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Use this booklet to help you revise the chemistry you have studied in Key Stage
3.
There are quizzes you can use to test yourself, and diagrams to remind you of
key ideas.
Why not make a list of questions to test your friends with, or try and make a
mind map of some of the key ideas?
Remember- a little and often is the best way to revise!
Contents
Atoms and elements
Atoms and elements quiz
Compounds and mixtures
Compounds and mixtures quiz
Chemical reactions
Chemical reactions quiz
Rock cycle
Rock cycle quiz
An element is a simple substance that cannot be split into anything simpler by chemical reactions. Atoms
are the smallest particles of an element that can exist. Atoms of one element are all the same, and are
different from atoms of all the other elements.
There are over 100 different elements. All the elements are shown in the Periodic Table. Each element
has a chemical symbol, which is usually one or two letters. A symbol is written with the first letter as a
capital, and the second letter is small.
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrogen
gold
Au
silver
Ag
copper
Cu
aluminium
Al
The properties of a substance are the words that we use to describe it, or measurements that we can
make on it. Metals and non-metals have different properties.
Metals
Non-metals
shiny
dull
flexible
brittle
Compounds
Elements can join together to make compounds. The name of the compound tells you the elements that
are in it. Compounds made from two elements always have a name which ends in -ide.
These elements join together
carbon, oxygen
carbon dioxide
sodium, chlorine
sodium chloride
magnesium, oxygen
magnesium oxide
A chemical formula tells you the name and number of atoms in a compound. The smallest particle of many
compounds is called a molecule. Molecules are made up of atoms. Some elements are also made of
molecules. For example, a molecule of oxygen contains two oxygen atoms joined together. The formula is
O2.
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
a lump of bronze
(an alloy of copper and tin)
1.
The element that makes up most of the mass of your body is:
A
oxygen.
B
carbon.
C
calcium.
D
hydrogen.
Chemical elements:
A
are always solids.
B
are either solids or liquids.
C
are always gases.
D
can be solids, liquids or gases.
Compounds
Elements can join together to make compounds. A compound contains two or more elements joined
together. The name of the compound tells you the elements that are in it. Compounds made from two
elements always have a name which ends in -ide.
Many compounds exist as atoms attached to each other in small groups molecules.
A molecule of water.
The chemical formula tells you the numbers of atoms of each element in a compound. Each element in
the chemical formula is shown by its chemical symbol. For example:
Chemical reactions
Compounds can react chemically by mixing them with other chemicals, or by using heat or electricity. You
can tell that a chemical reaction has occurred if there is a colour change or when a gas is given off.
Most chemical reactions also involve an energy change. This is usually in the form of heat, but can also
involve light being given off, for example, in burning (combustion).
In a chemical reaction a new substance is always formed. Most chemical reactions are not easily reversed
(they are irreversible).
Some chemical reactions take place just by mixing. When you make a solid by mixing two liquids, the solid
is called a precipitate.
Other chemical reactions need energy to start them off. This energy can be in the form of heat, light or
electricity. When you use energy to split up compounds they are decomposed.
We can write word equations to show a chemical reaction. The chemicals that you start with are called
the reactants. The chemicals at the end are called the products. For example:
magnesium + oxygen
reactants
magnesium oxide
product
Physical changes
Mixtures
Elements and compounds can also be mixed together. A mixture is easier to separate than the elements in
a compound. Soil, river water and sea water are examples of mixtures that occur naturally.
Elements and compounds melt and boil at a fixed temperature. Mixtures do not have definite melting
points and boiling points.
Air is a mixture of gases most of the air is nitrogen and oxygen. The gases in the air can be separated by
fractional distillation.
An atom is:
A
the smallest particle that can exist.
B
a group of particles that are all the same.
C
the smallest particle of a compound that exists under normal conditions.
D
the smallest particle of an element that exists under normal conditions.
A molecule is:
A
the smallest particle that can exist.
B
the smallest particle of an element that can exist.
C
two or more atoms chemically joined together.
D
the same as an atom.
How many different elements are there in the compound with the formula NH3?
A
one
B
two
C
three
D
four
Which of these things does not show that a reaction has occurred?
A
The mixture gets hotter.
B
The substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
C
The mixture changes colour.
D
Bubbles of gas form in the mixture.
The substances that you get at the end of a chemical reaction are called:
A
reactants.
B
chemicals.
C
products.
D
gases.
The properties of a substance are the words that we use to describe it, or measurements that we can
make on it. Metals and non-metals have different properties.
Metals
Non-metals
are shiny
are dull
are brittle
Using metals
Metals and non-metals have different uses because of their different properties.
Many metals react with acids. Some unreactive metals will only react very slowly with strong acids, some
will not react at all. Some metals are more reactive and explode when added to acid.
When a metal reacts with an acid, hydrogen gas is given off. The reaction also produces a compound
called a salt.
There are three main types of salt:
Chlorides are made when hydrochloric acid is used.
Sulphates are made when sulphuric acid is used.
