HEAT TRANSFER IN PACKED FLUIDIZED BED

Dr. D. Mandal

Head, Materials Section

Chemical Engineering Division
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Trombay, Mumbai 400085
E-mail ID: dmandal10@gmail.com
10 APRIL 2014

HEAT TRANSFER IN PACKED FLUIDIZED BED

HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BED

References.
[1] Mandal D., Sathiyamoorthy D., Vinjamur M., Experimental Measurement of Effective
Thermal Conductivity of Packed Lithium-Titanate Pebble Bed, Fusion Eng. Des, 87, 6776, 2012.
[2] Mandal D., Sathiyamoorthy D., Vinjamur M., Hydrodynamics of Beds of Small Particles in
the Voids of Coarse Particles, Powder Technol., 235, 256262, 2013.
[3] Mandal D., Sathiyamoorthy D., Vinjamur M., Void fraction and effective thermal
conductivity of binary particulate bed, Fusion Eng. Des, 88, 216-225, 2013.
[4] Mandal D., Sathiyamoorthy D., Vinjamur M., Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer
in Gas-Solid Packed Fluidized Bed, Powder Technol., 246, 252268, 2013.

10 April 2014

10-4-2014

HEAT TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BED

HT IN PB

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Effective Thermal Conductivity of Packed Pebble Bed.
The effective thermal conductivity in packed pebble bed is depends on the following factors.
(a)

The ratio of the thermal conductivity of pebble to that of gas i.e., ks/kg

(b)

The structure of the pebble matrix, void fraction and its distribution and the extent of
the continuity of the solid phase are important.

(c)

Whether pebbles are coated with other materials or not. The contact resistance
between the non-consolidated pebbles, i.e., the solid surface oxidation and other
coatings are important.

(d)

The ratio of the mean free path of gas molecules and the average linear pore
dimension (i.e., the Knudsen number) also affect the conductivity.

Pseudo-Homogeneous-Two Dimensional Model to Determine Effective Thermal

Conductivity of Packed Fluidized Bed
The model has been developed based on the energy balance equations and with some
assumptions
10-4-2014

HT IN PB

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

One vertical concentric cylinder filled with
stationary large spherical pebbles supported on a
distributor plate; in the interstices of which small
particles are fluidized by a gas (dry air) flowing from
the bottom and the bed is heated with an external
heating system.
The gas velocity is controlled in such a way that the
small particles are fluidized in the interstices of large
stationary pebbles only i.e., particles are not
allowed to fluidize above the stationary bed, which
is defined as packed fluidized bed.
Heat is in the axial direction conducting from the
bed wall to the bed in the radial as well as the bed
may be considered as a multiphase system where,
two phases i.e., gas and fluidized particles are
flowing, while the packing pebbles as solid phase
remain stationary.
Assume pfb is the volume fraction of flowing gas
(i.e., the void fraction of the packed fluidized bed),
10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

r
qz|z+z

qr|r+r

qz|z

qr
|r

Figure 1. Elemental volume in

packed bed, filled with
stationary packing pebbles.
5

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

f is the volume fraction of fluidized particles and P is the volume fraction of
packing pebbles, i.e. ,

pfb + P + f = 1
Bed is heated at a constant bed wall temperature ( Tw )
Gas flows at constant superficial gas velocity ( u ),
o
Temperature gradient will exist along the radial as well as in the axial direction.
Effective thermal conductivity of this packed fluidized bed may be determined from
steady state energy balance.
One concentric annulus elemental volume of inner radius r , outer radius r + r and
height (as shown in Figure 1) inside the bed has been considered for the development
of the model to estimate effective thermal conductivity ( k eff, pfb ) .
The following assumptions have been made in the derivation of energy balance
equation within the elemental volume.
10-4-2014
3-8-2012

HT IN PB HT IN PFB

2/8

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Mass flux of gas and fluidized particles across the boundary of the elemental volume is
negligible.

Packing pebbles in the elemental volume are considered as an integrated mass and the
contact resistance among the pebbles due the surface roughness is negligible.

