Week 7

Lecture 11 (7-1)
Summary of Lecture 11
Cultural relativism (see definition) is a method for understanding cultural difference
Culture is a useful concept, but pitfalls include reification
Cultural analysis should account for history and interconnection
Gender as a social construction
Social category
Categories by which individuals are understood as part of groups
Based on socially-significant characteristics
Variable cross-culturally not only by the content of the categories but also by their salience/existence
Categories like asian and how fingernails should be dont exist everywhere
Social construction
Concept, category, phenomenon thats developed and given meaning through social processes
Linked to particular groups and historical moments
Depends on contingent values, not essential
Because not given, must be maintained, re-affirmed, and can change over time
Chin- race is socially constructed and can be imagined reconstructed
Race
People wrote Negro and liked voting for this category when they are old
Race= tied to biological characteristics, however, people think it is social
You can be multiple ethnicity
One drop method= if you have 1 ancestor that is black, you are black, makes it hard for you to lose your blackness
For Indians, you say what % Indian you are. Makes it easy to lose your Indian heritage
o Example of subordination- they wanna take Indian land and keep blacks for labor
1998 American Anthropological Association statement on race
Historical research has shown that the idea of race has always carried more meanings than mere physical differences;
indeed, physical variations in the human species have no meaning except the social ones that humans put on them.
How people have been accepted and treated within the context of a given society or culture has a direct impact on how
they perform in that society. The racial worldview was invented to assign some groups to perpetual low status, while
others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth.
The tragedy in the United States has been that the policies and practices stemming from this worldview succeeded all
too well in constructing unequal populations among Europeans, Native Americans, and peoples of African descent.
Given what we know about the capacity of normal humans to achieve and function within any culture, we conclude that
present-day inequalities between so-called racial groups are not consequences of their biological inheritance but
products of historical and contemporary social, economic, educational, and political circumstances.
Polgenesis
Different racial groups from different origins
Monogeniesis- idea that we all have common ancestry, dont think everyone is equally advanced
Eugenics
Worried about british race so did breeding program to maintain best racial categories
Science is part of social construction- we can make race
Franz Boas- cultural practicularism
Essentialism-regarding a person or people as having innate qualities, irrespective of context- assume race is innate
New school of thinking- others not inferior, just live differently
Variations WITHIN racial groups are greater than differences BETWEEN group, but we are stubborn and wana keep the
categories
There is no actual relationship between race, culture, language- have to study in context
marked and unmarked categories- skin crayons
Originally a concept in linguistics, subsequently applied to social categories
Notable vs. default
Power corresponds to unmarked
If multiple categories, the majority is default category and thus is unmarked. White is taken for granted, not noticed
Clarke doll studies- both black and white kids think black is uglier- if researcher is positive about black dolls, they are
more willing to be positive
Kiri Davis- redid clarke doll experiment did that stupid film
-doll companies go against clarkes studies because they emphasize objects- boost self esteem
This is not going to help because society produces the discrimination, not the objects themselve

Bhagat Singh Thind

Main ideas
Social categories have effects
Marked and unmarked categories
Race is socially constructed
Doesnt negate the significance of race as a social phenomenon
Lecture 12 (7-2)
Immigration to US- increase because of globalization
40.8 million immigrants in US as of 2012
27% of California population (highest in US)
13% of US population
Los Angeles over 1/3 foreign-born
California has approx. 13 million immigrants
Not just United States, of course
1 of 35 people in the world is an international migrant
= population of 5th largest country
Migration
Internal ( not much of an issue, you can do rural- urban)
International ( across nations)
Transnational ( move people across boundaries. Borders are not natural!)
Large scale processes ( global economics- markets)
Individual motivations, meanings ( see ind. People)
Social organization and reproduction
Combining these requires ethnographic methods and macro analysis
You cannot understand why people move unless you consider coffee prices, cold war, sweat shops, US corporate
investments
Subjectivity
Being a subject (with views, experiences, desires, etc.) way to theorize people, and thus has power
who is also an effect of power (subjected to)
Theories of subjectivity from poststructuralist thinker Michel Foucault and others
About both individuality and sociality, attentive to how power shapes both
Meshes together the thought of individual, we are result of social norms and understanding peoples
Capitalism makes economic and social world isolated
Economic production does not equal social production which leads to conflict
Cultural citizenship- BELONGING IN A PLACE, cultural lens is important
Citizenship not just about legal status but also cultural life
Cultural life as a major force behind civic action, especially for minority groups (citizenship shaped by cultural forces)
Citizenship isnt culturally neutral but tends to produce and reinforce certain ways of life (cultural life shaped by
citizenship)- shapes cultural expectations of each other
Imagined communities- can still be meaningful
Term coined by historian Benedict Anderson
Nation ( MEANING OF BEING AMERICAN) as socially constructed by the ways that people imagine themselves to
belong to a community (enabled and reinforced by institutions)
Not face to face
We do this in maps too, we put different countries as one color
Also seen in the Olympics or the military
Diaspora
community of people living away from a shared homeland
2 controversies
1. SB 10-70 (2010)- Arizona had law that you need to carry legal docs at all time and police can detain people
that they thought were illegal- this is racial profiling
2. DACA- def action child arrival ( 2012)- give young people 2 years to get work permit to avoid deportation
Only applies under 31, high school or military degree, no crime
Cultural idea that kids are innocent and had no control
Chain of care
Love, emotion flow from Third World to First World
Women caring for others children in order to provide for their own at a distance
Shaped by gender division of labor in the family and lack of state childcare
Women increase migration- feminism of migration, this is because first world women are in work force
This is issue of social reproduction- nobody to take care of the young kids

