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GAS
TRAINING MODULE
ELECTRICAL
TITLE
:
MODULE NO :
Page 1 of 52
TABLE OF CONTENT
Description
Page
1.0.0
Introduction
2.0.0
2.1.0
2.2.0
3.0.0
3.1.0
Construction
7
8
8
3.1.1. Structure
10
11
12
3.1.5. Metering
12
3.1.6. Wiring
13
14
15
4.1.0
15
4.2.0
Construction
16
17
17
17
18
4.3.0
5.0.0
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
5.1.0
Construction
21
Page 2 of 52
Description
6.0.0
6.1.0
23
23
23
24
25
6.1.5. Accessories
25
Ratings
25
25
25
25
25
26
27
7.1.0
8.0.0
22
Construction
6.2.0
7.0.0
Page
Fuse rating
28
28
28
28
28
Contactors
29
8.1.0
Construction
29
8.2.0
Arc suppression
30
8.3.0
Contactor rating
30
9.0.0
30
30
31
31
31
32
33
34
34
34
35
Page 3 of 52
Description
11.0.0 Testing and maintenance of Air Circuit Breakers
Page
37
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
13.4.0 Contactor
46
46
48
Page 4 of 52
1.0.0 Introduction
Low voltage switchgear is designed to provide superior electrical distribution, control and
protection, for the entire plant. The prime component of the switchgear is the Air circuit breaker.
Switchgear is generally designed to maximize the functionality of the circuit breaker/MCC, which,
in turn, delivers maximum uptime, system selectivity, and ease of maintenance and circuit
protection.
Low voltage switchgear is designed to operate within its rated voltage, current, and shortcircuit interrupting capacity. The successful operation of the equipment depends on proper handling,
and maintenance. Neglecting the operational and maintenance requirements may lead to personal
injury, as well as damage to electrical equipment or other property. Work on the switchgear requires
training, experience and an understanding of the hazards involved.
This module covers the basic underpinning knowledge required to perform the duties and
task prescribed in POSS on LV switchgear/MCC for the electrical technicians. For gaining the
expertise in the activities further study and hands on experience is necessary.
Page 5 of 52
HV BUS
VCB
VCB
VCB
TRANSFORMER
ACB
ACB
BUS TIE
LV BUS
ACB
MCCB
CONTACTOR
O/L RELAY
To
LDB
To
LDB
Page 6 of 52
Page 7 of 52
3.1.0 Construction
There are two basic types of low voltage switchgears, those for use outdoors and those are
use indoors. Indoor switchgear is, of course, considerably less expensive. Indoor types of
switchgears are most commonly used for Oil & Gas or Petrochemical and Fertilizer industry. The
transformers are located outside the switchgear building and connected to the switchgear with bus
duct or cables. The following discussion is limited to indoor type of switchgear only.
3.1.1 Structures:
The indoor switchgear will consist of a front section, which will contain the circuit breakers,
meters, relays and controls; a bus section; and a cable entrance section. Each circuit breaker is
isolated from all other equipment. Vents are provided in the circuit breaker compartments, for
cooling and to allow escape of gases, which are formed when the circuit breaker opens to interrupt
fault currents. Other sections of the switchgear are also ventilated to allow circulation of air for
cooling.
Barriers between the bus compartment and the cable compartment are provided for safety
reasons, to permit connecting or disconnecting the cables without danger of contacting the live bus.
Page 8 of 52
Rear cable
Compartment
Bus
Compartment
Base channel
Auxiliary
instrument
compartment
Through
door
circuit
breaker
access
Circuit
breaker
compartment
Door
latch
Hinged
door
Page 9 of 52
All cable terminations are insulated after installation, so that there will be no danger of
contacting these live terminals when making changes in the cable connection.
In double-ended substations the barrier between the two sections of the switchgear is
provided. A horizontal barrier is placed between the upper and lower terminals of the tie breaker. A
vertical barrier is provided to isolate the two buses. Vertical barrier is so as to prevent an arcing fault
on one end of the substations from travelling to the other end and taking out both power sources.
When drawout breakers are used, a hoist for removing the breaker is desirable. This may not
be required if the overhead crane or other lifting facilities are available in the building.