The gas velocity ( u ) and the velocity of the fluidized particle in the interstices within
the elemental volume are the same.

Variation of fluid density over the elemental volume is negligible.

At steady state the temperature of gas ( Tg ), the temperature of fluidized particles

and the temperature of packing pebbles ( T ) at any point are equal.

Similarly, the inlet temperature of gas ( Ti ), temperature of fluidized particles and

packing pebbles at z are also the same.

At steady state heat is neither generated nor accumulated in the elemental volume.

10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The rate of thermal energy entering from the bed wall to the outer surface of the
elemental volume through conduction along the radial direction is qr,i which can
be estimated using Equation 1.

q r , i = 2 (r + r ) z q r |r + r

(1)

The rate of thermal energy leaving along the radial direction at is . Then we can
estimate using Equation 2.

q r , o = 2 r z q r |r + r

(2)

The rate of thermal energy entering along the axial direction by conduction at is ,
which can be estimated using Equation 3.

q z , i = 2 rr q z |z

(3)

The rate of thermal energy out at z + z along the axial-direction by conduction , q z ,o

can be estimated using Equation 4.
10-4-2014

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EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

q r , o = 2 r z q r |r + r

(4)

The rate of thermal energy entering with the flowing gas along the axial direction at z ,
( q g , i ) can be estimated using Equation 5.

q g , i = (2 rr u g pfb ) c p (Tg Ti ) |z

(5)

The rate of thermal energy entering along with the fluidizing particles along the axial
direction at
( q ) can be estimated using Equation 6.

f ,i

q f , i = (2 rr u f f ) c pf (T Ti ) | z

(6)

Similarly, the rate of thermal energy entering along the axial direction through the
packing pebbles at z ( q ) can be estimated using Equation 7.
P, i

q P, i =
10-4-2014

({(r + r ) 2 r 2 } z P P ) c p , P (T Ti ) |z
4
HT IN PFB

(7)
9

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

c p ,f , c
p, P

cp

and

are the specific heat of fluidized particles, packing pebbles and

gas respectively, at the average temperature.

The rate of thermal energy out with the flowing gas along the axial direction at z + z
is q g ,o , which can be estimated using Equation 8.

q g ,o = (2 r ru pfb g ) c p (Tg Tg ,i ) |z + z

(8)

The rate of thermal energy out with the fluidized particles from the elemental volume
along the axial direction at z + z ,

q f ,o can be determined using Equation 9.

q f ,o = (2 r r u g fp ) c p (Tg Tg ,i ) |z + z

(9)

Similarly, the rate of thermal energy out along the axial direction through the packing
pebbles at z + z,
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10

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

q p, o

= ({(r + r ) 2 r 2 } z P P ) c p , P (Tg Tg , i ) |z + z
4

(10)

The size ratios of particles to pebbles ranging from 0.0231-0.078 were used in the
present study.

Normally, solid has much higher thermal conductivity than that of the

gas. So, the amount of thermal energy in and out through the packing pebbles as
shown in Equations 7 and 10 respectively may be assumed to be equal. From
Equations 1-10 and taking the limits r 0 and z 0 the energy balance equation
can be written as,

T
1 (rq r ) q z

u o ( g c p pfb + f c f f ) g = 0
r r
z
z

(11)

Applying Fourier heat conduction equation, we can write,

q r = k e ,r
and
10-4-2014

dT
dr

HT IN PFB

(12)
11

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

q z = k e ,z
where,

qr

and

qz

dT
dz

(13)

are the effective thermal conductivity of the bed at and

position respectively. Equation 11 can be rewritten to Equation 14 by putting the

values of and from Equations 12 and 13 respectively.