Reading 1 (Chin), location: nawhalville

How is race socially constructed? Give examples from text and in your lives.

a stolid belief in racial difference can shape peoples perceptions so profoundly that they will find difference and
make something or it, no matter how imperceptible or irrelevant its physical manifestations might be pg 313- author
thought black barbie doll had bigger butt but upon deeper looks, it is exactly the same.
The girls play with the dolls hair and show that being white is not about skin and hair, but about style and way of life.
How is race imaginatively reconstructed by the girls?
Instead of getting racially correct barbies, they use beads, braids and foil to turn their white barbies into african
american styled
By doing so, these barbies are queer- it is like putting GI Joes voice in Barbie. disconnects race from body just like
lgbt disconnects gender from sex
How have the toy companies reversed the logic of the doll studies?
They claim that kids have more fun with dolls that look like them. Say that these will help minority kids feel more at
home and gain self importance. But this doesnt matter to poor kids because they cant even go to toyrus. Other issues
are more pressing. (Kids express their wants carefully and are aware that they are poor. These kids, if found 20 bucks,
would give it to their parents)
One study asked black childrens if they thought the black doll or the white doll looked good and they all said the white
doll did which suggests that even children understand societys devaluation of black people.
with ethnically correct toys, the logic of the Clark studies is reversed: it is the toys that are responsible for childrens
perceptions, not the society that produces them pg. 310
In this place, little girls are concerned about rape and pregnancy - due to impact of class, race, social, and economic
issues. - a lot of young girls are having kids. Natalia asked why no pregnant barbies and two years later, she delivered
a baby girl when she was 13

shaw and friends 1991- address the problems of minority representation

o reshape the assumption of whiteness
o better self-esteem with dolls that look like you
phenotype- physical expression of genetics, skin color, eye color, hair color
genotype- genetic expression
race- social construct- no neat categorization
o act of social reproduction- not bad in itself
queering- turning social norms on its head
Reading 2 Reichman pg 1-73
o The townspeople saw migration as a temporary response to economic crisis
o With all these changes, people try to determine the causes and future direction and whether its good or bad
o Reflects this villages own struggle to the experience with an anthropologists own intellectual struggles to understand
our place in a rapidly changing world known as globalization
o Some people benefited from migrating in finding work and sending money back home while others suffered, sometimes
losing a family member who migrated.
o Some saw the migration as keeping La Quebrada afloat while others saw it as a sign of communitys downfall
o When women moved, they often got more freedom and paid well to do the same stuff
o When men moved, they have to do womens work at work( janitor) and at home (cooking for themselves)
individual stories
wilmer ulloa (needy)- pork salesman who had the flyer that was too good to be true
o
o
o
o
o

He was hesitant in migrating since his family might not be able to support the plot with him gone and he was scared a man
would seduce his wife.
scared if he went to US he would be alone and drink, decided to just migrate to another city in Honduras- thought that
moving to US would be prefereable because city honduras is dangerous
He had fears of social isolation when moving to the US
motivated to migrate to make necessary income quickly and not inspired by the American Dream. Had a lot of guilt
because he was scared of vice ( which is commonly associated with migrations)
In the end he chose not to migrate to the US since he viewed migration as a sign of excessive self-interest and ambtion,
something he wants to avoid.