3.1.2 Bus Bars:
Copper is the better material for the bus bars than aluminum, except in few cases where
corrosive atmospheres may have an advert effect of copper. Copper has a higher conductivity than
Neutral
bus
Horizontal
Cross bus
Ground
bus
Bus Compartment (Rear view)
aluminum, it is more easily plated and bolted joints can be made more easily. Also the melting point
of aluminum is lower than that of copper, so that more damage will be done to aluminum buses in
case of arcing fault. However, copper is more expensive than aluminum and most switchgear
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 10 of 52
manufacturers now use aluminum for bus bars unless copper is specified, in which case they may
charge a premium price. Copper joints are normally silver plated. Aluminum bolted joints are
normally tin plated.
Each vertical section of low voltage switchgear will contain from one to four circuit breakers.
This requires branches and tap off the main bus supported on insulators. The insulating materials
used should be flame retardant, track resistant and nonhygroscopic. It also must have high impact
strength to be able to withstand stresses caused by the magnetic forces when fault occurs. Glass
polyester is the best material available for this purpose.
The insulators must be assembled to the bus in such a way that there are not continuous
horizontal surfaces between bus bars. Such surface may collect dust that may form a high resistance
path between the bars, which could develop into a fault. Supports for the bus bars should be placed
at frequent intervals so that the bars will not be deformed when a fault occurs.
3.1.3 Circuit Breakers :
Breaker with required frame size and the desired trip rating be installed. The interrupting
rating is standardized with the frame size of breakers but some make breakers in other than standard
frame sizes. For information on the
Horizonta
l
Vertical
wireway
Secondar
y
terminal
and it will definitely be required for periodically for routine maintenance. For this reason the extra
cost of the drawout type circuit breaker is usually justified.
When drawout type circuit breakers are used a method is provided for moving the breaker
from the fully withdrawn position to a test position, and to fully connected position. For safety of the
operator, it should be possible to move the breaker from one position to another with the breaker
compartment door closed and only when the breaker is tripped. Also it should not be possible to
close the breaker when it is intermediate position between the test and the connected position.
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 11 of 52
When the breaker is in fully connected position, it is connected to the source and to the load
side terminals, and the frame is connected to the ground bus. This is the position for normal
operation. When in the test position, the breaker is disconnected from the source and from the load,
but secondary circuits for control of electrically operated breakers, and for monitoring, are
connected. In this position all secondary circuits may be tested and the breaker may be closed and
tripped, either manually or electrically, without affecting the primary circuits. In the withdrawn
position, all circuits to the breakers are disconnected. The frame of the breaker should be connected
to ground in both the test and fully connected position. It may or may not be connected in the
withdrawn position.
Circuit breakers may be obtained either electrically or manually operated. Breakers must be
electrically operated if they are to be operated from a remote location or if they are to be used in any
automatic transfer scheme.
Circuit breaker may be equipped with various auxiliary devices. All electrically operated
breakers are equipped with auxiliary switches, some of which are used in the breaker control
circuits. Undervoltage devices may be supplied on all the breakers. These devices will trip the
breaker when the voltage on the source to which they are connected falls below a certain value. They
are usually self- resetting so that the breaker may be reclosed as soon as voltage is restored, and may
be obtained to trip the breaker instantly on loss of voltage, or after a time delay.
3.1.4 Protective Devices:
Low-voltage circuit breakers may be obtained without overcurrent trip devices
(nonautomatic), with magnetic trip devices, or with static trip devices. If supplied without
overcurrent trip devices they may be used as a switch, or they may be supplied with a shunt trip
device, which is operated through a relay to give desired protection. With this arrangement a source
of power must be available for the shunt trip device. Batteries are the most reliable source of power,
but control power may be taken from the source, which is feeding the switchgear, usually through a
control power transformer. However, it is necessary to make sure that such power is available when
needed.
The magnetic-type overcurrent device was the standard type used by all manufacturers for
many years, and it may still be available from some manufacturers. The device utilizes magnetic
forces created by the current through the breaker to trigger the release mechanism, which allows the
breaker trip. Various mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices are used to delay the tripping,
when desired.
All manufacturers today offer static trip devices on their low-voltage large air circuit
breakers. These devices are more reliable, and they have characteristic curves with narrow bands and
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 12 of 52
with shapes designed to match well with curves of fuses, relays, and molded case breakers. These
static trip devices are fed by sensors, which are special current transformers, which monitor the
current in each phase. The devices receives power from these sensors to trip the breaker when the
current in the sensor is greater than the pickup current for which the device has been set. Timing in
accordance with the characteristic curves is also accomplished by the electronic circuitry.
