Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Overview
On September 26, the Americans began their strike towards Sedan in the south; British and Belgian divisions drove towards Ghent (Belgium) on the 27th, and
then British and French armies attacked across northern
France on the 28th. The scale of the overall oensive,
bolstered by the fresh and eager but largely untried and
inexperienced U.S. troops, signaled renewed vigor among
the Allies and sharply dimmed German hopes for victory.
1
backs, attacked and captured their objectives (including Montbrehain village) along a six-kilometre section
of the Line between Bellicourt and Vendhuille, which
was centred around an underground section of the St.
Quentin Canal and came to be known as the Battle of St.
Quentin Canal. Although the capture of the heights above
the Beaurevoir Line by October 10, marking a complete
breach in the Hindenburg Line, was arguably of greater
immediate signicance,[5] the important U.S. contribution to the victory at the St. Quentin Canal is less well
remembered in the United States than Meuse-Argonne.
3 Objective
The American forces initially consisted of fteen divisions of the U.S. First Army commanded by then-General
John J. Pershing until October 16, and then by Lieutenant
General Hunter Liggett.[6] The logistics were planned
and directed by then-Colonel George C. Marshall. The
French forces next to them consisted of 31 divisions including the Fourth Army (under Henri Gouraud) and the
Fifth Army (under Henri Mathias Berthelot).[7] The U.S.
divisions of the AEF were oversized (16 battalions per
division versus the French/British/German 9 battalions
per division), being up to twice the size of other Allies
battle-depleted divisions upon arrival, but the French and
other Allied divisions had been partly replenished prior
to the Grand Oensive, so both the U.S. and French
contributions in troops were considerable. Most of the
heavy equipment (tanks, artillery, aircraft) was provided
by the European Allies. For the Meuse-Argonne front
alone, this represented 2,780 artillery pieces, 380 tanks
and 840 planes. As the battle progressed, both the Americans and the French brought in reinforcements. Eventually, 22 American divisions would participate in the
battle at one time or another, representing two full eld
armies.[8] Other French forces involved included the 2nd
Colonial Corps, under Henri Claudel, which had also
fought alongside the AEF at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel
earlier in September 1918.
3
of adjacent units. On September 29, six extra German
divisions were deployed to oppose the American attack,
with the 5th Guards and 52nd Division counterattacking the 35th Division, which had run out of food and
ammunition during the attack. The Germans initially
made signicant gains but were barely repulsed by the
35th Divisions 110th Engineers, 128th Machine Gun
Battalion and Harry Truman's Battery D, 129th Field Artillery. In the words of Pershing, We were no longer
engaged in a maneuver for the pinching out of a salient,
but were necessarily committed, generally speaking, to a
direct frontal attack against strong, hostile positions fully
manned by a determined enemy.[9] The German counterattack had shattered so much of the 35th Division, a
poorly led division (most of its key leaders were replaced
shortly before the attack) made up of National Guard
units from Missouri and Kansas, that it had to be relieved
early - though remnants of the division subsequently reentered the battle.[10][11] Part of the adjacent French attack met temporary confusion when one of its generals
died, however it was able to advance nine miles, penetrating deeply into the German lines, especially around
Somme-Py (the Battle of Somme-Py (French: Bataille
de Somme-Py)) and northwest of Reims (the Battle of
Saint-Thierry (French: Bataille de Saint-Thierry)).[7]
The initial progress of the French forces was thus faster
than the two to ve miles gained by the adjacent American units (however, the French units were ghting in a
more open terrain, which is easier to attack).[2]
328th Infantry Regiment of 82nd Infantry Division line of advance in capture of Hill 223 on October 7, 1918.
and a half miles against the 37th, 52nd, and 5th Guards
Divisions. It was during this phase that the Lost Battalion aair occurred. The battalion was rescued due to an
attack by the 28th and 82nd Divisions (the 82nd attacking soon after taking up its positions in the gap between
the 28th and 1st Divisions) on October 7. The Americans launched a series of costly frontal assaults that nally
broke through the main German defenses (the Kriemhilde
Stellung of the Hindenburg Line) between 1417 October
(the Battle of Montfaucon (French: Bataille de Montfaucon)). By the end of October, US troops had advanced
ten miles and had nally cleared the Argonne Forest. On
their left the French had advanced twenty miles, reaching
the Aisne River.[2] It was during the opening of this operation, on October 8, that Corporal (later Sergeant) Alvin
York made his famous capture of 132 German prisoners
near Cornay.[12]
6 Third phase:
November 11
The second phase of the battle began on 4 October, during which time all of the original phase one assault divisions (the 91st, 79th, 37th and 35th) of the U.S. V Corps
were replaced by the 32nd, 3rd and 1st Divisions. The 1st
Division created a gap in the lines when it advanced one
October 28 to
By October 31, the Americans had advanced 15 kilometers and had nally cleared the Argonne Forest. On their
left the French had advanced 30 kilometers, reaching the
River Aisne. The American forces reorganized into two
armies. The First, led by General Liggett, would continue to move to the Carignan-Sedan-Mezieres Railroad.
