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64
38.59
37.14
36.05
35.08
33.76
33.31
33.20
33.09
32.88
32.75
29.62
27.40
22.95
22.86
22.21
21.87
21.11
21.01
16.44
13.18
Norway
Belgium
Switzerland
West. Germany
Denmark
Finland
France
Austria
Luxemburg
Sweden
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
USA
Japan
UK
Spain
East Germany
Canada
Greece
Slovenia
11.49
10.27
10.03
8.86
7.89
7.80
7.30
6.94
6.04
5.45
5.25
4.33
3.61
3.39
2.67
2.44
2.25
1.81
1.74
1.65
1.33
9.1
South Korea
Malta
Portugal
Czech Rep.
Croatia
Slovakia
Estonia
Hungary
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Turkey
Russia
Romania
Belarus
Bulgaria
China
Ukraine
Modavia
Georgia
Phillippines
(Electrolux, 2005)
= Logistics
Production Country
Production Country
China
Eastern
Europe
9.2
Western
Europe
USA
China
Chest-freezers for
US market
Mexico
9.3
2%
8%
9.4
Taxes/levies/subsidies
Transport/logistics costs
15%
12%
Market-seeking
28%
16%
Labor costs
29%
77%
19%
9.5
Proximity to R&D
Loss of know-how/copies/piracy
Coordination effort
Transport/logistics costs
32%
20%
Labor cost
2%
5%
Quality
68%
33%
43%
9.6
9.7
161.5
7,542
87
67
Innovation
43
93
Business sophistication
58
Technological readiness
Market size
76
81
76
54
78
63
92
Infrastructure
81
Institutions
Macroeconomic environment
Rank
(out of 139)
Criterion
4.2
2.9
3.5
4.4
3.8
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.8
4.5
3.4
3.7
Score
(1-7)
21.3
Population (millions)
Key indicators
5%
10%
15%
20%
0%
50
Spain
UK
USA
Germany
60
65
70
75
80
Economic Freedom Index 2011
55
S. Korea
Portugal
Czech. R.
Slovakia
Estonia
Poland
Russia
Turkey
China
Romania
Bulgaria
Philippines
Italy
France
85
90
Switzerland
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
9.8
Border
Export firm
Buying agent
Production
joint venture
Company
Contract
manufacturer
Company
Company
Independent
manufacturer
Company
Independent
manufacturer
Independent
manufacturer
Procurement office
Company
Company
Independent
manufacturer
Independent
manufacturer
Manufacturer's sales
subsidiary
Company
Company
Independent
manufacturer
Import firm
Company
= Independent suppliers
= Alliance/partnership
= Company
10.1
10.2
low
medium
high
Country
risk
low
Sourcing from
independent
manufacturers
(or trading
firms)
Sourcing from
independent
manufacturers
(or trading
firms)
Sourcing from
independent
manufacturers
(or trading
firms)
high
Specificity of
necessary assets
Production
subsidiary
Contract
manufacturing
or production
subsidiary
medium
Production
subsidiary or
production
joint venture
Production
joint venture
Contract
manufacturing
Contract
manufacturing
10.3
Effectiveness of knowledge-transfer to
the foreign production site
Overall evaluation
Supply security
Criteria
29
Importance of Options
the criterion
Independent
manufacturer
48
Wholly-owned
production
10.4
40
Contract
manufacturer
Developingthe
feasibility
studies
entering
the attractive
country markets
6.3.Developing
production
and for
sourcing
relocation
programs
feasibility
studies for
entering
the attractive country markets
5.3.IfDeveloping
needed: Signing
agreements
with
the partners
= usual
sequence
of steps
= most
important
possible
loops
11.1
Developingfeasibility
feasibilitystudies
studiesfor
forproduction
entering the
country markets
3.3.Developing
or attractive
sourcing relocation
11.2
P2
P1
R1
a - f = suppliers/partners
U2
Sourcing from
a joint
venture
Sourcing from
an
independent
manufacturer
Sourcing
from a
domestic
import firm
Operation modes
U1
V1
C2
C1
Location
within
country
Romania
Ukraine
Vietnam
China
Country
11.3
8. Resources required
8.1 Human resources
8.2 Assets
8.3 Working capital
9. Quantitative objectives and forecasts with
regard to labor costs,
production volumes, etc.
10. Measures
10.1 Steps and time needed to build up
activities
10.2 Steps and time needed to terminate
current activities that will be relocated,
e.g. supplier contracts in home country
11. Responsibilities
12. Budget
12.1 Initial investments
12.2 Annual expenses
13. Economic evaluation
-3,500
NPV
593.2
11.4
700
-600
-300
-2,900
Cash flows
year 1-15
-1,000
Initial
investment
Maintaining production in
the home country
6. Responsibilities
5. Timetable
4. Quantitative objectives
11.5
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