Low-voltage distribution systems may be solidly grounded, grounded through a resister. The
solidly grounded system is used most frequently. When it is used, some form of ground-fault
protection should be provided.
3.1.5 Metering:
The metering to be specified with low-voltage switchgear depends entirely on the needs for
the information which metering can supply. Usually the minimum requirement is for voltmeter on
the incoming power source and an ammeter to indicate total current. These instruments are of the
single-phase type. They are usually supplied with switches to permit reading current and voltage of
all three phases. If the voltage is greater than 240V, potential transformers are required, since
standards do not permit voltages on the panels which exceed 250 V to ground. Current transformers
are required for all ammeters.
Ammeters and voltmeters may be supplied with either 1 or 2% accuracy. For most purposes
the 2% instrument is satisfactory. The 1% instrument may be obtained at a moderate increase in
price.
Test switches or test blocks may be specified to permit plugging in portable instruments. This
may be desirable to check the accuracy of the panel instruments or to obtain more accurate readings.
Usually meters required for the incoming power will be mounted on a panel above the main
breaker. Potential transformers and control power transformers will be mounted inside this
compartment. Current transformers may be mounted in the rear, or if a main breaker is provided,
they may be in the breaker compartment. Ammeters, and ammeter switches for the feeders can often
be mounted on the breaker panel, if the meters are the panel type having 2% accuracy.
Page 13 of 52
3.1.6 Wiring:
Wire used for metering and control circuits should not be smaller than No. 14 AWG. It should be
insulated with a material rated not less than 90oC. Crimp-type terminals should be used, and
Vertica
l
Horizont
al
Control
wiring
Secondary
disconnectin
g
Shutter
s
Secondary
terminal
block
Secondary
disconnectin
g
3.2.0
wider applications. These standards provide the guideline to the manufacturer for design and
construction, whereas it is useful to the user for selection, erection and maintenance.
The followings are general specifications prescribed for the LV metal enclosed switchgear.
1) Service : The switchgear suitable for service conditions such as indoor/ outdoor/ temperature
2) Power system : The type of the system, voltage and frequency
3) Metal enclosed assembly : The description of the features required. Following is the example:
The assembly consists of breaker compartments with hinged front doors and sheet steel
Page 14 of 52
enclosure. The enclosure and welded components chemically treated and painted with light gray
paint. Provisions for racking the breaker to connected, test and disconnected position with
door closed. Mechanical interlocks to prevent the racking of breaker when it is closed.
Arrangement of space heaters. Provision for the future expansion.
4) Circuit breakers : Types and specifications of the circuit breakers for the followings:
1. Main (incoming feeder)
2. Bus tie
3. Load (outgoing feeder)
It includes the voltage, current ratings, interrupting capacity, type of the mechanism, arc quenching
medium, different indicators, auxiliary switch, interlocks, and built in protective devices.
5) Bus : Material, current rating and short time withstand current rating of the main bus and neutral
bus. Length of the ground bus.
6) Control power transformer : Type, capacity, voltage ratio, protection
7) Instrument transformer (CT/VT) : Type, voltage/ current ratio, burden
8) Indicating/ recording meters : Type, range, scale reading
9) Wiring : Installation method (metal channel or conduit), material, size and markers on the
secondary wiring.
10) Accessories : Crank for manual operation of the breaker drawout mechanism, lifting yoke for
each type of breaker element, test plugs/ blocks, test cables.
Page 15 of 52
Arc
runners
Arc
chute
Arc
Arcing
contacts
Main
contacts
Arc extinction
value of the voltage drop. This principle is used in air break type a.c. circuit breakers. The air at
atmospheric pressure is used as an arc extinguishing medium in Air Circuit Breakers. These circuit
breaker employ the principle of high resistance interruption principle. In the air circuit breaker the
contact separation and arc extinction takes place in air at atmospheric pressure. As the contacts of
Page 16 of 52
breaker are opened arc is drawn between them. The arc is basically consists of a plasma surrounded
by the ionized particles of air. The arc is rapidly lengthened by means of arc runners and arc chutes.
The resistance of arc is increased by cooling,
lengthening and splitting the arc. The arc resistance is increased to such an extent the system
voltage can not maintain the arc and the arc gets extinguished.
4.2.0 Construction :
The circuit breaker main components are as follows:
Page 17 of 52
Page 18 of 52
voltage. To prevent the breaker tripping in the event of the voltage dips, the release provide the
time delay.
