Syllogism

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Syllogism
CHAPTER 1
Syllogism
The word Syllogism is also referred to Logic. Syllogism is an important section of logical reasoning and
hence, a working knowledge of its rules is required on the part of the candidate. Hence, it can be expressed as the
Science of thought as expressed in language. The questions based on syllogism can be solved by using Venn
diagrams and some rules devised with the help of analytical ability.
With this unique characteristic, this test becomes an instrument of teaching the candidates to follow the rules
and work as per the instructions without an error. Here, only the basic concept and rules, which have a bearing
on reasoning faculty could alone help. There are some terminology which are used in syllogism.
Proposition
It is also referred to as Premises. It is a sentence which asserts that either a part of, or the whole of, one sets
of objects-the set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing that sentence either is included in, or is
excluded from, another set-the set identified by the predicate term in that sentence.
Type s
of
Pro posit io n
Categorical Proposition There is relationship between the subject and the predicate without any condition.
Example :
I. All beams are logs.

II. No rod is stick.
Hypothetical Proposition: There is relationship between subject and predicate which is asserted
conditionally.
Example :
I. If it rains he will not come.

II. If he comes, I will accompany him.
Disjunctive Proposition In a disjunctive proposition the assertion is of alteration.
Example :
P art s
of
I. Either he is brave or he is strong.

II. Either he is happy or he cannot take revenge.
Pro posit io n
It consists of four parts.

1. Quantifier: In quantifier the words, all, no and some are used as they express quantity. All and no are
universal quantifiers because they refer to every object in a certain set. And quantifier some is a particular
quantifier because it refers to at least one existing object in a certain set.
2. Subject: It is the word about which something is said.
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Syllogism
3. Predicate: It is the part of proposition which denotes which is affirmed or denied about the subject.
4. Copula: It is the part of proposition which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate.
Example :
All
boys
are
brilliant
Quantifier
Subject
Copula
Predicate
Hence, the standard form of proposition is
Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate
Four-fold classification of categorical proposition: On the basis of quality and quantity of proposition
we can classify them in four categories. To draw valid inferences it is necessary to have a clear
understanding of the A, E, I, O relationship as given in the table.
Symbol
Proposition
Quantity
Quality
All A are B
Universal
Affirmative
No A is B
Universal
Negative
Some A are B
Particular
Affirmative
Some A are not B
Particular
Negative
Rules for Deriving the Conclusions from Two Given Premises

1. Universal affirmative or A-type proposition.
Dogs
Goats
Take an example : All goats are dogs This is A type proposition: We can see it by graphical representation of
the above proposition we observe that goats are distributed in dogs. Hence. we can conclude that in A type
proposition only subject is distributed.
2. Universal negative or E-type proposition.
Boy
Girl
Take an example : No girl is boy In this type of proposition both subject and predicate are denial of each
other. This can also be seen in the diagram representing boy Girl and girl. They have nothing in common.
Hence, both subject and predicate are distributed.
3. Particular affirmative or I-type proposition.
Mobile
Telephone
Take an example : Some mobiles are telephones. In this type of proposition subject and predicate have
something in common. This implies that in I-type neither subject nor Mobiles Telephones predicate is
distributed. We can see it graphically as given in figure.


Syllogism
4. Particular negative or O-type proposition.
Boys
Students
Take an example : Some boys are not students. In O-type propositions some of the category represented by
boys subject is not students, which means that a section of boys is denied with the entire category of students.
It is, therefore, deduced that in O-type proposition only predicate is distributed. On account of different
logical approach required to be applied for drawing each type of inference, a clear understanding of this
difference becomes more important.
R ule s
fo r
Me dia te
Infe renc e
First introduced by Aristotle, a syllogism is a deductive argument in which conclusion has to be drawn from
two propositions referred to as premises.
Now consider an example.
Statement:
I. Vinay is a boy.
II. All boys are honest.
Conclusion
I. Vinay is honest.
First two sentences I and II are called propositions and the sentence I is called conclusion. This conclusion is
drawn from above given two propositions.
Types of Questions Asked in the Examination

There are mainly two types of questions which may be asked under this
1. When premises are in specified form Here premise is in specified form. Here mainly two propositions are
given. Propositions may be particular to universal; universal to particular; particular to particular; universal
to universal.
2. When premises are in jumbled/mixed form Here at least three or more than three proposition are given.
Here pair of two propositions out of them follow as same as in specified form.
Type 1 Pr emises in Specified Forms

Case 1: The conclusion does not contain the middle term Middle term is the term common to both the premises
and is denoted by M. Hence, for such case, conclusion does not contain any common term belong to both premises.
Example 1
Statement:
I. All men are girls.

II. Some girls are students.
Conclusions I. All girls are men.
II. Some girls are not students.
Solution. Since, both the conclusions I and II contain the middle term girls so neither of them can follow.
Venn diagram Representation: All possible cases can be drawn by using Venn diagram.
or,
Girls
Students
Girls
Men
Students
men


Syllogism
By using both representation (a) and (b) it is clear all girls cannot be men as well as (a) shows some girls are
students, here no man is included but at the same time (b) shows some girls are students have some men are also
students as all men are girls. Hence, we cannot deduce conclusion II.
So, neither of them can follow.
Example 2
Statement:
I. All mangoes are chairs.

