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INTEGRALS
7.1 Overview
d
F (x) = f (x). Then, we write f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C. These integrals are
dx
called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called a constant of integration. All
these integrals differ by a constant.
7.1.1
Let
7.1.2
7.1.3
d
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) and
dx
arbitrary constant.
i.e.,
(ii)
f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C ,
Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent. So if f and g are two functions such that
d
d
f ( x ) dx =
g ( x) dx , then
dx
dx
(iii)
where C is any
f ( x ) dx
and
g ( x ) dx are equivalent.
The integral of the sum of two functions equals the sum of the integrals of
the functions i.e.,
( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .
144
MATHEMATICS
(iv)
A constant factor may be written either before or after the integral sign, i.e.,
a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx , where a is a constant.
(v)
(k
1 1
7.1.5
Methods of integration
There are some methods or techniques for finding the integral where we can not
directly select the antiderivative of function f by reducing them into standard forms.
Some of these methods are based on
1.
Integration by substitution
2.
Integration using partial fractions
3.
Integration by parts.
7.1.6
Definite integral
b
and b is the upper limit of the integral. The definite integral is evaluated in the following
two ways:
(i)
(ii)
7.1.7
f ( x ) dx = (b a)
a
1
lim f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... f ( a + ( n 1) h )
n n
INTEGRALS
145
or
b
where h =
7.1.8
(i)
ba
0 as n .
n
by A (x) =
f ( x ) dx .
a
(ii)
(iii)
f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]
b
a
7.1.9
= F(b) F(a).
P0 :
P1 :
P2 :
f ( x ) dx =
f ( t ) dt
a
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx , in particular,
b
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx = 0
a
146
MATHEMATICS
P3 :
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx
0
P7 : (i)
(ii)
f ( a x ) dx
a
f ( x ) dx +
2a
P6 :
2a
P5 :
f ( a + b x ) dx
a
P4 :
f ( 2a x ) dx
0
a
= 2 f ( x ) dx,if f (2a x) = f ( x) ,
0
0, if f (2a x) = f ( x).
7.2
Solved Examples
2 + 3c 3 x 2 w.r.t. x
Example 1 Integrate
x x
Solution
2a b
2 + 3c 3 x 2 dx
x
x
= 2a ( x ) 2 dx bx 2 dx + 3c x 3 dx
5
3
= 4a x + b + 9 cx + C .
x
5
INTEGRALS
147
3ax
dx
b c2 x2
Example 2 Evaluate
3ax
b2 + c2 x2 dx
3a dv
2c 2 v
3a
log b 2
2c 2
c2 x2
C.
d
x2
x
Solution
dx
2
=1
x2
2
x3
log x 1
3
3x 2
1
3
x 1
2x
2
=1x+x
Thus
x3
log x 1
3
x3
=
.
x 1
1
x 2 x3
x3
+
log x + 1 + C =
dx
x
2
3
x +1
Example 4 Evaluate
Solution Let I =
1 x
dx , x 1.
1 x
1+ x
dx =
1 x
1
1 x
dx +
x dx
1 x2
= sin 1 x + I1 ,
148
MATHEMATICS
x dx
where I1 =
1 x2
Hence
I = sin1x 1 x 2
C.
dx
Example 5 Evaluate
( x )( x ) , >
t2
x =
I =
2t dt
t2 ( t2 )
dt
2
k t2
Solution I =
tan
2 dt
( t )
, where k 2
1 t
1
= 2sin k + C = 2sin
Example 6 Evaluate
tan
x
+ C.
x sec 4 x dx
x sec 4 x dx
8
2
2
tan x ( sec x ) sec x dx
8
2
2
tan x ( tan x + 1) sec x dx
t2
= t2
INTEGRALS
tan
tan11 x tan 9 x
+
+C.
11
9
10
Example 7 Find
x3
x4 + 3x2 + 2 dx
x3 dx
1
t dt
= 2
I= 4
2
x + 3x + 2 2 t + 3t + 2
Consider
t
A
B
=
+
t + 3t + 2 t + 1 t + 2
2
I=
1
dt
dt
2
2 t+2
t + 1
1
2log t + 2 log t +1
2
= log
Example 8 Find
x2 + 2
+C
x2 + 1
dx
2sin 2 x + 5cos2 x
sec 2 x dx
2tan 2 x 5
149
150
MATHEMATICS
dt
2t 2 + 5 = 2
dt
5
t +
2t
1 2
tan 1
+ C
2 5
5
2 tan x
tan 1
+ C.
10
5
7 x 5 dx as a limit of sums.
