Quantum Formula Sheet

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
QUANTUM MECHANICS FORMULA SHEET
Contents
1. Wave Particle Duality
1.1 De Broglie Wavelength
1.2 Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle
1.3 Group velocity and Phase velocity
1.4 Experimental evidence of wave particle duality
1.4.1 Wave nature of particle (Davisson-German experiment)
1.4.2 Particle nature of wave (Compton and Photoelectric Effect)
2. Mathematical Tools for Quantum Mechanics

2.1 Dimension and Basis of a Vector Space
2.2 Operators
2.3 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
2.4 Commutator
2.5 Eigen value problem in Quantum Mechanics
2.6 Time evaluation of the expectation of A
2.7 Uncertainty relation related to operator
2.8 Change in basis in quantum mechanics
2.9 Expectation value and uncertainty principle
3. Schrdinger wave equation and Potential problems

3.1 Schrdinger wave equation
3.2 Property of bound state
3.3 Current density
3.4 The free particle in one dimension
3.5 The Step Potential
3.7 Potential Barrier
3.7.1 Tunnel Effect
Head office
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai,
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com
Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com
Branch office
Anand Institute of Mathematics,
28-B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT
Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
1
fiziks
3.8 The Infinite Square Well Potential
3.7.1 Symmetric Potential
3.9 Finite Square Well Potential
3.10 One dimensional Harmonic Oscillator
4. Angular Momentum Problem

4.1 Angular Momentum
4.1.1 Eigen Values and Eigen Function
4.1.2 Ladder Operator
4.2 Spin Angular Momentum
4.2.1 Stern Gerlach experiment
4.2.2 Spin Algebra
4.2.3 Pauli Spin Matrices
4.3 Total Angular Momentum
5. Two Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics

5.1 Free Particle
5.2 Square Well Potential
5.3 Harmonic oscillator
6. Three Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics

6.1 Free Particle
6.2 Particle in Rectangular Box
6.2.1 Particle in Cubical Box
6.3 Harmonic Oscillator
6.3.1 An Anistropic Oscillator
6.3.2 The Isotropic Oscillator
6.4 Potential in Spherical Coordinate (Central Potential)
6.4.1 Hydrogen Atom Problem
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
2
fiziks
7. Perturbation Theory
7.1 Time Independent Perturbation Theory
7.1.1 Non-degenerate Theory
7.1.2 Degenerate Theory
7.2 Time Dependent Perturbation Theory
8. Variational Method
9. The Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) method

9.1 The WKB Method
9.1.1 Quantization of the Energy Level of Bound state
9.1.2 Transmission probability from WKB
10. Identical Particles

10.1 Exchange Operator
10.2 Particle with Integral Spins
10.3 Particle with Half-integral Spins
11. Scattering in Quantum Mechanics

11.1 Born Approximation
11.2 Partial Wave Analysis
12. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

12.1 Klein Gordon equation
12.2 Dirac Equation
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
3
fiziks
1.Wave Particle Duality
1.1 De Broglie Wavelengths

The wavelength of the wave associated with a particle is given by the de Broglie relation
h
h
where h is Planks constant

p mv
For relativistic case, the mass becomes m
m0
v2
1 2
c
where m0 is rest mass and v is
velocity of body.
1.2 Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to determine two canonical variables simultaneously for microscopic
particle. If q and pq are two canonical variable then
qp q
where q is the error in measurement of q and pq is error in measurement of pq and h is

Plancks constant ( h / 2 ) .
Important uncertainty relations
x Px
(x is position and px is momentum in x direction )

2
E t
( E is energy and t is time).

2
(L is angular momentum, is angle measured)

2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
4
fiziks
1.3 Group Velocity and Phase Velocity
According to de Broglie, matter waves are associated with every moving body. These
matter waves moves in a group of different waves having slightly different wavelengths.
The formation of group is due to superposition of individual wave.
Let If 1 x, t and 2 x, t are two waves of slightly different wavelength and frequency.
1 A sin kx t ,
2 A sink dk x d t
vg
dk d t
1 2 2 A cos
sin kx t
2
2
v ph
The velocity of individual wave is known as Phase

t
velocity which is given as v p . The velocity of

k
amplitude is given by group velocity vg i.e. v g
The
vg
relationship
between
group
d
dk
and
phase
velocity
is
given
by
dv p
dv p
d
vp k
; vg v p
dk
dk
d
Due to superposition of different wave of slightly different wavelength resultant wave

moves like a wave packet with velocity equal to group velocity.
1.4 Experimental evidence of wave particle duality
1.4.1 Wave nature of particle (Davisson-German experiment)
Electron strikes the crystals surface at an
angle . The detector, symmetrically located

from the source measure the number of
electrons scattered at angle where is the

angle between incident and scattered electron
beam.
n 2d sin
The Maxima condition is given by

or n 2d cos
2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
where
h
p
Branch office
5
fiziks
1.4.2 Particle nature of wave (Compton and Photoelectric Effect)
Compton Effect
The Compton Effect is the result of scattering of a photon by an electron. Energy and
momentum are conserved in such an event and as a result the scattered photon has less
energy (longer wavelength) then the incident photon.
If is incoming wavelength and ' is scattered
wavelength and is the angle made by
scattered wave to the incident wave then
h
'
1 cos
mo c
where
scattered photon
incident photon
Target Electron
Scattered Electron
h
known as c which is Compton wavelength ( c = 2.426 x 10-12 m) and mo is
mo c
rest mass of electron.

Photoelectric effect
When a metal is irradiated with light, electron may get emitted. Kinetic energy k of
electron leaving when irradiated with a light of frequency o , where o is threshold
frequency. Kinetic energy is given by
kmax h h 0
Stopping potential Vs is potential required to stop electron which contain maximum

kinetic energy k max .
eVs h h 0 , which is known as Einstein equation
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
6
fiziks
2. Mathematical Tools for Quantum Mechanics
2.1 Dimension and Basis of a Vector Space
A set of N vectors 1 , 2 ,........ N is said to be linearly independent if and only if the
N
solution of equation
i i
0 is a1 = a 2 = ..... a N =0
i 1
N
N dimensional vector space can be represent as a ii 0 where i = 1, 2, 3 are

i 1
linearly independent function or vector.