II. Some chairs are tables.
Conclusions I. All mangoes are tables.
II. Some tables are mangoes.
III. No mango is a table.
Solution. Here, the term chair is common to both the statement and hence, is the middle term. Statement
(I) is A type proposition and in A-type proposition, only subject is distributed, hence, chair being the predicate in
the statement (I) is not distributed in the second statement. Thus, none of the conclusions following statement
is a valid inference.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as
or,
Chairs
Chairs
Tables
Mangoes
Mangoes
Tables
(i) All mangoes are table-this inference is definitely false neither (a) nor (b) shows this conclusion.
(ii) Some tables are mangoes, this inference is uncertain or doubtful.
(iii) No mango is a table, this inference is also uncertain or doubtful. Though it can be concluded from the above
discussion that no valid inference can be drawn between mango and table.
Case 2: No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.
If case 1 is compiled with by a pair of statement, it is confirmed that valid mediate inferences can be drawn
from such pair of statement. But every mediate inference drawn cannot be valid. Therefore, case 2 is applied to
check as to the conclusions drawn from a pair of statement in which middle term is distributed, is valid.
Example 3
Statement:
I. Some boys are students.
II. All students are teenagers.
Conclusions I. All teenagers are students.
II. Some boys are teenagers.
Solution. Statement I is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.
Statement II is an A type proposition which distributes the subject students. Conclusion I is an A-type proposition
which distributes the subject teenagers only.
Since. the term teenagers is distributed in conclusion I without being distributed in the premises. So, conclusion
I cannot follow. In second conclusion, where it is asked that some boys are teenagers. But from statement I it is
clear that some students are not students. These students may not be teenagers.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as follows
Boys
Students
ers
nag
Tee


Syllogism
We have given that all students are teenagers so, its reverse cannot be possible. Hence, conclusion I is false.
As we are also given that some boys are students and all students are teenagers. So, some boys which are
students must be teenagers. Hence, conclusion II follows.
Case 3: If one premises is particular, conclusion is particular. Take an example which explains this case
Example 4
Statement:
I. Some boys are thieves.

II. All thieves are dacoits.
Conclusions I. Some boys are dacoits.
II. All dacoits are boys.
Solution. Since, one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, conclusion II cannot follow.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as follows
Boys
Thieves
co
Da
its
Here conclusion I follows but the conclusion II cannot follow.

Case 4 If the middle term is distributed twice, the conclusion cannot be universal Take an example which
explains such case.
Example 5
Statement:
I. All Lotus are flowers.

II. No Lily is a Lotus.
Conclusions I. No Lily is flowers.
II. Some Lilies are flowers.
Solution. Here, the first premise is an A proposition and so, the middle term Lotus forming the subject is
distributed.The second premise is an E proposition and so, the middle term Lotus forming the predicate is
distributed. Since, the middle term is distributed twice, so the conclusion cannot be universal.
Venn-diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as follows
Lily
Flowers
Lotus
Flowers
Lily
Flowers
Lotus
Lotus
It is clear from the given Venn-diagrams either conclusion I or II must be followed.

Case 5 If both the premises are affirmative, the conclusions must be affirmative. Take an example which
follows such case:
Example 6
Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
All gardens are schools.

All schools are colleges.
All gardens are colleges.
Some gardens are not colleges.


Syllogism
Solution. Since, both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion must be affirmative, so conclusion II
cannot follow.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as follows.
Gardens
Schools
Colleges
Now, taking conclusion I, it is clear that all gardens are also colleges. But taking conclusion II, we cannot that
derive second conclusion is true. Hence, only the first conclusion must be true.
Case 6 No conclusion follows. There are three types of such cases.
(a) If both the premises are particular
Example 7
Statement:
I. Some cups are spoons.

II. Some spoons are sauccers.
Conclusions I. All cups are sauccers.
II. Some sauccers are cups.
Solution.Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.
Venn diagram representation
Sauccers
Cups
Spoons
Cups
Sacuccers Spoons
It is clear from both given Venn-diagrams that no conclusion is followed.

(b) If both the premises are negative
Example 8
Statement:
I. No flower is mango.
II. No mango is cherry.
Conclusions I. No flower is cherry.
II. Some cherries are mangoes.
Solution. Since, both the premises are negative hence, neither conclusion follows.
Venn diagram representation: It is clear from both Venn-diagrams that neither conclusion follows.
(c) I f the major premise is particular and the minor premise is negative
Major premise is the predicate of the conclusion and minor premise is the subject of the conclusion.
Example 9
Statement:
I. Some pubs are cows.

II. No kitten are pubs.


Syllogism
Conclusions
I. No pubs are kitten.

