSS every available BB ALS head clerk BAS BEL} realize Wi <5 store-room mS 688 rot Sa etonsn out of season B BS segments eet at the most CAULERT~ CH, This is a~ showing ~. MICHSNS ESE. ‘As can be seen from the ~, ... Drawing a conclusion from data, ] Dba. = bes) WARS LL From what I have said, I think you can see that... wet. Stating what can be understood from a set of data. J 66 ABDCEROTL AID Can we not say that Giving one’s thoughts, based on data, Sail River Tama: A river that lows through Tokyo into Tokyo Bay. NRE Koizumi Takeo: Japanese agriculturalist and writer. 1943-. BEE ‘The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries AAAS White Paper on Food Education: A White Paper relating to Japan’s nutrition education policy, issued by the Japanese Cabinet Office. sgn ee Suzuki Ichiro: Japanese baseball player, played for the Seattle Mariners from 2001-2012, signed to the New York Yankees in mid 2012 (both American Major League Baseball teams). REVA-Y Steven Spielberg: American film director and producer. 1946 Eid aa ‘Senryo Mikan’: A classical rakugo routine.Ligs au a CHAR VBOULF Livy DILAL@REA Lee avis ce [c]GAL KS Lejle vod Bw SOlLS DeCeR AKEAFSI #eor4G Lv bd BAKA Lott] TA EiOol5w 5] CAD Bajue cee obituary die epistolary style written request view of life and death discussion means of communication means Dear ~ at this time in good health our company currently @ precedent — obituary deceased person short biography Be compile valuable contribution have the honor of receiving reason the said person in question write point (in the point that ~) [while still] alive person, figure achievement dying, deathSS aL SUR ACE HET 3] 5 oe aor KFS] ARB acl T 3] eens] fa< aR ALT 3] woe ETS AR AS EBT 4) aL BRENLE NWSE & Sen ae SER Ee WAS it et BATS) sti BLA] Beer Zope BIALA BEGAA Foesoa[Fsl L we Lwses[Fs] CAmEUTA eUe te) Seopa tales] weES ADBARD Le5s[F3] AETB EwId es ALS we[rs) Wee WAKEEACAD EBD Se L et, wis EADLOF Lee LRA BLE Lat x5ALTS) Wes be 5 ve] BERT epitaph immodest light entertainment infer death life expose summarize biographical dictionary written description objective harbor another question be aware of rather elapse part omitted this book aim to achieve Yours sincerely ‘Colors are fragrant, but they fade away." he/she during his/her lifetime remains “three no’ doctrine doctrine preach will mention publicly declare bereaved family faithful concealBETS ies Beal T 4] Say aI fel 3] YRS IHS DBS Y AROS Wie 2 WA SURE ~] 2x7 BARES 3] Le date Leger tet FAO SBC v25[vs] Sec Srl] SLB DLR EAU STS) BICEITS] VAUTH Bed ACO ba ine ABA SARFS] BVLEIS PVs CUE wesc [53] HAS PeHHVK CHD BDDAB cae DANE UAB DANEEN] woev[FS] life religion pass full moon gaze up at dream really end (death) certain realize instruction fast pass away at present way of, means since a long time previously handful scattering of a deceased person's ashes friends and acquaintances ashes while walking connection disperse favorite poem intention in producing produce dream of ups and downs look back achievements sixtieth birthday reach [one’s sixtieth birthday) fair hold 0He fife ap Lid BS eS 5] BR RAL T B) fad MA i mets RABE REF EOC we PR hist ~~] FAL S] Sete JU ASF LMG) BOR YAR we FAT PMA] BRITS] 492 Lar BAW BASOF vos Let << [FS] we vev[F5] ChE BAEO AND kOe wh FR jt ocls Swi as feO< Labo ~Liollan <¢~] Uejvo[tal wees BAIT Sl A0 [pA] DLDRE BK CawIm ay CRE Boe THe] 5 (73) funds group To: seasonal purport project significance request biography seminar sentence ending diffidently, wish, intention agenda item have (children) day nursery hesitate at least. provision of meals childcare facility {childcare} facility enhancement free of charge benefit [feeling of] unfairness nuclear family child-care leave child-care parenting active abandon bullyingAP4 IFS) fivaLAi}%e0> EMS Lige POLE ITS] Boe [LbARWeAI. tS~] BoA Ah do25(FS) TAPALT SE] Be BEUwI~[~PA, ee5] BARA BABAMOPILL Se] AWD) Lieelatyiev Ub) vee WIbdb< [FS] Oca Zobu Ce) WIA IPA KEOPS BeIOG(FS) vVtalta] Leotsho Teave up to tie up solve couple bother about background Key [to solving a problem] unmarried marrying later in life ideas turn around raising (a price or fee) living [environment] standard, level pension living on a pension [pensioner] simplistic (raise) in line with have no option but to mixing squander temptation habitually online game frank exchange of opinions facilitator share relocate attendance rate amiata JATAMBAEELEF driving licence CARR eee S 45% — (rapid) economic growth period ge double BSE you all oMhAaA United Nations HALTS) 252655) interpret HALTS) 305[F4) affect aL Kes kIU infant Tee Lig3 DD death rate Asti Bhboew living organism Bava] bec kor) wear ABA RRA other people WER] as Coe] reliable HET 3) (koko FS) develop ‘seam BETO heliocentrism (ae Latar belief teckec(yal smile freee xb0eR long for Boke rarely iE pretty ‘eae aA mood ARVA stress TEBLA BL ADIN) [stress] build up RK 2 go to the heart of many— ecology JB Le5 idea, thought EOC soon B5LE that kind of Jif BIEIDKS labor force tel 3] Wealta] depend Fy BIEILS worker RUINS BVONS accept SiN AIVEIUEFIA working conditions ct BIED workevulss] TH CBA CBS BISE Bea TLD RAV EFS) Lifalya] LEeCoaG SELOLZI VEGCFAA ves FAD HEPOT kIGtOLD vad Eon wad conve] Ph ¢ Lemelgl ed 6 iso[tS) S05 2544] cEs(TS] OACA 4b LATS fe] DECLED setup Heaven password ground freeze The King very young poor help, assist stimulate provisions unreliable children’s park child, swing slide spoil vaccination something to live for, worth living for fairy tale desire fair subject social security explode increase rapidly employ poverty ive rise to serious festival we B74 eS Serge association Ext] TAULFS) exhibit emt) LJ avole] detailed ei BD Le proposal Here jbbbe preliminary discussion Hee kote schedule Fite ESA business ELT 3] Ledres[vS] assent we] webs <(e) apathetic S885 BEA without asking permission wey BRT satisfy Halt 3) Svdw[FS] meet again wie BAS toy iD Biv BEDI persistent RATS] EAEILFSI request a vs breath HEWSLME~] OSL S[OSe~] breathe one’s last BOREAS HEARS praise wet AM enthusiasm BS Bus ring out REFS] PALEDTS] enjoy viewing HAS JORAS appeal Cl SHORE, Sic THL ARE So, would like us to start discussing today’s BoET. topic, ~ . Starting a discussion. 3 wianckdier, Tmagainst ~. NEDSESREU SEO TLE TD, Rather than doing ~,, shouldn’t we be doing ~ ? LOWY TT. ‘That's right. Expressing agreement with someone. OTR K EF, oRERCMDET, I think we should start not by doing -- but by doingTd, ~SA, But, Mr. ~ Letting the listener know that one is about to express a contrary opinion, RETITT A, That's true, too. Indicating approval. Bae Z eee BAU PETE ID, Don’t you think that ...? Stating an opinion, ee WE AZABHEELOLVLMWEF, ‘Well, I think it’s time we decided what to do. “Bringingadiscussion toaclose, = : Yamaori Tetsuo: Philosopher and scholar of religion. 1931-. Saigyo Hoshi: Poet active at the end of the Heian Era. 1118-1190, ‘The River Ganges ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Galileo Galilei: Italian physicist and astronomer. 1564-1642. Andersen’s Fairy Tales: A series of fairy tales by the Danish children’s author Hans Christian Andersen, 2 ve, ‘Rashomon’; A Japanese film by director Kurosawa Akira, released in 1950. ESS, ‘Ikdrw’: A Japanese film by director Kurosawa Akira, released in 1952.76 ‘ORR TR AYE PTR ERS 4% OTS] KRG RR RFS] BND Feit a * 5S [Aliee~] RDS BRAS FuBELT SI WHS HALTS] ROS eat te At et ae Bust al F 5] Lesson 23 owe BIW LAL AY YES BORVIDA SAWS O59 Homo FS] ROSBEA ROE BEATS) HSbnd EEIOGS R25 BoLU (DRS e~ CoSHRRUDS CoBaS c5ev(FS] TCES £5c5(F41 mba Lia BET cace bOwTD Lele aE bros) commons, tragedy world citizen ozone layer tropical rain forest acid rain living creature ‘become extinct atmospheric pollution atmosphere become polluted present itself common land pasture sheep turn [a profit] start trying try become ruined abandon contribute earn a painful lesson system, rule work into story, knowledgeable people scale have a direct link withaN hae CURKIUA AFLG SADA mth SAE LEGLKG DVD Lib ERES aR LitApary CA SADE BOEVS 0 SFS exe (F 3] uUtTIO EICSEF DISS DIF BEA Dae FURS ABW Lejseelyal Lw CABSDS nS AVR[E] Mn HBA KoULAA~] BLEVESL AL) Lesson 24 wr [eric~) CIELA CARED &O] Lele Lor wALOTS) PCR TE KROSLRC SC Es) BLES Fara [3195 PRS[PEE~] Abt woe Lid SWS CAE RB PEBS DKEDC aD we SOS Leber [LemevaA~] BUDS [2] tradition, system conform [to a tradition] curiosity tenacity employment exam interview convention, rule observe [a convention] clothes time, place and occasion Noh break (ignore) [a tradition] tend to look over be not clothes tie up human traces cut off deep in the mountains tiresome tangled thread into shreds slash member of society who call ourselves [adult members of society] whatever one may say unfree 83jont A ant ZIwLWDT ¥SbT WHE] ED ay ih Pats EVES RATS) BOS MLS YO~] RE LEDS RD[~A*] BAP) Loe Cob LYS i — MED < [AIRA~] EAE okies feline + EMBVO~)] ‘elit Be [ettA~] AA SELF 3] GALT S) Se ThEO lam Lue eovsle] beled Wonk Keke bvko[t4) 1EBOS ital BTSD~] EMA DbO[~OE UE] COBBIS DWwd bH3< [DFO 5A~] [¥baD~] C5twe DIFC FHWA) BAUD BuosA[FS] me FS] HVE CALS envy genius someone to talk to even so relieve acute something one can depend on tea scoop scrap body entrust, dedicate treasure perish [temple] bell reverberation, lingering imagery remain [people] who come after foolish. feel nostalgic for cook up only get close to [Rikyu] the truth send flying with a kick accomplishment, taste source [of error] posterity leave behind [for posterity] ordinary mortal production acquire production companyBRITS) Vv bob fh Lis3[tval LIEF ESE bE 3S bole BALLS UeaG DIaKED Sep WTS] malts] yava4av[ie) PLOTS] ALL® BY Th CHO PED LajPsca(e] UTV[F4S] VEVELE SOW THES, rat ¢ e] [Um¥x5e~] BRB DOK FUWD aé(Lobin] REEDS Leste BAbh AV BALITSI TEEN 203K BILITS] aspire reason for applying wish tell our company your company operations agricultural products procure secure win-win be profoundly impressed our company pot noodles encounter aroma shocking cooking for oneself food packaged in retort pouches obtain extravagant Isee keep up with [the class} [commercials] be shown science and technology take up [work] be involved in type of work specialization specialize amino acid graduation thesis applySei Bh {eit PERE Bert oleRe~] Rowe ORT AYREGIV— RLS 4) A eB Bat te ae BEN] SE: RE at BL ATE Jpop eis verve MLBO~] MED IAG WATT 3] Br LAGO~) # yay PaaS 3) Fk PPA Few fk bt Lote week Od GLEIDA BALILEC OA Blut re~] oct SODAT wee (Fa) BOF Le ALE BILE Tet ot Otecele] wat CAC IAWAY Ya Ry T LATH wAlLBPO~] voor’ x50 KFS) brH[ALAAO~] ae weTALSS] PHF BUSES BRA EDRS achievement pharmaceutical cosmetic health product amass [experience] go deeply into, point out to strike back, counterattack instructor be assigned spouse weakness strength aptitude existence or nonexistence negative accept screw satellite Jpop our shop genre [mother’s] breast slump in help [final] farewell God water open cheese goat's milk for emergencies manage somehow or otherAILS cHLDOAAH~] beILKITTS] BOF[LI ELFEN) BLLG Ste BLES aie UPLEPL Lonalea] BoLALe] BLGS BASS LOILEC PIES Om < [FS] Lwjulra) TotA[FS) peg EAD ES FRAVFSI] bnele ue awjk 4 wED BET Loew tBEbDD Dai eA (TS) playing field ahead a decision) be reached consent take [action] public bath Japanese wooden clog fy in the face of apply oneself to long, long ago be disappointed in love enthusiastic fear silence looking for employment compare become engaged in recommend TOEIC all one’s might run CV (curriculum vitae), résumé special ability salary turning point nearest route route workplace detour drinking party chooseBR ae EKITS] wT 3) Rea Ati Fit Tee Dole Be Et si HAS TESF AD AME Raas) HR fe ZR OMA S Bled coy ea Ode c5b0 DIRA(FS] 2525[¢4) PEAS DERE aD EU CABOIEVLOF CAB OF BIER BA DEAS (oath Kolad LEKED ESEPELS BEDS n<92 BLbA self and others efficiency prioritize ‘passage long-term perspective character consequence journey before they know it insect collecting insect butterfly flight path net hold ready swallowtail butterfly grove darkness sunshine larval food plant female wait in readiness catch logic butterfly net sod ENCES BC OW L-CS Lv LIB was very impressed by the fact that .., and WE LR thought that I would really like to work for your company. ‘Ata job interview, explaining one’s motives for applying. 3 It’s certainly true that ..., but ‘Restating one’s views to someone afier first agreeing with them. a4 Sen no Rikyu: Tea-ceremony master in the Azuchi‘Momoyama Era, Patronized by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. 1522-1591. Fass Zeami Motokiyo: Noh performer and writer at the beginning of the Muromachi Era who perfected the art of Noh. 1363-1443. Shirasu Masako: Essayist. 