Scalar Product: Scalar product of two functions is represented as , , which is
defined as * dx . If the integral diverges scalar product is not defined.
2
Square Integrable: If the integration or scalar product , dx is finite then the

integration is known as square integrable.
Dirac Notation: Any state vector can be represented as which is termed as ket
and conjugate of i.e. * is represented by which is termed as bra.
The scalar product of and in Dirac Notation is represented by (bra-ket). The
value of is given by integral * r , t r , t d 3 r in three dimensions.
Properties of kets, bras and brakets:
a*

Orthogonality relation: If and are two ket and the value of bracket 0
then , is orthogonal.
Orthonormality relation: If and are two ket and the value of bracket 0
and 1 1 then and are orthonormal.
Schwarz inequality:
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
7
fiziks
2.2 Operators
An operator A is mathematical rule that when applied to a ket transforms it into
another ket i.e.
A
Different type of operator

Identity operator I
Parity operator r r
For even parity r r , for odd parity r r
Momentum operator Px i
Energy operator H i
Laplacian operator 2
t
2
x 2
2
y 2
2
z 2
Position operator X r x r
Linear operator
For a1 1 a 2 2
applied on
if an operator A
results in a1 A 1 a2 A 2
is said to be linear operator.

then operator A
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
8
fiziks
2.3 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
Postulate 1: State of system
The state of any physical system is specified at each time t by a state vector t which
contains all the information about the system. The state vector is also referred as wave
function. The wave function must be: Single valued, Continuous, Differentiable, Square
integrable (i.e. wave function have to converse at infinity).
Postulate 2: To every physically measurable quantity called as observable dynamical
. The
variable. For every observable there corresponds a linear Hermitian operator A
let say form complete basis. Completeness relation is given
Eigen vector of A
n
by n n I
n 1
Eigen value: The only possible result of measurement of a physical quantity an is one of
the Eigen values of the corresponding observable.
Postulate 3: (Probabilistic outcome): When the physical quantity A is measured on a
system in the normalized state the probability P(an) of obtaining the Eigen value an of
2
gn
corresponding observable A is P an
i
n
i 1
where gn is degeneracy of state and
associated with Eigen value an.

u n is the Normalised Eigen vector of A
Postulate 4: Immediately after measurement.
If the measurement of physical quantity A on the system in the state gives the result
an (an is Eigen value associated with Eigen vector an ), Then the state of the system
immediately after the measurement is the normalized projection
Pn
Pn
where Pn is
projection operator defined by n n .
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
9
fiziks
Projection operator P : An operator P is said to be a projector, or projection operator, if
it is Hermitian and equal to its own square i.e. P 2 P
The projection operator is represented by
Postulate 5: The time evolution of the state vector t is governed by Schrodinger

equation: i
d
t H t t , where H(t) is the observable associated with total
dt
energy of system and popularly known as Hamiltonian of system. Some other operator
related to quantum mechanics:
2.4 Commutator
If A and B are two operator then their commutator is defined as A,B AB-BA
Properties of commutators
, , ;
, C , , C
, C , C B , C ; , ,
, , C C , C , , 0
(Popularly known as Jacobi identity).
, f 0
If X is position and Px is conjugate momentum then
X n , Px nX n 1 i and X , Pxn nPx n 1 i

If b is scalar and A is any operator then
, b 0
If [A, B] = 0 then it is said that A and B commutes to each other ie AB BA .

If two Hermition operators A and B , commute ie , 0 and if A has non
is also an Eigen vector of B .

degenerate Eigen value, then each Eigen vector of A
We can also construct the common orthonormal basis that will be joint Eigen state of
A and B .
The anti commutator is defined as
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
10
fiziks
2.5 Eigen value problem in Quantum Mechanics
Eigen value problem in quantum mechanics is defined as
n an n
where an is Eigen value and n is Eigen vector.
In quantum mechanics operator associated with observable is Hermitian, so its Eigen

values are real and Eigen vector corresponding to different Eigen values are
orthogonal.
The Eigen state (Eigen vector) of Hamilton operator defines a complete set of
mutually orthonormal basis state. This basis will be unique if Eigen value are non
degenerate and not unique if there are degeneracy.
Completeness relation: the orthonormnal realtion and completeness relation is given by
n m mn ,
n I
n 1
where I is unity operator.

2.6 Time evaluation of the expectation of A (Ehrenfest theorem)
d
1
A
A
A,H
dt
i
t
where
A, H is
commutation between operator A and
Hamiltonian H operator .Time evaluation of expectation of A gives rise to Ehrenfest

theorem .
d
1
R
P
dt
m
d
P V R, t
dt
where R is position, P is momentum and V R, t is potential operator.

2.7 Uncertainty relation related to operator
and B
are two operator related to observable A and B then
If A
B
,B
1 A
A
2

where A
2 A

and A
2 B
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
11
fiziks
2.8 Change in basis in quantum mechanics
If k are wave function is position representation and k are wave function in
momentum representation, one can change position to momentum basis via Fourier
transformation.
x
k
1
2
1
2
k e
ikx
dk
xe
ikx
dx
2.9 Expectation value and uncertainty principle

The expectation value A of A in direction of is given by
A
or
A an Pn where Pn is probability to getting Eigen value an in state .
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
12
fiziks
3. Schrdinger Wave Equation and Potential Problems
3.1 Schrdinger Wave Equation

Hamiltonian of the system is given by H
P2
V
2m
Time dependent Schrdinger wave equation is given by H i
Time independent Schrdinger wave equation is given by H E

where H is Hamiltonian of system.
It is given that total energy E and potential energy of system is V.
3.2 Property of bound state

Bound state
If E > V and there is two classical turning point in which particle is classically trapped
then system is called bound state.
Property of Bound state
The energy Eigen value is discrete and in one dimensional system it is non degenerate.
The wave function n x of one dimensional bound state system has n nodes if n = 0
corresponds to ground state and (n 1) node if n = 1 corresponds to ground state.
Unbound states
If E > V and either there is one classical turning point or no turning point the energy
value is continuous. If there is one turning point the energy eigen value is nondegenerate. If there is no turning point the energy eigen value is degenerate. The particle
is said to be unbounded.
If E < V then particle is said to be unbounded and wave function will decay at . There
is finite probability to find particle in the region.
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
13
fiziks
3.3 Current density
If wave function in one Dimension is x then current density is given by
*
*
Jx
2im
x
x
J 0
t
which satisfies the continually equation
Where * in general J v J v where v is velocity of particle?