The Second Army, led by Lieutenant General Robert L.
Bullard, was directed to move eastward towards Metz.
The two U.S. armies faced portions of 31 German divisions during this phase. The American troops captured
German defenses at Buzancy, allowing French troops to
cross the River Aisne, whence they rushed forward, capturing Le Chesne (the Battle of Chesne (French: Bataille du Chesne)).[13] In the nal days, the French forces
conquered the immediate objective, Sedan and its critical
railroad hub (the Advance to the Meuse (French: Pousse vers la Meuse)), on November 6 and American forces
REFERENCES
captured surrounding hills. On November 11, news of In an interview, Paul von Hindenburg stated, So I must
the German armistice put a sudden end to the ghting.
really say that the British food blockade and the American blow in the Argonne decided the war for the allies.
and that "... without the American troops and despite a
food blockade... the war could have ended in a sort of
7 The battles place in history
stalemate.[17]
8 See also
American Order of Battle Meuse-Argonne Oensive
Code talker
9 References
10
Further reading
11
11
11.1
11.2
Images
File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based o of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk contribs)
File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_104-0153,_Argonnen,_Soldaten_beim_Wasserholen.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/02/Bundesarchiv_Bild_104-0153%2C_Argonnen%2C_Soldaten_beim_Wasserholen.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation
project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the
digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown
File:Cimetire_amricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/48/Cimeti%C3%A8re_am%C3%A9ricain_de_Romagne-sous-Montfaucon_-_1918_-_France.JPG License: CC-BY-SA3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Destruction_at_Argonne_after_WW1.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Destruction_
at_Argonne_after_WW1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: US Navy Ports of the World, Paris, from Archive.org.
http://ia600501.us.archive.org/14/items/parisfrance00unit/parisfrance00unit.pdf Original artist: US Navy
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Recoloured Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg Original artist: User:B1mbo and User:Madden
File:Hannover_CL_IIIa,_Forest_of_Argonne,_France,_1918_(restored).jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Hannover_CL_IIIa%2C_Forest_of_Argonne%2C_France%2C_
1918_%28restored%29.jpg
License:
Public
domain
Contributors:
German_plane_C.L._111_A_389218_brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners,_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif
<a
href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_
machine_gunners,_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif' class='image'><img alt='German plane C.L. 111 A 3892-18
brought down in the Argonne by American machine gunners, between Montfaucon and... - NARA - 530765.tif' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_
gunners%2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif/lossy-page1-50px-German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_
down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners%2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif.jpg'
width='50'
height='39' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_down_in_
the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners%2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif/lossy-page1-75px-German_
plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners%2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_
NARA_-_530765.tif.jpg
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_
brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners%2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif/
lossy-page1-100px-German_plane_C.L._111_A_3892-18_brought_down_in_the_Argonne_by_American_machine_gunners%
2C_between_Montfaucon_and..._-_NARA_-_530765.tif.jpg 2x' data-le-width='3000' data-le-height='2349' /></a>
Original artist:
derivative work: Keraunoscopia
File:Hill_223,_Meuse-Argonne_Offensive.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Hill_223%2C_
Meuse-Argonne_Offensive.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.army.mil/-images/2007/10/07/7982/ Original artist:
U.S. Army Military History Institute
11.3
Content license
File:Meuse-Argonne_Offensive_-_Map.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Meuse-Argonne_
Offensive_-_Map.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:MontfauconArgonne081710.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/MontfauconArgonne081710.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wilson44691
File:Red_Hand_Division.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Red_Hand_Division.jpg License: GFDL
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chevalier Henri Goybet arrire petit ls de Mariano
File:US_flag_48_stars.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/US_flag_48_stars.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber
11.3
Content license