1910-1998. FHS Giacomo Puccini: Italian composer. Composer of Madame Butterfly, 1858- 1924,“4H ARE RET 3 J] Hate | hte BRITS) Atte said KTS) ARF ‘5\[~8@)] PRR a= AB] BH TRAE Borer DY EAD Heme Be BRE FAR Ale] ANS PS AH RMT S) Extra Grammatical Notes 25UD APES LOUALFS) baalFs] UMA eet Wot alts] batL bOGRI~D 25 BA] ERIK LAD ESD RITICKIVA Urjusrs wo ble) Soph TES] DIRK STORET BIA Lace DES BERLE] BENS EEBOLI CATS) the actual day, that day water shortage restrict al immigrate human rights at least fail to attend Japanese-style confectionery discount [prices] closure (of a museum, library, etc.) clinic hospital department general hospital medical condition quiet optimistic farming village pride easily hurt handbag last night place of work lack of sleep train schedule severe be in disarray be raging (epidemic) waiting room be crowdedFR(FS) KD WR Bi RTS) fecih BA RLF B] BER Be Litve BRIOCGUR Dec ee AOWALTS] Po DAS HK Btobh DEDCEL ORALES) KOKBS e5ae bUSTS bees LATS] RbA Ty TKIL] BILe EBD Lejw RELMS abs BANDED LAALe BVRZA[F4SI aK Das LARS S24 5(F3) LEC thopo VOUATLS So x5[F4) 2FVOGZ elton city center direct (bus, flight, etc.) cure-all be discharged from hospital stop . person attending (a concert, show, ete.), under age living on one’s own criticize lie down gem guess finish saying apply bottom-up approach approach, method while at it om maintain the people around one hug closely replace fuel Supporter cheer precede both families relatives start a business diet lifestyle-related illness treat closure and merging urban developmentSARA] FUR HLT BI BCT) AEP RTS VE72Ab iTS BSL 834 SALE] pare HEE as iat PU) Pes 3) uly BLA Ea wit xe RE RH ie BojeyF lop BAW DAL EIFS) BAEMTSI BATS DTS be CBLY Lelo b5 cae boeED TeV( FS] BOILA bite BCS 1e5 BEIBA LEA 3TH B55 werk ROCA Cote Lwola (mors WADA DoLwIDb< rapid true story terrible rental exempt do mental arithmetic speed run counter to manifesto declare formal frank. wasabi model (of a vehicle) inquire high price buy stagnate center science faculty cemetry, graveyard be about, be over eldest son second eldest son court fight, contest everything sincerity total job hunting fluently superwoman/superman, all-rounder required subject,aE te FFE aut BRITS) Sh ka ate, a (HHS IT x Bolre Wok Tah bath See ur ave Hs WETS WC 8 so ~4FF] atk ~ til we BS ws i RS Dols Toh BAER CIO ITS) WILKS Ui Tawa, LMF THEO IK 2D ¥ CHO ED Eo ate oI by HIF GSI BEC dDeLe DALE EAS wbBF EuS wb é VOS Dob-Us ita] Lojews ~te com BLES Dv WwEwA BUS compulsory credit chijimi (Korean vegetable pancake) prewar announce publicly supper next time outside lesson regular closing day gathering spirit copying coffee bean bean covered in scratches plan slightly feverish broadcasting station our company rich person manzai (Japanese comic dialogue) combination for the time being melt become thirsty pray location [conditions] weekly holiday ~ system nation be poor maze all over watch over94 FAIRIAW SFE) Blt] em) AGL Bie Belt ak PD ms Baas wT 3) Bes SLC] Baio Tlie] wots] Toe cae] OO8F PEA Kecipit cB) eOUBA ewE(FS] Lee ACEC] lifestyle selfish selfish regular fertilizer (face) color halfeaten ice see through political criminal arrest force wonderfully13 96 7 1. DRA LETOB, Ob) ay 7H Beem Lcor. RED, WHOWE RE RMS. F '~#eC, is used to indicate that what is being described occurred just after a certain sce- FF 225 (fresh, immature) or nario (~) and possesses the properties of being “at: the like. D HES AEKRELETCIMS, CORUOL LAE HM) ELL. Mr. Tanalca has only just joined the company, so he doesn’t know much about it yet @ BB recom, Rwernwecy "Roelw) LHotTARc (Nk. Right after we'd got married, my husband ate everything I cooked for him, saying it was delicious. ® ispeco# Rawr, Milk fresh from the cow is delicious. eR AM LB CH oTHE 6 Oz SMITA KD Lines "fe LAN, indicates that an extreme example is being hypothetically postulated, and that the consequences stated after it will ensue even in such a case. It includes the nuance Et MCHC 8 ~, implying that the same consequences will also ensue in all other situations similar to the extreme example. O REAM ORR Cb, ERAT LY YTS, Even if [fail at the experiment this time, Tintend to try again, @ reakanibitowaach. Mien kro Le, Twant a strong house that will not collapse, even ifa big earthquake hits. @ REAMAA. Co, Rams ATK, Even if the price is high, it should sell well if the quality’s good. When appended to a % -adjective or noun, it takes the form TE R~CS1. @ eLAHece, gnc Hevsnni Pee. Even if we're poor, I'll be happy ifmy family’s healthy and we can all be together. S.|REA TAB LH CHO TH, ES OAS MIAMAIMA 1D LRU. | ‘<7: L#svey indicates that nothing extreme is going to be done, Although "#itiis~+cs 2% is normally expected, the unexpected follow-on '~ Lt:¥24 appears. "~#: ) Liev implies that nothing analogous to '~, is going to be done, either. O Hotteu eps rkoro, MasocbPord LEW, Once that the president has decided to do Something, he never gives up or anything, no matter what happens. ® Baer, Boxe? 13 RRO Bike he CBok) LEE E. ‘Mum, aren't you going to get angry? Idon't get angry or anything over something like examination marks, OALLORBH LEAR fH V dic.-form N + Be WA GA rwig¥-) adduces an extreme example '~, to metaphorically indicate the degree of se- verity of). In, for example, it amplifies the statement 9% P1200, metaphor- ically suggesting how hot the curry is by adducing the extreme example "Bf #4181 1. 7 D COAL RAH SEED, This curry is eye-wateringly hot. ® this +7 -ehor HCL EI ERENT OR, Last night I was tired enough to have gone to bed without having a shower. ® Fe Bomokockc see savaenk. It was warm this year, so we grew so many mandarins we could have thrown them away. It can also be appended to the %='> form, @ ito kia nino, adi eRe. My university entrance exam results are taking a long time to arrive. I'm so worried I can hardly sleep at night. It can also be appended to v2 adjectives and 2 -adjectives, © Bub, xx vvaranvetor. When my wife was young, she was dazzlingly beautiful. © RakWaarenviesn. He is extraordinarily fastidious. In conversational language, it sometimes becomes ' < 51» j, which is somewhat informal in tone.D SORRBATHEIL, Rid (BEC bv) Kr, ‘When that teacher teaches me, I understand amazingly well. “Ati? isan expression that combines '-A/#2 (=9#)) and 9° (=2 9%), (forms used for reporting what someone has sad). Itis used in informal speech, O KPwORMCRELRAKOT? BHTLI. hear you passed the entrance exam for graduate school? Congratulations, © ililisa, sete srcoc? RA, MOTMETEATLE ID. ‘They say Mr. Yamada’s quitting the company? ‘Yes. [ wonder what he'll do when he leaves? BARES BRATS EDRVATS, 6. AMUEMEA CUBASE VET-form -#t yor N/SA + Bie ; vA a whee 'X%#'5 Ys connects X and Y in the paradoxical relationship ‘X but Y,’ contradicting the prediction or expectation X #8 t2##3H02 Y #0, ‘X can be a motion verb, the C3 -form, a stative verb, or the #¥2 then. Nie (4) #5 °C indicates that the speaker feels that the span of time mentioned is lengthy or the area extensive. O Piva swmicheo tpn, ‘The operation lasted for three hours. ® PMH 450 snide TRAITS, The desert extends 450 km across from East to West. ‘The verb that appears in the predicate is one with which it is possible for a state or condition to occur all'at once over a certain area. @ HR ne Rapes miei cba or, ‘There were earthquakes over a wide area extending from Tokyo to Osaka.14 102 @ rvavy Mewbbtotbcouc Bilan camsnces, Howto invests explained in detail in the pamphlet. Since ~25~icdbk>°C, indicates the approximate extent of an area, it has a different nuance from !~i»3~#-C, which indicates edefinifBextent. @ Ries WiBicDko cA. They are working on the water mains from in front of the station as far as the shopping area. EACRB SBI, SRT ARE THES ROMBEL ROT. Vdic.-form “TS + 3Blc '~3 bic) (while) indicates naturally leading on from one scenario '~, to a subsequent one ‘+s by") EL~F4 < Ey (repeatedly doing"~,) or "Jo E~F-4 & £1 (continuing todo '~,). '~z is an expression such as C124; or “E174, indicating repetition or continuation, D BM SETAE FELCH 5 Bic, BD ONTHAIASC LarCER. While working continuously as a parttimer for three years, my work was recognized and [was able to become a fulltime employee. As well as being an expression such as "ic%.s or ‘C< 4, indicating the occurrence of achange or event, '~-s can also be CLE 3. ® WHR ODMR THIS bi, AY FON Hass CamoT an. Observing the pandas over a ten-year period, we got to understand their characteristics well. ® cowie, Hotes sbi, ARcwmee eoTL ECR, This clock naturally stopped working during use. FESKEREDTERNELEDSHELTOSTARR, FOR CTR BRIE LT TB. N + est "Sick o°CX LY 2, indicates that, from the perspective of '~4, X can be said to be Y. In ©, for example, itis stated that what the characteristic ““}° 4}7aiiflti kame tes BO can be ascribed to is Ta 4 # As. '~y is the person, organization or other entity making a judgement about the characteristic, and it is used with an adjectival or noun sentence expressing a judgement, recognition, feeling, etc.D Rb eA LOC PH islilizk eee boOK. Sufficient sleep is something that is indispensable for babies. ® vonativamictoc, znurtokpaie. Idon't like beer, so for me it’s justa bitter drink, @ Hiroe KK RB OR, Light and water are important things for plants. WI CHADTFVETAADRU SHIELD ID. N + elt 14 T~ Eds is used when explaining, defining or rephrasing the characteristics or properties of something that the speaker thinks the listener does not know about. DO SFLAR LUFLINARFIOTETH, ‘Dejikame’ means ‘digital camera.’ @ hissotis, ca. Htemee ssa, Wie aees sc caer cer, “The phrase ‘makeru ga kachi’ means that itis more beneficial for oneself in the end to Jet one’s opponent win. In conversation, it becomes “ 0st, @ FYAA, (oT/EVION) FYIVAXIOLER A ‘Dejikame’ means ‘digital camera,’ you know. Even when the listener knows the definition, "& is may be used when the speaker wants to emphasize a different interpretation. @ Recto tHE Ook, What on earth does ‘family’ mean to her? AAKBWTSY ATED bFSEWICLIZ, FIYMEBWT FOF A— EPIC SUSE 6 TCHS, N + keUT T~a3trC-s is a formal version of (©) indicating the time or place when an event "= occurs. bayou D SWE Bre Bo cF LO EF EMMIS BOER RSE SDL, We analyzed from various standpoints what kind of problems local communities have at the moment. @ URC RE TL 7 EO NEKO CORDES DD. I wonder who had the most power in the Edo Era?When modifying a a noun, it takes the form “i513 Bs or TB TO). @ concern Bice se PAY notes COV CH THES, America’s role in the development of modern medicine is written about in this book. @ Wikoiitist'® cau-co8E eile, The prices of goods reflect ‘supply and demand on the market. In the polite speech, it takes the form Toes eteigys ® ssneo#SSoumnces x <“HH yoann, woke tyes, Part of the explanation of scholarships I gave just now was wrong. | apologize. DEYLAS RMI LD FLEP p_UTHS Vv A } plain form aA } Plain form +} + bit / biutTHS N -#-& N + Ens ‘UR, indicates a result '~-, inferred from an event that has already appeared in a previous context. In), for example, it indicates that the conclusion “4%, Live Lies was reached as a result of a deduction based on the information "iiKstxiMl & FL 70%, 20 TID BIW, D COF—Aid, ilies EMERY, 2079 LD oC’, MEE LANE, This cheese is the same price as before, but it weighs 20 grams less. That means that effectively its price has gone up. @ Fines 1608 sect), 1967 RICH ot, 260 EEO eoRDU-cH sD. ‘The Edo Era began in 1603 and ended in 1867. Thus it continued for over 260 years. different situation is being taken as the reason or background for it. In) for example, itis indicated that B already knows that there are not many foreign tourists and is taking what A has just said as the reason or background for that situation, Another usage is when a result“) is known in advance, to indicate that It can also be appended to an \> -adjective, a % adjective or "N +285. @ A: “Uypney FoR CRO Le abieHA coe 6 Lk. B: ALA Of WHVdDI Es A: Apparently, people from all over the world are refraining from traveling because of the flu epidemic. B: That's why there aren’t many foreign tourists, right?@ WiscuMbossic, an, PeAP vA, erty, att—yvatciie cos, FADE, Ms. Ogawa has a massage and goes to yoga, jazz dance and the gym almost every day. No wonder she's $0 fit. When used with a noun, it becomes "N+ £129 DIT). © iiPsct 6s icHi cos, ibe s eosmemocns, MAAAME te 5bUE, Since retiring at the age of 65, Mr. Yamashita spends his time going for walks or ‘watching the television; every day's like a Sunday for him. 3 SY HAMEY ETE VAD BT SX CB MAER, BUCO BHR IC TR, HE OME DI MHS EMC SL ZOTRBUESSM, v cia } plain form . { ok GA } plain form DCSEWVESIM N -B-e [++ Clk tv #2 B 4 21 conveys the speaker's thought that he or she thinks "++ is probably true but cannot arrive at a definite conclusion. © then stick temas, Kha Leo canes 5m Many people object to the road-widening plan. I wonder whether it might not be difficult to carry it out? Q pA obt cid LRM> Z0TIRIES ID, I think it will probably take a little more time before the Japanese economy recovers, won't it? OD Pewee sec HK, VID LMMNDEARS, ERR CE SOCIAL BIm, The residents are uneasy because they have too little information. Mightn’t they be reassured if they were able to receive a little more information? 10./riiiagk 999 1 ot, EARBEOROW? 217 indicates that the speaker has forgotten whether '---) is true or not and wishes to check with the listener whether his or her (the speaker's) memory is correct. It implies that the speaker has become unsure about a past fact or something he or she ought to know, and is checking. It is an exclusively conversational expression. 