A closing release or relay is the device which releases the breaker closing mechanism when the
spring is charged, Energisation can be maintained, as the closing release provides an
antipumping function. Pumping of circuit breaker is alternate tripping and closing if the closing
signal is available during a trip operation. After the breaker has been opened, either by fault trip
or by manual or electrical operation, anti-pumping is provided by requiring cancellation of the
initial closing command before reclosure of the circuit breaker is possible
Auxiliary switches: This provides the additional contacts (NO & NC) to be used in the control/
protection or indication circuits. As a standard two normally open (NO) and two normally closed
(NC) are provided. More contacts can be provided on request to the manufacturer.
4.2.4 Interlocks and indications :
Various mechanical and electrical interlocks are provided on the breaker for safety. Some of
the mechanical interlocks are listed below:
Padlocks for push buttons: This padlock device prevent the direct operation of the circuit
breaker by covering the on and off push buttons.
Position padlocking : The circuit breaker is usually provided with the mechanical interlock
for isolate (disconnect) position. If requested, the breaker can also be provided with the interlocks
for all the three position namely, isolate (disconnect), test and service (connect).
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 19 of 52
Door interlock: This interlock prevents the cubicle door from being opened when the breaker
is in the service (connect) position.
Racking interlock : This interlock prevents the insertion of the breaker when the breaker
cubicle door is open.
Withdrawal/ spring charged interlock : This interlock prevents the removal of the breaker
when the breaker is closed or closing spring is charged.
Shutter lock: The shutter automatically block the access to the disconnecting contacts when
the breaker is isolated (disconnected) or in test position. The provision could be made to padlock the
shutters when breaker is withdrawn from its cubicle.
Electrical interlocks: The contacts of auxiliary switch or releases or protection relays can be
used in the control circuit to provide the required electrical interlocks.
The breaker are provided with the mechanical as well as electrical indicators.
Mechanical interlocks could be to indicate:
Electrical indications are provided by mounting the indication lamps on the front door
of the panel. The standard indications are as follows:
Colour of the lamp
Red
Green
Amber
White
Indication
Breaker is closed
Breaker is opened
Breaker is tripped
Breaker trip circuit is healthy
Page 20 of 52
Page 21 of 52
5.1.0 Construction:
The basic parts of the motor starter are:
Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) or isolator with HRC fuses
Magnetic Contactor
Protection relay (Thermal Overload relay)
Indicating instruments/ lamps
All these components are connected electrically to each other to perform the basic function of the
starter.
A simple Direct On Line (DOL)starter circuit is shown below:
This circuit can be divided functionally in two parts. 1) Power circuit and 2) Control circuit.
The Power circuit contains all of the components that carry the full voltage and current to operate the
motor. Besides the magnetic contactor, these commonly includes isolator-HRC fuses or MCCB and
heater elements of the thermal overload relay.
The control circuit is usually operated at lower voltage and contains all the components
necessary to switch and monitor power to run the motor or to stop the motor under the
predetermined condition and time. These commonly includes the devices like push buttons,
protection relays, indicating devices, contacts of process instrument relay.
Page 22 of 52
Line
terminal
Arc chute
Operating
Knob
Moving
Contact
Quick make
Quick break
mechanism
Molded
housing
Common
trip bar
Magnetic
trip
adjustment
Thermal
trip
adjustment
Load terminal
The main difference in operation of ACB and MCCB is that MCCB can be closed manually
and not automatically. But it can open automatically at a predetermined overcurrent. MCCB are
available with thermal-magnetic protection or magnetic protection only. As most of the motor starter
are equipped with thermal overload protection, for motor circuit MCCB with magnetic (overcurrent)
protection only is preferred.
Page 23 of 52
6.1.0 Construction:
Most common components of any MCCB are: the molded case, an operating mechanism, trip
element, line/ load terminals and optional accessories such as shunt trip, undervoltage trip, auxiliary
switch etc.
breaker components. The case is molded from a phenolic material which combines high dielectric
strength with ruggedness. Following factors determines the strength of the casing: Maximum
current, voltage and interruption capacity.
Higher the rating, stronger the case.
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 24 of 52
Page 25 of 52
shown in fig. MCCB with fixed and adjustable type magnetic trip elements are available. The
adjustment will set all the poles simultaneously for same value of tripping current. The adjustment is
from approximately 5-10 times the breaker continuous current rating.