II. Some cows are kitten.
Solution. Here, the first premise containing the middle term Kitten as the subject is the major premise and
the second premise containing the middle term Kitten as the predicate is the minor premise. Since, the major
premise is particular and the minor premise is negative. So, no conclusion follows.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases are given
Kitten
Cows
Puts
Pubs
Cows
(a)
Kitten
Cows
Pubs
(b)
Kitten
(c)
It is clear from the Venn-diagram representation that conclusion I follows.
C om plem e n ta ry
pa ir
of
c o nclusio ns
In drawing mediate inferences from given statement, students are required to be more attentive in selecting
complementary pair of conclusion where neither of the conclusions is definitely true but a combination of both
makes a complementary pair. As we have already discussed in case number 1 that in the statement where middle
term is not distributed, no valid mediate inference can be drawn but there still exists a possibility that a
complementary pair of conclusions follows from the statement.
Ex am ple 10
Statements
I. Some cameras are radios.

II. Some statues are cameras.
Conclusions I. Some ratios are statues.
II. No radio is statue.
Solution. Either some radios are statues or No radio is statue follows, as I and E-type proposition form a
complementary pair.
Venn diagram representation We can draw all possible cases as given below
Radios
Cameras
Radios
Cameras
Statues
Statues
Hence, using both diagrammatical representation we can conclude either some radios are statues or no radio
is statue. Hence, at least one of the conclusions must be true.


Syllogism
Spe c ial C ase s

Facts
Combinations (Conclusion)
A+E
E+I
I+O
E+O
Conclusion
Either I or II follows
Ex am ple 11
Statements
I. All vegetables are green.

II. Some greens are fruits.
Conclusions I. Some fruits are vegetables.
II. No fruit is vegetable.
Solution. Here, conclusion I is particular affirmative and conclusion II is universal negative proposition.
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion II follows.
Alternatives
or
Green
Fruit
Vegetables
Green
Vegetables
Fruit
Conclusion: If we follow Venn-diagram (a) then we can say no fruit is vegetable. Conclusion II but if we
that follow Venn diagram (b) then we can say some fruits are vegetables (conclusion I).
Here, either Venn diagram (a) or Venn-diagram (b) is possible. Hence, conclusion I or conclusion II must be
followed.
Minim al
P ossibilitie s
We can represent statements by keeping in mind our conclusions It we follow that our two conclusions
belong to special case, then either one of them is true.
We can represent minimum possibilities as given directly in the statement, we dont need to think about
parameters.
Ex am ple 12
Statements
I. Some fruits are vegetables.

II. Some vegetables are junk food.
III. Some junk foods are snacks.
Conclusions I. Some junk foods are vegetables.
II. Some junk foods are fruits.
Solution. Minimal possibilities
Fruit
Vegetables
Junk foods
Snacks


Syllogism
It is clear from the above diagrams that only conclusion I follows.

Type 2 Mixed/jumbled Problems
In such type of problem there is a constitution of mixed problems of universal and particular premises.
Directions (Q. Nos. 13 to 16) In each of the questions given below there are three statements followed by
three conclusions numbered I, II and III, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of
the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known, facts.
Ex am ple 13
Statements
All halls are tyres.

Some tyres are wheels.
All wheels are cars.
Conclusions I. Some cars are wheels.
II. Some cars are tyres.
III. Some wheels are halls.
(a) None follows
(c) Only I and II follow
Solution. (c)
Conclusions
(b) Only I follows

(d) Only III follows
Cars
Tyres
Wheels
Halls
I. Some cars are wheels. It can be seen from Venn-diagram.

II. Also, some cars are tyres (as shown in Venn-diagram).
III. It is not clear from the Venn-diagram. Hence, only I and II follow.
Ex am ple 14
Statements
Some pictures are frames.

Some frames are idols.
All idols are curtains.
Conclusions I. Some curtains are pictures.
II. Some curtains are frames.
III. Some idols are frames.
(a) Only I and II follow
(c) Only I and III follow
Solution. (b)
(b) Only II and III follow

(d) All follow


Syllogism
Conclusions
Pictures
frames
idols
Curtains
I. Does not follow.

II. Follows (clear from the Venn-diagram)
III. Follows (clear from the Venn-diagram)
Hence, only II and III follow.
Ex am ple 15
Statements
Some ice are rings.

No ring is paint.
Some rings are gold.
Conclusions I. No gold is paint.
II. No ice is gold.
III. Some rings are paints.
IV. All golds are rings.
(a) Only I and III follow
(b) Only I and II follow
(c) Only III and IV follow
(d) None follows
Solution. (d) Hence, none of the conclusions follows.
Gold
Ice
Rings
Paint
Ex am ple 16
Statements
No candle is bell.
Some shoes are bells.
All tables are shoes.
Conclusions I. Some tables are bells.
II. No table is bell.
III. Some shoes are candles.
IV. No shoes are candles.
(a) Only I and IV follow
(c) Only III and IV follow
Solution. (d)
Candles

(d) None of these
Bells
Table
Shoes
Solution. (d) Here conclusion I is particular affirmative and conclusion II is its universal negative. Hence,
either conclusion I or II follows. Also conclusion III is particular affirmative and conclusion IV is its universal
negative. Hence, either III or conclusion IV follows. Finally, either conclusion I or II follows and either conclusion
III or conclusion IV follows.