T
k e ,r T
2T
2T
+ r 2 + k e ,z 2 = u o ( g c p pfb + fpc p,f fp )

z
r r
r
z

(14)

Equation 14 can be further simplified to Equation 15 as the second term on the left
hand side is negligible, since the temperature gradient along the axial direction is less
compared to that along the radial direction, moreover, the value of its second
derivative may be very negligible.

k e, r
10-4-2014

1 T 2 T
T
(
)
=
u

g p pfb
fp p , f fp
2
r
r
z

HT IN PFB

(15)
12

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

All the terms in Equation 15 are known or can be estimated using experimental data
except, k which can be estimated by using Equation 16, which is obtained by
e ,r
rearranging Equation 15.

k e, r

T
u (g c p pfb + fpc p, f fp )
z
=
1 T 2T
+ 2

r r r

(16)

Equation 16 is similar to the equation used by Bunnell et al. [2] and Mandal et al. [3] in
the determination of effective thermal conductivity of packed bed under similar
conditions, except the second part within the brackets in the numerator of the right
hand side, which is due the contribution of conductive heat transfer by the fluidized
particles in the packed fluidized bed.
[2 ] G. Bunnell, H. B. Irvin, R. W. Olson, J.M. Smith, Effective Thermal Conductivities in Gas-Solid Systems, I. &
E. C., 1949, 9, 1977-1982.
[3] D. Mandal, D. Sathiyamoorthy, M. Vinjamur, Experimental Measurement of Effective Thermal Conductivity of
Packed Lithium-Titanate Pebble Bed, Fusion Eng. Des, 2012, 87, 67-76.
10-4-2014

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13

EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

The effective thermal conductivity of the packed fluidized bed ( k eff ) can be estimated
by taking the average of k e ,r values at different radial ( r ) and axial locations (z ) which
can be measured by finding the radial and axial temperature gradient at different
points in the bed at steady state by using Equation 16.
The work done on the volume element due to the pressure forces, normal stress forces
and shear stress forces should also be included in the energy conservation equation for
gas phase.
Variation of the gas density over the bed may lead to free convection, which causes
additional dispersion of heat and mass in the radial as well as axial direction.
In the present study thermal conductivity of the bed at different radial and axial points
have been estimated by measuring temperature gradients as shown in Equation 16
and the average of the values has been considered as the effective thermal
conductivity of the packed fluidized bed. The pressure force, normal stress force, shear
stress force and the variation of gas density may be neglected.
10-4-2014

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14

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

SS
Cyclone
Separator

DPTs

Instrumentation cables

Transmitters

Oil
filter

Dew
Point
Ana.
PRV

P8
P7
P6
P5
P4
PP33
P2
P1
Test
Secti
on

T18 T19
T20T21
T14 T15
T16T17
T10 T11
T12T14
T6 T7 T8T9
T2 T3 T4T5
T1

Flow
Meter

Computer
Compressor

Air-drying
Primary
unit
receiver

Secondary
Air-receiver

Instrumentation cables

Control Panel

Indication Panel

PLC based controller modules

- Ellipse software for data acquisition, display
and storage for all the process and controlled
parameters
10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

310 column, 162.74 mm

Seamless, Sch.5, 150mm NB Pipe,

ID,

Height of test section: 650 mm,

Flanged-end connections,
Sandwiched distributor,
% of opening area: 1

External heating coils, 3kW rating

Insulated with glass wool,
Mass-flow-meters with controller.
K-type thermocouples,
DP Transmitters,
Dew point analyzer,
15

PROCESS VARIABLES : HEAT TRANSFER IN PACKED PEBBLE BED

Materials
Li2TiO3
Al2O3

Pebble size
1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 mm

Bed wall temperatures

ks [Li2TiO3, p:85-90 % TD]

Polynomial Fit of ks

2.4

k = 2.72-1.05x10-3 T- 7.5x10-5T2
s

ks [ W / m K ]

2.7

2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2

200oC
400oC
600oC

Dry air velocity

300

450

600

750

900

T [ K]

Ks of Li2TiO3 single pebble decreases with

increase in temperature

0.07 m/s
0.14 m/s
0.21 m/s
0.28 m/s
10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

16

TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN PACKED PEBBLE BED

Temperature profiles at Steady state

1.1

PB

Tempearture ratio, (T / Tw) [-]

1.0

Li2TiO3

Tw=200 C

DP=10

G=0.163kg/m s

were determined.