14 105106 tio Lr akhlo Hav Fichiee-c, Mholo Rice) Rv) oC OD FABRA tot? ‘What day is it today? omar @ Wiawckk AeoR? ‘When is the parcel supposed to arrive? @ Hn hier, xaawyceos? Hub? Mr. Tanaka, have you always worn glasses? DAR. TAY) indicates having a '~, like air, or that there is a slight feeling of '~1. It indicates that the situation cannot be said to be completely '~,, but is close to what '~, expresses. D EAMHDISES, IEOROR Bio OSRLIE, ur dog always looks sad when my husband goes out. @ mw, Shah M RRB cis c cokon ART TR, His mother spoke with an air of pride when her son was selected to play in the Koshien baseball competition. @ iowa crm sc tickon cams zal Lon, ‘The company president looked mortified as he explained that the factory had had to be closed as a result of the earthquake.Lesson 15 PURE CART SE. the COS 7) BHA Ce EMS Mls TO ZLVOT Ver bAOBZENS, "X E25 J indicates that X is reported speech, ie, that X is what someone else has said. It is used in writing. O BACH Dm RAK Hc} o 05. They say that the oldest university in Japan is in Kyoto. @ LED SHH ae RH ons cinco... HORMD sho 1 m5 590 LORRI CHA HME AOS SES LED bulbs are superior for their low-energy performance and long life. They are said to cost 1/8 to 1/5 of a normal bulb in electricity charges and to last 40 times as long. RIT VAY EROEF- DBE 0 BBC S ORDO TSE Kk, CORMAPAD GhoTu ZO CELI AALTI SB, T~RUIC) means '~L, POSTOL BK. D Box bon sABaitorcenverocs, ‘The girl next door gets prettier every time I see her. @ RRR Tse! Aakers cose, BATHE TL OZ TRAD, They say that in Western countries, one’s salary rises every time one changes jobs, but this is not necessarily so in Japan, When attached to a noun, it becomes '~ OX Wie y ® Kieihheto conoe, HABIMOR UC X—VEF SY LIE I was waiting for an important message, so I checked my e-mail every time I had a break. ratien 24g 8099707 w= VERT SAAMI s,| N + KESS/HUT/BLTO ‘~1cBIL-C. indicates whatis contained in ™~1. O ShlOwHA CL CORROS 278 c OIC Ho THUOBCBANS KEV, Would anyone who has any comments or suggestions about this lecture please write them on these slips of paper and place them in the box at the exit. 15 10715 108 (Rea, WHEL 5 cine to ZOk, Rec SHU THBWS uss @ cova—pen, HAR OR IR CHL mT. ‘The current state of the Japanese economy is described in this report. '~ ic BH L C1 means more or less the same as '~ [= 2 \> Cj, but is more of a written expression than '~IZV»T. ® a, HSA, Baye 27H (OOM T/ «CLT BRP oT HOCSARIE, BA THIFCC H%2? (conversational) I say, Mr. Tanaka, my younger brother says he wants to hear about some cheap computer stores; would you mind telling him? When used to modify a non-infle ectable word, it takes the form "~ic9¥ 35 or ~(c BIL T D1. oo @ RRR eins Bika won, A conference on environmental issues was held in Tokyo. Lia, v } plain form WA GA } plain form + bate N -Hok N+ END Ao atse booed - OG ana Ae Caen atecton) -bU)-Cidte la, negates a conclusion ‘that could easily or generally be drawn from the context or from the situation described. D comanmab sa ETL bBHRBO'E BAS bU TED, ‘This shop is popular, but that doesn’t mean that huge numbers of customers visit it every day. @ Hoax scoom, sack eines okey ciake, ve got a lot of homework, but it doesn’t mean I have to do it all today. ® Wiser IT VER, WE RABODITTEROS LO. He's a vegetarian, but apparently that doesn’t mean he goes as far as not eating eges. ® como W harness, MOM bI- CRESS, BK CRIMES. All the goods in this shop are cheap, but that probably doesn’t mean they are all of poor quality. Some items are good despite being cheap. It is often accompanied by an adverb with an allinclusive meaning, such as "HA/%4, [22 * 38 bs FL3ior "#44 ® BkAMAA RMD CIE) REA. Not all Japanese people are kind. E,AVUOUT SS© MERE E, Lhe bhakbUL eeOAkVEK, My elder sister is a company employee, but it seems that doesn’t mean she gets every weekend off, you know, @ commichis smo IM, SX RoDU cE, Although little research has been done on this illness, that doesn’t mean there is none atall. ‘--biF-Tlz%e0 can express the inability to conclusively determine either ‘+++ or '-C(3. BO. 28 TER MODI hod, FEOHITEAD, It’s not that I would mind going, but I don’t really want to go either. Brier vest bs pb abvete ve b MRHR A HEIR L Shs < OTSA Vv } plain form WA + OTED e yk GA plain form N } Ke rAws T--)-Cld%et09, is a prediction that '~- is probably correct but its truth or falsehood is uncertain, © Bkkaseotkicmsocwzvm, Mr. Suzuki will probably stand in the forthcoming election, Used together with "EIM5 4, "EM, or "EOC L Kj, it expresses the speaker's opinion mildly. Q HMC kSL, FROMBCMARAWSO TIP LOILE, According to the newspapers, they say that Mr. Suzuki will probably stand in the forthcoming election. @ WHL 5 ONES LIC ko Ch, FoI RADE KO DEBSNS, '~ EAB, means '~ £HA.4, (on objective grounds). Itis often used in the form '~ & 2 54.3. in news coverage. © tye 12 HOR aie 240KW Eaca), Bllofiniames Loos, ‘The power company estimates the maximum demand for electricity on the 12th at 2,460 KW, and maintains that there is no risk of a blackout. © ABR RET or cOR MMO MBIERN REESE ACOD, ‘The automobile industry believes that the demand for automobiles in South-ast Asia will keep on increasing, ‘This expression is often used in the form ‘£25414; in news coverage. Like '~-E % RGN, and [2.4.2 j, itis uesd by a speaker when saying what he or she thinks. When in the form '~4521-C122, on the other hand, it indicates that what was stated is generally thought by many people (rather than what the speaker necessarily thinks) @ Worry r—9—7ic RHF SL asncos. It is believed that the promising new team member will try for the Major League. 4. |MNKHI, FOP RAMBO S ONT BML ic ko THER EDELT 4 Wa, Prize L-T2B, is used to indicate that "1 is what is being officially said by “~1. D Bie PRatles 5 xcis WARS LEO LL TOS, The government says that it will not raise the consumption tax until the economy recovers. ® Ppa rFcchi2 ca) ¥a FREMET EL TOS. ‘The school says that it will revise the curriculum in preparation for the declining birthrate. 5. ELEM (LC ORIESDDDST, SHOMEAES Kc LIMBS 5S. plain form BA -#% > -THB + ktappet N -# + -/-ThS 'XtcbAmb SFY: indicates that Y is a different result than would be expected from X. ¥ may be a good or bad result, but in most cases the speaker's surprise or dissatisfaction is expressed. It is a somewhat formal expression, but is used in speech as well as writing.@ Bika, Wher eed _ © #AWELon'E Lutte t pmb es, cA COREBBED ORES) BEF CHEST, Lam grateful that so many people have been kind enough to gather today despite it being the busy year-end period. luo biciooks c Lata ncokiceamo sy, 76 cae RE < Lite Failure to evacuate immediately, despite the fact that a tsunami was expected to arrive © SE LEPORS after the earthquake, increased the number of casualties. @ rome ration sc bombst, iifoddicas sy iba Tom, Despite the fact that this school has plenty of money, not much of itis used for improving the facilities. MN Abie Ee ZH Fe Pcwpuobmeuseee, Sax row Vin LOWES iT SLL TOS. V dic.-form + ebb N cel 1X EE SIC Ys indicates that an event Y occurs at the same time as an event X. WRORNCHERERU TOS. ‘At the same time as pursuing the criminal, the police are warning local residents. Pitoe- CORAM SLL DK, MEH CLEBESOTORD. ‘At the same time as continuing his research work at the university, he has not given up ® writing novels. @ HeeBile ss cy, Pee -nc-P EWS LTR. ‘At the same time as changing the company’s name, they launched a new website. In addition to being used with the dictionary form of a verb, this expression can also be used with a noun expressing the event. ® HORE L vichilheML OFA vicwok, Together with the change in the company’s name, a new uniform design was also introduced. FRG > CALA RM AETS, PCO ONTO K. Vie-form + &2% TX #4 © Y, expresses the relationship ‘as a consequence of doing X, situation Y was understood.’ Both X and Y are used in the past form. Itis not used for future events. It is a formal expression used mainly in writing. 16 us16 116 @ SES BBC & 5 alte» MIELE IA, RRL ICE ® He BCKP RI ORE Bil LEC J. FCM IBIC HFK. When I asked the professor to contribute an article to the university newspaper, he kindly accepted right away. ® leke roc, Beicpone cs, 6x5 KOR AMIR, When I went to the police because I had dropped my purse, the person who had picked it up had just arrived fo hand it in. 4 sia pmol When I checked whether identification papers were needed, I was told that they were not. 8. BHEDRSAA TOSS, AUPMiee bRC Lomb Mok. 'SAE0 /H¥Y X26 Yi, expresses the relationship ‘Y occurred because X was of high degree.’ © WANRDBARDMOoADS, Hace socks, Ponty ensttolllirs tee When I got them to investigate my electricity bill because it was so high, it was as I thought; the power company had got it wrong. @ Bist Dc BiH BEBE ata AE Exons, BbTMotlLeok. Because the person who telephoned me spoke so rudely, | instinctively put the phone down. 4S Bike Fe CSE. V dic.-form V %@U)-form can } + Et6Ron Tu. © Boe) indicates that the contrary occurred (.e., that "---) did not in fact occur). 1 is normally an undesirable event. When used in the form "X%5/14, YE CARS can indicate the relationship ‘ifX had occurred, Y would have occurred! (ie., because X did not in fact occur, ¥ did not occur either). It is sometimes used with expressions like P6964 and TH IDLC. DO RECOKIA—F ViMRBo tok, MICOMMNKS KHICES LCDR oe The cigarette had started to set the curtains alight. If I hadn't noticed quickly, there would have been a fire.@ WAaMEOFA bE. bo, Siok, BNSECSHOR, SYHEI. ‘There's a kanji test tomorrow, you know. Oh, yes, there is, isn’t there? I nearly forgot. Thanks. @ cAwLE Ake Bo rowib? SIDE CHE PAMNOKANSE CAR ‘Who left these pills here? The baby was about to put them in his mouth. cera (RBA KGB. N + KROT ‘The expression ' X tc [lo °C Y 4 is used to indicate that Y occurs particularly in certain circumstances X. In @ and @, the speaker is complaining that the opposite result ¥ occurs from that which was hoped for from X. @ F-robite -cosathoc, HR eens, T'm always asked to do overtime on the days when I've arranged to go out on a date. @ FEoO MMT Lok Smo HELA D TAATT EB, Children always run a temperature or something when their parents are busy, don’t they? On the other hand, it can also be used in the form "X Icio Y #20», as shown in ®, to express a belief arising from an expectation of or confidence in X that an undesirable result Y will not occur. @ JSOFKMTEARCLETSRT HBO, ‘There's no way our child would do that sort of thing. 16 47ae us Lesson 17 1. [iif —~e cH nco re Ms LEA 304 H, 10D ADSRITOS, TXILY DB % BtoB, indicates that X is composed of Y. ® Bk OME 5 ots. Japan is divided up into 47 prefectures, including Tokyo, Hokkaido, Osaka and Kyoto. © Wrotinsrsmeyn—7ickot, Hietibnt, ‘The enquiry was conducted by a research group composed of ten scientists. 2. | Kithhehic RA SNA LMHEL TIA, KOLG RS EMMI ENA. | '~£L Cid, indicates that what comes after is applicable to '~4. © Wittos ime Uc, yy 4 et aa be EAMETS, Well-known souvenirs from Hokkaido include biscuits and chocolate. @ eyHor—wer cit, BH e AA, eeawene, ‘Things like romance and adventure are favored as manga topics. 3. HEL OSE E. MU EBT 2139 BHT OK, When attached toa noun, '~£) means °~O4%5 5 or '~ DHT). D ROCF LESENMOU THOR RHEL. BV. Itis not good for children’s education to have the television on for a long time at home. © ROHHL ox oawemerc ERM LU, Because of the company's financial situation, it would be difficult to employ more people than at present. MONA SLCHI ORME LIE CCHS, It is very dangerous in terms of road safety to ride a bicycle while holding an open e umbrella on a rainy day. ® 1960ftobD is Hil 7 = x HR Low & Us acer, At the beginning of the 1960s, Japanese anime were broadcast to fill in empty slots in the schedules,PERE bomb os, HID Kcr SLORA EH dae AFDC Lieb. WAORAe Lp Ash vw eE. Inthis case, “~Ic & ) /te &2°T, indicates a means or method. D COB, THEMHKBLEC LICK, IAKEFUSOIRILE. This company succeeded in reducing its costs by moving its factories overseas, @ Smit coc, Bec ce. eb 2 apwncistiiede ( KG KROR, Parcels are now delivered anywhere in the country within two days at the latest by home delivery services. UE WR te Lez ems (RA Leo BNTOR. v } lain lain form WA r BA Plain form + TEMS - + -&/-THE N “> -THS '-\2 £i5, indicates that °~, is a reason or cause. It can be followed by a fact, as in @ and @; or the writer's opinion, as in @. tis a formal expression used mainly in wting. O Kicxa—s-o# eck BLES LOB, BAbEKOR. My husband and I quarrelled because I warned him not to throw away supermarket bags. COC, BHAA BS OES HH OMe Le, Soft) IC eReH SAG Khon, Because people complained that the bell rung to announce the departure of trains was too loud at this station, it was replaced with music. ® Reaches, 7 aswesnkctms, coBRMOBYADvOKE BAN. Because of the fact that rings, necklaces and other adornments were discovered in the excavation, I think that this grave was one of a person of high status. Fe BEBE Dot. V&b-form + £Se8eU (* [FS] > [eSSSRAW) '~& Se fhe) means ‘I don't want to do ‘~,, but because of the situation or circum- stances, I have no choice but to do it.’ When used in the form! ~# 4 720% jas in @, 17 1917 120 @ Biotheyusmcdemor it means that the subject of the sentence could not avoid doing '~, and actually did it. OD Be298b5s. SHAMANS 20, KESSEL. Thave a high temperature of 39°C . I have an important meeting today, but I will have to take the day off. @ WPecersproec scm, hele sseeumon. ‘We encountered a snowstorm just before we reached the summit and were forced to turn back. fe yee BEB, SHO RY bREL DASE FRE, ‘There were far fewer participants than expected. I'm afraid I have to say that today’s event was a failure. It is a somewhat formal expression, but is used in speech as well as in writing. 