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ECE 350 Lecture Notes
ZT
Z in
ZL
/4
(2)
ZT2 = Z0 ZL ) ZT = Z0 Zl :
If Z0 and ZL are both real, then ZT is real, and we can use a lossless line
to perform the matching. If ZL is complex, it can be made real by adding a
section of line to it.
Z0
ZT
Zin
Z0
Z1
/4
1
ZL
Example
Given that ZL = (30 + j 40), Z0 = 50, nd the shortest l and ZT so that
the above circuit is matched. Assume that ZT is real and lossless.
We want Z1 to be real and Zin to be Z0 = 50 in order for ZT to be real
and the matching condition satised. We nd that ZnL = 0:6+ j 0:8. In order
to make Zn1 real, the shortest l from the Smith Chart is 8 . Then Zn1 = 3:0,
and Z1 = 150. Since Zin = 50, we need
j2
Z nL
l= 8
j0.2
0.2
0.5
Z n1
j0.2
j0.5
j2
j1
ZS
Y(d)
VSWR > 1 ZL
Zin
VS
Shorted
Stub
l, Z0
(3)
(4)
An open-circuited stub can also be used, and the impedance and admittance
are given by
Zop = ;jZ0 cot l
(5)
Yop = jY0 tan l:
(6)
j1
j0.5
j2
Y(-d)
j0.2
0.216
0.2
Z nL
0.5
Yshort
YnL
j0.2
0.99
j0.5
j2
j1
Example
3
Ystub
Let ZL = (100+ j 85), nd the minimum d and l that will reduce the VSWR
of the main line to 1. Assume that Z0 = 50.
We nd that the normalized load ZnL = 2 + 1:7j as shown on the Smith
Chart. Since this problem involves parallel connections, it is more convenient
to work with admittances. YnL = Z1nL is as shown. When we move toward
the generator, Yn(z) traces out a locus on the Smith Chart as shown. It
intersects the G = 1 circle as shown, after moving through 0:216. Therefore,
d = 0:216.
Now, Yn(;d) = 1 + j 1:4. Hence, Ynstub = ;j 1:4. From the Smith Chart,
we note that the admittance for a short is innity, and is at the right end of
the Smith Chart. To get a Ynstub = ;j 1:4, we move toward the generator for
0:099. Hence, l = 0:099.
Often time, it is not easy to change d, but quite easy to change l. We
note that both in the quarter wave transformer and the single stub tuner, we
have to change 2 parameters for tuning. We can provide these 2 degrees of
freedom by using two stubs, changing their length, but not their positions.
(c) Double Stub Tuning (optional reading)
Both single stub tuning and quarter wave transformer matching require
changing the location of the stub or the transformer. In practice, this is
dicult, and a double stub tuning removes the diculty.
3
Z0
Z0
A
Y1
B
Y2
1, Z 0
2, Z 0
Stub 1
Stub 2
ZL
Rotation by
C2
C1
Yn2
All possible values of Yn2 by
transforming from all possible
values of Yn1 by 3.
P
Yn1 = 1
Yn1 Ynstub1
C3
Q
(25:1)
VS
= 10 V
z=
z=0
. Find VSWR on the line, and if l is allowed to vary arbitrarily, nd the
maximum voltage on the line.
5
/2
Vs
Vmin
z=
dmin