If Ji, Jr, Jt are incident, reflected and transmitted current density then reflection coefficient
R and transmission coefficient T is given by
J
Jr
and T t
Ji
Ji
3.4 The free particle in one dimension

H = E
2 d 2
E x
2m dx 2
x A e ikx Ae ikx
Energy eigen value E
2k 2
where k
2m
2 mE
the eigen values are doubly degenerate
2
3.5 The Step Potential

The potential step is defined as
0
V x
Vo
x0
x0
Vo
Case I: E > Vo
1 Aeik1 x Beik1 x
x0
2 Aeik 2 x Be ik 2 x
x0
Hence, a particle is coming from left so D = 0.
R = reflection coefficient =
J reflected
J incident
k k
R 1 2
=
k1 k2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
14
fiziks
T = transmitted coefficient =
where k1
2mE
2
k2
J transmitted
4k1k2
= T
2
J incident
k1 k2
2mE Vo
2
Case II: E < Vo
I Aeik1x Be ik1x
x0
k1
2mE
2
II ce k 2 x
x0
k2
2mVo E
2
Jr
1 and
Jt
Jt
0
Ji
For case even there is Transmission coefficient is zero there is finite probability to find
the particle in x > 0 .
3.7 Potential Barrier
Potential barrier is shown in figure.
Energy
Vo
o
0
Potential barrier is given by V x V0

0
a
x0
0 xa
xa
Case I: E > Vo
1 x 1 x Aeik1x Beik1x x 0
2 x 2 x Ceik2 x Deik2 x 0 x a
3 x 3 x Eeik1x
Where k1
x0
2mE
2
1
Transmission coefficient T 1
sin 2 1
4 1
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
k2
2mE Vo
2
Branch office
15
fiziks
4 1
Reflection coefficient R 1
2
sin 1
Where
E
,
Vo
2mVo
2
Case II: E < Vo

3.7.1 Tunnel Effect
Vo
I Aeik1 x Beik1 x
x0
II Cek2 x Be k2 x
0 xa
III Fe
ik1 x
x0
1
sin h 2 1
4 1
Where a
2mVo
,
2
and T 1
1
sin h 2 1
4 1
E
Vo
For E << Vo
2 a 2 m Vo E
16 E
E
1 e
Vo Vo
Approximate transmission probability T e2 k 2 a
2mVo E
2
where k2
3.8 The Infinite Square Well Potential

The infinite square well potential is defined as as shown in the figure

V x 0
x0
0 xa
V x
xa
x
a
Since V(x) is infinite in the region x 0 and x a so the wave function corresponding
to the particle will be zero.
The particle is confined only within region 0 x a.
Time independent wave Schrdinger wave equation is given by
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
16
fiziks
2 d 2
E
2m dx 2
A sin kx B cos kx
B = 0 since wave function must be vanished at boundary ie x 0 so A sin kx
Energy eigen value for bound state can be find by ka n where n 1, 2,3...
The Normalized wave function is for n th state is given by
n x
2
n x
sin
a
a
Which is energy Eigen value correspondence to nth
En
n 2 2 2
where n = 1, 2, 3 .....
2ma 2
othonormality relation is given by

a
m x
n x
a
sin
dx mn
L
L
2
sin
0
0
a
i.e.
mn
m 1
If x is position operator Px Px is momentum operator and n x is wave function of

particle in n th state in one dimensional potential box then n x
x n* x x n x
a
2
x 2 n* x x 2 n x
Px n* x i
2
x
n* x
2
n x
sin
then
a
a
a2
a2
2 2
2 2n
n x 0
x
2
n 2 2 2
n
2m x 2
a2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
17
fiziks
The uncertainty product is given by xPx n
1
1
2 2
12 2n
The wave function and the probability density function of particle of mass m in one
dimensional potential box is given by
n3
E 3 9 E1
2
3x
sin
a
a
n2
E 2 4 E1
2
2x
sin
a
a
2 x
sin
a
a
n 1
E1
22
2m
3.8.1 Symmetric Potential

The infinite symmetric well potential is given by
V x
0
a
x or
2
a
a
x
2
2
a
x
2
Schrondinger wave function is given by
2 d 2
E ;
2m dx 2
so
a
2
a
2
a
a
x
2
2
A sin kx B cos kx where k

at
V x
2mE
a
x , x 0
2
ka
ka
A sin B cos 0 (i )
2
2
ka
ka
A sin B cos 0
(ii )
2
2
Hence parity ( ) commute with Hamiltonian ( H ) then parity must conserve

So wave function have to be either symmetric or anti symmetric
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
18
fiziks
For even parity
B cos kx and Bound state energy is given by cos

ka
n
0 k
2
a
ka
0
2
n 1,3,5,....
Wave function for even parity is given as
2
n x
cos
a
a
For odd parity

(x) = A sin kx and Bound state energy is given by
sin
ka
ka
n
0 ,
0 k
2
2
a
n 2, 4,6,........
For odd parity Wave function is given as
2
n x
sin
a
a
n 2 2 2
The energy eigen value is given by En
2ma 2
n 1,2,3,......
3 x
First three wave function is given by
1 x
2
x
cos
a
a
2 x
2
2 x
sin
a
a
3 x
where
a
2
a
2
9 2 2
2 ma 2
a
2
4 2 2
2 ma 2
a
2
2 2
2ma 2
2 x
a
2
3 x
cos
a
a
1 x
2
is normalization constant.
a
a
2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
19
fiziks
3.9 Finite Square Well Potential
V x
For the Bound state E < Vo