7.\6 + [BEAT BREA LK, BEE AOIE Bei, IARC KD te THU THO CL EAID ELI XLCHEU CY s means that Y (finally) occurred after X. It is used when the speaker wants to say that X was necessary in order for Y to occur. D FEE OTRUD THOS IBKEMDD OK, It was only after having children of my own that I realized what a debt of gratitude I owed to my parents. @ RW carwcumee(c LOKBS eM ELK. Itwas only after getting a job that I realized how hard earning money is. FE: BKoKS. "XoRGY, resembles "X12 4, but is used to mention Y while expressing a feeling astonishment or criticism towards X. D BRSLONS, EILTEELORMEMEA HED, Kok BAROK, Mummy, why do you keep calling the children by the wrong names? There are 0 three of them! @ FSChloTSFHokS, HOT LEMMEL Mo TEATTE. Our dog Chiro thinks 'm his mother, you know.« | BRA CRI LTRS A, ()N + ELT (2) plain form GA -E + -Thd + ELT N -K + -/-THS "XICLTEY, indicates that to a degree or extent Y is different than would normally be expected from the premise represented by X. Y can be good or bad. OD Kiner obec Takiho son. Her piano playing is not at all bad for an amateur. @ cove— be Hest LTE CCE TOS. This report is well written, considering it was done in one night. @ rxe vaesieeBEL REICH. “25° CHI, SHEL THE LECH, T've just studied Spanish by myself for about six months. Really? You're pretty good, considering. Because X is no more than a hypothesis, this expression can also be used when the speaker does not know whether itis true or not. @ BRsra, BK culls es k, MAO CHZOHbLOwDA, Dad's too late to still be doing overtime, He might have gone out for a drink, 10] FAIA CAMBS, HOME? Of EMS mV eWIROEMS, V_ plain form N_ plain form + pelle —% > ThE "X#6 {clk Y.s means ‘because X, then of course ¥.’ ¥ is often an expression of an order, obligation, intention or aspiration. D AMbEcAcK HBR, EARCKEC ies cH) Re, I've got into graduate school, so of course I want to go back to my home country with a degree, however tough it might be. ® MATTE, 7-AchHCS, Poms KLEE EOLES. Thate losing. Whether it’s a game or whatever, as long as I'm doing it I have to win. @ HCO RR efits ict, Bans Lom) MRL CHORE OOD, Ifyou want to get a job in Japan, then you'd better make sure you learn to use honorific expressions properly. 17 11AZ 12 11, It cannot be used in a sentence expressing a fact that has already occurred. 8H, ty W-OMBITS ATS. plain form aA . | + Tbe vio ‘A speaker uses this expression in the form "X #2 3 4 with a rising intonation to confirm X with the listener, When the listener is not aware of X, it is a way of demanding that he or she become aware, and it may be accompanied by a sense of criticism or rebuke. In addition to the polite form '-CL «3.1, in conversation it can take the form “CLs, °C Leos, HS, or THAI. © lone. FESO IB MMESS, Mean, ay KAD REL, It’s 10 o'clock. Time for children to go to sleep, right? Brush your teeth and go to bed. @ BK ereecsemociesiiicescle, CobAUSOL EO, Yuta, can’t you see you're in the way ifyou stand there? Come over here. @ MAAC oCHOROKHED, SHiOTH TY ENEAT, BEDE, You're the one who suggested we go out for a drink, aren't you? It’s too bad of you to leave it until today to cancel.Lesson 18 [ieee 5 CSOT OINEN) ei TU Cok RWRD, plain form BA N + WG } + -/-tHS =~ ‘This expression indicates that the speaker is convinced of what he or she is saying. D Bis vammeteord, FHb ss BN (SIO, Ms. Watanabe is someone who finds it impossible to be punctual. No doubt she will turn up late again today. ® ik BoRMIcS Fo bb LZ EIOk, If the film is directed by Yamamoto, it's bound to be interesting. @ bobo Ww 5 thoes The cherry blossoms in that park will definitely have fallen by now. It is similar to '123°#,, but while “143% can only express a conviction based on some- Vata, thing like calculation, knowledge or logic, "\ci\>%\>, can also express an intuitive convic- tion, as in@. @ Be-Bwx<, MEA [OBO / x OTK) LBok, One look at him made me feel certain that he would be a kind person. LOMB BTHAOBRRC, tho bOKHEATHD IKE CAMA TEN. N + KEAT/ENSE The expression 'XIZY (CLE“T /Hi<% E+) is used to express a comparison between X and Y, and is usually followed by an expression indicating some kind of degree or extent. In most cases, replacing it with '~ £ 9 1 does not change the meaning. D FEREICEATHORS ODED OK, Spring arrived ltr this year than last CE RRRORRICHENS EERIE Ke CORT, 1 feel that looking things up in an electronic dictionary makes me less likely to @ remember them than with a paper dictionary. @ Whats Rasy, Suburbs are greener than city centers. 18 123124 3. [2AuBMR EOC FEY SSSOTREU, V dic.-form VeU-form —al» WA aA -& + 80K (1) (KEY & © # 4 is used when describing the essential nature or tendency of X. In speech, it may take the form "23. ® Audios sox. People change. @ BROT, KOEDHPESEOEATT, Money is a hard thing to save up, isn’t it? Since this is a way of making a general observation, X cannot be a proper noun or a word! referring to a specific individual, thing, ete. x BVPI 3 box, ‘The negative form can be either '~§ OCI, of '~#e12 8 Os, but the former hasa somewhat stronger negative sense than the latter. @ PACH Ricteh sm 2,000FLES 2, LRP 2H CHA 513 boOciatees More than two thousand kanji are ordinarily used in Japanese. They are not somethi ‘that can be learned in one or two years. @ Povow—mek sh (RRENS OAL ek /RAONAVOALI, It’s impossible to eat a lot of sweet things all at once. (2) As a development from its use for describing the essential nature or tendency something as above, '~% #2, can also be used to mention an ideal situation or natu obligatory action, In this case, its meaning is close to that of /~-<8 4. OQ PHAMIATS SOF, Students should study. © WENAMAT bOTRED, Food put in front of one ought not to be left uneaten. DAY IT FAME USE IS b bok, bo Past-tense forms such as ‘\> 7 4, '% 2 7 and © 51 2 7 1 are used to indicate speaker has found something he or she was looking for or has become aware of sor that he or she had previously been unaware of.@D FOIFE! ECKBBAK. BH. WK, Whe CAMECIMEOD Chiro! Chiro! Where are you? Oh, here you are, here you are. So this is where you were! @ 185, WUCGA, BECKNSAMBAR SSI. “RA? EC? HABLE B WAR. HN? Hey, look. You can see a small island over there, can’t you? oot Eh? Where? I can’t see one. Oh, yes, I can see it. That one? wos wo ooh pre e i Tine Le 5. [oT CORI, HBR OB UHI UEAREO. The expression "723°C. +, is used for giving a reason for something, but it is used when the speaker wants to justify him or herself or make an excuse. It is a casual expression, so it cannot be used in a formal situation. D EFLTI-F4 HY HTVIBD? LOT, FAC EBEVAKLO, Why do you spend the whole time looking at your mobile? 7 Well, there’s nothing else to do, is there? | @D EFLTIZEWEO? fot, ENORORI CL EMT CHADAEBA, bs Why did you lie? — ‘Well, nobody listens to what I say, do they? 6.| REA Mbke soe LEoEVETSC BMELZKVEL. ‘The expression 'X LE CB-CYs means" LX LCS Y ke Bs and indicates that even if an action X is taken, an (undesirable) result Y will ensue. It is used when the speaker wants to say that there is no point in doing X. @ ook Weare csc, BEAU ROE. However hard you try to explain the situation, the police aren't going to believe you. @ SHvchsyrecae, FEST CHS HTARDS BRAVE, ‘There's no point in tidying up; the children mess everything up again in no time.126 contrary to the expectation /XCHNILY Cie O BamAMEOH Doms Laer eH With Japanese, kanji might be difficult, but even Korean is hard to pronounce. Itcan also be used when listing a number of items, as in ®. @ Bhsraatvatbens, toa Koc R Ro cihee ce EF. Mr. Sunuki is good at sports, so he can play soccer, baseball or anything. "X#25°C Y, can also be used as in @ to emphasize strongly that X applies to Y, even when this is not necessarily contradictory to expectation. OD RiRAROUR< HRCA RT. SE. CHORES Le. My father goes to work early every morning. He left the house at 6 a.m. today as well. SRKTE SOKOMMV oD | N N + case particle (lc - @) VT -form plainform + #5 The expression 'X < 2 Y is used when emphasizing that X is Y, not something else. D E5EKSL BBO LET. MEBBCEEFERBLS. Pleased to meet you. The pleasure is mine. @ Foskeuc eso Lt SECS. POAKHBAETE IK TRMMLTEO, You were praying for quite a long time, weren’t you? Yes, I was praying that this year I will finally be able to meet someone nice, In addition to nouns indicating people or things, X can consist of (noun + case particle), © <1 Gindicating a situation), '~#>., Gndicating a reason), or other expressions. @ comare oma, Hie, AARC ZBATHODRD. This book is meant for children, but actually I would really like adults to read it.® LARBMb IL 2a7-Y avi BATCTBRIHSZONTHIT, amc BL e SER tea ee D EEA, Language only has a meaning if it can be used for communicating with. Even if you pass an exam, there's no point unless you can actually use it. ® bohshhopo cite, WEEDS Cc ZRROMES to TLEIOE. It’s not that I don't like him. Its precisely because I do like him that I'm playing it cool. 2719 128 Lesson 19 DRI YHOO CH tk NHK OMMC, AKOHPO KEEN RIC ONT Wie. '~29Mlc | indicates the object of a survey or investigation, the target of some informa- tion or action, etc. It can also take the form '~# Wie LT. ® tivengmesnry—2ay KAO HAL TOS. Games developed for preschool children are popular among adult, Q FVEDFROPMIZE S Babe ng MENTS, Afternoon television programs are put together mainly for housewives. BRAY ORM RII, HREDO TRS. HYPO KIC DS, '~1£%0 Ce ¢ | is the same as '~72(}-C% ¢ 1 is used when the spealver wants to mention that "~) is important but that he or she will not be tallking about it in detail at the moment. It can also take the form'~ikE SDK ELT. D HOvAbsviniehicl bm, HRIEVW, Prices apart, the food that restaurant serves is delicious. ® MIME ID, Heanow, Whatever one might think about his looks, his character is good. ® Siivsmermer yet, BLAALVELTBCS. f 1 9 Whether we actually take part or not, let's at least apply. ® LFMARDEI HUE ><, ilo he LRH. Whether or not she sang well, she certainly tried hard. SL 7. [FR Ano, MORRO ERD BA TOPs SeAKY, V dic.-form N+Q + wl '~#eabic tts indicates a purpose. Its followed by an expression indicating a requirement or obligation. D vyyaveHI KDI 3,000 FFI 6 iaBH, To buy a flat, you need about ¥30 million. @ Berxskwicis, MRRBCERLANNIEKO RM, To become a doctor, you have to pass the national exam. OD RMN SAIABB, bo LAMPE MHL RES AHO, To learn to read a newspaper, it would be better to study kanji more. AAs well as being used with the dictionary form of verbs as above, it can also be used with nouns expressing events. @® Bhorwicis, SHoneavesc came. In order to win, we must all work together.HARTER OAK VOW CBWE DI CLEA TRE TEL, "YeL-C, is always followed by a negative. It means the same as “E <¢ - S94 BW cic) ‘~tz19) and emphasizes the negative. © BEStiaaereowbeml che ks Lik Labor, ‘The management showed absolutely no sign of accepting their responsibilty @ He adttatibee Roc (SL 5 CLR THIEL eb, It’s certainly not unusual for a lost purse to be returned with its contents intact. 131e + |P2BAT OMA TMOSET RIVED EME, + |RNGERES CHEK DIC WoP lL OFKE LTOHASHNTS Lesson 20 TY HEC, means FEO AD» 2G, and is used to indicate learning from, or having one's abilities developed by, someone senior or more experienced. OD FLUE s 2 cr. SH 2 BR chi cos, Under their new manager, all the team members are working hard in order to win the championship. ® aloe sited. L. HBotRAoe e £4. It is not used for the recent past, but for when a situation has continued from some time further back right up to the present. D ACHR CHER BCS ERM KI OR, Ever since I broke it skiing, my leg hurts when it gets cold. @ BAL covet ok, HRCHA CHS, ‘We've been living in Yokohama ever since we got married. @ OIL Ch, Ie PARE BCU, Thaven’t had a single Japanese meal since getting back to my home country. As well as being used with verbs in their C-form, it may also be used with nouns expressing time. ® KPOBUR, RLA-BSocowY, Thaven’t met my father ¢ once sine last summer. ® KER. DUR, Fok aaa wEL cae Beta Fh, Since graduating from university, I have continued to study, with the aim of passing the National Bar Examination. TRY ANCIERI RBA BRED SSCBWE, v } plain form WA < BW. BA plain form { <5b. e+ -/-ThHS : < 615) is used when presenting an extreme example in order to illustrate the degree or extent of what was said before. In example @ below, "511, exemplifies what comes after. Itmay be substituted by "ig 272). @ Bhxcinsvoe, M7 wmcsenc HY ( bv Since it’s a long way to the airport, it would almost be too late even if we left home at 7 am. @ COMEAMETHEC CHT T, BBEBBARY 6 Br, This bag is so well made that it's hard to believe it’s a fake. @ Come Chats ( SOMME CHEN TOS, This book is written in English simple enough for lower secondary school students to be able to read.® scmiomenaBigx yitgatesuecosoc, £0185 HE BO, Because buildings in the north are better equipped with heaters than air-conditioners, it’s almost more comfortable there in winter. "PHSES) EVIWBAI= 7 PROLO OHH, CHMEDMFETHT, vo WREEBA SC NELE. F< aC means '~ ORNS EHO Ts D CREFESORDIAMABE COTIRORCT. ‘These are poems written with love by mothers for their children. @ Faas k s,onwrdecocHoET, ‘Today I'm going to sing my heart out for the audience. 