CAPACITANCE,

INDUCTANCE,
AND
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

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6.1 The Capacitor

6.2 The Inductor
6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Capacitance
and Inductance
6.4 Mutual Inductance

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6.1 The Capacitor

In this chapter, two new and important passive
linear components are introduced.
They are ideal models.
Resistors dissipate energy but capacitors and
inductors are energy storage components.

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6.1 The Capacitor

Circuit symbol and component model.

q @ C vC , q(t)= iC ( ) d
t

q : charge
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C : capacitance , in F(Farad)

6.1 The Capacitor

1
1 t0
1 t
iC ( ) d = iC ( ) d + iC ( ) d

C
C
C t0
1 t
vC (t ) @ vC (t0 ) + iC ( ) d .......... (A)
C t0
dv
dq
iC (t ) =
=C C
..................... (B)
dt
dt
vC (t ) =

1 farad = 1 Coulomb/Volt

The unit of capacitance is chosen to be farad in honor of

the English physicist , Michael Faraday(1791-1867).
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6.1 The Capacitor

Example 1 : A parallel-plate capacitor

A
d
: the permittivity of the dielectric
material between the plates
C=

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6.1 The Capacitor

Example 1 : (cont.)
If vc > 0 and ic > 0 , or vc < 0 and ic < 0
the capacitor is being charged.
If vc ic < 0 , the capacitor is discharging.
p(t)= vC (t ) iC (t ) = vC (t ) C

dvc ( t )
dt

Energy in a capacitor
w = p ( ) d =
t

1
q2
C vc 2 ( t ) =
0
2
2C

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6.1 The Capacitor

(a) When vC is constant , then ic = 0.
ie. , equivalent to open circuit
(b) vC (t ) is a continuous function
if there is only finite strength energy sources
inside the circuit.
1 t +
iC ( )d
C t
lim vC (t + ) = vC (t ) , vC (0+ ) = vC (0 )

Q vC (t + ) = vC (t ) +
0

i.e. vC (t) can not change abruptly for finite iC (t)

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6.1 The Capacitor

(c) An ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy . It stores
energy in the electrical field .
(d) A nonideal capacitor has a leakage resistance

ESR : equivalent series resistance

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6.2 The Inductor

Circuit symbol and component model.

@ L iL , ( t ) =
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iL

v L ( ) d

: flux linkage , in web - turns

L : inductance , in H (Henry)

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6.2 The Inductor

1 t
1 t0
1 t
vL ( ) d = vL ( ) d + vL ( ) d

L
L
L t0
1 t
iL ( t ) = iL ( t0 ) + vL ( ) d ( A)
L t0
di ( t )
d
vL ( t ) =
=L L
( B)
dt
dt
di ( t )
p ( t ) = vL iL = LiL ( t ) L
dt
Energy in an inductor
t
1
w ( t ) = p ( ) d = LiL 2 ( t ) 0
2
iL =

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6.2 The Inductor

Example 2 : An Inductor
H : magnetic field intensity
B : flux density

ur ur
B d A flu x

uuv r

H d l = N i
Hl = Ni , H =

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B = H =

Ni
l

Ni
, perm eability of the core
l

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6.2 The Inductor

Example 2 : (cont.)
ANi
l
A N 2i
= N =
, f lu x lin k a g e
l

AN 2
L =
=
i
l
= BA =

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6.2 The Inductor

The unit of inductance is the henry (H) , named in honor
of the American inventor Joseph Henry (1797-1878) .
1H = 1 volt-second / ampere
(a) when iL is constant , then vL=0 .
i.e. , equivalent to short circuit
(b) iL(t) is a continuous function if there is only finite
strength source inside the circuit .
1 t +
vL ( ) dt
L t
lim iL ( t + ) = iL ( t ) , or iL ( 0+ ) = iL ( 0 )

iL ( t + ) = iL ( t ) +
0

i.e. iL ( t ) can not change abruptly for finite vL ( t ) .

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6.2 The Inductor

(c) An ideal inductor does not dissipate energy .
It stores energy in the magnetic field .
(d) A nonideal inductor contains winding resistance and
parasitic capacitance .

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6.2 The Inductor

Example 3 : Under dc and steady state conditions,
find (a) I , VC & IL , (b) WC and WL
12
= 2A
1+ 5
VC = 5I L = 10V
I = IL =

1
WC = 1 102 = 50 J
2
1
WL = 2 22 = 4 J
2
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6.2 The Inductor

(a) The capacity of C and L to store energy makes them
useful as temporary voltage or current sources , i.e. ,
they can be used for generating a large amount of
voltage or current for a short period of time.
(b) The continuity property of VC(t) and iL(t) makes
inductors useful for spark or arc suppression and
for converting pulsating voltage into relatively
smooth dc voltage.
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6.2 The Inductor

(c) The frequency sensitive property of L and C makes
them useful for frequency discrimination.
(eg. LP , HP , BP filters)

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6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of