0.9
0.8

Steep change in slope at the wall to

0.7

z/H=0.894, PB

0.6

bed

0.5

z/H=0.591, PB
0.4
0.3

Z/H=0.288, PB

0.2

z/H=0.045, PB

Slopes are varying continuously in

bed

0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Temperature vary across the axial

Radial position (r/R) [-]

ke,r

10-4-2014

G c pg

=
2T
+

locations

Tg

1 T

r r

Two-dimensional homogeneous

HT IN PFB

model was used to estimate keffpb

17

EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

G
2
[kg/m -s]
0.162
0.326
0.493
0.663

DP=1mm
keff pb [W/mK]
200oC
at 400oC at 600oC
0.893
0.859
0.642
0.954
0.896
0.725
1.229
1.035
0.913
1.261
1.225
1.214

DP=3mm
G
keff pb [W/mK]
2
[kg/m -s] 200oC
400oC
0.162
0.961 0.903
0.326
1.525 1.229
0.493
1.846 1.629
0.663
1.933 1.902
G
2
[kg/m -s]
0.162
0.326
0.493
0.663
10-4-2014

600oC
0.759
1.181
1.356
1.667

DP=5mm
keff pb [W/mK]
200oC
at 400oC at 600oC
1.280
1.263
1.108
1.765
1.617
1.421
1.862
1.738
1.679
1.961
1.989
1.982
HT IN PFB

keff were in the range of

0.893-2.08 Wm -1K-1.

Keff increases with increase

in air flow rate (G).

keff decreases with increase.

in bed wall temperature (Tw).

keff increases with increase in

pebble size (DP).
18

EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

2.3

1.3

Li2TiO3: Dp=1.0 mm

2.2

1.2

Keff increases

0.9
0.8

1.7

with increase

1.9
1.8

0C
40
o

in G

20
0 Co

C
200

[ W m-1 K-1 ]

C
400

1.0

2.0

keffpb

2.1

1.1

keffpb [ Wm-1K-1 ]

Li2TiO3: DP=10mm

1.6

0.7

1.4
0.1

0.6
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
-2

0.6

0.3

0.7

0.4

0.5
-2

0.6

0.7

-1

G [Kg m S ]
2.3

2.2

Li2TiO3: DP= 7 mm

2.1

0.2

-1

G [Kg m S ]

2.2

2.0

Li2TiO3 DP=10 mm

Keff increases

2.1

1.9

keffpb [Wm-1K-1 ]

2.0

1.8
1.7
1.6

20
0 Co

keffpb [ W m-1 K-1 ]

C
600

1.5

C
600

1.5

with increase

1.9
1.8

0C
20
o
0C
20
o
0C
60
o

1.7

C
400
o
0C
60

1.4
1.3

1.6
1.5

in Rep

1.2
1.4

1.1
40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

50

150

200

250

Rep [-]

Rep [-]

10-4-2014

100

HT IN PFB

19

Keffpb [ W m-1K-1 ]

EFFECT OF BED WALL TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE RATIO ON keffpb

1.8

uo= 0.146 ms-1,

1.6

DP = 10 mm

1.4

DP = 7mm

V = 5m3/hr

G=0.162 Kgm-2s-1

DP = 5 mm

1.2

keff , pb
increase in

1.0

decreases with

Tw

DP = 3 mm

0.8

D =
P
1 mm

0.6
200

300

400

500

600

T [ C]
2.2

increase with

DP

5mm ( = 0.459)

3mm ( = 0.441),
1mm ( = 0.483),
7mm ( = 0.447) Tw: 200oC

7mm

2.0

3mm
1.8

keffpb [ W / m K ]

keff , pb

under similar operating

conditions

1.6

1.4

1.2

1mm

5mm

1.0

0.8
4

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Volumetric flow rate (V) [m /hr]

10-4-2014

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20

CORREALTION TO ESTIMATE EFFECTIVE THERNAL CONDUCTIVITY OF PB

keff , pb

depends on

Re p and Tw

2.4

keffpb [ W / m K ]