6.1.4 Line and Load terminals :
All the circuit breakers have provisions for making line and load connections in the external
electrical circuit. For industrial application, compression type lugs or mechanical type lugs are
provided to facilitate these connections.
6.1.5 Accessories:
A wide range of accessories are available for MCCB to suit it for particular application.
Some of them are discussed below.
Shunt trip: This is the mechanism operated by a solenoid when energised from separate
source. It, in turn, will trip breaker. This solenoid circuit can be closed by an external relay or other
means. A continuous flow of current through shunt trip coil may damage it because it is not rates for
that continuous current. Therefore the coil clearing switch is included to break the solenoid circuit
when the circuit breaker opens.
Undervoltage trip: It is a device which trips the circuit breaker automatically when the main
circuit voltage falls below 35-70% of its specified value. The breaker could be closed only if the
85% of rated voltage is available. An undervoltage trip with adjustable time delay unit is available to
avoid nuisance tripping of breaker in the event of voltage dip or momentary fluctuations.
Auxiliary switch: It is the mechanically operated switch by the breaker itself. They have
normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC) contacts. It is used for signaling, interlocking and
indicating contact position.
Padlocking attachments: These attachment for the padlocking of breaker in OFF an/or ON
position for safety reason. They do not interfere with the tripping of the breaker.
6.2.0 Ratings:
6.2.1 Voltage rating:
A circuit breaker can be rated for either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC)
system application or both. It is the maximum system voltage on which they can be applied. While
selecting the MCCB voltage one must consider the maximum voltage that could exist on the system.
Some of the typical ratings are : AC- 120, 240, 480 and 600 Volts and DC- 125, 250 and 600 Volts
6.2.2 Continuous current rating:
The maximum direct current or rms current in amperes at rated frequency which breaker
should carry continuously without exceeding the specified temperature rise limit of any of its parts.
LV Switchgear & MCC
Page 26 of 52
Breaker must carry this current indefinitely at rated ambient temperature in free air. The typical
current ratings are: 100, 225, 400, 600, 800, and 2,000 amps
6.2.3 Interrupting capacity rating:
The ampere interrupting capacity of a MCCB is the highest current at rated voltage that
breaker is intended to interrupt under standard conditions. When the MCCB is rated for more than
one voltage, the interrupting rating is specified for each voltage level.
6.2.4 Ambient temperature rating:
The ambient temperature rating of a breaker is the temperature at which its continuous
current rating is based. The typical reference ambient temperature for most of the Asian countries is
400 C. The manufacturers application guide must be referred if an ambient temperature higher or
lower than the rating.
6.2.5 Frequency rating:
The standard rated frequency in Malaysia is 50Hz. If a MCCB rated 60Hz is applied it may
affect the short circuit characteristic of the breaker. In that case the manufacturers application guide
must be referred.
Page 27 of 52
Page 28 of 52
fault currents means that the current that gets past the fuse before it blows - the let through current may be too great in some applications. That's one of the reasons MCCBs are often used in motor
control systems.
Page 29 of 52
8.0.0 CONTACTORS
The contactor is the central component of motor starter. During its useable life, it may switch
power to the motor on and off thousands of times, or even millions of times.
8.1.0 Construction:
Contactors have three basic parts: a set of stationary contacts, a set of movable contacts and
an electromagnet.
One side of the set of stationary contacts is wired directly to the power source while the other
side is wired directly to the motor. A gap separates the two sides, keeping power from reaching the
motor. The motor will not operate until the gap between the stationary contacts is bridged by the
movable contacts.
Page 30 of 52
The movable contacts are mounted on a spring-loaded armature assembly. When the
electromagnet is energized, the armature shifts the movable contacts into position across the gap
between the stationary contacts, and power flows to the motor. When the electromagnet is
deenergised, the armature assembly is released, the movable contacts return to their normal position,
and the motor stops.
The electromagnet is energized by a coil, powered through a separate circuit, the control
circuit. When power flows through the control circuit, the coil is energized, the magnet attracts the
armature, the movable contacts bridge the gap between the stationary contacts, and the motor is
energized.
In addition to the main power contacts, most contactors have sets of auxiliary contacts that
are actuated as the armature closes. These contact sets are often used as seal-in contacts or as
contacts for powering indicating lights or other parts of the circuit. The contacts are usually easily
removed, so they can be changed from normally-open to norm ally-closed. Many contactors will also
accept contact blocks with multiple auxiliary contact sets that may be configured in various
combinations, such as normally-open, normally closed, on-delay and off-delay.
