0

International Standard @$
7724/
1
a4gb4
,NTERNAT,ONAL

ORGAN,ZAT,ON

FOR STANDARDIZATION*MEX,WHAPO,,HAfl

Paints and vainishes

Part 1: Principles
Peintures et vernis -

First edition

UDC

Colorimdtrie

OPrAHH3AL,MR

flOCTAHflAPTH3AWlM*ORGANlSATlON

Colorimetry

DE NORMALISATION

Partie I: Principes

1984-10-01

Ref. No.

667.6 : 636.66

Descriptors

INTERNATIONALE

: paints,

varnishes,

IS0 7724/l-1984 (E)

calorimetry.

3
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Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International
Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Every member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

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Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to

the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the IS0 Council. They are approved in accordance with IS0 procedures requiring at
least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting.
International Standard IS0 7724/l was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35,
Paints and varnishes.

International

Organization

for Standardization,

1984

Printed in Switzerland

ii

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Contents
Page

..............................................

Introduction..

Scope and field of application

References..

Colour co-ordinates ..........................................

3.1

3.2

.................................

...............................................

Colour co-ordinates in the CIE 1964 supplementary

calorimetric system .....................................

......

......

......

......

......

standard

Colour co-ordinates in the CIE 1976 (L*u* b*) colour space ...

Standardilluminants.................................................

Spectral radiometric characteristics

....................................

5.1

General ...............................................

5.2

Illumination and viewing conditions.

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.......................

......

......

iii

IS0 7724/l-1984 (E)

STANDARD

Paints and varnishes

Part 1: Principles

Colorimetry

IS0 3668, Paints and varnishes colour of paints.

Introduction

This International
parts :

Standard,

IS0 7724, comprises

Visual comparison

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INTERNATIONAL

of the

the following
IS0 i724/2,

Paints and varnishes Colour measurement.

Calorimetry

Part 2 :

Part I : Principles.
IS0 772413, Paints and varnishes
Part 2 : Colour

measurement.

Part 3 : Calculation

of colour

Calorimetry

Part 3:

Calculation of colour differences.

differences.

No. 15, Calorimetry, Official CIE Recommenda-

CIE Publication

tions.
Parts 1, 2 and 3 of IS0 7724 describe
instrumental
determination
of the colour
colour differences of paint films, as required
as

methods
for the
co-ordinates
and
for such purposes

a) the objective description of colour differences between

a test specimen (a test panel coated with a paint, or a
specimen from a painted article) and a reference specimen;

characteristics

b) determining
colour deviations
in the production
of
painted articles so that the results may be used for the
control or regulation of the process;

d)

the objective

supervision

of colour reference

standards.

NOTE - Colour reference standards are subject to ageing, which may

lead in the course of time to pronounced changes in colour. High accuracy calorimetry is required for the timely detection of these
changes. This is of particular importance when ordering against such
reference standards.

Scope and field of application

This part of IS0 7724 describes the calorimetric terms and fundamental requirements
necessary for determining
the colour
co-ordinates
of paint films and related materials.

CIE

No. 2, Recommendations
Color difference equations -

No. 15, Supplement

on uniform color spaces Psychometric color terms.

c) the objective description

of changes in colour caused
by weathering
and other chemical or physical influences;

CIE Publication

Publication

No. 38, Radiometric

and photometric
of materials and their measurement.

Colour co-ordinates

A colour is uniquely characterized for a defined observer and a

defined light source by the co-ordinates
of a point in a space
formed by three mutually perpendicular
vectors. From among
the various colour co-ordinates
recommended
by the Commission lnternationale
de Ilklairage
(CIE), the colour co-ordinates
given in 3.1 and 3.2 are specified for calorimetric measurements
on paint films in accordance with this International
Standard.

3.1
Colour co-ordinates
supplementary
standard

in the CIE 1964

calorimetric
system

The colour co-ordinates

in this system (see CIE Publication
No. 15) are the tristimulus value Ytc and the chromaticity
coordinates xl0 and ylo.
A=24
ylo

= ho

x10

c
A = I

p(A)

j,&)

AA

References
x10

IS0 2813, Paints and varnishes -

Measurement of specular
gloss of non-metallic paint films at 2Q0, W and 85O.