Correlation is proposed to
estimate

(Experimental Keff value)

( Calculated, value using prop. corelation)
for Rep > 15

2.8

keff , pb

2.0

1.6

1.2

0.8

ka ,T
keff , pb
ka ,T

0.2 Tw
= 18 Re p
Ta

T
= 15 Re0p.2 w
Ta

0.14

for Re p < 15

Re p =
10-4-2014

100

150

200

250

2.2

For Rep<15 and Rep>,= 15

2.0

0.44

for Re p 15

Particle Reynolds Number

DP uo g

50

Rep [-]

Calculated keffpb [W/mK]

keff , pb

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8

(1 pb )

0.6
0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Experimental keffpb [W/mK]

HT IN PFB

21

FLUIDIZATION OF FINES MAKE TEMPERATURE HIGHER AND UNIFORM

1.2

uo/umfpf=1

Xfi =20%

1.1

Tw=200oC

DP=10mm

dp/DP=0.0231

z/H=0.894, PFB

1.0

z/H=0.591 PFB

0.9
0.8

z/H=0.045, PFB

z/H=0.288, PFB

Packed fluidized
bed

T / Tw [-]

0.7

z/H=0.894, PB

0.6

0.5

z/H=0.591, PB

0.4
0.3

Z/H=0.288, PB

z/H=0.045, PB

0.2
0.1

Packed bed

PB-PACKED BED

0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

r/R [-]

Fluidization of small particles increase the temperature of corresponding

points

Bed is operated at near isothermal condition

10-4-2014

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22

TEMPERATURE PROFILES
1.2

uo/umfpf=1

Xfi =20%

1.1

Tw=200oC

DP=10mm

dp/DP=0.0231

Temperatures

z/H=0.894, PFB

1.0

z/H=0.591 PFB

0.9
0.8

fluidized

z/H=0.045, PFB

z/H=0.288, PFB

T / Tw [-]

0.7

were

higher

than

the

corresponding locations in packed bed.

z/H=0.894, PB

0.6

bed

at all locations in packed

0.5

z/H=0.591, PB

0.4
0.3

Z/H=0.288, PB

Voids

z/H=0.045, PB

0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

in the packed beds offer

higher

resistance to heat transfer .

r/R [-]
1.1

uo/umfpf =2

1.0

Xfi =20%

Tw=200oC

Resistance is lowered significantly when small

DP=10mm

dp/DP=0.0231

z/H=0.894, PFB

0.9

z/H=0.591 PFB

particles are fluidized.

0.8

z/H=0.288, PFB

T / Tw [-]

0.7

z/H=0.045, PFB

0.6

z/H=0.894, PB

0.5
0.4

To maintain constant bed wall

z/H=0.591, PB

0.3

more energy was needed in packed fluidized

Z/H=0.288, PB

0.2

temperature,

z/H=0.045, PB

beds than packed beds.

0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

r/R [-]

10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

23

EFFECT OF OPERATING GAS VELOCITY

2.2

Li2TiO3

Xfi=20%

dp/DP=0.0231

DP=10mm

2.1
2.0

As air velocity is increased, axial and radial

temperature gradients become less.

keffpfb / keffpb [-]

1.9
1.8
1.7

0
20

600oC

C
400

Under certain conditions, the bed could

1.6
1.5

become nearly isothermal.

1.4
1.3
1.2

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

uo / umfpf [-]
2.4

uo > 3umf , pf

particles carried over to the top

of the bed and the gradients become high.