alfredo flores(greedy)-son of one of wealthiest families - rarely worked and no skills to take family business, wanted to go to US
to make money quickly and be successful to prove to his family he was capable.

o
o

used a coyote for his 6th try to migrate, wife wasnt approving and didnt want him to leave- ended up in prison and came
back hardened and darknened - ended up working in coffee mill
No one was unfazed from continuing to migrate after hearing about his ordeal

Jorge Orella (greedy)- worked at hte internet center ( 100 / day) and still wanted to leave because of american pop culture
o
o
o
o

At first he had a low-paying job, but the anthropologist got him a better one, thinking low income was his motivation. But he
still had an itch to go.
He is an example of someone influenced by Western media and the pop cultures.
-if you can go on internet, you are wealthier and of higher status because you can read and write and have money to use ithad an internet gf who broke up with him after a month
heeded by jorge not to leave and asked for 50 bucks

santos Orellana- model of migrant success- went to US, got money, came back and bought nice house without gate, married 19yr
old girl, became very americanized
o
o
o

His home mimiced the ones in Long Island Suburbs

His wedding message was clear to all the spectators: Undocumented migration can help you live your dreams
went back to america after only 6 months back at home. his wife didnt like his big house and moved back in with motherhouse was left unoccupied

general info about honduran migration

o -Some people migrate for emotional reasons, the cultural ideas of masculine honor and pride played in their decisions
o -Pg 36: Migrants want economic opportunity, but the decision to pull up roots is always shaped by familial responsibilities,
changing cultural definitions of success, honor, and self-realization, which are now deeply intertwined with fantasies of
wealth and modern consumerism driven by exposure to the mass media.
o -Many females stayed in US because they have greater economic independence
o -Women remain largely responsible for domestic labor in La Quebrada
o -Men migrants have to perform what is traditionally feminine labor in US- temperorary inversion of gender norms that is
kinda humiliating
o -All economic actions are shaped by cultural and social values
o -Before migration, ideas of virtue and honor were from social structure of coffee economy, and migration changed the social
topography
o driven by economic reasons instead of political, before the 1990s, people mainly did domestic migration
o -1990-1993 price crash forced people to migrate , also hurricane mitch in 1998 killed everything - thought migration was the
least risky because
Economical survival threatened social reproduction
The normative distinction between the two types of migration is based on social distinction between legit and illegit goals
There is debate between responsibility to family and need for more money
1960s to 1980s was coffee boom period for La Quebrada
There was a crisis in coffee when the ICA ended control over the coffee prices/production
Migrancy dependency:
o -People would call relatives in US to ask for help/money
o -Sometimes the migrants make up excuses to people back home so they dont have to help
o -The migrants have intense social pressure to send money back so people dont think theyre lazy and drinking away the
money
o -young migrants challenge the soical order of the coffee economy because they know about the migrant economy
o -Educaton declines since men think when they leave school they can just go to US
Coffee and Social Structure:
-There was social status upholded in the coffee economy but has no meaning in the migrant economy
-Migraion caused unsustainable economic base that breaks social groups apart
-People blamed the economic crisis on individual character flaws-greed, jealousy..etc.
Morality of Migration
-Some migrants are called greedy and lazy and called so by their relatives based on cultural standards that dont
match the economic realities
-Needy - people who owned no land and faced dire economic circumstances
-Greedy - people who pay coyotes so gain more luxurious lifestyle
-Conformista - a mark of honor and humility-someone who only desires that which is socially appropriate to people of
their class

-Conforming to social expectations is respected because it displays an acceptance of given order

-Some are seen lazy-people who dont even work in the village and want better job in US-people who inherit coffee
land but abandon it for US
-Returnees make people who remain in US seem lazy and they create unrealistic impressions of migrant life
-People think making money in US is easy so returning people shouldve brought back more, think they are hoarding for
themselves.
-People joke some migrants, with all the easy money in US, are still to lazy to work for it
-Older generations blame the coffee crisis on younger generations for their laziness

Migrations as Threat to Social Reproduction

-economic production means seperation from family social life
-Upward mobility is valued, but only to the point before greed
-Individual ambition is bad only if it threatens the reproduction of local social structure
-People wonder how the village can survive on remittance economy
second section
-people gossip in order to feel control among all the change, reassert principles of sociality pg. 71
-govt is accepting migration in order to use migration money to create economic opportunity at home and stop the cycle

