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All metals and alloys are heat treated at some stage during processing.
VSG & KY
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Heat Treatment
Hardening
Hardening
Softening
Case
hardening
Normalising
Annealing
Tempering
Carburising
Nitriding
Carbon nitriding
Cyaniding
Hardening of Steel
Normalising
Objective:
To make the alloy uniform throughout
To improve mechanical property
To remove internal stress
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Process:
Steel Normalized steel
Heat to50oC above Tc for 15 minutes.
Cooled freely in air gradually
Outcome:
Molecular structure changes
Strength and hardness increases
Ductility decreases
Uses of treated alloy:
Engineering works ( Structural material like rods)
Hardening or Quenching
Objective:
To strengthen and relieve internal stress
To increase hardness and toughness
To increase abrasion resistance
Process:
Steel Hardened steel
Heat above Tc to get uniform solid solution
Cooled suddenly / rapidly with oil / water / brine / fused salt bath
Outcome:
Brittleness and hardness increases
Grain size decreases
Uses of treated alloy:
For making cutting tools ( Chisel, blade , cutters etc.)
VSG & KY
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VSG & KY
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(ii) Nitriding
Effective for Alloy steels
Metal alloy is heated in presence of ammonia at 550oC
Nitrogen obtained by the dissociation of ammonia combines with the
surface constituents of the alloy to form extremely hard nitrides
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(iii) Cyaniding:
Effective for low or medium carbon steels
The metal is immersed in a molten salt containing cyanide ( KCN /
NaCN) at 870oC
Quench in oil or water
The hard surface is produced, due to the absorption of carbon and
nitrogen by the metal surface.
(iv) Carbon Nitriding:
Process is suitable for low carbon alloy steels
The parts are heated in an atmosphere of carburizing gas and
ammonia
Carbon nitriding is done at a temperature of 760 870oC
It is then quenched in a natural gas atmosphere.
In the process both carbon and nitrogen are diffused into the surface
VSG & KY
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SOFTENING OF STEEL
Annealing
Objective:
To improve machining ability and facilitate cold shaping
To remove imprisoned gases
Process:
Steel Annealed steel
Appropriate temperature
Very slow cooling in inert atmosphere in a furnace
Outcome:
Decreases hardness and makes steel softer
Ductility and shock resistance increases
Increases machinability
Uses of treated alloy:
Draw into wires which are used to make fence and mesh
Types of Annealing
Low temperature annealing heating below Tc followed by slow
cooling
It improves machinability by relieving the internal stress
It increases ductility and shock resistance
It reduces hardness
High temperature annealing heating 20-30oC above Tc
It increases the ductility and machinability
It makes steel softer, and increases its toughness
VSG & KY
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Tempering
Objective:
To reduce brittleness and hardness of hardened steel
To remove internal stress
Process
Hardened Steel Tempered steel
Heat below hardening temperature
Slow cooling
Outcome:
Brittleness and hardness decreases
Toughness and ductility increases
Uses of treated alloy:
For making cutting tools (chisel, blade, cutters etc.)
PS: Tc of Steel is 724OC . It is the temperature above which phase
transformation occurs on heating or cooling an alloy.
VSG & KY
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