Syllogism
EXERCISE
Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 13) In each question given
below are two Statements followed by two
conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take
the two given Statements to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known facts
and decide which of the given conclusions logically
follows from the the given two Statements,
disregarding commonly known facts.
Give answer as
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
If only conclusion I follows

If only conclusion II follows
If neither I nor II follows
If both I and II follow
Statement:
I. All jungles are tigers.
II. Some tigers are horses.
Conclusions I. Some tigers are jungles.
II. All horses are jungles.
Statement:
I. All birds are tall.
II. Some tall are hens.
Conclusions I. Some birds are hens.
II. Some hens are tall.
Statement:
I. All artists are smokers.
II. Some smokers are drinkers.
Conclusions I. All smokers are artists.
II. Some drinkers are not
smokers.
Statement:
I. Some hens are cows.
II. All cows are horses.
Conclusions I. Some horses are hens.
II. Some hens are horses.
Statement:
I. All buses are cars.
II. Some cars are roads.
Conclusions I. Some cars are buses.
II. Some buses are roads.
Statement:
I. Some pastries are toffees.
II. All toffees are chocolates.
Conclusions I. Some chocolates are toffees.
II. Some toffees are not pastries..
Statement:
I. Some players are singers.
II. All singers are tall.
Conclusions I. Some players are tall.
II. All players are tall.
8. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
9. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
10. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
12. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
13. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
11. Statement:
All stones are water.

Some water are clean.
Some water are stones.
All clear are water.
Some phones are watches.
All watches are guns.
All guns are watches.
Some guns are phones.
All umbrellas are aeroplanes.
Some aeroplanes are birds.
Some
umbrellas
are
aeroplanes.
All birds are umbrellas.
Some scooters are trucks.
All trucks are trains.
Some scooters are trains.
No truck is a scooter.
All tigers are ships.
Some ships are cupboards.
Some ships are tigers.
Some cupboards are not ships.
All books are pencils.
Some pencils are cycles.
Some cycles are pencils.
Some cycles are books.
Directions (Q. Nos. 14 to 24) In each question below

are given two Statements followed by two
the given two Statements to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known
facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which
of the given conclusions logically follows from the
given two Statements, disregarding commonly
known facts.
Give answer as
(a) If only conclusion I follows
(b) If only conclusion II follows
(c) If neither I nor II follows
(d) If both I and II follow
14. Statement:
I. All men are dogs.
II. All dogs are cats.
Conclusions I. All men are cats.
II. All cats are men.


Syllogism
15. Statement:
Conclusions
16. Statement:
Conclusions
17. Statement:
Conclusions
18. Statement:
Conclusions
19. Statement:
Conclusions
20. Statement:
Conclusions
21. Statement:
Conclusions
22. Statement:
Conclusions
23. Statement:
Conclusions
24. Statement:
Conclusions
I. All film stars are playback

singers.
II. All film directors are film stars.
I. All film directors are playback
singers.
II. Some film stars are film
directors.
I. All pens are roads.
II. All roads are houses.
I. All houses are pens.
II. Some houses are pens.
I. All huts are mansions.
II. All mansions are temples.
I. Some temples are huts.
II. Some temples are mansions.
I. All water is divine.
II. All temples are divine.
I. All water is temple.
II. All temples are water
I. All cars are cats.
II. All fans are cats.
I. All cars are fans.
II. Some fans are cars.
I. All pens are chalks.
II. All chairs are chalks.
I. Some pens are chairs.
II. Some chalks are pens.
I. All fans are cups.
II. All cups are pillows.
I. All fans are pillows.
II. All pillows are fans.
I. All flowers are stems.
II. All stems are roots.
I. All roots are flowers.
II. All stems are flowers.
I. All pencils are bricks.
II. All bricks are bottles.
I. All pencils are bottles .
II. All bricks are pencils.
I. All pens are cycles.
II. All pigs are cycles.
I. All cycles are pens.
II. All pigs are pens.
Directions (Q. Nos. 25 to 40) In each of the question

below are given two Statement: s followed by two

the two given Statement: s to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known facts
and decide which of the given conclusion (s)
logically follow (s) from the two given Statement:
s, disregarding commonly known facts. Give your
answer as
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
If only conclusion or I follows

If only conclusion II follows
If either I or II follows
If both I and II follow
Statement:
I. Some hats are caps.
II. Some caps are mats.
Conclusions I. Some caps are hats.
II. Some mats are caps.
Statement:
I. Some fools are intelligent.
II. Some intelligent are great.
Conclusions I. Some fools are great.
II. No great is fool.
Statement:
I. Some stones are bricks.
II. Some bricks are trees.
Conclusions I. Some stones are trees.
II. Some trees are bricks.
Statement:
I. Some cities are villages.
II. Some towns are villages.
Conclusions I. Some cities are towns.
II. No town is city.
Statement:
I. Some visitors are Indians.
II. Some visitors are Americans.
Conclusions I. Some Indians are visitors.
II. All Indians are visitors.
Statement:
I. Some adults are boys.
II. Some boys are old.
Conclusions I. Some adults are not old.
II. Some boys are not old.
Statement:
I. Some books are tables.
II. Some tables are mirrors.
Conclusions I. Some mirrors are books.
II. No book is mirror.
Statement:
I. Some dreams are nights.
II. Some nights are days.
Conclusions I. All days are either nights or
dreams.
II. Some days are nights.
Statement:
I. Some papers are pens.
II. Some pencils are pens.