Hernan Lopez is leaders in rural development project and is rich- he desires a sustainable honduras

Honduras after modernization

What strategies do people use to deal with rapid change?
First, they created fair trade/cooperative coffee to raise income and establish economic fairness
Second, two religious systems were made to go against the bad effects of migration
Third, they saw migrants as cause of social crisis
All three emphasized the power of individual behavior as a way to respond to the social dcline
What are some of the varying motivations for migration among research participants?
People want a better life in an economical sense but some define better life in different ways
Migrants always struggle with their social responsibilities towards family and can become radically disconnected from
their economic responsibilities.
Migrants are motivated by relatively high US wage rates and the chance to support their families
How does economic survival threaten social reproduction?
Migration can cause the community to dwindle down, since the profit made from migrant workers doesnt help
production back home, but only provides money to a small group
New young migrants are challenging the social order of the coffee economy
What distinguish moral from immoral migration in the views of townspeople?
Its how people perceive migration as a conflict between the needs of the individual and the needs of the group. Some
migrants are called lazy while others are called self-sacrificing
The moral distinction between the two is knowledge of the the migrants and their families-social distinction
Migrants social responsibilities become radically disconnected from their economic responsibilities
Honduras: broken village- disconnect, migration
Reasons: economic, better wages, cultural, American dream
Migration- subject to motivation and wants of the individual
All informed by cultural and economic reasons
Global village
-integration
-technology makes it smaller
-Global geographic proximity

Broken Village
- disconnected
Social classes- major differences
Outdated technology

Migration and social reproduction

- women take care of family, men go work in us and send remittances ( money earned abroad)
Social and economic responsibilities are getting disconnected
Moral immigration vs. immoral
- needy= low class income and need to support families, landless
- greedy- have land, already have status in Honduras, seen as lazy

Week 9
Summary of Lecture 12
o Migration as a moral issue
o Imagined communities (nation)
o Subjectivity (subjective motivations of migrants)
o Chain of care
o Cultural citizenship (> legal status)
Paper dolls- cultural citizenship- how they became cultural citizens without being official
Gender + migration ~ chain of care- criticize feminists for making argument only about heterosexual people
o Retronormative- assume people reproduce normally
o kinship as social construct- we become family with people that are nonblood and care about ppls at home too
Modernity often associated with:
o impersonal relations
o nation-state
o markets/capitalism
o advanced technology, newness
o disenchantment/secularization
o The West
o abstraction/rationalization
o Role of globalization- US affect policies everywhere
Modernity in Reichman
o Much of twentieth century in Honduras
o Belief in progress/development, that the world can be changed
o Prominence of the nation-state ( capable of changing world with public health, technology, welfare programs)
o Markets/capitalism (managed by nation-state)
o Collective response to individualizing forces of capitalism (mediation)
o Increasingly abstract ties (nation, citizenship)- linked to modernism- imagined communities
Postmodernity
o Modernity plays itself out
o Critique of centralized authority (including state), progress narratives
o Privatization/individualization of solutions ( want market solutions
o Follows modernity- there is loss of faith in state for accomplishing big things and peeps scared of corruption
o Less inclined for personal life to be influenced by politics
Neoliberalism- part of post modernity
o Shift from state to private sector control of economic life, with state protection of private property and the rise of
nongovernmental forms of governance.
o Associated with shifts in the 1970s through the present
o Boosted by the fall of the Soviet Union
o Impact on citizenship, subjectivity, ways of life
o How it affects everyday life, hopes and dream
o Relationship individual+ global government
o Could argue against this by saying institutions influence movements such as lgbt and racial
Mediation
o that which stands between and manage the relations between individuals and larger collectives and structures
o religion= fill gap in withdrawal of state
o different influences on how individuals came to be
o individualism- idea that people have morality and responsibility, page 101
Fair trade coffee, consumer politics- things are produced equally, coffee is risky
o Market-based solution
o NGOs- are in charge of the fair trades
o Personal virtue, individualized politics ( YOU CHOOSE TO BUY FAIR TRADE
o Can study shifts in the relations among state, economy, society through consumption and consumer politics
o How compare to Bornstein on child sponsorship?
o Transecular concept of collective action- your buy affects stupid farmers
Morality of exchange and migration- shift in macroeconomics, issues of morality, who we are connected to and accountable to at
such a distance
Collectivity still matters, POWER
The great political challenge of the contemporary world is to apply the principles of social equity that guided modernist
policies at the national level to the transnational realities of globalization (Reichmann p. 170)
Migrants blamed each other for being greedy, didnt think big picture that there is a global issue
Immigrants are blamed for illegally migrating abroad and their choices, nobody blames the big problems that drives those
choices
Globalization is not mutual, benefits sectors of every community- freeflow of capital around world but not peeps