Again parity will commute to Hamiltonian
So wave function is either symmetric or
Vo
Anti symmetric
I x Aex
II x C cos kx
III x Aex
a
2
For even parity
a
2
a
2
a
a
x
2
2
a
x
2
wave function must be continuous and differentiable at boundaries so using boundary

condition at
a
2
one will get k tan
ka
2
where
tan
a
2
2mE
2
ka
2
For odd parity
1 x Aex
2 x D sin kx
III x Ae x
a
2
a
a
x
2
2
a
x
2
using boundary condition one can get
cot where
and n 2 2
2mVo E
2
mVo a 2
which is equation of circle.
2 2
The Bound state energy will be found by solving equation
n tan
for even
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
20
fiziks
n cot
n2 2
for odd
mVo a
2 2
one can solve it by graphical method.

n tan
3
2
(solid curve) and 2 2
mVo a 2
(circle) give
2 2
Eigen value for even state and intersection point at = - cot
(dotted curve) and
The intersection point of = tan
2 2
mVo a 2
(circle) give Eigen value for odd state.
2 2
The table below shows the number of bound state for various range of V0 a 2 where Voa2
is strength of potential.
Voa 2
Even eigen function
Odd eigen function
No. of Bound
states
2 2
2m
2 2
4 2 2
2
V0 a
2m
2m
2 2
9 2 2
V0 a 2
2m
2m
9 2 2
16 2 2
V0 a 2
2m
2m
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
21
fiziks
The three bound Eigen function for the square well
2 x
1 x
3 x
a
2
a
2
a
2
a
2
3.10 One dimensional Harmonic Oscillator

V x
One dimensional Harmonic oscillator is given by
V x
1
m 2 x 2
2
n2
x
n 1
E2
5
2
E1
3
2
E0
The schrodinger equation is given by

n0
d 1
m 2 x 2 E
2m dx 2 2
It is given that
m
2E
x and k
The wave function of Harmonic oscillator is given by.

1/ 4
1/ 2
m 1
n
n
2 n!
H n e
2
2
and energy eigen value is given by

E n = (n+1/2) ;
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....
The wave function of Harmonic oscillator is shown

H 0 ( ) = 1 , H1 ( ) = 2 , H 2 ( ) = 4 2 -2
It n and m wave function of Harmonic oscillator then
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
m x n x dx mn
Branch office
22
fiziks
Number operator
The Hamiltonian of Harmonic operator is given by H
Px2 1
m 2 X 2
2m 2
Consider dimensioned operator as X , P , H where

X
m
1
H H so H Px2 X 2 .
2
Px m Px
X iP
2
Consider lowering operator a
and raising a
1
X iPx
2
H N 1 / 2
where N a a and H N 1/ 2
N is known as number operator
n is eigen function of N with eigen value n.
and H n N n
2
N n n n
H n n n
2
where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,
Commutation of a and a :
[a, a ] = 1 , [a , a] = -1 and [N, a] = -a , [N a ] = a
Action of a and a operator on n
a n n n 1
a0 0
but
a n n 1 n 1
Expectation value of X , X 2 , PX , PX2 in stationary states
a a ,
2m
X 0,
X
X 2
2n 1,
2m
X PX n ,
2
a a
PX
2i
PX 0
1
PX2 n m
2
for n 0; X PX
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
23
fiziks
4. Angular Momentum Problem
Angular momentum in Quantum mechanics is given L L x i L y j Lz k
Where L X YPz ZPy ; LY ZPx XPz ; Lz XPy YPx
and PX i
,
x
PY i
,
y
p Z i
Commutation relation
Lx , Ly i Lz , Ly , Lz iLx , Lz , Lx iLy
L2 L2X L2Y L2Z and L2 , LX 0 , L2 , LY 0 , L2 , LZ 0
4.1.1 Eigen Values and Eigen Function
LX i Sin
cos cot

LY i cos
sin cot
LZ i
Eigen function of LZ is
1 im
e .
2
and Eigen value of LZ m where m = 0, 1, 2...

1
L2 operator is given by L2 2
sin
sin
1 2
2
2
sin
Eigen value of L2 is l (l 1) 2 where l = 0, 1, 2, ... l

Eigen function of L2 is Pl m where Pl m is associated Legendre function
L2 commute with Lz so both can have common set of Eigen function.
Yl m , Pl m ( )eim
is common set of Eigen function which is known as spherical
harmonics .
The normalized spherical harmonics are given by
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
24
fiziks
Yl m ( , ) 1
2l 1 l m
4 l m
!
!
Pl m cos eim
l m l
Y00 ,
Y11 ,
3
3
3
sin ei , Y10 ,
cos , Y11 ,
sin ei
8
4
8
L2Yl m , l l 1 2Yl m , l = 0, 1, 2, . And

LZ Yl m , mYl m , m = -l ,(-l +1) ..0,.. (l 1)( l ) there is 2l 1
Degeneracy of L2 is 2l 1 .
2
Orthogonality Relation
m
m
d Yl , Yl , sin d ll ' mm '
0
4.1.2 Ladder Operator

Let L LX iLY and L LX iLY
Let us assume l, m is ket associated with L2 and LZ operator.
2
L2 l , m l l 1 l , m
Lz l ,, m m l , m
l 0,1, 2,.......
m l ...0,...l
Action of L+ and L- on l, m basis

L l , m l l 1 m m 1 l , m 1
L l , m l l 1 m m 1 l , m 1
Expectation value of L X and LY in direction of l, m