10.) jist o WHA THE LEH 5S HTT, (~LE~PE), indicates that a result commensurate with whatever was done willbe obtained. 9 D WRAY Ka RS, One's brain’s flexibility increases to the extent that one uses it. ss ® Mirsvnirevxoibeers, Hardship becomes an asset in proportion to its degree. 11, aa CHOMEMUTE LIEN. WAITER, Vf-form + ERA [IZ] Tx EEA [ic]; means '~F SEF C+ ~L HEF C1) and is used to indicate an unexpected result of an event. OD HORKEMVRERA, hs FiioMOT Lk. ‘The instant I opened the lid of the box, a kitten jumped out. OQ BROBEHSINL ALAA, HEBD ELE. The moment I raised the subject of money, the person I was speaking to became angry. @ FrEOCM COM MENA LA, CD OF LIE A Bucher, ‘As soon as this song was used in a television commercial, sales of the CD suddenly shot up.136 AOS EWST. DEERE plain form + #5£00T ‘~t>6 E\2 59°C, is used when the result of something is different from what would natu- rally be expected, Itis followed by a negative. OD PMH TH BOS LOT, BTLOEL Mb CRED, Just because it's written inthe newspapers, that doesnt mean it’s always true. ® Blems eeot, aves DRYISD ) fee CHIC C BOERS, Just because they're convenient, I don’t think that eating nothing but boxed lunches from convenience stores is good for our health. @ BEERS cust, Heolkchocuvpucim, Just because we live in a democracy, it doesn’t mean to say that it's all right to decide everything by numbers,Lesson 21 1. Kew L&E. ZDELECHI BHA EWHIKL EDR EB ZS HK (kita, Bee5. ‘but boxed lunches ‘~9', is an archaic expression meaning ‘not doing something that one would natu- rally expect to be done.’ © LENA MOO, RTS LETHE OS, Even though my father doesn't feel very well, he won't even go to see a doctor but just carries on working. ® ha Pmokiedvesrk, lovey s7 been, He went ahead with a new project without even getting permission from his boss. all right to decide 2. KetO¥ SA CHW Ble EMA LEWREBZ IS (dD, TwEORE +b isan archaic expression meaning Iw Eo Tbs or! ~ Cb Bd), ® EARS LOR ED, BOHR CE RHA 5a0e, a7 However rich one might be, there are bound to be some problems that money can’t solve. @ BBLvALS, FRCOHHEKS c Lace, However skillful a doctor might be, she cannot save all her patients. 3. | cen ATe, 25 MMi A TRRE~CBs means HP e~eH oC bs or EARI~ THOT H, D KELVSEATY, SOHESA BCH, Even the stingiest person couldn't possibly be as mean as that Mr. Yoshimoto. @ kBeAblizrce, comiibewaw, sere Litmunngiee Even a very clumsy person should be able to make it properly using this machine. 4. | AR Aat inca 2 HL CH ORAS BC SEBO CDS, "wsane~ahy is used to emphasize "HIE~-CH 3, O MOF 7yreHSL, DAMIODR BMD S, Looking at the morning rush, one can see how stoical the Japanese are.138 21 ® AKonoircs Motte Lomi Ne te bOweMon, Standing before the power of nature, I realized the insignificance of mankind's existence. ATHOWA, HOW EPORED. plain form + 7. Fo-225.4 is an informal expression used in writing, meaning '~% 9%. (something one has heard), or “i227 3) L-Cldwvas~ EME, O Bockr, BiMauee Mons, 2iMIMHNS ABEL THOS Em, Tthought I hadn't seen the man next door for a while, and it seems like he’s been in hospital for the last two weeks. @ BREET Hiine sim, BOeTLITEOET. Theard that your daughter's getting married soon, Congratulations. @ RMOIV7 AR CLR H Sok ED Thear your company’s president won last week’s golf competition. a REDENE, FUCZAREA, ERAACHO CO ZObUR, LR DEC BB. N + Ko + Bptnik/BHtse/ antes /BHtses e ‘d>7UZ, is attached to a noun indicating a person and means "4 DADHN TIS. It indicates that what is being stated is that person's own opinion, not anyone else’s. ® BRoticapenw, Macnds bolo easly, According to economic experts, the yen will go even higher. HORM a ESL. UR, a0. AMAL TDR eI. According to my bad-mouthed younger brother, you shouldn’t trust anybody who has ®@ ‘manager’ in his title. ® W#HOHAARCADLES, Hho ows cos aR ATL BD, The Japanese that young people speak these days would probably sound like a foreign Ianguage to Japanese people from 200 years ago.7. [HAOREAI 4 LOMAS, 7-7 KBOWTRML LED ENDET. N + KBSUT T~icd#-toC means ‘based on “~),’ When modifying a noun, it takes the form '~Ic4é Sut. OD commme, $V HENS, This film is based on true facts. @ eben, Heke ons Lee reBR Le, The department store introduced some new services based on the results of a survey. @ Firowe 6, Mics HL ELK. I made my decision based on experience, not on speculation, 1H LOWERED ED ASKS MELT ERE v } plain form a emaet eA } plain form 0 N i 1 S28) means '~e filtres 5. 2 O HOME 28254, MRS cso sAOHERAE Las. ‘When one thinks of Japan's economic power, it can be said that Japan’s responsibility in the international community is great. @ Keine ko, HR HL eT RTM LAA SOTREVTL £ ID. We can possibly assert that global warming will continue to accelerate as a result of the population increase. weit rit PAR LAABOTL BID, Can we really say that money brings happiness? ® 9. pKOReuEE cra, ACRONIS ER WR, ORL o> [ec emeetogs, B -BT plainform + —%T ‘37°C, is used to introduce a statement that contrasts with a preceding statement. It can also be used in the form ‘—A#T1d) or '—Fiy.OD wae aseA Ze ac Reet ANE LTO], Japan is a technologically-advanced country, but at the same time it cherishes its traditional culture, OQ FANS ORS FEEKEI BOLL IBWOES HC SEALAREEAT POLES AE I MROSS, Although some people feel that it is better to have children learn English from when they are small, others believe that itis better to wait until they have first mastered their mother tongue. @a VATA IANA, CREE DET FSOORES TE GVEW 3 Matos 3, A high cholesterol level is a problem, but on the other hand investigations have also revealed that we cannot live to a great age if it is too low. 10.[ OKI AMRZARCMST 7 N + RSet FcR Ty) means '~#21F-C%H ( (lI). D LORITIRN, FEBCMB THA YARIS S, This character is popular among adults, not just children. @ WA CHEAAECARSIMET, DMN Ub ARIS, Sushi and tempura are not the only Japanese dishes that are popular abroad; tofu and 140 other dishes are as well. @ KUT 7V—LaR eon enksyicmos, Bevobiae tiles sku Zoect. When something is described as ‘barrier-free,’ it means that anybody can use it comfortably, not just people with a disability or older people.Lesson 22 1. | a70n yi £ HeEE DVRS, BPMES LEVERETS. Used in the form "suspended /< form, ~20C.), "AUCH means '~ L5H LELRo. IHERB oy means wee 3 MT, MHF Hee RBS <2 BA, Bic emt LicKeey, We let everyone involved know about it because we believed the information should be shared. @ "RM EoRICRLI LEI ORL, CHL CHB BonAMEC SOEs, ‘There's no way we can manage it by ourselves, so this is why we have come to ask you for a favor like this. 2./enesot OHMIM I CENTUSS LiCM*BIAw ED HMI ¥ [the we boT Hy uuixcates '~@--k Wied, (is regarded as). O HRY, BE Wome LR-pebot, wMELET. Students are evaluated on the basis of attendance rate, presentations during classes, and reports, ® HFeeot, SEBDEDELET. Based on your applause, I shall take it that I have received your endorsement. 3 (Miewexoce EF WEE TITS ORCA LF RZ DY EME CH, N + keeELTIS (~icgie Clk /~ 1c BE L-THL, is an expression that defines the extent of something and is a formal way of saying "~-Cd), '~t2 8B ¥ LCi, is an even more formal way of saying the same thing. These expressions are therefore preferred over '~-Ctz in formal writing. O BAR Rhopazcwe ci, i Ra2~aecHersctbbok, In Japan during its rapid economic growth period, some people's incomes doubled within two to three years. @ ABOPRBCHVTR, rows HS Lar BE, When learning a foreign language, it is important not to give up but to keep on going. 141342 @ Bibcsmne Ces GRCSWC LOT ELAUET. Thope that you are all well. + RAD ORC REC DEM APE Ic ts ) SEO TIRE OM, VET -form + 33/25 '~45 %/24, means the same as '~ © b ACF Bj. Using kanji, it is written ‘4 34, which can be read either way, but ‘3, is more common, The negative form is ' 2 s\>4. OD HW Bis semana Ac om 3c kr. He could solve the employment problems even on his own. @ So; bcrer¥X- BEBE wok, PKac pws 9 53, Ifthe energy policy is not changed soon, serious problems may occur in the future. ® RkatiKoWess ATC LBB RAY, She would never make disparaging comments about other people. Although it closely resembles "~< LC By, '~5 8/RS, can also be used as non- volitional verbs, while '~< £ t-¢8 4, can only be used as a volitional verb. @® COMMER MRT So LDCR SAMIR I 5. This problem can easily be solved. ® HACC MHDS O52, In Japan, an earthquake could occur at any time, '~4 3 /XB, cannot normally be used in sentences that have a person as their subject. ® PSA 100 X— be PACES TEACHES, Mr. Tanaka can run the hundred meters in under 11 seconds. iz4ihl, SHEA A Coy. BRS CNET ZOHR ROK DBRS ND CLIC OLOTHB5. v OA wA } plain form N =# > & } plain form + OTH33/OKS> “OC (DEA), shows that the speaker is guessing the reason for, or giving a conjectural interpretation of, what was stated in the preceding sentence. © Bescwsichion, MHMICTES HR KORORS I. Yoko went home ahead of us. She probably went to pick her children up from the nursery school.© Avs ence REM, aot, HH ORVIERAD ho F. | Galileo said, “And yet the Earth moves,” probably because he had a strong belief in heliocentricism, ® fais cauc LOS, PEMA CORBES ADMERNED . Mr. Tanaka is sming, The child he was longing for has probably been born. —s« @ «Tis LomRomaanihe cy, Hiatircwso7% 4. . ‘The light is off in Mr. Yamada’s room. He’s probably out. In, "ELEC, is given as a conjectural interpretation of “WME A DAO «APH ACB 4. Ifthe speaker had no doubt that this interpretation was correct, he or she would use O72; instead of 'OHS 54, ue: | “LE AOBROBRBHA TOS. KUDU COBO, In other words, "O24 44 really means "OH+#S Is. OHSLVA, and "Ie 28221») relate to each other in a similar way. ia) POMBO s 2 MMi LCs eBDNS. 6. |mmiaAsatiiKe v WA + ERDHS @A } plain form ad N te tan torm '~£ liv, is used by a writer to express his or her opinion. It is usual in writing (es- pecially in theses, dissertations and other such papers) to use °~& ito.) rather than | (VERS). 'YL4 ZN, is used in a very similar way. oo: ® Row BONE cons, 6K tL Bons, believe that the global economic turmoil will continue for the next five or six years. © Kokiuatoxe P ommoxHeke ces Lapras, I think that his comments go to the heart of this company’s financial problems. @ sanywitRar cee ehiee Bons, I believe that ecology is a necessary idea all over the world. AAMBAY, SOLELTSH, Bilas, Trt, SHEL TS, +01 implies that '--5 follows naturally from '~7rl>4, ina similar way to ~#oA 5.) "~AeL LC bs means the same as HLATHEL TS, and indicates that '---; follows rather than * --- % \> , even when '~, is accepted to some extent.HEBBMIEGDOL, SIS UALABORE LCOMMCE THAARDOR, [HE BG, BUSMEBRLET 8 eK] ‘There was no electricity in the village, and even if candles had been available, I could not have afforded to buy any. (So I could not study at night.) ORF VERO EM CHE TAROT, BHO MEE IC inte FR BULA, EMAC POAUNE ELC YY PORE LDR COROT. LE DS. MENREA] Tand my wife really want to try staying at that hotel at least once, but it's hard to obtain a reservation on the Saturday we want. Even if we could get one, they only have single e @ rooms available.(So we cannot stay there.) @ AIRY bCPRLAZ 4 VeRO ROTI, FC c barca mbokd, More LTO NBawaRNREA, (85, ioc RT] I've received a file created in PowerPoint, but either it won't open or even when it does open it’s impossible to read what's in it. (So I have a problem.) 8. | cn CKF EDS LESS BEHOBWE AI OTTB, T~ (k) 9 'eb--%V2y means the same as /~LEVOKRAL “FSC EM THR, vb ean OD LPM ROEKARE LTO SZOT, MATIC OMMEY, My boss and my co-workers are still working, so I couldn't go home even if I wanted 144 to. BAI— FRAP SBVUOT, F-PERKLIKSHSNEY, I don’t know the password, so I couldn't see the data even if I wanted to. 8 9. [ati RU ORE CAA ODD Re SRM, '~d 0 icy means ‘'--y is not as might be imagined from '~ 5. OD wei “EbloxU—F) BIT PLO_YVEBBSLEDOR, ‘The film “The King’s Speech’ was more interesting than its title implies. conn Ha peesnih piciteot CoHRE LCOS. ‘This king has a more straightforward character than one would expect from the fact that he was bullied as a child.10. 11. HES SAARC ANS EIT ARECT, V dic.-form A) means ‘there is obviously no need to do '~.’ © Kiowsum eco, 1zzchzotes, I don’t need to hear her reply; it’s bound to be “Yes.” BORLERS I. RI RTHEVE, Ifit’s his son, I’m sure he'll be fine. I don’t need to meet him. WULAWARIC RoE &, BC? 279 LIMO kOCT, Zr BoOMWT, 72 FILMCOVTHASLIMDELE N&eopitl NHSOMGT [de oP C/~# So PUTIC, Vy means '~, served as the occasion or opportunity for starting to do V or become N. D NRLOMT IAT IY EMEC BED. FH Wikewok 5 tekok. I became interested in space after visiting a planetarium while at primary school. @ FhinEnkBesoovic, Ric x7) v7 3—oiditatsi ont. It became obligatory to install sprinklers on every floor after the recent office-building fire. @ weomcicowee hehe tHVELE. ENEXODUCMT LIED. > THAWED RET, I picked something up for her that she had dropped in the train on the way to school. ‘That’s when we started talking, and now she’s one of my best friends. N + @18bH '~# (E18 indicates the first in a list of items. D AIFTEAUY, Yak goatee, TI i Many Japanese words, such as ‘karaoke,’ judo’ and‘ languages of other countries all over the world. ok HABIIE (53. ja," have been adopted into the@ wrica, trnoi Pdewrw, RyY-. NaH IAT VINEEDE EEK ORDTEET 3. There are still many mysteries in the world, such as the Nazca Lines, the Loch Ness Monster and the Bermuda Triangle. @ weave, Boch Ah conoconediasc career, We have been able to see this day arrive thanks to the help of the Mayor and everyone else concerned. 