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Dhofar
study
area
Page 2
Study Area
Study Area
Elevation
100-200m
1800 m
no DEM
main roads
surface water divide
borehole
DAWKAH
50
100 km
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the SRTM Data (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; USGS 2006)
Page 3
Town/ Village
main Wadi channels
Study goals
Goal I: Understanding the hydrogeological system
arid area and scarce data
Page 4
Page 5
Dhofar Mountains
Salalah plain
Najd
Dhofar Mountains
Najd
- average temperature: 6.1C to 44.6C, grand mean 26,2C
Monsoon
70 mm/yr
300 mm/yr
- high ET rates
- rainfall amount low and irregular, average 49mm/yr
40 mm/yr
100 mm/yr
Dammam
RUS
Upper Umm Er Radhuma
Lower Umm Er Radhuma
Page 6
100 km
increasing
spring discharge
2 to 5 weeks
after the monsoon
recharge
amount ?
recharge?
2) perched aquifers or
infiltration to the deeper ground?
250
500
750
Cyclonic Storms
Monsoon
Arabian
Sea
Page 7
8000
16000
24000
32000
40000
48000
56000
64000
[m]
southern Dhofar
Spring Garsis [elevation 110 m a.ms.l.]
250.00
discahrge in l/s
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
14 Nov 1984
11 Aug 1987
07 Mai 1990
31 Jan 1993
28 Okt 1995
24 Jul 1998
date of observation
Page 8
19 Apr 2001
14 Jan 2004
10 Okt 2006
southern Dhofar
GW-monitoring point [elevation 132 m a.m.s.l.] 200 m upstream to Ayn Garsis
118
GW-level m a.m.s.l.
116
114
112
110
108
106
25-Mai-79
14-Nov-84
07-Mai-90
28-Okt-95
date of observation
Page 9
19-Apr-01
10-Okt-06
01-Apr-12
Najd
Wadi Flow and Groundwater level approximately 60 km north of swd
4500000
566
565
3000000
564
2500000
563
2000000
1500000
562
1000000
561
500000
0
11.08.1987
07.05.1990
31.01.1993
28.10.1995
24.07.1998
19.04.2001
date of observation
Page 10
14.01.2004
10.10.2006
560
06.07.2009
GW level m a.m.s.l.
3500000
Najd
80
4.50E+06
70
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
wadi flow
3.00E+06
50
2.50E+06
40
2.00E+06
30
1.50E+06
rainfall
20
1.00E+06
10
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
31. Jan 93
28. Okt 95
24. Jul 98
19. Apr 01
14. Jan 04
date of observation
Page 11
10. Okt 06
06. Jul 09
rainfall [mm/day]
60
Page 12
Monitoring
Page 13
Use of:
noble gases
stable isotopes
and radionuclides
for origin and age dating of groundwater
Page 14
Water Demand
- first water boreholes drilled in the Najd in the beginning of the 1970,
since then more then 1000 boreholes were drilled
- increasing population >> increasing domestic, industrial, commercial
and municipal demand
Page 15
335
Groundlevel
329
325
315
305
Aqu C
25 km
2003
295
1988
285
Aqu B
275
Aqu A
265
1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006
Time
Study goals
Goal I: Understanding the hydrogeological system
arid area and scarce data
Page 17
predevelopment state
transient calibration
transient calibration
Page 18
750
[masl]
Geology
Upper
Umm Er Radhuma
UUER
500
250
Lower
Umm Er Radhuma
LUER
Arabian
Sea
Tertiary
Sediments
(Fars
Group)
8000
16000
cretaceous
sediments
24000
32000
40000
48000
56000
64000
[m]
Page 19
Tertiary
Sediments
(Hadramout
Group)
DAM
RUS
100 km
Hydrogeology
Lithology
Dammam
(DAM)
Limestone,
with Marl
RUS
Formation
Breccia, Marl,
laminated
gypsum
750
[masl]
Formation
500
Lower
Umm Er Radhuma
LUER
DAM
RUS
direction of
groundwater flow
Aqu B
Upper UER
Aqu C
upper part of
Lower UER
Aqu D
lower part of
Lower UER
grey to brown
dolomitic
limestone
21
3.2e-06
485
16
1.0e-06
680
23
1.5e-04
556
73
1.4e-05
13
Upper
Umm Er Radhuma
UUER
250
Aqu A
16000
24000
32000
40000
48000
56000
64000
[m]
olive, sparry
limestone with
shale
(GRC 2008)
- Aqu A (Central Najd) and Aqu B (Eastern Najd) have more local significance
- Aqu C and Aqu D are the most important sources of Groundwater
for domestic and agricultural use in the Najd
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22
Page 23
Groundwater Model
calibration
initial values + boundary conditions
3-D body
boreholes
Page 24
Pre-development state
GW-level
Aquifer C and D in m amsl
Page 25
Present situation
GW-level
Aquifer C and D in m amsl
Page 26
Groundwater discharge
Heelat
Hanfeet
As Safa
Farm
Thumrait
Outlook
short-term modeling
- transient model for the period 1970 to 2010
- defining discharge areas and discharge amount
- calibration of the transient model for the period 1996 to 2008
- comparison of monitored and simulated values with increasing drawdown
long-term modeling
- developing model
- including water chemistry and Isotopes
Page 28
Acknowledgments
Thanks
Page 29