Syllogism
Conclusions
34. Statement:
Conclusions
35. Statement:
Conclusions
36. Statement:
Conclusions
37. Statement:
Conclusions
38. Statement:
Conclusions
39. Statement:
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
40. Statement:
I.
II.
Conclusions I.
II.
Some pens are pencils.

Some pens are papers.
Some doctors are fools.
Some fools are rich.
Some doctors are rich.
Some rich are doctors.
Some clothes are marbles.
Some marbles are bags.
No cloth is bag.
Some bags are clothes.
Some stones are cups.
Some cups are black.
No black is cup.
Some cups are stones.
Some pearls are gems.
Some gems are ornaments.
Some gems are pearls.
Some pearls are ornaments.
Some girls are flowers.
Some flowers are books.
Some girls are books.
No book is a girl.
Some aeroplanes are living
beings.
Some living beings are ghosts.
Some aeroplanes are ghosts.
Some aeroplanes are not
ghosts.
Some cups are plates.
Some plates are jugs.
Some cups are jugs.
Some jugs are plates.
Directions (Q. Nos. 41 to 50) In each question

below are given two statements followed by two
conclusions numbered I and II.You have to take
the given two statements to be true even if they
seem to be at variance from commonly known
facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which
of the given conclusions logically follows from the
two given statements, disregarding known facts.
Give answer as
(a) If only conclusion I follows
(b) If only conclusion II follows
(c) If either conclusion I or II follows
(d) If neither I nor II follow
41. Statement:
Conclusions
42. Statement:
Conclusions
43. Statement:
Conclusions
44. Statement:
Conclusions
45. Statement:
Conclusions
46. Statement:
Conclusions
47. Statement:
Conclusions
48. Statement:
Conclusions
49. Statement:
Conclusions
50. Statement:
Conclusions
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
I.
II.
All roads are poles.

No pole is a house.
Some roads are houses.
Some houses are poles.
All fish are tortoise.
No tortoise is a crocodile.
All tortoise is a fish.
No fish is a crocodile.
All windows are doors.
No door is wall.
No window is wall.
All door is window.
No gentleman is poor.
All gentlemen are rich.
No poor man is rich.
No rich man is poor.
Some books are pens.
No pen is pencil.
Some books are pencils.
No book is pencil.
No bat is ball.
No ball is wicket.
No bat is wicket.
All wickets are bats.
Most teachers are boys.
Some boys are students.
Some students are boys.
Some teachers are students.
Some books are toys.
No toy is red.
Some books are red.
Some toys are books.
Some whites are black.
No black is green.
Some whites are green.
Some whites are not green.
Some pens are pencils.
No pencil is fruit.
Some pens are fruit.
Some pencils are pens.
Directions (Q. Nos. 51 to 65) In each question

below are given two Statements followed by four
conclusions numbered I, II, III and IV. You have
to take the two given statements to be true even if
they seem to be at variance from commonly known


Syllogism
facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide

which of the given conclusions logically follows
from the given two statements, disregarding
commonly known facts.
51. Statement:
52.
53.
54.
55.
I. Some doors are mangoes.

II. All mangoes are bananas.
Conclusions I. All bananas are mangoes.
II. All doors are bananas.
III. Some doors are bananas.
IV. Some mangoes are doors.
(b) None follows
(c) All follow
(d) Only III and IV follow
Statement:
I. Some chairs are windows.
II. No window is sky.
Conclusions I. No window is chair.
II. No chair is window.
III. Some windows are skies.
IV. Some chairs are skies.
(a) Either III or IV follows
(b) Either II or III follows
(c) Either II or IV follows
(d) None follows
Statement:
I. No parrot is crow.
II. All crows are bats.
Conclusions I. Some bats are parrots.
II. All bats are parrots.
III. Some bats are crows.
IV. Some bats are not crows.
(a) Either III or IV follows
(b) Only I, II and III follow
(c) Only II, III and IV follow
(d) Only I and II follow
Statement:
I. All stars are planets.
II. All planets are trees.
Conclusions I. All planets are stars.
II. All stars are trees.
III. All trees are plants.
IV. Some trees are stars.
(a) Only II and IV follow
(c) None follows
(d) All follow
Statement:
I. Some chairs are shoes.
II. Some shoes are sticks.
Conclusions
56.
57.
58.
59.
I. Some chairs are sticks.