FILM

(Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance)

How do people make claims to territory?- blocked the bridge
How do Indigenous peoples claim sovereignty (i.e., political authority) within nation-states like Canada?
Whats the significance of borders in the film?
Why is movement/mobility so important, why do protests take the form of blockades?
In what ways does Indigenous resistance create crises for the nation-state?

Reading (Saurez)
Immigration is a family matter

Immigration challenges and changes families and society

Growing number of migrants into US from Latin America previously due to wars now is because of unemployment- also
cartels of gangs doing human trafficking
Many of the immigrants are unaccompanied children
Deportation will rip families apart and leave children alone

Reading(Manalasan)
Emotional Baggage in the Chain of Care

Saying First World countries are taking away the women from Third world for domestic labor, leaving some families
motherless or wifeless
The bond between First and Third world is the fact that they are biologically mothers who nurture care
People link caring with biological mothers, but what if you take out the biological part?
Mentions transgender health carers such as those in Paper doll
Need to think of chain of care through emotions, desires instead of biological gender
Paper dolls/ Manalasan
Location: Israel, Filipino- care takers, social construct of gender
Caredrain= mother/ children/ wives leaves- different kinship models,
Braindrain- smart people leave
Paper dolls= not real
Domestic work/ caregiving= productive female= care+ love
Migration & cultural citizenship
Stop working, visas are invalid, no rights, second class
Reichman
Depoliticization- lack of movement from government- government is not producing services
NGO take over and give servies
Agrarian-farming/ agriculture. Farmers cooperative- organization of farmers that market products together and buy stuffs
NGO- builds roads, schools
Religion- two types
o Satanic- believed that they were already saved so that they could do anything they wanted
o Conservative version- cant wear short shorts
Churches- increase status into part of the community- p. 102
Fair trade I ( 20th century)- boycott
Fair trade II ( 21st modern)- ethnical consumerism
Consumers think price too high
Consumer= decision, power help fight for better wages and
labor practices
Boycotting- public act, political motivated
- positive, private act, social
White savior complex
Global economy is complex so fair trade is mythical because individual cannot affect the world
Reading Week 9 Reichman 128-177
First talks about Javier who own alot of coffee land and how he harvests. He immigrated to US to pay off debt before
returning with alot of money to continue harvest
Javier doesnt believe in fair trade since personal relations in coffee business
is important. He also would rather have independence instead of stability
Pg 133 His vision of fairness basically parallels the neoliberal vision, in which a strong rule of law and legal
transparency ensure that the rules of the game are upheld and individuals can freely compete in an inherently risky
marketplace