1stLesson 24 1. 452 thoticwHcSSSSsORAV, LvoThOVTF HAY, (V-#ee=+ 83 .N, isan archaic form used when modifying a noun with V2). OD HecexeeeMones s WR sUTK, Many historical facts must still be unknown. @ ASS, MPxs, P¥S, WWOLAHERLTHS, ‘See nothing, hear nothing, say nothing’ points to one way of living one’s life. Since archaic forms remain in the language only as part of stock expressions, their use is limited to the following kinds of cases (and even these forms are not used very often). 1K 6684 (~TRRW) Ri AmeeS (Rimbiov, Balke) “MSRES (MSN Oz) + | baka s, Bilis, etcBSkT Mico THE DOM—-DEL THY ETAL By citing items at either extreme of a group, '~i>5~ic 38S XC) indicates that Sy applies to everything in the group. O Hones ATHROMICED EC, ENYCOTMTHO CHET, We make everything in this factory from automobile screws to satellite components. Q VIL 7 Prd Jpop CBSE, MECHEL vy LORRY COMBL THD ET. ‘We offer all kinds of music in this shop, from classical to J-pop. (HOKE Hide XDUBotec & ‘<8, means the same as "$e%Elc~4%,. ‘motion verb +41 means "HE 5 Mb ECL $4, asin example O. @ fhise9 7 7c 42.195km iE) Bot, He completed 42.195 km in the marathon. @ ReeLURLL sok HK WH camobichils cus, The baby is sleeping on his mother’s breast with a totally peaceful expression. @ Wkscutins oeomciiy an cos, Mr. Yamamoto is slumped in a chair looking exhausted.ZN, LPL AP REBRE bot, OO, AIRED CHD ET. "Veteva + aN, is the noun-modifying form of V 7%». In particular, "Ni % 6 #8 Noy means Ni Chez v> Noy. O zhi, AMownices ia, HesnmMicnw, Fe cesoon. Not being God, I could not imagine that it would turn out to be our final farewell. @ vond Ph cfety ceo cone, snaoucBe 5 aMEL kon. Tused to think that I would like to go into space one day, and ultimately it became reality, not just a dream, EACHMICROSRTAM, MBwik, BODARLO TT, N VES -form -eF + SAE VT -form WA th + HATE ATU) c. Inthe case of an \>-adjective: A( SASH (BELAV>BSLAC SA HUE) d. Inthe case ofa ZA/N+#: SA/NTHY) ATH (example: Bottec Death, ARE > ARCH) SASH) 153 24154 6. |Wicikko CHW HOW —DELTH KEM, #8. H) A. (mt) > + ELT~RU T (expression including “2) & UT~z Wy means "TCH BOR, FATOROUW K. D Mossy xT Beas LMUM—OLL THD EEA, Some of the voices are similar, but when I checked, I found that no two were the same. ® Bass AokBR -At Lt Pero LR Hhowbok. Because everyone encouraged each other, not a single person said they wanted to Words beginning with one, e.g. ~ stop. @ He che sae Re HB-AE LTH) REAL Not a single day passes when I do not think of my mother living back in the town where I was born, SOA T. ABA INR COREE, WiclekS GOCE Tb EE AEA, V plainform + ELE (Is) "Y plain form (~) + DLE) means ‘asserting or stating +) having checked that '~: is true. © Hida oa, FAbBL HESDSL PH) ELA, As long as the other side doesn't agree, all you can do is let it go. ® Riwrevw, WoO Lake, ‘As long as I can't pay the rent, there's nothing for it but to leave. @ Bibontec pee, Rieic tay cata ese s+, Once a decision has been reached, we will proceed with plans to put it into effect. 8. ELC SETAE, AP ATIC) APODAD, MRALSMMI, & EVEL, MESH CHSTHU IDS EVA, VER + PAU CSAs /< da, oy means "Woe AUL tale, /~ab is an archaie form, D RAMI TEES MDE, COMBIED ZEA, I will never sell this shop as long as I don’t fall ill. @ BISORODR), FrvAWH IRL. believe an opportunity is boun @ ckAO'? Ram veDe Dd, present itself provided I do not give up. Hx RB ca KEL.9. 10. We cannot provide any personal information without the consent of the person concerned. fi | | | L HAC SVaTeE, AP AVE) Sma). HAALSAGE EA Low5e, Meas sees THU BMEEEA, Vdic.-form /V&b\-form + Pltclsély () BRA Tw iF ic lev» () 2%vo) means ‘doing '~, is unacceptable / impossible.’ "t 17 ic i\0%7% >, is often used in conjunction with a phrase such as "~ (#2) #6 /~¢ Ts expressing a reason. e EACH Cb, FECOROROCHEL TER CORSE DUCA bin, However hard we find it to make ends meet, we must not use this money, which we have saved to pay our children's tuition fees. HAY LAL 2m ORL Cons SR ABMS LAT kOm i, I may overlook it if you are late once or twice, but I cannot let it pass if it happens three or four times. RE Reps Loot, BUchZ DUCED, Just because I’m out of a job doesn’t mean I can sponge off my parents. 15s BAIS L OME BRIEEDOKOK, LOMAS LOLBE Dic, ROMs cob LVROTS. NOSEY [lz] Vdic-form + #4) [I] ‘plain >V dic-form / noun + 0 + H*€Y (ic) yj means E THC, ZOHMIB (T 24 LEI). ®D 68 FECOC LR OMT SHED, Dodiate Liha ncn, I'm so worried about my son that I can’t help ringing him, and then he gets annoyed with me, FALY PWEDE), MRICI She dieted so strictly that she made herself ill. Sha lf som kD, Fictiotoray 7EREL TLE OK, He was so startled that he dropped the cup he was holding.Lesson 13 Key Learning Points (&) The grammar points presented in ‘Read and Write’ and ‘Speak and Listen’ ara indicated as Comprehension Points and Production Points. iE -B< (Read and Write) FITATRRSA (Gekkyoku Co., Ltd.) ET + BI< (Speak and Listen) BEOLTELE THES BNET ca (Misunderstandings often Learning goals Compre- hension Points Production Points pit (Why are Japanese televised anime so popular abroad?) + Read a commentary. + Read while looking for a reason. + Grasp the relationship between two things. 1. ie 2, ~kwot 3, ~K (8) bkOT 4. ~9bIC 5, ~EL OT 6. SER happen, don’t they?) Learning| - Read an essay. + Talk, chat and carry on a goals |. Understand the writer's state of conversation in a social setting. | mind as it changes over time. + Recount an interesting story. | Compre- Loree 5, Shee ead hee Points 3. Lie Production} 4. ~1 6. wears outs 7, 28D. EDS /oTSER 8, ka Lesson 14] BATHAOFLEPIAVSUS | MORKCS HR OMICHISOTHSE (A story about setting off on a journey into space with a mysterious beautiful woman) + Tell a story. + Encourage someone to talk. + Sympathize with someone and give your reactions. 10, oF? leaseGeer (Her yl (‘Worker ants’ that don’t work) + Read an explanatory text. + Read a text that expresses conditions and results. ae (Private information leaked.) + Read a newspaper article (from the social pages). + Understand the gist of an article rapidly. + Grasp factual relationships. AWTLEADEIHSEARUEVE WSZETH (There's no-one better than Iwan.) + Keep a conversation going, or cut one short. + Praise someone, or express yourself modestly. FEROZ EE (It's a bright spot in a tragedy.) + Describe a bitter experience. + Console and encourage someone.158 aaa BDDC UIEASSU— (The robot contest — making things means developing people —) Lesson 17 SOBRE PARD (Calendars) (You're already a big boy, aren't you?) Learning|} ~- Read a commentary. + Use the appropriate form of address. gels |. Read an anecdote related to + Talk to people in the appropriate something. style. Compre-| 1, ~PbeS 7. ~ TRUST eee 2. ~LLcik 8. ~okS Points ais ae 4. ~iekd Production 5. DS ~KUTHE Points | 6. ~seefav 10, OK Tee ss. Lesson 18) BHI (SSUISSRELTORM | SEKI. SOSOUVOROG RO 20! (The pencil sharpener (or Watanabe | (What about you? What on Noboru the luck-bringer ®)) earth is that pile of books!) Learning| - Read a novel. + Complain, or answer back. Oz | . Enjoy interpreting the writing + Mend a relationship by freely, while following the apologizing, or by acknowledging characters’ actions and thoughts. the other person. Compre- 4, NK a Boe ote 6. ~KLCST Production Bvt 7. ~HOt BOE ec eieae 8. ~ce 3. HbDKE SOTA Lesson19) ky haYF Ab SeoekeecaverK (It’s blowing my own trumpet a bit, but.+ Understand what the author wants to say, and grasp the facts and the author’s appraisal of them. + Accurately understand the author's opinion. } 1. ~en we | 2, ~itpp-ox< Ricasxicese (Understanding Japanese culture through shakuhachi) + Read a newspaper article (from the culture pages). + Get to know someone through his/ her profile. + Give an account of your own experience or impressions. + Give an impromptu speech at a gathering. 8. Ri<~me ee, Bschiens.cEpar over (What made you think of taking 159 up sumo wrestling in Japan?) + Interview someone. + Think about how to conduct an interview. + By interviewing someone, find out what kind of a person he or she is.160 arse ae BROBY. KIC (Preserve the culture of water, Japan’s pride.) + Read a passage that states an opinion + Understand what an author wants to say from the reasoning behind it and specific examples (My obituary) + Read the contents of a letter (a request). + Understand the writer's opinions on death (his or her view of life and death). SG Re FSBO TRELL AY | (Presentation: | would like to talk on. Hm! (Lagree!) cBvET the basis of data.) + Make a speech communicating information based on data. + Explain something using diagrams. + Learn techniques for exchanging opinions in a discussion.rey x08 (The tragedy of the commons) + Read an academe paper. = Understand what the author wants to say. aces (Conforming to a tradition) + Read an essay. + Grasp what the author wants to say. + Make comparisons while reading. = ee SP B~EBSEC 3 ene RE-F : AO BHRELT (Speech: As a citizen of the earth) + Give a speech to a large group. + Put your point across clearly to those listening. Rear eeake 7, ~Hnoba ies But) caRwoac OCB A HEA sues (In curiosity and tenacity, I believe | am second to none.) + Attend a job interview. + Sell yourself to the interviewers. + Talk in detail about your specialization. 161(Note: Here, '~1 indicates a noun or phrase, and '----) indicates a sentence.) 1. Using compound particles (phrases equivalent to particles, formed from two or more words) 1-1 Quoting 1) ~HLT implies that similar examples exist in addition to "~,. @ Bc ce ckAn svt eB 43 bekbe ca amokee cect, It means that even his wife did not know that her husband was to receive a Nobel Prize until the actual day. AAPFVPCRARRAH TA ZOT, BAOKOL DLT OES HE OBES ATHBSLW, Since there are ongoing water shortages in Australia, it seems that there are lar examples 8 restrictions even on the amount of bath water one can use. 2) ~TS~TH exemplified by "~. D VAYHOTET, MTHATHOVITES IN 7TOI4 Via, Go and buy some wine, will you? I don’t care if it's red or white, but make sure it’s Italian, OK? ® Hisqinaice tiiaaee ohio 3, He can understand both Chinese and Korean. 3) ~El~eMy applies to both '~, and '~ . D HEVPHELW, ALBA OTL EDK, LOSES OAC ORD, My elder sister, my elder brother ... they've both gone and joined companies. I'm the indicates that «---- applies to everything belonging to the class of items 164 indicates that " only one left to look after our father's shop. WR DREVOY-E ALLL, BBOLA RII, Whether for food or service, this is a fantastic restaurant. 4) ~EWSESB/EWORESB/ EW fe gives '~ as an example of ©". D WERKE 5 £5 IRE BSED, SPRL otek tolltkt BHO OEE R, Rather than gorgeous temples like Kinkakuji,I prefer plain ones like Sanzenin. Bins Ow, Abell, FAI, PATE Vo LBC THC ORLET. The doctor will explain things carefully at each stage, such as before entering hospital, before the operation, and after the operation. BREA Anaicia, R60kMe LOS WRIEE SAY, In accepting immigrants, issues such as how to safeguard their human rights must be FEOW EWS RAF AVE MEL te ® resolved.5) ~IUTE~IELTH/~ELE~KLE/~REE” -1, and the expression implies that all such examples are '~, is an example of © ‘When used with an interrogative, it means /~ 43 E SUE 34s, When used repeatedly, it means '~oiérCh, ~ OMT 1. D B-VICLTETFREL TH. HARB IS Ha Mbit CRU T BED BOI ITE PPS, Whether it be Rome, Athens, or anywhere else, it takes time to build an underground railway system in a city where many ancient ruins remain, COMED SAS MIC, HMAC LS, MBL, TY TOS beeRR DIAL te ITHUTH 6 le, In order to attend this lecturer's seminars, one must study at least one Asian language, whether it be Chinese, Korean, or any other. @ Meereicek, RRoavr~eHRSc LAME, ‘Whatever one eats, it is necessary to consider its nutritional balance. @ ‘Hie scen, iby sces, Whe x—vomsec( ee, Whether you attend or not, please reply by e-mail. 1-2. Giting an extreme example By citing '~, as an extreme example of '-----, this expression implies that 165, 1) ~&a- everything else is of course OD commons ciasimics BCR RE, can't even talk to my family about this illness. HOM asa CC, YAY Y bIRAYSAMARDOR, At that time I didn’t even have enough money to buy pot noodles “4 as well. 1—3 Limiting something to one thing, place, etc. 1) WEWRDES = ~~ AE (as far as '~) is concerned, '~, is the best). O Bar esnkscoxs. When one is tired, there is nothing for it but to sleep. ® fuk icows, For Japanese-style confectionery, Kyoto’s is the best.1-4 Giving a cause or reason for something 1) ~EBoT HH = VLOG C ESHA SE, ~—-DIEMPre (considering '~,, 7 stands to reason). D STMCAKHEL BoC, LORE MDILoVD, KC MOTHS, As would be expected of a postgraduate student, she knows very well what papers to read, OD eR 6 1S £Bo-C, Bhiiflls eID OdeHE Ls » 22, ‘As might be expected from the fact that women can watch films at discount prices on Wednesdays, the cinemas are packed with women stopping by on their way home from work. 2) De = ~205 4 2% 30 (because the situation '~, exists). D THprosnzhommebih ex. ‘The bus stop has been moved on account of the roadworks. @ emo eH a BH Aico spate Oe LET. Because next Monday is a public holiday, the library will be closed, 3) ~1##D Iz This phrase is used to express feelingly that '~, was the cause of an undesirable outcome. © iameacEnceclackiemy kc, Peabee LAREar won, All because I had left my mobile at home, I was unable to meet up with the friends I had arranged to see. Q Kikercs tite ic, camo He Bakes tv, Simply because I cannot speak English, I'm not finding it easy to get a job. @ FeeomMeih Leviton te QmsMe LHS, £5 LIMIT L BO, All because he wanted to help his child get better, the father overworked and ended up making himself ill. 1-5 Illustrating by example 1) ~P6~PK = SHEE D BEAR DRO AYE VPEIANRS BRICILD CASI ted te, Thad to go into hospital urgently, so I didn’t even have time to go home and get my pajamas, a towel or anything else. @ HPS PEZnZROTARA, COR TRV IIMDED, I've tried pushing, pulling and everything else I can think of, but this door won't budge. 