Lx 0 , Ly 0
LX LY
L2X LY2
2
l l 1 m 2
2
2
l l 1 m 2
2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
25
fiziks
4.2 Spin Angular Momentum
4.2.1 Stern Gerlach experiment
When silver beam is passed to the inhomogeneous Magnetic field, two sharp trace found
on the screen which provides the experimental evidence of spin.
4.2.2 Spin Algebra
S S X i SY j S Z k , S 2 S X2 SY2 S Z2
S 2 , S X 0 ,
S 2 , SY 0 S 2 , S Z 0 and
S X , SY iSZ SY , SZ iS X SZ , S X iSY
S 2 s, ms s s 1 2 s, ms
S z s, ms m s, ms where s ms s
S S X iSY and S S X iSY
S s, ms s s 1 ms ms 1 s, ms 1
S s, ms s s 1 ms ms 1 s, ms 1
4.2.3 Pauli Spin Matrices

For Spin
1
1
1 1
Pauli matrix s , ms ,
2
2
2 2
Pauli Matrix is defined as

1
0
x
0
1
x2 y2 z2 I
0
y
i
j k k j 0
j k ;
jkl 1
0
1
z
0
Pauli Spin Matrix anticommute.
if jkl is an even permutation of x, y, z

if jkl is an odd permutation of x, y , z
if any two indices among j , k , l are equal
Sx x , Sy y , Sz z
2
2
2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
26
fiziks
0
2 1
Sy
0
S
0
0
S
1
Sx
S2
3 2
4
2 i
Sz
2 0
For spin the quantum number m takes only two values ms
1
1
and . So that two
2
2
states are
S , ms
1 1
1 1
, and ,
2 2
2 2
S2
1 1
3 2 1 1
,
,
2 2
4 2 2
Sz
1 1
1 1 1
, ,
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
,
0 , S , ,
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
, ,
2 2
2 2
, S2
, Sz
, S
1 1
3 2 1 1
,
,
2 2
4 2 2
1 1
1 1 1
, ,
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
, 0
2 2
4.3 Total Angular Momentum

Total angular momentum J = L + S , J J xi J y j J z k
j, m j is the Eigen ket at J2 and Jz and J J x iJ y
J J x iJ y
J 2 j , m j j j 1 2 j , m j , J z j , m j m j j , m j
J j, m j
j j 1 m j m j 1 j , m j 1
J j, m j
j j 1 m j m j 1 j, m j 1
J LS
ls j ls
J z Lz S z
j m j j and ml ms m j
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
27
fiziks
5. Two Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics
5.1 Free Particle
H = E
2 2 2
2 m x 2 y 2
x and y are independent variable. Thus
1 ikx x ik y y
e e
2
1 i k r
e
2
n x, y
2 2
2 2
k x k y2
k
2m
2m
As total orientation of k which preserve its magnitude is infinite. So energy of free
Energy Eigen value
particle is infinitely degenerate.

5.2 Square Well Potential
V x 0 x a and 0 y a
otherewise
2 2 2
E
2m x 2 y 2
The solution of Schrdinger wave equation is given by Wave function

n x ,n y
n x ny y
sin x sin
a a
a
4
Correspondence to energy eigen value

Enx , ny
2
2 2 nx2 n y
2 m a 2 a 2
nx 1, 2,3... and n y 1, 2,3...
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
28
fiziks
Energy of state
2 2 2
2ma 2
Ground state
(n x, ny)
Degeneracy
(1, 1)
Non degenerate
First state
5 2 2
2ma 2
(1, 2), (2,1)
Second state
8 2 2
2ma 2
(2, 2)
Non-degenerate
5.3 Harmonic oscillator

Two dimensional isotropic Harmonic oscillators is given by
H
2
p 2x p y 1
m 2 x 2 y 2
2m 2m 2
Enx n y nx n y 1
where nx 0,1, 2,3... n y 0,1, 2,3...
En n 1
degeneracy of the n th state is given by (n + 1) where n = nx + ny.
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
29
fiziks
6. Three Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics
6.1 Free Particle
H E
2 2 2 2
2 m x 2 y 2 z 2
Hence x, y, z are independent variable. Using separation of variable one can find the
k x, y , z
3/ 2
e ikn x e
Energy Eigen value
ik y y ik z z
3/ 2
eik .r
2 2
2 2
k x k y2 k z2
k
2m
2m
As total orientation of k which preserve its magnitude is infinite, the energy of free
particle is infinitely degenerate.
6.2 Particle in Rectangular Box

Spinless particle of mass m confined in a rectangular box of sides Lx, Ly, Lz
V x, y, z 0 x Lx , 0 y Ly , 0 z Lz ,
= other wise .
The Schrodinger wave equation for three dimensional box is given by
H
2 2 2 2
2m x 2 y 2 z 2
Solution of the Schrdinger is given by Eigen function nx ny nz and energy eigen value
is Enx n y nz is given by
nx n y nz
En x n y n z
n x n yy n zz
8
sin
sin x sin
Lx L y Lz
Lx L y Lz
2 2
2m
n x2 n 2y n z2
2 2 2
L L
Lz
y
x
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
30
fiziks
6.2.1 Particle in Cubical Box
For the simple case of cubic box of side a, the
i.e. Lx = Ly = Lz = a
nx n y nz
En x n y n z
8
n x n yy n z z
sin x sin
sin
3
a
a a a
2 2 2
n x n 2y n z2
2
2ma
nx 1, 2,3...
Energy of state
n y 1, 2, 3... nz 1, 2,3...
(nx, n y, n z)
Degeneracy
3 2 2
2ma 2
(1, 1, 1)
Non degenerate
E of first excited state
6 2 2
2 ma 2
(2, 1, 1) (1, 2, 1) (1, 1, 2
E of 2 nd excited state
9 2 2
2ma 2
(2, 2, 1) (2, 1, 2) (1, 2, 2)
E of ground state
6.3 Harmonic Oscillator

6.3.1 An Anistropic Oscillator
V X ,Y , Z
1
1
1
m X2 X 2 mY2Y 2 m Z2 Z 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
En x n y n z n x x n y y n z z where
2
2
2
nx 0,1, 2,3... n y 0,1, 2,3... nx 0,1, 2,3...
6.3.2 The Isotropic Oscillator
x y z
3
Enx n y nz nx n y nz where n nx n y nz
2
Degeneracy is given by =
n 0,1, 2,3...
1
n 1n 2
2
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
31
fiziks
6.4 Potential in Spherical Coordinate (Central Potential)
Hamiltonion in spherical polar co-ordinate
2 1 2
r
2m r 2 r
r
2
sin
r sin
1
2
V r E
2 2
r sin 2
2 1 2 L2
V r
r

2m r 2 r
r 2mr 2
L2 is operator for orbital angular momentum square.