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50
I

xl0

vo

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ZlO

YlO

=
x10

YlO

Go

IS0 7724/l-1984 (E)

The chromaticity
values

co-ordinates

are formed by the tristimulus

qdA) X,,(A) AL,

= ho
c

in the CIE 1976 (L*u*b*)

In comparison with the CIE 1964 calorimetric system (see 3.11,

the colour co-ordinates in the perceptually more uniform
CIE 1976 U,a*b*) colour space (see CIE Publication No. 15
Supplement No. 2) are specified for the evaluation of colour
differences.

A= u
x10

3.2 Colour co-ordinates

colour space

=I

A=u
ZlO

klo c
A=I

6pLU Zlo(L) AA and

yto

The colour co-ordinates are calculated from the following equations :

L* = 116(YlY,)3

where

- 16

for Y/Y,

> 0608856

for Y/Y,

< 0608856

forX/X,

> 0908856

+ 16/l 16 forX/X,

< 0,008856

L+ = 903,3 ( Y/Y)

(p(l) denotes the colour stimulus function, which is the

product of the relative spectral power distribution SA for the
standard illuminant (see clause 4) and the spectral function
that characterizes the reflectance of the paint film (see
clause 5) ;

a = 500 yrX/X,

- jl Y/Y)1

b* = 200 ff( Y/Y,,) - flz/z,)l

~tolo(l), y,,(L) and Go(A)

are the colour-matching functions (see note I) used to define the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer for observation fields of angular subtense
larger than 4O (loo observer) (see table I);

f(XlX,

= (XIX,3

fCXlX,l

= 7,767 CXlX,)

1 and u are the respective summation limits for the shortwave and long-wave limits of the visible spectrum;

fCY/Y,

= (Y/Y)3

An

is the width of the wavelength interval (for the choice

of I and U, and AA, see IS0 772412);

klo is a normalizing factor calculated by using the equation

fC Y/Y,,) = 7,767 (Y/Y,,)

fCZ/Z,

= (Z/Z,)3

f(Z/Z,)

= 7,787 (Z/Z,)

X, Y, Z

4, =

lcn/(~~sAi,o~~,

*j

which causes the tristimulus value Ylofor the perfect reflecting diffuser to assume a value of 100.
In this system, the colour co-ordinates do not provide a perceptually uniform colour space (see 3.2).

+ 16/116

+ 16/116

for Y/Y,

> 0908856

for Y/Y,

< 0,008856

for Z/Z,

> 0.008856

forZ/Z,

< 0.008856

denote the loo tristimulus values of the paint film;

X,, Y,, Z, are the loo tristimulus values of the perfect

reflecting diffuser under the chosen standard illuminant (see
table 2).
NOTE - If 2O tristimulus values are used, L*, a, b* co-ordinates for
the 2O observer will be obtained. The corresponding values for X,, and
Z, can be calculated from the 2O chromaticity co-ordinates for the
standard illuminants D 65 and A (sea CIE Publication No. 151 with
Y = loo.

NOTES
1 The coafficients$,W,
j$M
and Mom ware formerly termed CIE
spectral tristimulus values or CIE trichromatic weighting coafficiants.
2 Colour co-ordinates in the CIE 1931 standard colorimatric system
are defined by analogous equations using the colour-matching functions Ffh 1, y(k) and fiA 1 of the CIE 1931 standard colorimatric
observer for the 2O observation field. Colour-matching functions at
5 nm wavelength intervals are given in CIE Publication No. 15.
The loo observation field corresponds more closely with practice than
the 2O observation field and is consistent with the viewing conditions recommended in IS0 3666 for the visual comparison of the
colour of paints.