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-Rated operational current of a contactor is stated by the manufacture by taking into account
the rated frequency, operational voltage, rated duty and utilization category.
8.3.3 Rated Duty
(a) Eight hour duty. Contactors carry steady normal current for more than eight hours until
the maximum temperature rise is attained. The rated thermal current of the contactor is determined
on the basis of Eight hour duty.
(b) Uninterrupted duty. Contactor remains closed without interruption for a prolonged time
(more than eight hours, weeks, months, and years).
The dust, dirt, oxide coatings on contacts lead to progressive heating.
(c) Intermittent duty. Duty in which the contactors remains closed for periods having a
definite relation with no load period, both no load and load periods are too short to allow thermal
equilibrium. In intermittent duty, the contactor is made on and off in such duration that the thermal
equilibrium is not reached.
For example
In an intermittent duty, current of 200 A flows for four minutes in every fifteen -minutes.
This intermittent duty may be stated as : 'Intermittent Duty : 200 A, 4 min 1/15 min. or as
'Intermittent Duty : 200 A, 4 operating cycles per hour,
8.3.4 Making Capacity.
Rated making capacity of a contactor is the value of the current under steady condition which
the contactor can make without welding or excessive erosion of contacts or display of flame.
The rated making capacity of an a.c. contactor is expressed in terms of r.m.s. value of
symmetrical component of current.
8.3.5 Breaking Capacity.
The rated breaking capacity of a contactor is the value of current which the contactor can
break without excessive erosion of contacts or display of flame. For a.c. contactors, the rated
breaking capacity is expressed by r.m.s. value of symmetrical component of current.
Page 32 of 52
AC-2
AC-3
AC-4
DC-1
DC-2
DC-3
DC-4
DC-5
Page 33 of 52
Trip
Bar
Circuit
closed
Contact
closed
Bimetal
element
Circuit
tripped
Contact
Opened
In this type of relay a bimetal strip is employed for each pole. It comprises two metals,
having different thermal co-efficient of expansion, firmly joined together. One end of strip is firmly
held, whereas other end is free. When heated, the strip bends on account of different expansion of
bimetal. The distance moved by the free end is proportional to the heat. The free end bends far
enough to actuate a tripping mechanism which opens a set of the contacts in the control circuit. That
interrupts the power to the coil of the contactor which opens the power contacts and stop the motor.
In case of larger motor, the relay are connected in the secondary circuit of CT. Bimetal relay can
usually be set in certain range. Most of them are provided with additional bimetal strip to enable
ambient temperature compensation. The relay can be self resetting type or hand resetting type. In the
latter, the trip mechanism locks itself in operated condition until reset mechanically.
Page 34 of 52
Page 35 of 52
A
MCP
REMOTE AMMETER
Z CT
T1
T2
T3
C
O/L
ST
CF
NL
ELR
MCP
ELR
ST
RS
O/L
STOP P/B
STOP
START
AUTO STOP
HR
C
IRP
R
C-1
LCS
C-2
RS-1
G
RS-2
Page 36 of 52
contactor. Therefore the motor will be stopped automatically. The operation of the overload relay
will also energise the auxiliary relay RS and its contact RS-2 will close. This will illuminate the
amber lamp on the MCC panel. Thus indicating motor has tripped on overload.
Earth leakage relay (ELR) will sense the unbalance in current due to earth fault through zero
current transformer (ZCT) and will operate to close the contact in the branch where shunt trip
solenoid is connected. Shunt trip will energise and open the MCCB to isolate the motor. Opening of
MCCB will result in opening of its contact in series with shunt trip solenoid and thus the solenoid
will denergised and will not be damaged.
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Page 38 of 52
Open circuit breakers and discharge all springs before performing maintenance work,
disconnecting, or removing.
If the circuit breaker is to be left with it is in withdrawn position, both the bus bar and the circuit
shutters must be padlocked, if they are not confirm dead.
If the circuit breaker is to be left in any position other than in service position, a warning notice
must be displayed prominently.
When switchgear is isolated make sure it is earthed accordingly via integral earthing mechanism
or earthing truck or by earthing/discharge stick with warning notice at both ends.
Verify that no tools or installation equipment are left inside the switchgear before turning on
power to this equipment. Conduct electrical testing to verify that no short circuits were created
during maintenance, or inspection.