So Ylm , are the common Eigen state of and L2 because [H, L2] = 0 in central force
problem and L2Ylm , l l 1 2Ylm ( , )
So r , , can be separated as f r Ylm ,
2
2
2 d f r 2 f l l 1
f r V r E f r 0
2m dr 2
r r
2mr 2
To solve these equations f r
u r
r
So one can get
2 d 2u
l l 1 2
E u 0
2
2
2m dr
2mr
Where
l l 1 2
is centrifugal potential and
2 mr 2
V r
l l 1 2
is effective potential
2mr 2
The energy Eigen function in case of central potential is written as

r , , f r Ylm ,
u r
r
Ylm ,
The normalization condition is
r , ,
u r
u r
0
d 1
r 2 dr
Ylm , sin d d 1
0 0
2
dr 1 or
R r
r 2 dr 1
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
32
fiziks
6.4.1 Hydrogen Atom Problem
Hydrogen atom is two body central force problem with central potential is given by
V r
e2
4 0 r
Time-independent Schrondinger equation on centre of mass reference frame is given by

2 2 2 2

R
r V r R, r E R, r
2
2m
where R is position of c.m and r is distance between proton and electron.
R,r R r
The Schronginger equation is given by
2
2
1
h 1
h
2R R
2R r V r E
2M R
2 r
Separating R and r part
2 2
R E R R
2M
2 2
r r V r r
2
Total energy E = E R + E r
ER is Energy of centre of mass and Er is Energy of reduce mass
3/ 2
ei k R
ER
2 k 2
2M
i.eCentre of mass moves with constant momentum so it is free particle.

Solution of radial part
h2 d 2 ur ll 1h2
e2
2
2
4 0
2 r
2 dr
ur E r
r
For Hydrogen atom me
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
33
fiziks
The energy eigen value is given by En =
And radius of n th orbit is given by rn
me e4
2
2 4 0 n
2
13.6
eV n 1, 2,3...
n2
4 0 2 n 2
n 1, 2,3... where me is mass of
m e2
electron and e is electronic charge.
n is known as participle quantum number which varies as n l 1, n 2,... For the

given value of n the orbital quantum number n can have value between 0 and n 1 (i.e. l
= 0, 1, 2, 3, .. n 1) and for given value of l the Azimuthal quantum number m varies
from l to l known as magnetic quantum mechanics .
Degeneracy of Hydrogen atom without spin = n 2 and if spin is included the degeneracy
n1
is given by g n 2 2l 1 2n 2
l 0
For hydrogen like atom
13.6 z 2
En
where z is atomic number of Hydrogen like atom.
n2
Normalized wave function for Hydrogen atom i.e. Rnl (r) where n is principle quantum
number and l is orbital quantum.
E(eV)
-13.6z
- 3.4 z
- 3.4 z
Rnl
z
2
a0
2a0
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
3/ 2
1 z0

24 a0
3/ 2
e zr / a0
zr zr / 2 a0
2 e
a
0
3/ 2
zr zr / 2a0
e
a0
Branch office
34
fiziks
The radial wave function for hydrogen atom is Laguerre polynomials and angular part of
the wave function is associated Legendre polynomials .
R20 r
R10 r
r / a0
R21
r / a0
r / a0
For the nth state there is n l 1 node

If R nl is represented by n, l then
nl r nl
1 2
3n l l 1 a0
1
nl r 2 nl n2 5n 2 1 3l l 1 a02
2
nl r 1 nl
1
2
n a0
nl r 2 nl
2
3
2l 1 a02
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
35
fiziks
7. Perturbation Theory
7.1 Time Independent Perturbation Theory
7.1.1 Non-degenerate Theory
For approximation methods of stationary states
H Ho H P
Where H Hamiltonian can be divided into two parts in that H o can be solved exactly
known as unperturbed Hamiltonian and H p is perturbation in the system eigen value
of H o is non degenerate
It is known H o n Eno n
and 1 H p W where 1
Now H o W n En n where n is eigen function corresponds to eigen value En

for the Hamiltonian H
Using Taylor expansion
n n 1n 2 n2 .........
En E n0 En1 2 En2 ........ and
First order Energy correction En1 is given by En1 n W n

And energy correction up to order in is given by En En1 n W n
First order Eigen function correction n1
m n
m W n
m
En0 Em0
And wave function up to order correction in n n

m n
Second order energy correction En

m n
Energy correction up to order of
m W n
m W n
m
En0 Em0
En 0 Em 0
En E0 n W n
m n
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
m W n
En 0 Em 0
Branch office
36
fiziks
7.1.2 Degenerate Theory
H n ( H o H p ) n En n
En0 is f fold degenerate H o n E n0 n
1,2,3,..... f
To determine the Eigen values to first-order and Eigen state to zeroth order for an f-fold
degenerate level one can proceed as follows
First for each f-fold degenerate level, determine f x f matrix of the perturbation H p
H p11
H p21
H p .
.
H pf 1
H p12 ......... H p1 f
H p22 .........H p2 f
H pf 2 .........H p f f
where H p n H p n
then diagonalised H p and find Eigen value and Eigen vector of diagonalized H p which
are En and n respectively.
f
En En0 En1 and n q n

1
7.2 Time Dependent Perturbation Theory

The transition probability corresponding to a transition from an initial unperturbed
state i to perturbed f is obtained as
1
Pif t
i
iw t '
f V t i e fi dt '
0
Where w fi
E f Ei
and w fi
Ho f i Ho i
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
37
fiziks
8. Variational Method
Variational method is based on energy optimization and parameter variation on the basis
of choosing trial wave function.
1. On the basis of physical intuition guess the trial wave function. Say
o o 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n where 1 , 2 , 3 are parameter.