2) Sb RB.~ be states that both "~, and ~, possess the aspect indicated by ° O MRBCLoT LOLS, ORMHES, "HESHORE, OBA. BAI kIT. COZEAN SUBD B,If persistence is a virtue for a researcher, so is being prepared to give up quickly. ‘These two qualities need to be employed judiciously depending on the situation, @ BRS AL ALT a7 7 OBER S, HED OBR Rates 21 Gabe MBS 53. HAOW KRicebucobeeliac Lake, A clinic with only one doctor and a general hospital with dozens of departments are both hospitals, One needs to choose a hospital appropriate to one’s medical condition. 4-6 Comparing and contrasting 1) ~&> indicates that '--+- is different from '~), D Biss esy mew r, eK, Unlike her voluble elder sister, she is a quiet girl. LOWMAN X COME LM ochre DH LO, Unlike the previous questions, the last question is pretty difficult. ~OICM LT. “+--+ indicates that "~, contrasts with Tr), O RAkCRUIEEN SON. HEACEMIOMENS, While stronger flavors are preferred in the east of Japan, more subtle flavors are ® 6 preferred in the west. @ wea Bow Lc, wtb 2 9 dia 3, A survey has shown that while women are optimistic, men are pessimistic. “ae ® Miiorniaha cy sors, BHoAniio techs, ‘While the populations of cities are growing, those of rural communities are declining. 3) ~Baifl introduces an aspect of something that is separate to or contrasts with '~,. © Tee Horse Bn Leki, BLOB REBT S CE Comat, Although industrial development has made people’s lives more affluent, it has led to the destruction of natural beauty. © RW Hacks bors, Atenas C20, ata oaeateihe me. Although T have become financially stable since getting a job, I have less free time and am too busy to read the books I would like to. @ KEBAB TIA KamR Hoses <, tiko Hiiemcs sHBok. While on the one hand confident and proud, on the other she was easily hurt, and concerned about what other people thought of her.170 2) ~ElkW5%0O indicates that what has just been mentioned is different from the fact as itis. © RABHe wns von, Aas ALDOeD, Although it’s called a limited company, itonly has five employees. @ WixFRo'R, raved v0, thaskz aiiilincae, Notwithstanding the fact that alcohol is described as a cure-all, drinking too much is bad forthe health ELE LIED WOO, EKLEE SHAMS, Although I've been discharged from hospital, I still have pain occasionally. 3) ~&ZSAnis used when indicating that the true situation is completely different from what has just been stated. OD Pwo TOMBLEES Bm, ETETHL (or. Far from stopping when evening came, the rain grew even more violent. @ av —HicieB 210046 GvKSESI EMO TORA 100 AES 520A Linkizmor, We thought that about a hundred people would come to the concert, but nowhere near @ that many came; only twenty did. QD AHH ICMIAE 10D AS BOWS ESF EMlo Taieak 100 ALS Bi» 200A eK. We thought that about a hundred people would come to the concert, but not just one hundred but two hundred did. 4) ~S+81 is used to criticize someone or express dissatisfaction with him or her for doing the opposite of what would be expected from their character or abilities. © WERUrCRA MMR CH, wo otha Anite o tHE Le AS. Despite the fact that my elder brother can't cook by himself, he always complains about other people’s cooking. ® Hise pi, Haass ob eMo THR CE, MAT HRDOK. Even though Mr. Tanaka knew that there was a test tomorrow, he didn’t tell me. @ Hit, HEARED Ce, BMeKS 5 LL ciboNk, My younger brother was told off for trying to drink alcohol despite being under age. 5) ~&W> TS is used when stating that what was just mentioned is of low degree. D KNMES Lock HA ACH SARE CT, Isay I can speak English, but its only at the level of being able to manage an everyday conversation. HOC OIE, Games. SL oC b Rey FS SBMA, It snows every year even in Tokyo. I say it snows, but only to a depth of a few. e centimeters.@ BRLCOTH, HA LABEL ONS SSHORRENTT, Although his title is ‘company president,’ he's only the president of a small ten-person business. 6) ~ICL3/Ket & means ‘even though what was just stated is true. DO BEAT ECR OICL 3, Bue Ov CORSO, It might not be bad enough to warrant going to hospital, but the cold I've caught has made me feel very listless. @ KONIC KIEL, WIECH AES LEB ERE LIED OR T'm glad I was able to experience living on my own abroad, even though it was only for ashort time. 1-10 Indicating con 1) ~T& is used when stating that something undesirable will happen if the situation jons mentioned comes to pass (and suggesting it would be better to avoid it). D Seine cia, SAY Sve es. Ifeverybody comes, they won't all be able to get into the meeting room. @ Heo wT Les ca, SF 4 RL ERA, ‘The party will only be a success if everybody works together. @ woe, Rbcs sce sRML asa, Beboci ese, Ifyou get flustered, you won't even be able to do the things you normally can, Please calm down. + Italso means repeating an action. + PRE MME SB CUM He [rewrote the letter many times over. SBeCEEL, BotwwL, POLL Rb eMSER, Writing and rewriting again and again, I finally completed the report. 2) ~T&H2 is used when stating that something undesirable will happen if the situation men- tioned comes to pass (and telling the listener to avoid it). © Kkeiiocas, Biicts cones. You just try breaking your promise; I definitely won'tlet you get away with it. @ SHSM CAA, Sob ANTLEI K All ofyou can try coming if you like, but the meeting room will overflow, you knove 3) ~TMS CHE is used when stating that something finally happened that the spealser would have preferred to have happened sooner. D AMICKoTHETHVE, MIROS y ADSM, It’s only after getting il that we realize how precious our health is. ® eR RH LDOTROE, TUNE hEPSETHEAEDOR, Twas not allowed to get a parttime job as long as I was still at high school.) ~3 introduces an action that takes place immediately after '~ . D vty a vik B Baie DI, BEY LET. We'll send the PC as soon as the repairs have been completed. © He Limom ym, cb omo RIL ET. ‘We'll telephone you as soon as we've found the item you lost. 5) ~2RMET indicates that the more '~ happens, the greater the likelihood ofits result. O BA xe, Biss. Dreams come true in proportion to the efforts put into achieving them. @ Biiori rs raw, Ekornitios. Students’ academic abilities increase in proportion to the ideas of their teachers. 6) ~ELRS/EFHIE/EFSE is used to postulate something that the speaker does not know will happen or not. O 75 ASHORE LES, VTRIOED RY, WoseM soto EI. Ifall the members of the class come, we will be three chairs short. Let's get some from the next classroom. @ KRPO Ls) MAMET SE, MOP EIN BURIED ev, If there's heavy rain tomorrow like the weather forecast says, we'll have to change our plans to view the cherry blossoms. “im _7) ~® 185 is used when introducing the idea of doing something that is nearly impossible. When used as "volitional form + 8 #5 j, it means ‘if it actually happened, there would be trouble later: D HOKSADELE, CR BLOREST Cie BHD RO, My mother back in my home country has gone into hospital. If possible, 'd like to go home straight away. ® 794 Vows Led COHHL £5 bows, HUBS 5. Mr. Sato is very proud if you try to criticize him even alittle, he'll probably get angry. 1-11 Expressing time (length of time, instant, occasion, etc.) 1) ~THS E54 is used when introducing a situation that has continued ever since an event '~y, D baw othS LVI GO, Woo sbihiadiN TOS ‘I BRITS, Ever since the big earthquake happened, I feel as ifthe ground is shaking all the time. @ WAL , fiom. iets cL atlas corey, Itis not easy to make low-priced goods while maintaining high quality. ® stole, Lorav.08, vownottwe Foc (ik. While complaining about my work, my senior colleagues at the company always helped me with it. 5) ~®t&oF means the same as '~ IC L 712°C (without being concerned about ~) 1. © kit Wake s0bmeds, theblirn. She went on crying, without bothering about the fat that her makeup was running. ® thst ote mxns, tecetss Lor, He hugged her closely, disregarding the stares of the people around. 1—13 Making an invitation, giving an instruction or stating one’s opinion, based on prior knowledge 1) ~Z£72H6 is used when making an invitation, giving an instruction or stating one’s opin- ion, based on a certain event or on prior knowledge. © MikebokS D. BAG CRERACI. The exams are over, so let's all go out for a meal. obs silks rAoc tems, SHbR LRN TK BESS. Ms. Yamamoto is always late, so she'll probably be late again today. © 1-14 Other ) ~lcft2T means ‘instead of and is used when interchanging the main actors, principals or subjects in a sentence. © tHECRtbo<, aR asermonme oa ET. The divisional director will explain next year’s plan instead of the president. ® coca se VE H eMocus, Anew type of fuel is used here instead of oil.2) ~IcZ 22.7 is used to introduce something done in response to '~s. O RE eR OMB ChAT FE iOn, ‘The President waved in response to the cheers of his supporters, @ &orBecscrarc, HHReMeT sc Lice ELE. In response to the many requests received, it has been decided to develop some new products. 3) WICH T/ (CHIL / (CHEF means ‘doing something before "~,," OD Hihicseato indicates that "+ finally took place after a long time, a lot of trouble or various difficult experiences. ® oH, BriclLajmcnelesecsrsrtonay, Meelis c tela After dithering for a long time about what to give my younger sister for her wedding, I finally decided to give her some money. @ aes FAR IRL AB. LG LG AEN OWEESSBOTLE OK, After failing his university entrance exams over and over, my elder brother eventually gave up on going to university. 10) ~32/3% @ wROHE Sy: aves tiie me, Flats for rent in Tokyo are expensive as well as cramped. Q FE SMAIMEM LID RIC, AO MURAI, NRE RUNES ot. Not only did my son suddenly develop a temperature, but I also felt like I was catching a cold, so Thad to take time off work. 11) ~#» Dz introduces something done differently from, ora situation different from, '~. © BRA ekienamn dic, Hhokbotne FE cLickon. Itwas decided that I would help with the school’s administrative work in exchange for introduces another situation or event occurring on top of a similar one ‘~. being exempted from paying tuition fees. Howry ayOTBE ay eas. TC, Hllemd) ce, Antosbillo ct, SL 3880, There’s a convenience store on the ground floor of my block of flats, which is handy, 8 but people are always coming in and out, so it’s a bit noisy. 12) ~Ica Th butis exceptional. D copaitbadbie, 2one— Kiem cay bao eA EY BOE, This boy is very good at mental arithmetic; where speed is concerned, he could hardly is limited to the case of '~1 indicates that the subsequent appraisal '--- be beaten even by a computer. © hitler vrokmicmy cate —ehoco5, When it comes to the manufacture of spectacles, Fukui prefecture is proud to be the best in the country.13) ~IE LIS /AC-S HE means ‘from the standpoint of "~1." © FeoKLRSE—wUliesFukatrelL Me, As far as children are concerned, beer is simply a bitter drink. @ coOAV- D#x RAIS aughics Boat, FECAL TERASHAY, ‘The hotness of this curry is nothing for adults, but there's no way a child could eat it 14) ~icRLT/IERL introduces something contrary to the desire of "~1. © Witomepc UC, RIS wii Lemon, Contrary to the hopes of those around them, they ended up not getting married. ® SOWA ROMMCRTSA7 LAbeBITES, ‘That political party has declared a manifesto that runs counter to the will of the people, 15) ~HET/ BEC /HEO, ~EHSICLT (ld) indicates that something '~, that ought to be included is not included. © BE Loc twa rt, FoCSACMLEL LI. Let's skip the formalities and talk frankly. @ IPEMIOBMAGA THAR Crea, ‘Hub! I don’t want to eat sushi without any wasabil 16) SRI is unrelated to any differences in "~. © comciax—r—- tite THB 7 ofleley eft, This shop buys motorbikes at high prices regardless of their make or model. 7 ® commnbbemosHcokuenss, Anybody can take this exam, no matter what their nationality is. 17) ~@Auble (UT) Se RE LT indicates that "----) is mainly "~,. © FH, HAR O AOR eine i arene, ‘This time, the survey focused on the reasons for Japan's economic stagnation, @ cokeek ewe wnr LeMRORMOARE, ‘The most poptilar faculties in this university are the science faculties, centered on the Faculty of Medicine. W653 A /lk ELD ~S introduces something obvious "~, and states that something not usually included in it “~ isin fact included in it D FAAH-Fv EIR, FERIEEEAAKASRLOS. Children, ofcourse, ean enjoy Disneyland, buts oo canals @ Hac Hey eK ORLOBELOELALIY ESV, Kyoto has many good western-style restaurants, as well as naturally having many good indicates that 1 z Japanese ones. 19) ~80¢ oT to it. idicates that "-----; has occurred as a result of '~, or something relatedSholte» (oH Tomes hmmews LCOS, Local residents are protesting about the construction of a cemetry. QBOBIE CoC BLAME CH CO, ‘The eldest and second eldest sons are fighting each other in court over their father's ® legacy. 