II. No chair is stick.
III. All sticks are shoes.
IV. All shoes are chairs.
(a) Either I or II follows
(b) Either II or IV follows
(c) III follows
(d) Only I and II follow
Statement:
I. All buses are dogs.
II. Some dogs are horses.
Conclusions I. Some horses are dogs.
II. Some dogs are buses.
III. Some buses are horses.
IV. Some horses are not dogs.
(a) Either I or III follows
(b) Either II or IV follows
(d) None follow
Statement:
I. Some tigers are rats.
II. Some rats are birds.
Conclusions I. Some rats are tigers.
II. Some birds are rats.
III. Some birds are tigers.
IV. Some rats are both birds and
tigers.
(a) All follow
(b) Only I and IV follow
(d) Only II and IV follow
Statement:
I. Some papers are balls.
II. No ball is round.
Conclusions I. Some papers are round.
II. Some balls are round.
III. Some papers are not round.
IV. Some balls are papers.
(a) Only III follows
(b) Only IV follows
(c) Either III or IV follows
(d) Either I or III and IV follows
Statement:
I. All maps are roads.
II. Some roads are town.
Conclusions I. Some towns are maps.
II. Some roads are maps.
III. No town is a map.
IV. All towns are roads.
(b) Either I or III and II follows
(c) Only I follows
(d) Only IV follows


Syllogism
60. Statement:
61.
62.
63.
64.
I. Some trees are pens.

II. All pens are pencils.
Conclusions I. All pencils are pens.
II. All trees are pens.
III. Some trees are not pens.
IV. All pencils are trees.
(b) Only III and IV follow
(c) Only IV follows
(d) None of these
Statement:
I. All papers are bags.
II. No bag is green.
Conclusions I. No paper is green.
II. Some papers are green.
III. Some green are papers.
IV. Some bags are papers.
(b) Only I and III follow
(c) Only I and IV follow
(d) None of these
Statement:
I. All bananas are apples.
II. All apples are oranges.
Conclusions I. Some oranges are apples.
II. All apples are bananas.
III. Some bananas are not
oranges.
IV. Some oranges are bananas.
(a) All follow
(d) Only I follows
Statement:
I. Some pens are knives.
II. Some knives are horses.
Conclusions I. Some knives are pens.
II. Some pens are horses.
III. Some horses are pens.
IV. Some horses are knives.
(a) Only II and III follow
(c) Only IV follows
(d) Only I follow
Statement:
I. No chair is tree.
II. All trees are trains.
Conclusions I. No chair is train.
II. No train is chair.
III. Some trains are trees.
IV. No train is tree.

(b) Only III and IV follow
(d) Only II and III follow
65. Statement:
I. All buses are roads.
II. All roads are rivers.
Conclusions I. All buses are rivers.
II. Some roads are buses.
III. Some rivers are roads.
IV. Some rivers are buses.
(a) None follows
(c) Only II, III and IV follow
(d) All follow
Directions (Q. Nos. 66 to 78) Every question below
has a few statement, followed by four conclusions
numbered I, II, III and IV. You have to consider
every given statement as true, even if it goes not
conform to the well known facts. Read the
conclusions and then decide which of the
conclusions can be logically derived.
66. Statement:
I. Some toys are pens.

II. Some pens are papers.
III. Some papers are black.
Conclusions I. Some toys are black.
II. No pen is black.
III. No toy is black.
IV. Some pens are black.
(a) None of the above
(b) Either II or IV
(c) Either I or III and either II or IV
(d) Either I or IV
67. Statement:
I. Some books are copies.
II. All copies are green.
III. Some green are yellow.
Conclusions I. All copies are yellow.
II. Some yellow are green.
III. Some copies are yellow.
IV. All green are copies.
(a) Only II follows
(b) Either III or IV only
(c) Either II or IV only
(d) All of these
68. Statement:
I. All jugs are glasses.
II. All glasses are cups.
III. All jugs are pens.


Syllogism
Conclusions
69.
70.
71.
72.
I. All pens are jugs.

II. Some glasses are pens.
III. Some cups are pens.
IV. All pens are cups.
(a) None follows
(b) Only II follows
(c) II and III Only
(d) III and IV only
Statement:
I. All Acs are Dcs.
II. Some Des are Ecs.
III. All Ecs are yys.
Conclusions I. Some Acs are Ecs.
II. Some yys are Dcs.
III. No Acs is Ecs.
IV. All Des are Acs.
(a) I and III only
(b) Only II follows
(c) I and II only
(d) II and either I or III only
Statement:
I. Some newspapers are radios.
II. Some radios are televisions.
III. No television is a magazine.
Conclusions I. No newspaper is a magazine.
II. No radio is a magazine.
III. Some radios are magazines.
IV. Some
newspapers
are
televisions.
(a) None follows
(b) Only III follows
(c) Either II or III follows
(d) Both I and II follow
Statement:
I. All crooks are simple.
II. Some simple are intelligent.
III. All intelligent are fools.
Conclusions I. Some fools are crooks.
II. No fool is a crooks.
III. Some simple are fools.
IV. All intelligent are simple.
(a) None follows
(b) Either I or II follows
(c) III and IV follow
(d) Either I or II and III follow
Statement:
I. Some birds are insects.
II. All birds are butterflies.
III. All insects are snakes.
Conclusions I. Some snakes are birds.
II. Some butterflies are insects.
III. Some snakes are butterflies.
IV. Some insects are birds.
73.
74.
75.
76.
(a) None follows