Nitrates are made when nitric acid is used.
salt + hydrogen
For example:
hydrochloric acid + zinc
We can test for hydrogen by putting a burning splint into a test tube of gas. If hydrogen is present, it will
explode with a squeaky pop.
Bases
Bases are compounds which react with acids. All metal oxides, metal hydroxides and metal carbonates
are bases. Bases which dissolve in water are called alkalis (e.g. sodium hydroxide).
A metal oxide or a metal hydroxide reacts with an acid to form water and a salt. This reaction is called
neutralisation.
The general equation is:
acid + metal oxide
(or hydroxide)
salt + water
For example:
hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide
sulphuric acid + copper oxide
We can check to see if neutralisation has occurred using universal indicator. The pH of the solution gets
closer to neutral (pH7).
Patterns of reactivity
Metals may react with substances around them in the environment such as air,
water and acids.
Some metals react very easily or quickly, such as Potassium or Sodium. They are reactive. Other metals do
not react very easily and are described as unreactive. The most reactive metals are found on the left-hand
side of the Periodic Table. Less reactive metals are found in the centre of the Periodic Table.
Some gases are more reactive than others. In the air, oxygen is the most reactive gas. Nitrogen is not very
reactive. When metals react with the oxygen in the air they form oxides.
metal + oxygen
metal oxide
The metals that react quickly with air also tend to react with water. When metals react with water they
form hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide.
metal + water
The metals that react with water also react very quickly with acids. Some metals that dont react with
water do react with acids. When metals react with acids, they produce hydrogen and a salt.
metal + acid
salt + hydrogen
The name of the salt formed depends on the name of the acid:
Reactivity Series
Metals can be arranged in a Reactivity Series. The most reactive metals are placed at the top of the table.
More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds. In a displacement reaction,
the more reactive metal will form a compound, and the less reactive metal is left on its own as the pure
element.
For example, iron is more reactive than copper, so it will displace copper from a compound.
iron + copper chloride
Zinc is more reactive than iron, so iron will not displace zinc from a compound.
iron + zinc chloride
no reaction
You can use displacement reactions to work out the position of a metal in the Reactivity Series. For
instance, zinc will displace lead from a compound, so we know that zinc is more reactive than lead.
The Reactivity Series can also be used to predict whether reactions will occur.
The reactivity of metals can be linked to their uses. Metals used for construction need to have a low
reactivity, otherwise they will corrode away. Some metals, such as aluminium, have a natural protective
oxide layer. Others, such as iron, have to be protected from corrosion, e.g. by painting.
Many low reactivity metals have been known for hundreds or thousands of years. They can be extracted
by heating their compounds in a fire.
More reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis. This means that they have only been discovered in the
last two hundred years, since the invention of the
electric battery.
Which of the following is the correct way to test for hydrogen gas?
A
Bubble the gas through limewater.
B
Bubble the gas through universal indicator solution.
C
Put a glowing splint into a tube of the gas (the splint will burn brightly).
D
Put a burning splint into a tube of the gas (the gas will explode with a squeaky pop).
Which of the following is not needed to make a prediction about the products of a reaction between
a metal and an acid?
A
general information about the reactions between metals and acids
B
information about the properties of the metal
C
the name of the metal used
D
the name of the acid used
When some acid is put onto a piece of rock:
A
it always reacts and gives off a gas.
B
it reacts if the rock contains a carbonate.
C
it always reacts explosively and shatters the rock.
D
it wont react.
The best test for carbon dioxide uses:
A
universal indicator solution.
B
a burning splint.
C
litmus paper.
D
limewater.
The Earth is continually changing. Rocks are weathered and eroded and new rocks are being
formed. The processes which make rocks, weather them and change them are linked together in
the rock cycle.
Sedimentary rocks
Rock fragments, formed as a result of weathering and erosion, are transported by rivers, and the
fragments get worn down. Small rock fragments are called grains. When the water slows down, some of
the grains are deposited at the bottom of rivers, lakes or seas, and form sediment.
Layers of sediment collect on the sea bed, and the bottom layers get squashed. The grains of sediment are
forced closer together (compacted) and the water is squeezed out from between the grains. Minerals in
the sediment glue the grains of rock together (cementation). Eventually, sedimentary rock is formed.
The composition of sedimentary rocks varies and depends on the way they were formed. For example,
there are different types of limestone chalk is formed from the shells of microscopic animals, coquina is
formed from larger shell fragments and oolite is formed from sediments deposited when sea water
evaporated.
If any animals or plants get trapped in the sediment, they may form fossils.
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary or igneous rocks can be changed by heat or pressure into new kinds of rock, called
metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have different properties from the sedimentary or igneous rocks
they were made from.
Which statement describes some of the ways in which metamorphic rocks are different from
sedimentary rocks?
A
Metamorphic rocks do not contain crystals and are very porous.
B
Metamorphic rocks are softer, more porous and have large grains.
C
Metamorphic rocks may be harder, less porous and have crystals which may be lined up.
D
Metamorphic rocks are softer, less porous and may contain clear fossils.