Example 9 Evaluate
1
2 +1
, i.e, nh = 3 and f (x) = 7x 5.
n
Now, we have
2
( 7 x 5) dx = lim h f ( 1) + f (1 + h) + f ( 1 + 2h ) + ... + f ( 1 + ( n 1) h )
h0
Note that
f (1) = 7 5 = 12
f (1 + h) = 7 + 7h 5 = 12 + 7h
f (1 + (n 1) h) = 7 (n 1) h 12.
Therefore,
2
h0
h 7 h 1 + 2 + ... + ( n 1) 12n
= lim
h0
INTEGRALS
151
( n 1) n
h 7h
.12n = lim ( nh )( nh h ) 12nh
= lim
h0
h0 2
2
7
3 3 0 12
2
3 =
79
9
36 =
.
2
2
Example 10 Evaluate
tan 7 x
cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx
0
Solution We have
I=
tan 7 x
cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx
0
...(1)
tan 7 x
2
dx
=
7
7
0 cot
x + tan x
2
cot
0
cot 7 ( x ) dx
7
...(2)
x dx + tan 7 x
tan 7 x + cot 7 x
2I =
dx
tan 7 x + cot 7 x
0
= dx which gives I
0
by (P4)
.
4
152
MATHEMATICS
Example 11 Find
10 x
x + 10 x
dx
Solution We have
8
10 x
I=
x + 10 x
...(1)
10 (10 x)
10 x
dx
10 10 x
I=
10 x + x
dx
dx
(2)
2I
1dx
82 6
Hence
I=3
Example 12 Find
1+ sin 2x dx
Solution We have
I=
1+ sin 2 x dx =
( sin x + cos x ) dx
0
by (P3)
2
( sin x + cos x ) dx
0
INTEGRALS
153
I = 1.
x 2 tan 1 x dx .
Example 13 Find
2
1
Solution I = x tan x dx
= tan 1 x x 2 dx
1
x3
.
1 + x 2 3 dx
x3
x
1
1
= 3 tan x 3 x 1 + x 2 dx
x3
x2 1
1
tan
x
+ log 1 + x 2 + C .
=
3
6 6
Example 14 Find
10 4 x + 4 x 2 dx
Solution We have
10 4 x 4 x 2 dx
I=
2x 1
dx
I=
1
2
t 2 + ( 3) dt
2
t2 9
2
1
t
2
1
( 2 x 1)
4
9
log t
4
( 2 x 1)
t2
+9 +
9
log ( 2 x 1) +
4
( 2 x 1) 2 + 9
+ C.
154
MATHEMATICS
1)
t
+
2
t
1
x + x 2 t +t 2
So
t = A (t 1) + B (t + 2)
2
1
, B= .
3
3
x2
2 1
1 1
=
+
4
2
2
3
x + x 2
x + 2 3 x 2 1
So
Therefore,
x2
2
x 4 + x 2 2 dx = 3
dx
x 2 + 2 dx + 3 x 2 1
2 1
x
1
x 1
tan 1
+ log
+C
= 3
x +1
2
2 6
Example16 Evaluate
x3 x
dx
x4 9
Solution We have
I=
x3 x
dx =
x4 9
x3
dx
x4 9
x dx
= I1+ I2 .
x4 9
INTEGRALS
x3
x 9
Now
I1 =
Put
I1 =
1 dt
1
= log t
4 t
4
C1 =
1
log x 4 9 + C1
4
x dx
x4 9 .
Again,
I2 =
Put
=
Thus
1
2
log
u 3
u 3
C2
1
x2 3
log 2
+ C2 .
12
x +3
I = I1 + I2
1
1
x2 3
log x 4 9 + log 2
+ C.
4
12
x +3
sin 2 x
1
0 sin x + cos x = 2 log ( 2 + 1)
2
sin 2 x
0 sin x + cos x dx
2
I=
155
156
MATHEMATICS
sin 2 x
2
dx
= 0
sin x + cos x
2
Thus, we get
(by P4)
cos 2 x
0 sin x + cos x dx
I=
2I =
dx
0 cos x
2
1
log
sec
+
tan
x
sec
dx
=
=
x
4 0
2
20
log sec + tan log sec + tan
4
4
4
4
2
log ( 2 + 1) log ( 2 1)
1
log
2
( 2 + 1)2
1
2
log
log ( 2 + 1)
=
=
2
2
Hence
I=
1
2
Example 18
Find
x ( tan
0
log ( 2 + 1) .
x ) dx
2
2 +1
2 1
INTEGRALS
I=
Solution
x ( tan
x ) dx .
2
1 2 tan 1 x
x2
2 1
1
(
)
tan x 0 2 x .2 1 + x 2 dx
2
0
I=
2
x2
.tan 1 x dx
=
32 0 1 + x 2
2
=
I1 , where I1 =
32
x2
1
1+ x 2 tan xdx
0
Now
I1 =
x2 + 1 1
0 1 + x 2 tan1x dx
1
tan 1 x dx
2
+
x
1
0
1
= tan x dx
0
= I2
1
1
(
( tan 1 x )2 )0
2
= I2
Here
I2 =
Thus
I1 =
2
32
x
dx
1 + x2
0
1
tan x dx = ( x tan 1 x )0
1
1
log 1 + x 2
4 2
1
2
log 2
4 2
32
1
0
1
log 2 .