2.3
2.2

[-]

2.0

keffpfb / keffpb

2.1
1.9

Temperature is uniform throughout the PFB

200 C

C
400

1.8
1.7

600oC

1.6
1.5
1.4 Li TiO
2
3
1.3
1.0

Xfi=40%
1.5

dp/DP=0.0231
2.0

2.5

DP=10mm
3.0

3.5

4.0

uo / umfpf [-]

10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

24

EFFECT OF VELOCITY AND VOLUME PERCENT OF SMALL PARTICLES

2.7
Li2TiO3

2.6

Xfi=60 %

dp/ DP=0.02

DP=10mm

2.5

keffpfb / keffpb [-]

2.4

keff , pfb
in

2.3

increases increase

uo / umf , pf

2.2
o

200 C

2.1
2.0

C
400

1.9

keff , pfb

keff , pfb

increases with

keff , pfb

is maximum at

is maximum at

uo / umf , pf 3

C
600

1.8

keffpfb / keffpb [-]

1.7

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

1.0

Li2TiO3

1.5

2.0

2.5

uo / umfpf [-]
dp/DP=0.04275

Xfi=60%

3.5

4.0

X fi

DP=10mm

X fi = 60 %

200 C
o
C
400

C
600

keff , pfb

decreases with increase in

Lower temperature favors

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

uo / umfpf [-]

10-4-2014

3.0

3.0

3.5

4.0

enhancement of
HT IN PFB

Tw

the

keff , pfb
25

EFFECT OF VOLUME PERCENT OF SMALL PARTICLES (Xfi)

2.1
2.0

uo / umfpf =1

DP =10 mm

dp / DP = 0.0231

1.7
uo / umfpf = 1

1.9

DP =10 mm

dp / DP = 0.04275

1.6
1.5

1.7

keffpfb [ W m-1K-1]

keffpfb [Wm-1K-1]

1.8

1.6
1.5
1.4
o

1.3

C
200

1.2

400 C

600 oC

1.3
1.2
1.1

1.1
1.0

1.4

20

30

40

50

60

70

uo / umfpf = 3

dp / DP = 0.0231

2.0

DP =10 mm

50

60

70

80

Xfi [ % ]
uo / umfpf = 3

dp / DP = 0.04275

DP =10 mm

1.8
200oC

keffpfb [ Wm-1K-1 ]

keffpfb [Wm-1K-1]

40

1.9

1.8
600 oC

1.6
1.5
1.4
400oC

1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4

200 C

1.3
1.2

1.2

400 C

1.1
20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1.0

Xfi [%]

10-4-2014

30

2.1

1.9

1.3

400 C

20

2.1

1.7

600oC

1.0

80

Xfi [%]

2.0

200 C

20

600 C

30

40

50

60

70

80

Xfi [%]

HT IN PFB

26

keffpfb / keffpb

[-]

EFFECT OF BED WALL TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE RATIO

2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

Li2TiO3

Xfi=40%

dp/DP=0.04275

DP=10mm

Tw

200 C

If size of the small particles is increased,

heat transfer in the voids is expected to
reduce due to reduced contact between
them while they are fluidized.

400 C
o
600 C

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

keffpfb / keffpb [-]

u / umfpf [-]
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0

keff , pfb decreases with increase in

Li2TiO3

Xfi=60%

dp/DP=0.04275

DP=10mm

With increase in d p / DP ratio

keff , pfb

200 C
o
C
400

decreases under similar

operating conditions

C
600

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

uo / umfpf [-]

10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

27

OPTIMUM PARAMETERS

keff , pfb

keff , pfb is maximum at X fi 60 %

keff , pfb is maximum at

10-4-2014

dp

increases with decrease in D

P

uo

umf , pf

HT IN PFB

28

CORREALTION TO ESTIMATE EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

2.4

keff , pfb

depends on, X fi

keff, pfb (Calculated) [ Wm-1K-1 ]

d p / DP and Tw

x
1.2
=
y

2.2

k g and k s vary with Tw

A correlation has been proposed
to estimate

keff , pfb

2.0
1.8

.8x
y=0

1.6
1.4
1.2

Particle size:
231m
428 m
550m
780m

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.6

1.0

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

keff, pfb (Experimental) [ Wm K ]

ks
0.15 0.33 DP
2
Pe
(1 pfb ) + 7.7 x10 X f
=
dp
kg
kg

d puo g c pg
(1 pfb )
Pe =
Peclet Number kg

10-4-2014

1.2

-1 -1

keff , pfb

0.8

HT IN PFB

1.1

29

THE END

10-4-2014

HT IN PFB

29