2. Find E0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n
3. Find
0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n H 0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n
0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n 0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n
Eo
1 , 2 , 3 ,..... n 0
i
Find the value of 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... so that it minimize E0.

4. Substitute the value of 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... in E0 1 , 2 , 3 ,..... one get minimum value
of E0 for given trial wave function.
5. One can find the upper level of 1 on the basis that it must be orthogonal to 0 i.e.
1 0 0
Once 1 can be selected the 2, 3, 4 step can be repeated to find energy the first Eigen
state.
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
38
fiziks
9. The Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) method
WKB method is approximation method popularly derived from semi classical theory
For the case
d
dx
1 where ( x)
2 m ( E V ( x)
If potential is given as V(x) then and there is three region

WKB wave function in the first region i.e x x1
V x
1 x1
exp P x ' dx '

P x
x
c1
WKB wave function in region II: i.e x1 x x2
II
II
III
c2'
c2"
i
exp P x ' dx
exp P x ' dx '
P x
P x
x
WKB wave function in region III: i.e x x2
III
1 x
exp P x ' dx '

P x
x2
c3
9.1.1 Quantization of the Energy Level of Bound state

Case I: When both the boundary is smooth
1
p( x)dx (n 2 ) where n 0,1, 2...

x2
2 2m En V x dx n where n 0, 1, 2,...... and x1 and x2 are turning

2
x1
point
Case II: When one the boundary is smooth and other is rigid
x2
p( x)dx (n 4 )
where n 0,1, 2...
x1
x2
x1
2m En V x dx n where n 0, 1, 2,...... and x1 and x2 are turning

4
points
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
39
fiziks
Case III: When both boundary of potential is rigid
x2
p( x)dx (n 1)
where n 0,1, 2...
x1
x2
2m En V x dx n 1 where n 0, 1, 2,...... and x1 and x2 are turning
x1
points .
9.1.2 Transmission probability from WKB
T is defined as transmission probability through potential barrier V is given by
x
T exp 2 where
1 2
2m En V x dx and x1 and x2 are turning points.
x1
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
40
fiziks
10. Identical Particles
Identical particle in classical mechanics are distinguishable but identical particle in
quantum mechanics are Indistinguishable.
Total wave function of particles are either totally symmetric or totally anti-symmetric.
11.1 Exchange Operator
Exchange operator Pij as an operator as that when acting on an N-particle wave
function (1 23 ....i ... j ... N ) interchanges i and j.
i.e Pij (1 23 ....i ... j ... N ) (1 23 .... j ...i ... N )
sign is for symmetric wave function s and sign for anti symmetric wave
function a .
11.2 Particle with Integral Spins
Particle with integral spins or boson has symmetric states.
s 1 2
1
1 , 2 2 , 1
2
For three identical particle:
s 1 2 3
1
6
1 , 2 , 3 1 , 3 , 2 2 , 3 , 1
, , , , , ,
2 1
3
3 1
2
3
2
1
For boson total wave function(space and spin) is symmetric i.e if space part is symmetric
spin part will also symmetric and if space part is ant symmetric space part will also also
anti symmetric.
11.3 Particle with Half-integral Spins
Particle with half-odd-integral spins or fermions have anti-symmetric.
For two identical particle:
a 1 2
1
1, 2 2 ,1
2
For three identical particle:
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
41
fiziks
a 1 2 3
1
6
1 , 2 , 3 1 , 3 , 2 2 , 3 , 1
2 , 1 , 3 3 , 1 , 2 3 , 2 , 1
For fermions total wave function(space and spin) is anti symmetric .ie if space part is
symmetric spin part will anti symmetric and if space part is ant symmetric space part will
also symmetric.
11. Scattering in Quantum Mechanics
k
o
Incident wave is given by inc r Aeiko .r . If particle is scattered with angle which is
angle between incident and scattered wave vector ko and k Scattered wave is given by
eik .r
sc r Af ,
, where f , is called scattering amplitude wave function.
r
iko r
e iko r
is
superposition
of
incident
and
scattered
wave
Ae f ,
differential scattering cross section is given by

For elastic collision
d
k
2
f , where
d ko
is solid angle
d
2
f ,
d
If potential is given by V and reduce mass of system is then

d
2
2
f ,
d
4 2
ikr '
V r ' r ' d 3r '
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
42
fiziks
11.1 Born Approximation
Born approximation is valid for weak potential V(r)

f ,
r 'V r ' sin qr ' dr '
2 q 0
Where q ko k 2k sin
4 2
for and for ko k
2
d 4 q 2
r 'V r ' sin qr ' dr '

0
11.2 Partial Wave Analysis

Partial wave analysis for elastic scattering
For spherically symmetric potential one can assume that the incident plane wave is in zdirection hence inc r exp ikr cos . So it can be expressed in term of a superposition of
angular momentum Eigen state, each with definite angular momentum number l
eik r eikr cos
i l 2l l J l kr pl cos , where Jl is Bessels polynomial function and Pl

l 0
is Legendre polynomial.
r ,
il 2l 1 J l kr Pl cos f
l 0
eikr
r
1
2l 1 eil sin l Pl cos
k
Total cross section is given by
l
l 0
2l 1 sin 2 l
k 2 l 0
Where l is called the partial cross section corresponding to the scattering of particles in
various angular momentum states and l is phase shift .
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
43
fiziks
12. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
12.1 Klein Gordon equation
The non-relativistic equation for the energy of a free particle is
p2
E
2m
and
p2
E
2m
p2
i
2m
t
where
p i is the momentum operator ( being the del operator).