4 2
157
158
MATHEMATICS
I =
32 4
Therefore,
1
log 2
2
2
2 1
+ log 2
=
32
16 4 2
2 4
+ log 2 .
16
2
Example 19 Evaluate
2 x, if
as f ( x ) = x + 2, if
3x , if
Therefore,
1 < x 0
0 < x 1
1< x 2
f ( x ) dx = ( 2 x ) dx + ( x + 2 ) dx + 3 x dx
0
(by P2)
5 5 9 19
+ + =
.
2 2 2 2
x2
3x 2
x2
+
2
x
+
2
x
=
2 1 2
0 2 1
1 1
4 1
= 0 2 + + 2 + 3
2 2
2 2
(A) e x cos x + C
(B) e x sin x + C
(C) e x cos x + C
(D) e x sin x + C
INTEGRALS
159
x
x
Solution (A) is the correct answer since e f ( x ) + f '( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + C . Here
f (x) = cosx, f (x) = sin x.
sin
Example 21
dx
is equal to
x cos 2 x
dx
I= 2
=
sin x cos 2 x
( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x
2
2
= sec x dx + cosec x dx = tanx cotx + C
Example 22 If
3ex 5 e x
4 e x + 5 e x dx = ax + b log |4ex + 5ex| + C, then
(A) a =
1
7
, b=
8
8
1
7
(B) a = , b =
8
8
(C) a =
1
7
, b=
8
8
1
7
(D) a = , b =
8
8
Solution (C) is the correct answer, since differentiating both sides, we have
3ex 5 e x
( 4 e x 5 e x ) ,
=
a
+
b
4 ex + 5 e x
4 ex + 5 e x
giving 3ex 5ex = a (4ex + 5ex) + b (4ex 5ex). Comparing coefficients on both
sides, we get 3 = 4a + 4b and 5 = 5a 5b. This verifies a =
1
7
, b= .
8
8
160
MATHEMATICS
b+c
Example 23
f ( x ) dx is equal to
a+c
(A)
f ( x c ) dx
(B)
bc
(C)
f ( x + c ) dx
f ( x ) dx
(D)
f ( x ) dx
a c
f ( c + t ) dt = f ( x + c ) dx .
f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx
is equal to
(A)
a
2
a
(C)
(B)
a
2
f ( x ) dx
0
(D) a f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx
0
f ( a x ) g ( a x ) dx =
f ( x ) ( a g ( x ) ) dx
0
= a f ( x ) dx f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx I
INTEGRALS
161
or
a
f ( x ) dx .
2 0
Example 25 If x =
(A) 3
dt
1 + 9t 2
and
d2y
= ay, then a is equal to
dx 2
(B) 6
(C) 9
y
dt
1 + 9t 2
(D) 1
dx
1
=
dy
1 + 9 y2
18 y
dy
d2y
=
= 9y.
2 .
2
2
1
+
9
y
dx
dx
which gives
x3 + x +1
x 2 + 2 x +1 dx is equal to
1
Example 26
(A) log 2
(B) 2 log 2
(C)
1
log 2
2
(D) 4 log 2
x3 + x +1
dx
Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = 2
x + 2 x +1
1
1
x3
x +1
+ 2
dx = 0 + 2
= 2
x + 2 x + 1 1 x + 2 x + 1
1
x +1
( x +1)
dx
=2
( x +1)
0
x +1
dx = 2
0
1
dx
x +1
= 2 log x + 1 0 = 2 log 2.
162
MATHEMATICS
If
Example 27
(A) a 1 +
et
0 1 + t dt = a, then
e
2
et
(1 + t )
dt is equal to
e
2
(B) a + 1
(C) a 1
e
2
(D) a + 1 +
et
dt
Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I =
1+ t
0
1
e
1 t
dt = a (given)
e +
=
2
1 + t 0 0 (1 + t )
1
Therefore,
et
(1 + t )
=a
e
+ 1.
2
Example 28
x cos x dx is equal to
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
x cos x dx = 2
3
12
2
2
2
2
sin 6 x
cos8 x dx = _______.
x cos x dx
0
8
.
e
2
INTEGRALS
tan 7 x
+C
7
Solution
a
Example 30
f ( x ) dx = 0 if f is an _______ function.
Solution Odd.
2a
Example 31
f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a x) = _______.
0
Solution f (x).
Example 32
Solution
sin n x dx
0 sin n x + cosn x = _______.