Capacitance and Inductance
N capacitors in parallel
Q i = i1 + i2 + L + iN

i
v

c1

i1

c2

i2

cN

iN

dv
dv
dv
+ c2
+ L + cN
dt
dt
dt
N
dv

dv
= ck
= Ceq
dt
k =1 dt
= c1

v1 (0) = v2 (0) = L = vN (0)

Ceq = c1 + c2 + L + cN

v1 = v2 = L =vN = v

v(0) = vk (0)

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6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of

Capacitance and Inductance
N capacitors in series
Q vk ( t ) =
L
L

1
i ( ) d + vk ( t0 )
ck t0

N
N 1 t
v = i ( ) d + vk (to )
k =1
k =1 ck t0
t

i1 = i2 = L = iN

1
i ( ) d + v ( t0 )
=
Ceq t0

1
1
1
1
= +
+ L +
Ceq C1 C2
CN
v ( t0 ) = v1 ( t0 ) + v2 ( t0 ) + L + vN ( t0 )

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6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of

Capacitance and Inductance
N inductors in series
Qv = v1 + v2 + L + vN

di
di
di
+ L2 + L + LN
dt
dt
dt
N
di

di
= Lk
= Leq
dt
k =1 dt
= L1

i1 (0) = i2 (0) = L = iN (0)

i1 (t ) = i2 (t)= L =iN (t ) = i (t ) Leq = L1 + L2 + L + LN

i(0) = i1(0) = i2 (0)L= iN (0)

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6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of

Capacitance and Inductance
N inductors in parallel
i =i1 ( t0 ) +
L

Q v1 = v2 = L = vN = v
i = i1 + i2 + L + iN
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1 t
1 t
1 t
vd +i2 ( t0 ) + vd +L+iN ( t0 ) + vd

t
t
L1 0
L2 0
LN t0

N
N 1 t
= vd +ik ( t0 )
k=1
k=1 Lk t0
t
1
= vd +i( t0 )
Leq t0

1 1 1
1
= + +L+
Leq L1 L2
LN
i( t0 ) =i1 ( t0 ) +i2 ( t0 ) +L+iN ( t0 )
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6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of

Capacitance and Inductance

In summary

Resistor
V-I

V = RI

I-V

I=

P or W

P=

Capacitor
1
i dt
C t0
dv
i=C
dt
1
W = Cv 2
2
CC
Ceq = 1 2
C1 + C 2

v = v (t 0 ) +

1
V
R

V2
= I 2R
R

Req = R1 + R2

series
parallel

R1 R2
R1 + R2
same

Req =

dc case

Inductor
di
dt
1 t
i = i ( t 0 ) + v d
L t0
1
W = Li 2
2
v=L

Leq = L1 + L2
L1 L2
L1 + L2

Ceq = C1 + C 2

Leq =

open circuit

short circuit

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Circuit symbol and model of coupling inductors

+
v1

M 12

i1

L1

i2

L2

+
v2

L1 , L2 : self inductances
M : mutual inductance
unit : in H

di1
di
+M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 = M 1 + L 2 2
dt
dt
v1 = L 1

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 4 : Mutual inductance

Apply I1 , with i2=0

ur v
H
dl=N1 I1
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Assume uniform magnetic field intensity H
N 1I 1
, B = H =
l
A N 1I 1
= B dA =
l
A N 12 I 1
1 = N 1 =
; 2
l
1
A N 12
L1 @
=
, M 21 @
I1
l
H =

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N 1I 1
l

A N 1N 2I 1
l
A N 1N 2
=
l

= N 2 =
2
I1

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Dot convention for mutually coupled inductors:
When the reference direction for a current enters the
dotted terminal of a coil , the polarity of the induced
voltage in the other coil is positive at its corresponding
dotted terminal.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

V1>0

V2

i1 , v1>0 , , ( i2=0 )
Another dot of coil 2 should be placed in terminal c.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

V1>0

V2

Conceptually , one can connect a resistor at cd terminals.

Then i2 will be negative.
The generated flux of i2 will oppose the increasing of
due to increasing i1 ( Lentz law ).
Hence , another dot should be placed at c terminal.
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

V1>0

V2

In case , the other dot is placed at d terminal , then i2

will be positive.
Hence , the generated flux of i2 will be added to the
increasing due to i1.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

V1>0

V2

Then the induced voltage at coil two will increase

and so will i2.
This will violate the conservation of energy.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

The procedure for determining dot markings
Step1 Assign current direction references for the coils.
Step2 Arbitrarily select one terminal of one coil and
mark it with a dot.
Step3 Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction
of the magnetic flux due to the current of the other
coil.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Step4 If this flux direction has the same direction as that
of the first dot terminal current , then the second
dot is placed at the terminal where the second
current enters. Otherwise, the second dot should
be placed at the terminal where the second current
leaves.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : Determining dot markings

Step 1 : Assign i1 , i2 , i3 directions.

