FIRST WORLD WAR

Most Indians had no interest in Nationalism until World War I, which changed when In August 1914,
Lord Hardinge announced his governments entry into World War I and the contribution of India
become extensive and significant. The Indians were forced to enroll the British Army, the Indians didnt
want to join the army but they joined it as the British government promised to eventually allow them to
self-govern. In 1918 when the Indian troops returned they thought that the government would fulfill the
promise of Swaraj but they saw them treated the same as always. This incident increased the feeling
of discontentment inside the people and led to the radical acts of violence against the British
government.
HOME RULE LEAGUE
The Home Rule Movement was launched in 1916. One was launched under the leadership of Bal
Gangadhar Tilak and the other under Annie Besant. Tilak setup the home rule league at the Bombay
Provincial conference held at Belgaum in April 1916.
Tilak popularised the demand for Swaraj through his lectures. He said:" India was like a son who had
grown up and attend the majority. It wasn't right now that the father should give him what was his due.
The people of India must get this affected. They have a right to do so."1
Annie Besant also started another Home Rule League which was based on the Irish Home Rule League.
The Objectives behind the league were to establish home rule i.e. swaraj for India in British Rule and
working for the political, educational and social reforms.
Home Rule Movement declined after the acceptance of the proposed Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms by
Miss Annie Besant and the Tilak went to Britain to pursue the libel case that he had filed against the
author of India Unrest, Valentine Chirol.

The third and last stage of the Indian Nationalist was started in the year 1919 when the era of a large
people revolution started. In this era the people of India had fought probably the largest battles and the
national revolution of India won. Actually this kind of political situations was developing from the start
of the World War only, when the people were looking forward to get some benefit after the war. But
the situation was even worse after the War. The countrys economic condition was degrading. The cost
of the common commodities started increasing. Due to the war the import stopped and the domestic
trade started flourishing but due to the loss, the traders stopped the domestic trade.
Due to the poverty, unemployment and rising of costs of everything the poor workers also started taking
very active part in the nationalist movement. And the troops who returned from the different parts of
the world spread their knowledge in the rural areas and as a result the farmers who were suffering from
the high debt and just waiting for a leadership also jumped into the nationalist movement.
After the rising of the Nationalist movement throughout the country the British Government felt the
need to appease the nationalists in order to secure the support of the moderates. And therefore they
take out a set of reforms i.e. the Montague Chelmsford reforms.

http://www.facts-about-india.com/home-rule-movement.php

Rowlatt Act
Even the British government was trying to satisfy the people of India, they were ready to oppress them
at any time. They passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which authorized the company to imprison people
without trial or warrant. This act was representing the political violence of which Gandhi was the most
vehement critic. He argued that it was not right to frame such a law for the entire India as the criminal
acts are occurring only in some parts of the country. The Rowlatt Acts were much resented by an
aroused Indian public. All nonofficial Indian members of the council (i.e., those who were not officials in
the colonial government) voted against the acts. But this proved to be fruitless. So Mahatma Gandhi
called upon to observe a day for hartal. But the hartal was marred by some rioting and Mahatma Gandhi
suspended the Satyagraha due to the violence acts. Mahatma Gandhi organized a protest movement
movement (192022).
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE
There was determination on the side of the government to suppress the mass agitation. Whenever the
people demonstrated in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Calcutta, Delhi and other cities, they lathy charged and
fired upon the demonstrators.
A large number of unarmed people had gathered on 13th April 1919 at Amritsar in the Jallianwala Bagh
in protest of the arrest of two very popular congress leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal.
The Jallianwala Bagh was a large open space which was enclosed on the three sides by buildings and had
only one exit. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar decided to terrorise the people into the
complete submission and in course of doing the same he surrounded the bagh with his armed unit and
ordered them to fire. They fired till their ammunition were exhausted. Thousands of the people were
killed and wounded. As the knowledge of this spread a wave of horror ran through the country.

The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongrous context of
humiliation, and I for my part wish to stand shorn of all special distinctions, by the side of my countrymen
who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings.
Rabindranath Tagore, the great poet and humanist.

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Khilafat movement, force that emerged in India in the early twentieth century as a consequence of
Muslim apprehensions for the integrity of Islam. These reasons for alarm were moved by Italian (1911)
and Balkan (191213) attacks on Turkeywhose sultan, as caliph, was the religious leader of the overall
Muslim group and by Turkish crushes in World War I. They were increased by the Treaty of Sevres
(August 1920), which not just disconnected all non-Turkish areas from the domain additionally gave
parts of the Turkish country to Greece and other non-Muslim powers.