(b) All follow
(c) Only IV follows
(d) Either I or III follows
Statement:
I. All apples are brinjals.
II. All brinjals are ladyfingers.
III. Some ladyfingers are oranges.
Conclusions I. Some oranges are brinjals.
II. All brinjals are apples.
III. Some apples are oranges.
IV. All ladyfingers are apples.
(a) None follows
(b) Either I or III follows
(c) All follow
(d) Only I and III follow
Statement:
I. Some apples are watermelons.
II. All watermelons are fresh.
III. Some potatoes are fresh.
Conclusions I. Some apples are fresh.
II. Some potatoes are apples.
III. Some watermelons are
potatoes.
IV. Some watermelons are apples.
(a) Only I follows
(d) Either II or III and I follow
Statement:
I. All pens are pencils.
II. Some pens are erasers.
III. Some erasers are clips.
Conclusions I. Some clips are pens.
II. No clip is a pen.
III. Some erasers are pencils.
IV. No eraser is a pencil.
(b) III and either I or II follow
(c) Only III follows
(d) Either I or II, and either III or IV
Statement:
I. Some books are papers.
II. Some papers are plastic
III. No plastic is black.
Conclusions I. Some papers are not black.
II. All papers are not black.
III. Some papers are black.
IV. Some books are black.
(a) Only I follows
(b) Either II or III follows
(d) Only I, III and IV follow


Syllogism
77. Statement:
I. Some doors are windows.

II. All windows are black.
III. Some black are brown.
Conclusions I. Some windows are brown.
II. All doors are black.
III. Some doors are black.
IV. No window is brown.
(b) Either I or IV and III follow
(c) Only II follows
(d) Only IV follows
78. Statement:
I. All teachers are doctors.

II. All doctors are engineers.
III. All engineers are typists.
Conclusions I. Some typists are teachers.
II. All doctors are typists.
III. Some engineers are teachers.
IV. All doctors are teachers.
(b) Only I and III follow
(c) Either II or IV follows
(d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. (a)
11. (a)
21. (a)
31. (c)
41. (d)
51. (d)
61. (d)
71. (d)
2. (b)
12. (d)
22. (c)
32. (b)
42. (b)
52. (d)
62. (b)
72. (b)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
63.
73.
(b)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
64.
74.
(d)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(c)
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
65.
75.
(a)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(d)
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(b)
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
67.
77.
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
58.
68.
78.
(a)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(d)
9. (b)
19. (c)
29. (a)
39. (c)
49. (c)
59. (d).
69. (d)
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
EXPLANATIONS
1.
4.
Jungles
Hens
Horses
Hence, only I follows.

2.
Horses
Tigers
5.
Cows
Hence, both conclusions are true.

Cars
Tall
Roads
Birds
Hens
Buses
Hence, from both Venn-diagram conclusion II

follows.
3.
Smokers
Aritist
Roads
6.
Toffees
Drinkers
Pastries
Hence, conclusion I follows.
Chocolates
Hence, both I and II are true.


(c)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(c)

Syllogism
14.
7.
Cats
Tall
Players
Dogs
Singers
Men
Hence, some players are tall, only I follows.

8.
Water

Stones
Clean
15.
Playback Singers
Filmstars

9.
Film Directors
Guns
Phones
Hence, both I and II follow.
Watches
16.
Houses
Hence, only II follows.
Roads
10.
Aeroplanes
Pens
Umbrellas
Birds

Hence, none follows.
11.
17.
Temples
Trains
Mansions
Scooters Trucks
Huts
12.
Ships
Tigers
Cupboards
Hence, both I and II follow.

Hence, both follow.
13.
18.
Divine
Temples
Books
Divine
Water
Pencils
Cycles
or,
Water
Temples



Syllogism
19.
Cats
Cats
24.
Cycles
Cars
Cars
Fans
Or,
Fans
Pigs
Pens

20.
Chalks
Hence, neither I nor II follows.

Pens
Charis
25.
Mats
Hats
Caps
Hats
or,
Caps
Hence, both I and II follows.

21.
Mats
26.
Pillows
Fools
Cups
Intelligent
Great
Hence, eithr I or II follows.
Fans
27.
Stones
Bricks
Trees

Hence, some trees are bicks (II follows).
22.
Roots
Stems
28.
Cities
Villages
Towns
Flowers
It is a special case. Hence, either conclusion I or

conclusion II follows.
Hence, either I or II follows.
29.
Americans
Hence, neither I nor II follows.

23.
Bottles
Visitors
Indian
or
Visitors
Indians
Bricks
Pencils
30.
Adults
Boys
Old
Hence, I and II follow.



Syllogism
31.
37.
Ornaments
Mirrors
Books
Gems
Pearls
Tables

Aliter It is a special case hence, either conclusion
I or conclusion II follows.
Hence, I follows.
38.
Books
32.
Girls
Days
Dreams
Flowers

Aliter It is special case. Hence, either conclusion
I or conclusion II follows.
Nights
39.