Never insert a circuit breaker into a cubicle that is not complete and functional.
Replace all devices, doors, and covers before turning on power to the breaker.
The purpose of the isolation/de-isolation must be recorded in the substation daily logbook.
( Do not attempt to defeat any interlock and refer to Instruction Manual when in doubt).
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j) Check after servicing circuit breaker to verify the contacts move to the fully opened and fully
closed positions, that there is an absence of friction or binding, and that electrical operation is
functional.
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temperature could be a factor of operation. Synthetic lubricants last longer, which is an advantage
over petroleum lubricants, particularly with today's requirements for extended service without
maintenance.
Be sure to remove all traces of the old lubricant before you apply a new lubricant product for
the first time. Use a commercial cleaner - kerosene, mineral spirits, etc. If possible, soak the part in
the solvent and use a soft-bristled brush to loosen the old lubricant. After cleaning, parts should be
dried carefully and re-lubricated as soon as possible.
While penetrating oils are useful for loosening stuck parts, they should not be used as a
lubricant in electrical equipment because they attack, dissolve and wash out factory-installed
lubricants, hastening equipment failure. Also, penetrating oils are flammable and should not be
applied in areas where sparks or arcing may occur.
Electrical contacts should not be lubricated with metal filled lubricants unless tested and
proved to be effective long term. Many metal-filled lubricants can accelerate corrosion, create
conductive paths and eventually cause failure. It is better to avoid graphite and Molybdenum
Disulfide containing lubricants for electrical contacts, because it could cause a resistance rise after
multiple operations. For switches that operate infrequently, keeping the contact just clean and dry
with no lubricant might be a viable option.
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faults/abnormal conditions are simulated by shorting the relevant protection relay contact and
tripping of circuit breaker is observed
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Mechanically clean to a bright finish (dont use emery paper) or replace those terminations
that have become discolored. Determine the cause of the loose joint and correct. Be particularly
careful with aluminum wire connections.
Wires and cables should be examined to eliminate any chafing against metal edges caused
by vibration that could progress to an insulation failure.
Any temporary wiring should be removed, or permanently secured and diagrams marked
accordingly.
The intended movement of mechanical parts, such as the armature and contacts of
electromechanical contactors, and mechanical interlocks should be checked for freedom of motion
and functional operation.
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this test is the automatic opening of the circuit breaker and not tripping times as these can be greatly
affected by ambient conditions and test conditions.
13.2.5 Instantaneous tripping test
Refer to manufacturers instructions for instantaneous trip time. The automatic opening of
the circuit breaker is verified at the set value as per the current rating of the circuit breaker. It is also
important to verify that the circuit breaker will not automatically open for the current below the set
value.
13.2.6 Mechanical operation
The mechanical operation of the breaker should be checked by turning the breaker on and off
several times.
13.4.0 Contactor
Contacts showing heat damage, displacement of metal, or loss of adequate wear allowance
require replacement of the contacts and the contact springs.
If deterioration extends beyond the contacts, such as binding in the guides or evidence of
insulation damage, the entire contactor may be replaced.
Irregular surface
Replacement not
Worn out
contact
Replace
Curling
Repla
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.
Standby Genset
OFF
NORMAL
STANDBY
A: normal breaker
B: standby breaker
AUTO
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
Switch position
TRANSFER TO
STANDBY SOURCE
RETURN TO
NORMAL SOURCE
N voltage restored
N undervoltage
Duration < T1
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
Duration > T1
Duration < T2
Duration > T2
Genset voltage
and frequency OK
Transfer
command
startup
Load shedding
command
A, B : open
Genset voltage
and frequency OK
Load shedding
command
After time delay T3
A: open
B: open
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
OPENING OF A
Load reconnection
CLOSING OF B
CLOSING OF A
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
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OFF
NORMAL
STANDBY
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
Switch position
A: normal breaker
B: standby breaker
AUTO
TRANSFER TO
STANDBY SOURCE
RETURN TO
NORMAL SOURCE
N voltage restored
N undervoltage
Duration < T1
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
Duration > T1
Duration < T2
Duration > T2
Transfer
command
Load shedding
command
A, B : open
A: open
B: open
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
OPENING OF A
Load reconnection
CLOSING OF B
CLOSING OF A
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: open
B: closed
standby
operation
A: closed
B: open
normal
operation
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