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
Step 2 :
For coils 1 and 2, choose
first dot as follows

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
For coils 1 and 3

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
For coils 2 and 3

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
Step 3 :
Check the relative flux directions and determine the
dot position at the other coil
For coil 1 and 2
1 and 2 are in the same direction

L1

L2
M12

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
For coil 1 and 3

1 and 3 are in opposite direction

L1

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L3

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
For coil 2 and 3

2 and 3 are in opposite direction

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 5 : (cont.)
In summary
di
di1
di
+ M 12 2 M 13 3
dt
dt
dt
di
di1
di2
v2 = M 12
+ L2
M 23 3
dt
dt
dt
di
di
di
v3 = M 13 1 M 23 2 + L3 3
dt
dt
dt
v1 = L1

+
v1
_

M12

i1
L1

i2

+
v2
_

L2
M23

M13

i3
L3

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+
v3
_
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

If the physical arrangement of the coils are not known,
the relative polarities of the magnetically coupled coils
can be determined experimentally. We need
a dc voltage source VS
a resistor R : to limit the current
a switch S
a dc voltmeter

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Step 1 : Assign current directions and arbitrarily assign
one dot at coil one.

L1

L2

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Step 2 : Connect the setup as follows.

L1

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L2

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Step 3 : Determine the voltmeter deflection when the
switch is closed.
If the momentary deflection is upscale,
then
L1

L2

If the momentary deflection is downscale,

then
L1

L2

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

The reciprocal property of the mutual inductance can be
proved by considering the energy relationship .
Step 1 : i2=0 , i1 increased from zero to I .

+
v1

M 12

i1

+
L1

L2

di1
dt
di
v2 = M 21 1
dt
input power p1 = v1i1 + v2i2
v1 = L1

i2

v2

= L1 (

di1
)i1
dt

input energy w1 = p1d

t

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= L1i1di1 =
I1

L1 2
I1
2

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Step2 : keep i1=I , i2 is increased from zero to I2
di
di
dI
+ M 12 2 = M 12 2
dt
dt
dt
di
di
dI
v2 = M 21 + L2 2 = L2 2
dt
dt
dt
v1 = L1

Input power

p2 = v1 I1 + v2 i2
= M 12 I1

Input energy

di2
di
+ ( L2 2 )i2
dt
dt

w2 = p2 d
= M 12 I1di2 + L2i2 di2
I2

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I2

1
= M 12 I1 I 2 + L2 I 22
2

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Total energy when i1=I1 , i2=I2
w = w1 + w2 =

1
1
L1 I12 + L2 I 22 + I1 I 2 M 12
2
2

Similarly , if we reverse the procedure , by first

increasing i2 from zero to I2 and then increasing i1 from
zero to I1, the total energy is
w = w1 + w2 =

1
1
L1 I12 + L2 I 22 + I1 I 2 M 21
2
2

Hence , M12=M21=M
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Definition of coefficient of coupling k

M
L1 L2

k@

0 k 1
1
0 < k < , loosely coupling
2
1
k < 1 , closely coupling
2
k =1 ,
unity coupling
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

According to dot convention chosen , the total energy
stored in the coupled inductors should be
w=

1 2 1 2
L1i1 + L2i2 Mi1i2 0
2
2

In particular , consider the limiting case

1 2 1
L1i1 + L2 i22 Mi1i2 = 0
2
2
The above equation can be put into the following form
(
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L1
L
i1 2 i2 ) 2 + i1i2 ( L1 L2 M ) = 0
2
2
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Thus , w(t) 0 only if

L1 L2 M
when i1 and i2 are either both positive or both negative
Hence , k1

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Example 6 : Finding mesh-current equations for a circuit
with magnetically coupled coils.
i4H

i1 5

ig

20
i2

ig

Three meshes and one

current source , only need
two unknowns , say i1 and
60 i2

i16 H

Note : current i4H = i1(t)

current i16H = ig - i2
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6.4 Mutual Inductance

Due to existence of mutual inductance M=8H , there
are two voltage terms for each coil .
One can use dependence source to eliminate the
coupling relation as follows.
8

ig

d
i16 H
dt

i1

20

ig

i2

di
8 1
dt

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60

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6.4 Mutual Inductance

8

4H
i1

ig

d
i16 H
dt
+20

16H

ig

+- 8 di1
dt

i2

60

Hence , for i1 mesh

di1
d
+ 8 (ig i2 ) + 20(i1 i2 ) + 5(i1 ig ) = 0
dt
dt
For i2 mesh

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20(i2 i1 ) + 60i2 + 16

d
d
(i2 ig ) 8 i1 = 0
dt
dt

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Summary
n

Objective 1 : Know and be able to use the component

model of an inductor
Objective 2 : Know and be able to use the component
model of a capacitor.
Objective 3 : Be able to find the equivalent inductor
(capacitor) together with it equivalent
initial condition for inductors (capacitors)
connected in series and in parallel.
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Summary
n

Objective 4 : Understand the component model of

coupling inductors and the dot convention
as well as be able to write the mesh equations
for a circuit containing coupling inductors.

Chapter Problems : 6.4

6.19
6.21
6.26
6.40
6.41

Due within one week.

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