Javier saved up and bought alot of stuff for a fancy new house in Honduras
A guy named Tony from Taiwan has plots of coffee land in Honduras and sells but he is not making enough profit
Alot of people want to try to kill Tony
o He is seen as an outsider because he is foreighn
o He pays his pickers more than other people
o He is also against fair trade since he sees fairness should be based solely on the quality/cost ration of coffee,
without regard for sentiment or altruism
Transnational livelihoods are strategies used to cope with extreme volatility in the liberalized coffee market
Both men used transnational migration to manage risk and volatility in the market
Fair trade is an example of transnational secular concepts of social justice
Fair trade is based on affective bonds between producers and consumers in international commodities markets
Co-op for fair trade in La Quebrada never really worked out
o Farms need to be audited and certified which can waste alot of time and money
o When they tried to make it organic certified they ended up loosing money so they stopped the co-op
FAir trade provides an important lesson about botht he positive potential and the limitations of individual action as a
transnational strategy for social reform
Fair trade 1 movement is people believing coffee growers were paid too high prcies that it hurt consumers
Fair trade 2 movement had coffee consumers establish price floor sand voluntary subsidies for coffee growers outside
broder (through nongovernmental institutions)
Boycott vs ethical consumption
o boycott has much more political impact than ehtical consumption
Nonconsumption is far more public than virtuous consumption
Reichman believes that fair trade has contradiction-that the global economy is relied on individuals
Fair trade is just a private act that has no adequate political platform to address systemic inequalities
Chapter 6
He starts to talk about how immigrants are blamed by people in their hometown and sometimes where they migrate to for
the eocnomic problems
People attempt to assert collective principles of sociality or justice in response to economic change
Countermovement to liberlization are based on moral understandings of community that move from the most local to the
most global levels of social structure
The transition to modernity is usually associated with the development of secular law, defined and enforced by a nationstate
immigrants blamed for social and economic decline in their hometowns by the people they are providing for
global capital is allowed to move around the globe for profit but people cant for opportunities
globalization is based on idea of borderless world but in reaction to globalization, people are trying to preserve
meaningful social communities ( usually keep jobs at home)
neoliberalism- people assert collective principles of sociality in response to economic change- postmodern
transition to modernity= development of secular law, defined by nation-state
capitalism= required people to view each other as equal under the market, which clashed with human need to see people
as members of social groups
o how to maintain social solitary in market system
o weber states that nationalism= important form of collective social identity - cynical about the welfare state
o durkheim= concepts of morality based on individual awareness of social place- greatest challenge for modernity
is to develop social institutions to integrate expanding social society
o marx= ALL three agree that abstract, impersonal standard of value is defining characteristic of capitalist
economy
therefore, it is argued that idealogy of modernity is based on concept of social whole, social bond between different
classes , where the nation-state instutitionalized social bond
globalization has weakened nationstate ability to regulate, thus individual choice organizes social life- break down bond
between nation and state
in honduras, there was a coup that failed, but this coup helped bring out the social groups such as LGBT, human rights,
etc which created new international connections
argues that world trade organization should allow for easier migration everywhere
o nation-states should work to keep families together
turn to neoliberalism has allowed global capital to escape control of nation-states which is an unsustainable economic
system
should maintain the philosophy of : believing in the potential for people to collectively change society and provide people
with limited sense of optimism

Week 10
Simpson
what does it mean to refuse membership to a nation and all the gifts that come along with it
Mohawks of kahnawke refuse to stop being themselves- refuse to belong to US or canda
They work as ironworkers- who build buildings and they have all of their own stores
When they talk about membership- they always talk about their families
o Your membership is refaffirmed when you talk about your family- legitatmizes personalhood beyond
state/official law
Three main ideas:
o 1. Sovereignty exists within sovereignty- one does not negate the other
o 2. There is a political alternative to recognition. You can have refusal but you have to have your own
political sovereignty acknowledged and upheld
o 3. Have to know politics and culture in a way that critically places them in context of themselves, not western
The US/ Canada border does not change their identity when they move across it- it rearticulates their rights as
reserve nations ( this is in contrast to mexico peeps who come here and are now called chicanos yo)
A story timeee ~ Indian researcher dude of this article was trying to cross the border and the lady was like why you
going there. What you doing. Blahblahblah. Have you thought about getting a green card while in the US? And the
author dude like NO YOU STUPID I AM INDIAN I DONT NEED NO GREEN CARD I GO AS I PLEASE
o Woman like YOU ARE AN AMERICAN and story dude like NO I AM MOHAWK..
There is also burden of proof. The border peeps like my card means that I am 50% Indian, let me go yo and they
want them to prove it even tho the card already does and the Jay treaty allows them to go through
o Some places dont accept jay treaty, says its only good for your area around new York or something
o Blames the cray cray peeps for being scared of 9/11 terrorists and making it hard on them
Mohawks are seen as people who transgress borders, are peeps without law, instead of refusing borders lawfully
They are suspicious of Mohawks because of documentaries on cigarette trades that use their border crossing to
smuggle stuffs- want to avoid canadas tax laws
Mohawks soverignity is viewed as criminal even tho they have treaty rights to be a tribe and cross borders
The reason for the difference in Mohawk perception of border and our perception of borders is different
understanding of relations that brought the indiands and settlers to their treaties- they were first perceived as
nations but then eventually seen as dependent wards
Evan-Pritchard
Witchcraft explains unfortunate events and human conduct
Their reaction to witchcraft occurences is usually of annoyance
They blame something on witchcraft when events happened uniquely, when happen coincidentally
There is also the breach of tabo that can cause unfortunate events like sickness
However, they dont always blame everything on witchcraft could be common stuff like incompetence on
someones part
Person who suffers misfortune will most likely say its witchcraft while other people disagree