.
4
7.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
Verify the following :
2x 1
1.
2 x + 3 dx = x log |(2x + 3) | + C
2.
2x + 3
dx = log |x2 + 3x| + C
2
+ 3x
3.
( x 2 + 2 ) dx
x +1
4.
e6 log x e5log x
e4log x e3log x dx
163
164
MATHEMATICS
(1 + cos x )
dx
x + sin x
5.
7.
tan
9.
1 + sin xdx
10.
x
dx
x +1
12.
x2
14.
16.
18.
x
x4 1 dx
20.
x sec 4 x dx
(Hint : Put
x = z)
dx
6.
1 + cos x
8.
11.
a+x
ax
13.
1 + x2
dx
x4
15.
17.
19.
x2
1 x 4 dx put x2 = t
sin x + cos x
1 + sin 2 x
dx
22.
1+ x
3
4
dx
dx
16 9 x
3x 1
x2 + 9
dx
2ax x dx
( cos5 x + cos 4 x ) dx
1 2cos3 x
21.
23.
dt
3t 2t 2
5 2x + x 2 dx
sin 1 x
3
(1 x 2 ) 2
dx
sin 6 x + cos 6 x
sin 2 x cos2 x dx
INTEGRALS
24.
26.
x
3
a x
dx
dx
25.
165
cos x cos 2 x
dx
1 cos x
x4 1
27.
( x 2 + 3) dx
28.
dx
29.
dx
0 e x + e x
2
31.
30.
tan x dx
2
tan 2 x
1+ m
0
dx
( x 1) (2 x)
1
32.
xdx
1+ x 2
1
2
33.
x sin x cos
xdx
34.
(1+ x
0
dx
2
) 1 x 2
35.
x 2 dx
x 4 x 2 12
37.
1 + sin x
0
36.
( x2
x 2 dx
a 2 )( x 2 b 2 )
2x 1
38.
( x 1)( x + 2 )( x 3) dx
166
39.
MATHEMATICS
tan
e
1+ x + x 2
dx
2
1+ x
40.
sin
x
dx
a+x
41.
1 + cos x
5
(1 cos x) 2
43.
3 x
cos3 x dx
44.
42.
dx
45.
x log (1+ 2 x) dx
0
46.
x log sin x dx
0
47.
INTEGRALS
49.
dx
is equal to
sin x a sin x b
sin( x b)
+C
sin( x a)
50.
tan
sin( x b)
+C
sin( x a)
x x tan 1 x + C
(C)
sin( x a)
+C
sin( x b)
sin( x a)
+C
sin( x b)
x dx is equal to
(A) (x + 1) tan 1 x x + C
(B) x tan 1 x x + C
(D)
x ( x + 1) tan 1 x + C
51.
x 1 x
e 1 + x 2 dx is equal to
ex
+C
(B)
1 + x2
ex
+C
(A)
1 + x2
(C)
52.
167
ex
(1 + x 2 )2
( 4x
x9
2
+ 1)
+C
(1 + x 2 )2
+C
dx is equal to
1
1
(A)
4+ 2 + C
5x
x
(C)
(D)
ex
1
(1 + 4 ) 5 + C
10x
1
1
(B) 4 + 2 + C
5
x
5
(D)
1 1
2 + 4 + C
10 x
168
53.
54.
55.
MATHEMATICS
If
dx
( x + 2) ( x
+ 1)
(A) a =
1
2
,b=
10
5
(B) a =
1
2
,b=
10
5
(C) a =
1
2
,b=
10
5
(D) a =
1
2
,b=
10
5
x3
x + 1 is equal to
(A) x +
x 2 x3
+ log 1 x + C
2
3
(B) x +
x 2 x3
log 1 x + C
2
3
(C) x
x 2 x3
log 1 + x + C
2
3
(D) x
x 2 x3
+ log 1 + x + C
2
3
x + sin x
1 + cos x dx is equal to
(A) log 1 + cos x + C
(C) x tan
56.
1
log |x + 2| + C, then
5
If
x
+C
2
(D) x .tan
x
+C
2
x3 dx
1 x
a (1 x 2 ) 2
b 1 x2
C, then
(A) a =
1
,
3
b=1
(B) a =
1
,
3
b=1
(C) a =
1
,
3
b = 1
(D) a =
1
,
3
b = 1
INTEGRALS
57.
dx
1 + cos2x
169
is equal to
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
(C) 2
(D) 2 ( 2 1)
58.
(B) 2
(A) 2 2
59.
cos x e
sin x
2 +1)
dx is equal to _______.
x+3
60.
( x + 4)
e x dx = ________.
61.
If
1 + 4x
dx =
sin x
62.
3 + 4cos2 x dx
, then a = ________.
8
= ________.
63.
The value of