The Schrdinger equation suffers from not being relativistic ally covariant, meaning it
does not take into account Einstein's special relativity .It is natural to try to use the
identity from special relativity describing the energy:
p 2 c 2 m2 c 4 E Then, just
inserting the quantum mechanical operators for momentum and energy yields the
equation
2 c 2 2 m 2c 4 i
This, however, is a cumbersome expression to work with because the differential operator
cannot be evaluated while under the square root sign.
which simplifies to 2c 2 2 m 2c 4
Rearranging terms yields
2
t 2
1 2
m 2 c 2
2
E
c 2 t 2
2
Since all reference to imaginary numbers has been eliminated from this equation, it can
be applied to fields that are real valued as well as those that have complex values.
Using the inverse of the Murkowski metric we ge
m2c 2
0
2
where
( 2 ) 0
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
44
fiziks
In covariant notation. This is often abbreviated as ( 2 ) 0 where
mc
and
1 2
2
2
2
c t
This operator is called the dAlembert operator . Today this form is interpreted as the
relativistic field for a scalar (i.e. spin -0) particle. Furthermore, any solution to the Dirac
equation (for a spin-one-half particle) is automatically a solution to the KleinGordon
equation, though not all solutions of the KleinGordon equation are solutions of the Dirac
equation.
The KleinGordon equation for a free particle and dispersion relation
Klein Gordon relation for free particle is given by 2
1 2
E
c 2 t 2
with the same solution as in the non-relativistic case:

dispersion relation from free wave equation ( r , t ) exp i( k.r t ) which can be
obtained by putting the value of in 2
dispersion relation which is given by k 2
1 2
E equation we will get
c 2 t 2
2 m 2c 2
2 .
k2
12.2 Dirac Equation

searches for an alternative relativistic equation starting from the generic form describing
evolution of wave function:
H
t
If one keeps first order derivative of time, then to preserve Lorentz invariance, the space
coordinate derivatives must be of the first order as well. Having all energy-related
operators (E, p, m) of the same first order:
E i
and p x i
, p y i
, p z i
t
x
y
z
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
45
fiziks
E 1 p x 2 p y 3 p z m
By acting with left-and right-hand operators twice, we get
E 2 1 p x 2 p y 3 p z m 1 p x 2 p y 3 p z m
which must be compatible with the Klein-Gordon equation
E 2 p x2 p 2y p z2 m 2
This implies that
i j j i 0, for i j
i i 0
i2 1
2 1
Therefore, parameters and cannot be numbers. However, it may and does work if they
are matrices, the lowest order being 44. Therefore, must be 4-component vectors.
Popular representations are
0 i
i
i 0
and
1 0

0 1
where i are 2 2 Pauli matrices:

0 1
1
1 0
0 i
1 0
3
2
i 0
0 1
The equation is usually written using -matrices, where i i for

The equation is usually written using -matrices, where i i for i 1, 2,3
and
0 (just multiply the above equation with matrix and move all terms on one side of
the equation):
0
i m 0 where i
x
i
i
1 0
and 0
0
0 1
Find solution for particles at rest, i.e. p=0:
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
46
fiziks
1

i 0
m 0
t
3

4
i

1 0 A
m A
t 0 1 B
B
It has two positive energy solutions that correspond to two spin states of spin-
electrons:
1
0
A e imt and A e imt
0
1
and two symmetrical negative-energy solutions

1
0
B e imt and B e imt
0
1
Head office
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498
Branch office
47

Quantum Formula Sheet

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Quantum Formula Sheet

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

fiziks

2. Mathematical Tools for Quantum Mechanics

3. Schrdinger wave equation and Potential problems

4. Angular Momentum Problem

5. Two Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics

6. Three Dimensional Problems in Quantum Mechanics

9. The Wentzel-Kramer-Brillouin (WKB) method

10. Identical Particles

11. Scattering in Quantum Mechanics

12. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

1.1 De Broglie Wavelengths

where h is Planks constant

For relativistic case, the mass becomes m

where m0 is rest mass and v is

1.2 Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

where q is the error in measurement of q and pq is error in measurement of pq and h is

(x is position and px is momentum in x direction )

( E is energy and t is time).

(L is angular momentum, is angle measured)

The velocity of individual wave is known as Phase

velocity which is given as v p . The velocity of

Due to superposition of different wave of slightly different wavelength resultant wave

angle . The detector, symmetrically located

electrons scattered at angle where is the

rest mass of electron.

Stopping potential Vs is potential required to stop electron which contain maximum

N dimensional vector space can be represent as a ii 0 where i = 1, 2, 3 are

linearly independent function or vector.

Square Integrable: If the integration or scalar product , dx is finite then the

Different type of operator

is said to be linear operator.

where gn is degeneracy of state and

associated with Eigen value an.

projection operator defined by n n .

Postulate 5: The time evolution of the state vector t is governed by Schrodinger

X n , Px nX n 1 i and X , Pxn nPx n 1 i

If [A, B] = 0 then it is said that A and B commutes to each other ie AB BA .

is also an Eigen vector of B .

The anti commutator is defined as

where an is Eigen value and n is Eigen vector.

In quantum mechanics operator associated with observable is Hermitian, so its Eigen

Completeness relation: the orthonormnal realtion and completeness relation is given by

where I is unity operator.

commutation between operator A and

Hamiltonian H operator .Time evaluation of expectation of A gives rise to Ehrenfest

where R is position, P is momentum and V R, t is potential operator.

2.9 Expectation value and uncertainty principle

A an Pn where Pn is probability to getting Eigen value an in state .

3.1 Schrdinger Wave Equation

Time dependent Schrdinger wave equation is given by H i

Time independent Schrdinger wave equation is given by H E

3.2 Property of bound state

which satisfies the continually equation

Where * in general J v J v where v is velocity of particle?

3.4 The free particle in one dimension

3.5 The Step Potential

Hence, a particle is coming from left so D = 0.

Case II: E < Vo

Potential barrier is given by V x V0

Case II: E < Vo

Approximate transmission probability T e2 k 2 a

3.8 The Infinite Square Well Potential

Which is energy Eigen value correspondence to nth

othonormality relation is given by