20) ~KDW/DUT/ UTE © copMENsKo0 Hore eM. » means that ‘+--+ happens whenever '~, is done. Every time I see this is photograh, itreminds me of the past. @ fh SOUR WEL Tvstus, Bic) eRbNSZC LEV, Customers will never criticize you if you deal with everything sincerely and conscien- tiously. 2. Expressing something using conjunctions (P = part of sentence before conjunction; Q = part of sentence after conjunction) 2-1 Using conjunctions in a copulative relationship (cause/reason - conclu- sion/result) 1) UfedtoT is used in dissertations and other formal writings to express a judgement Q based on evidence P Ae D come NTaRo Cos K-Ci MIME DIEA CHS, Liatot, Binkley 252, Hohommemer scam Be tw. Not only is the population of this town decreasing, but its people are getting older. We therefore believe that increasing the number of younger inhabitants is important for its economic development. @ HOF LTA 200 TF, SH ae PAC IO®LEAMEEC LIS. Last month’s sales were approximately ¥3 million, and this month’s totalled BEE AGA CHO, Letiot, bv PL approximately ¥4 million. They have thus increased by over 30% in as little as one month, 2-2 Using conjunctions in a copulative relationship (conditions - conclusion/ result) 1) REFBE/HETHIE/TEL LIES are used for stating that if a postulate P is true, the conclusion will be Q. O Ar RMP Hic ks LHR) 5 OT. Bio, £5. KETSL, MAO BTL S Linker, A : [hear that, according to the weather report, it’s going to rain hard tomorrow.B :Is that so? And if it’s right, we might not be able to go and see the cherry blossoms as we planned. 2-3 Stating reasons L) BUS /tEMEWS & are used for stating that the cause of, or reason for, Pis Q O Wi, REO RMA MARC OU Ste eo TOS. eS, HES RACHEL (2D, PMO 3 AEM C5 Om HED RBIOKGIE RODBE. In recent years, university students have become unable to spend time on their specialized studies. This is because finding employment has become more difficult each year, and even from about their third year on, they are unable to attend university much because of the amount of time they have to spend job-hunting. Q@ (EWS OM SDS, Als SPE CBAC LIMITS, BPEL, He FAM O IS 5 SHEMET Oc CBr oe, My work starts from 9 a.m., but I leave home in time to reach the office by 8 am. The reason I do this is because the trains are less crowded and therefore more comfortable earlier on. 2-4 Using conjunctions for contrasting relationships 1) 2% O iz is used for introducing a conclusion Q that is different from what would be expected from P.Itis often used for expressing surprise or dissatisfaction. D RBOADIC AVAL b OOo CHHES FCURLE, EhROK SHER Moe, Leven gave up my part-time job and studied every day until late at night for the examination, Nevertheless, I was unable to pass. ® fits, cilks whos s5 see lLasnady Trion, TROK, MAIL CHOIRS RC ober CT, 2RICMIEL TLE OK, Mr. Tanaka and Ms, Yamamoto were a couple envied by everyone. However, despite this, things did not go well after they got married, and two years later they got divorced. 2-5 Rephrasing 1) 25S is used for introducing Q as a concise restatement of P. O Bisr,uk A cSeac, MBL PMAAKG AST, % Tai, Howe, Ms. Watanabe is a superior company employee who can speak English and Chinese OMS TES. B fluently and is also good at sports and cooking. In short, she is a super-woman. 2) $%46 is used for introducing Q as an explanation of P in other words. This expression is used when rephrasing words as well as sentences.L GEBAHCT, pbs, connoltens eu ® cohen tax nis#E caxvocs. Sports science is a required subject in this department. This means that you cannot ar duate if you do not obtain a creditis in this subject. TH 200048, es 20 tiem sec ea, My son was born in the year 2000; that is to say, in the last year of the 20th century. 3) bvbEE means ‘in a manner of speaking,’ or ‘as one might put it’ ® lores Loi NMM, ObSAAORM ATO LI ROTH, One could say that the Korean dish ‘chifimi’ s like the Japanese dish ‘okonomiyaki.” ® Wars Hie mea ons, Wbiglins Zonta 1 OFA CHEE CHBLIBBOR, ‘The Showa era can be broadly divided into the pre-war period and the post-war period. Ina manner of speaking, itis as if two different eras are designated by a single name. @ 2-6 Adding something 1) Lis is used to introduce Q as an addition to R where Q is of higher degree than P O WOT >A CHEMITA bas. Ldd, BMSAONROAK ans. In Ms. Yamamoto’s class, there is a test every time. What's more, everyone's score is read out every time, @ Wiss. DPT BA CHAT ES, This pamphlet is written in easy Japanese for foreigners. 4. Expressing a subjective attitude or feeling when speaking 4-1 Making a suggestion and inviting someone to do something ) ~ (&) 5 TIS % WH indicates that the speaker is proposing or suggesting ‘~ to the listener. OD LORMPSAVASTAI, HAMLET LG Taxed, Ifno other company will do it, then it can't be helped; why don’t we take it on? @ EF. MORI CLAMS I TROD, How about if we started by listening to what he has to say?ass 4-2 Partially negating something, while avoiding making a definite assertion about it 1) NEBSRN = Vob~CHSERRAG, ~ClROITEM D&S Gt cannot be said that '~, is always true; ie., there is a possibility that '~, is not true). © votea Pee eumeny, Rich people are not always happy. Q EOP LAAMORBOP S Lie LIMES EV, Japanese pronunciation is not necessarily easy for every learner. ~BUESMSEW = ~CH SABES 5 (there is also a possibility that !~, may be true). © phys A i bones oak bBBm, We cannot rule out the possibility of a global food crisis occurring. @ Oe R WaaomeRes MMonebSs, BUSCH ARRISAEE, Since there is always a possibility that you might find a good job, you should keep on 2 trying seriously, 3) WHC RU /~RWTEWBW = ~Cise Leow NAW (one cannot say conclusively that '~, is not true / itis not true that "~, is not true). D COs MC Mb oe BAG MMC bev, I do not think that this plan is completely without problems. ® cobFar cuss acacia, Lar, fhicboteolLaoay eas, This pair of manzai comedians is not uninteresting. However, there are other more interesting ones. BeonmMiaBL (mec bak, Her cooking is not bad. e 4-3 Clearly denying part of a statement 1) ~@ Tis denies what '~, contains. O ar ttalitie Ri nocim, (Hmammiewre, 2 kérrotes) Bier, aM CARO TLS Y RA. WOADIEAEO TT, ‘A: Did he steal your purse? (knowing that someone stole the purse) B: No, it wasn’t he who stole it. It was someone else. 2) ~l&L76U indicates not doing '~, but doing something related to it. OD OKEMVOULEDOKA, BLLATINKOT, MBMCHY CHAK, I didn't buy that book, but because it looked interesting, I borrowed it from the library and read it. @ RKRHEVS OCLEMLRL EVAL BLA LF, She doesn't say much, but she's very articulate.4-4 Denying something strongly 1) ~#l7A0BU strongly denies what !~, contains = ~i4'2819 Gt cannot be possible that '~,) In informal speech, '~7 < #11 is also used, D CARVORRAOEDS. Makes dA, ‘The weather's so good that it's hardly going to rain, @ y-XwAPIENT SAD, COMO Dy—s0C LEMS Bb ita, Yoko's so fond of cake that she couldn't possibly not know about the cakes at this shop. ® comico Lie, Heiciseito ctv ke This question’s pretty difficult, There's no way she could answer it. 2) ~kS AVR = ~F 4 HiLoz > here is no way todo "~,). ® Wikicese, NMOL £IaU, If the water supply gets cut off, there’s no way to cook anything. ® FH 10km Be-cHteico TH SRT CVE LOR KI ati, He walks 10 km to school every day. The only way to describe him is amazing, 3) ~ETSTRRW = ~H (34) welthMy - SHAS e% vo (there is no time or spare mental capacity for doing "~. D SHR 4-0 HCE LC, PBR ec acm oR. was so busy today getting ready forthe party, that Ihad no chance to goto the beauty _as5_ salon, @ a: Sih Htc chpetes teu 2 Bi cot, MAaMamot, EhECSL KOOL. A: Shall we have a meal together tonight? B : Sorry, it's out of the question; I've got an exam tomorrow. 4-5 Expressing the feeling that something is not so important 1) ~ETEBW = ~RKVLACLE tide (is a mere '~)). @ BB-ADFAET RELA, “lems Coes, T'm only a university student, but I do have at least some expert knowledge. @ FHS microtoORME sho Mict xxv, What was revealed on this occasion was no more than a part of the whole issue. 4-6 Mentioning a possibility 1) ~itat = ~+ fiat 2 (there is arisk of doing "~,). O shot toxannmcaebmar, There's a danger that the Prime Minister’s latest pronouncement might cause misunderstandings overseas.186 2) 1) 2) 3) @ cro elcome est, BR BOE cc erat, If economic conditions get any worse than this, there could be a big rise in the number of unemployed. ~#MaB indicates that the speaker wants to do '~ but cannot. © BRiows TUS expresses the speaker's conviction of '~,, and may be used even when the speaker has no rational grounds for his or her belief. © IRSA, BRS SHO TaD? Hota, HEREC PCI-E-—CHOMATSEKRAEDTSE, Hasn’t Ms, Yamamoto got back from the customer's yet? She's late, isn't she? She’s bound to be drinking coffee or something again somewhere. 2) ict ( used even when the speaker has no rational grounds for his or her belief, although it is weaker than "Wit Eo TS. 188 O WHA WodttccmoB iceman, Environmental destruction is certainly the result of humans’ selfish behavior. Ee ~{232to &v) expresses the speaker's conviction of '~, and may be 4-12 Expressing the view that something is necessary, not necessary or obligatory 1) ~Z £78 is used to express the view that '~, is the most important thing to do in order to achieve an objective. OD Adiarotemsns, xTKMC ACER, If you think something was your fault, the most important thing to do is apologize sincerely. @ AMEFICRSRDII, LAK BOLOSDERATHEHAZS CER, If you want to become good at cooking, anyway the first thing to do is to educate your taste by eating delicious food. 2) ~ZELEU expresses the opinion that '~, is unnecessary. OD ShoRechiteasot, Momo Tacks, KMRL DS. “There's no need to be downhearted just because we lost the match today. We must try harder next time, that's all,3) ~thSE0 S /~DBEld7SU0 expresses the opinion that '~, is necessary /unnecessary. OD Ss omeaken cas x Heke, Bhim eh a sma s, Many vegetables do not thrive on water alone. They must be given fertilizer regularly. SABA CHO CORT OT, BERIT 22H D UA, Since this clock works on solar batteries, there's no need to change them. ® FWoweasy are. WR, SOMME) EEL, MBE CHET, Do I need to have an operation? No, there's no need for that. It can be treated with medicine. 4) ~IltiS%U0 expresses the opinion that "~, is unnecessary. OD BE LOL EHS, DEHTKCORES KURTELA, T'm sure you're busy, so there's no need for you to go to the trouble of coming. ® COKVMLO HI UMERLA, WHEE CSEIL-L THEY, This book is expensive, so you don't have to buy it. Just take copies of the parts you need. 4-13 Communicating strongly-held feelings and emotions 1) ~ar€ DHE expresses the speaker's feeling that something is very "~. @ Bids ciesikac bikes ay Ach SSL. SORE LODSOR, There Mr. and Mrs. Watanabe are going to Europe together this summer. I’m so incredibly envious! ® Rac cor Beoioee chirczotl kot, Reams de, ‘The classmates’ reunion I was looking forward to has been cancelled because of the earthquake. It's terribly disappointing! 2) ~& Wot: BAW expresses the speaker's feeling that something is too '~, to describe in words © Bike Bitketyr : sollte vot oumor, Words cannot express the emotion I felt when I got married to my sweetheart. @ Khong boa CRA TLE OK. WIP LOL VORB OK, I fell down in front of a crowd of people. There's no way to say how embarrassed [ felt. 3) ~Z Eris used together with expressions such as ‘2A %e (21 o "filly to express the speaker's strong desire for the listener to understand '~). @ beeLHAce sHerAuichonc to How long I have waited to meet you again! @ WRISTS TIC HEM Lec bm How many times I practiced the kanji before I became able to write them! 189190 4-14 Asking for confirmation or recognition 1) ~~ &Wd* is used to make the listener aware of something. © Ki, AtokMMLoELU PROD, HULBEEY, ‘Taro, you've left the tap on, Hurry up and turn it off! @ BSA, MERMOL eR THD, KEL LIST Mr. Tanaka, you're looking a bit offcolor. Are you all right? 5. Mentioning the state an action or phenomenon is in, within the passage of time ) ~# 4 means ‘ust about to do '~,,’ and is often used when stating that '~, was not actually done. @ MikttrPotek ls, Mdbt dpi ctok. ‘When the telephone rang, I was just about to drop off to sleep. ® Bamravairra, wyebtror, He started to say something, but stopped. 2) ~MTO~ = FCICHL~Le*~ (@'~, that has already been '~)); ~8~aPUT7E = NEF CEAL~ LCI ('~1 is already slightly ~,). ® Hokkecmyoyy sate thor. ‘There was a halfeaten apple on the desk. @ MOLDI YTD, ‘The apple on the desk is half-eaten. 3) ~2282 indicates that something is in the middle ofa change '~,. D ho K vii 775 5, ‘The ice on the pond is melting. ® PADAMED TOMS L375 5, Japan's population is slowly decreasing. 4) ~~ = B&RC~FS Go '~, rightto the end). D MAREE, RRR THD MS LOR, Having accepted ajob, itis necessary to see it through tothe end. eB: VHS, come H ona, Mat ZOLIICMA ROT. He was arrested as a political criminal and forced to live a hard life, but endured it wonderfully. 5) ~2

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