33.
Aeroplanes
Living beings
Pencisl
Ghosts
Papers
Pens
Hence, either I or II follow.

Aliter Its conclusions belong to special case.
Hence, both follow.

34.
40.
Rich
Jugs
Doctors
Fools
or
Cups
Doctors
Fools

Aliter It is a special case. Hence, either can
conclusion I or conclusion II follows.
Plates
Hence, II follows.
41.
35.
Poles
Roads
Cloths
Marbles
Bags
House

Hence, conclusion I or conclusion II follows.
42.
Tortoise
Fish
36.
Crocodile

Black
Stones
43.
Doors
Cups
Windows
Wall

Hence, only I follows


Syllogism
44.
52.
Gentleman
Chairs
Poor
Rich

Aliter Its conclusions belong to a special case.

53.
45.
Bats
Crow
Parrot
Book
Pens
Sky
Windows
Pencil
Hence, only III follows.

Hence, either I or II is true.
54.
Trees
Planets
46.
Bat
Ball
Stars
Wicket
Hence, either I nor II follows.

47.
Boys
Teachers
Hence, only II and IV follow.
Students
55.
Sticks

48.
Books
Toys
Chairs
Red

49.
Whites
Whites
Black
Green
or
Shoes
Green Black
56.
Horses

Hence, either conclusions I or conclusion II follows.
Dogs
Buses
50.
Pens
Pencils
Fruits
Hence, only I, II and IV follows.

57.
Birds
51.
Doors
Mangoes
Tigers
Rats
s
ana
Ban
Hence, both III and IV follow.
Hence, only I and IV follows.



Syllogism
63.
58.
Paper
Ball
Horses
Round
Hence, either I or III and IV follows.

Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion IV follows.
59.
Pens
Hence, only I and IV follow.

64.
Towns
Knives
Roads
Trains
Trains
Chair
Trees
or, Chair
Trees
Maps
65.
Rivers
Roads
Hence, either I or III and II follows.

Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion III follows.
Buses
60.
Pencils
Trees
Pens
Hence, all follow.

61.
66.
Toys
Bags
Hence, either I or II and IV follows.

Black
67.
Books
Copies
Yellow
Green
Organes
68.
Apples
Papers
Here special case can be applied for conclusion I

and III also for conclusion II and conclusion IV.
Hence, either I or III and II or IV follow.
Green
Papers
62.
Pens
Cups
Cups
Glasses
Pens
Pens
or,
Jugs
Bananas
Glasses
Jugs
Pens
Cups
or,
Glasses
Jugs
Hence, only I and IV follow.



Syllogism
69.
74.
Fresh
Apples
ACS
Watermelon
Potatoes
ECS
DCS
Hence, I and IV follows.
YYS
75.
Hence, either I or II and III follows.

70.
Pencils
Newspapers
Radios
Televisions
Magazine
Pens
Hence, either II or III follows.

71.
Simple
Intelligent
Clips
Erasers
Hence, either I or II and either III or IV follows.
Fools
76.
Crooks
Books
Conclusion I and II follow special case. Hence,

either I or conclusion II follow. Also from Venndiagram conclusion III follows.
Black
77.
Black
Doors
Windows
Brown
Insects
Butterflies
Snakes
Hence, all follows.

73.
Plastic
Hence, either II or III follows.
72.
Birds
Papers
Hence, either I or IV and III follows.

78.
Typists
Lady fingers
Orange
Engineers
Brinjals
Doctors
Apples
Teachers
None follows.
Hence, only I, II and III follow.


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I. All beams are logs.

I. If it rains he will not come.

I. Either he is brave or he is strong.

It consists of four parts.

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Some A are not B

Rules for Deriving the Conclusions from Two Given Premises

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4. Particular negative or O-type proposition.

Types of Questions Asked in the Examination

Type 1 Pr emises in Specified Forms

I. All men are girls.

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I. All mangoes are chairs.

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I. Some boys are thieves.

Here conclusion I follows but the conclusion II cannot follow.

I. All Lotus are flowers.

It is clear from the given Venn-diagrams either conclusion I or II must be followed.

All gardens are schools.

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I. Some cups are spoons.

It is clear from both given Venn-diagrams that no conclusion is followed.

I. Some pubs are cows.

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I. No pubs are kitten.

It is clear from the Venn-diagram representation that conclusion I follows.

I. Some cameras are radios.

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Spe c ial C ase s

I. All vegetables are green.

I. Some fruits are vegetables.

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It is clear from the above diagrams that only conclusion I follows.

All halls are tyres.

(b) Only I follows

I. Some cars are wheels. It can be seen from Venn-diagram.

Some pictures are frames.

(b) Only II and III follow

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I. Does not follow.

Some ice are rings.

(b) Only I and II follow

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If only conclusion I follows

All stones are water.

Directions (Q. Nos. 14 to 24) In each question below

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I. All film stars are playback

Directions (Q. Nos. 25 to 40) In each of the question

conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take

If only conclusion or I follows