A campaign in defense of the caliph was launched, headed in India by the siblings Shaukat and
Muammad Ali and by Abul Kalam Azad. The pioneers united with Mahatma Gandhi's noncooperation
movement for Indian freedom, guaranteeing peacefulness as an exchange for his backing of the Khilafat
movement. In 1920 the latter movement was defaced by the ijrat, or mass migration, from India to
Afghanistan of around 18,000 Muslim workers, who felt that India was a renegade area. It was
additionally discolored by the Muslim Moplah disobedience in south India (Malabar) in 1921, the
abundances of which profoundly mixed Hindu India. Gandhi's suspension of his movement and his
capture in March 1922 weakened the Khilafat movement still further. It was further undermined when
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk drove the Greeks from western Asia Minor in 1922 and dismissed the Turkish
sultan in that year; it at last crumpled when he abolished the caliphate inside and out in 1924.

NON COOPREATION MOVEMENT

Noncooperation movement, (September 1920february 1922), unsuccessful endeavor, organized by
Mohandas Gandhi, to impel the British government of India to give government toward oneself, or
swaraj, to India. It emerged from the objection over the slaughter at Amritsar in April 1919, when the
British executed a few hundred Indians, and from later indignation at the government's charged
disappointment to make satisfactory move against those capable. Gandhi reinforced the development
by supporting (on peaceful terms) the contemporaneous Muslim battle against the dismantling of
Turkey after World War.

The movement was to be non-violent to consist of the resignations of titles; the boycott of government
educational institutions, the courts, government service, foreign goods, and elections; and the eventual
refusal to pay taxes. After an angry crowd killed cops at Chauri Chaura (February 1922), Gandhi himself
called of the movement; the following month he was captured without incident.
EMERGENCE OF NEW FORCES
In the nationalist movement of there is the emergence of the new forces. The Marxism and other socialist
ideas were spreading very rapidly. There was the rise of new left wing in the congress under the
leadership of Jawarlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose. It is not only confined its attention to the struggle
against imperialism but also to the internal class oppression in the society.
BOYCOTT OF THE SIMON COMMISSION
Simon commission was the British appointed Indian Statutory Commission, which had to go into the
question of further constitutional reforms. But all members of the commission were Englishmen. So at the
madras session in 1927 , the INC decided to boycott the commission at every stage and form. The muslim
league and The Hindu Mahasabha decided to support the congress on their stand. All important leaders
united to tackle the problem faced due to the commission. The people started protesting against the Simon
Commission. Wherever the commission went, it was greeted with hartals amd black-flag demonstration
with slogan Simon Go Back. The govt. brutally suppressed the hartals. This even led to the death of
prominent Indian Leader Lala Lajpat Rai. He sustained serious injuries by the police when leading a
non-violent protest against the Simon Commission and died less than three weeks later.

THE REVOLUTIONARIES

The reactionary policy of the British developed a deep hatred towards them among
a section of the younger generation of India. They believed that the independence can be
achieved by India only by an organized revolutionary movement. As a result, they
organized secret groups to launch revolutionary activities against the British. Youths
were trained in aggressive methods of violence as a means of strength against the
British. Many of them, therefore, chose the path of violence to gain independence for India. They
were called the revolutionaries. The centres of their activities were Punjab, Maharashtra, Bengal,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Prominent among these revolutionaries were Khudiram Bose,
Prafulla Chaki, Bhupendra Nath Dutt, V. D. Savarkar, Sardar Ajit Singh, Lala Hardayal and
his Gadar Party, Sardar Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru, Sukh Deo, Chandra Shekhar Azad,
etc. These revolutionaries organized secret societies, murdered many British officers,
disrupted railway traffic, engaged in organized attack on British wealth. In order to
overturn the British Rule through arms, Kakori Conspiracy was planned by Ram
Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan and other team members of the Hindustan
Republican Association in 1925. In 1928, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
was formed by Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt and others.
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the Central Legislative
Assembly on 8th April, 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill
and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of Inquilab Zindabad (long live
the revolution), though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident.

HISTORY PROJECT

RISE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA

(1857-1930)
Submitted to : Dr Kumar Kartikeya

HEMANT DHILLON [14BBA019]

KUMAR SURYANSH [14BBA022]