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It is sometimes convenient to express colour not in terms of the

rectangular co-ordinates L+,a*, b*, but in terms of the
rectilinear lightness and the polar co-ordinates chroma and hue
(see CIE Publication No. 15 Supplement No. 2).
These may be calculated from L*, a*, b to give
CIE 1976 psychometric

lightness

L*
(a*2 + t)*2)1/2

CIE 1976 a b chroma

qb=

CIE 1976 a b hue angle

h& = arctan (b*la*)

between O and 360

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IS0 7724/l-1984 (E)

Table 1 -

L
nm

qo(A)

Yid4

q&i

0.0007
0,0029
0.0105
0,0323

600
605

11240
1.0991

Of6583
0,=

O,oooO
O,oooO

610
615
620

1,0,9507
0,8563

:%i
0:3961

xi
0:OOOO

O,W20
0,0045

~~

625

igz
0:1406
0,2045

~:~

O,oooO
O,oooO

EE
0:0214

EEi
0:9725

0,7549
0,6475
0,5351
O/l316
0.3437

:Ei
0:1402

EE
0:OOOO

0.2647
0,3147
0,3577
0.3637
0,3867

0,0295
0,0387
0,0496
0,0621
0,0747

0,2043
0.2663

0.0812
0,1076

O,oooO

Ez
1:9673
2;0273

El

0.1122
0,1526

0.0441
0,0603

~~

670

0,0813

0,0318

8:E

i%z
0:1282
0,1526
0,1652

I,9948
1,9007
1,7454
13549
1,3176

675

0,057s

0,0226

O,oooO

iii

0.0266
0,0409

0.0111
0,0159

8:Ei

0,0138
0,0199

0,0054
O,W77

i:E

1,0302
0.7721
0,5701
0,4153
0.3024

E
710
715
720

Ei
0:0046
0,0031
0,0022

0,0026
0.0037
0.0018
0,0012
O,ooo8

X:E

0,2185
0,1592
0,112O
0,=
0.0607

725

0.0015

Ez

O,oooO

735
730

0,0007
0,OOlO

0:WO3

i:E

740
745

0.O,ooo5

0,OoOl
O,ooo2

8:E

750
5;

0,am
0,OoOl
O,oooO

O,oooO

765
770

O.ooo3
0,0002
0,OOol
0.0001
0,OOol

::E

i%i
0:OWO
0.~

;E

8:EE

O,oooO
O.oooO

J$#)

nm

360
z
395

0,0002
0,0007
0,0024
0,0072

O,oooO
0.0001
8:E

0,0191
iii
410
415
420
425
iii
iii

Colour-matching
functions for the IO observer
at 5 nm wavelength
intervals

ii
470

0,3707
0.3430
0,3023
0,2541
0.1956

475

0.1323

iii

Ez
0:0162
0.0051

0,2199
0,2536
0,2977
0,3391
0.=

0,0038
0.0154
0,0375
0,0714
0,1177

0,4608
0.5314
66067
0,6857
0.7618

iii

510
515
520
525
E
Ei
E
Es!!
670
575
Ei
590
595

ii

1,2625

0.0431
0,0305

0.1730
0,=
0.3042
0,3768
0,4516

E%
o:w79
0,9918
0,9991
0,9973
0,9924
0,9556

Ei
0:7052
0,7936
0,6767

8:K

iEz
0:WOO

Ezi
0:OWO

0.9152

0,9512
1,0142
1,0743
1,1185
1,1343

x:Ei
iEi!E
0:7774
0,7204

Kz
0:WOO

Table 2 - 10 tristimulus
values for the perfect
reflecting diffuser for stardard illuminants
D 55 and A

Tristimulus
value

XII
Y"
&I

Standard
I

D0S
94,81
lW,W
107,34

illuminant
1

111.14
lW,W
35,20

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IS0 7724/l-1984 (El

Standard

illuminants

specified for the calorimetric determination

of a special
metamerism index (see clause 5 of IS0 7724/2).

The CIE standard illuminant D 65 which corresponds to natural

daylight at a correlated colour temperature of about 6 500 K
(see CIE Publication No. 15). should be specified for colour
measurements in accordance with this International Standard.
NOTE - Thestandard illuminant C corresoondstonaturaldavlightata
correlated colourtemperature of6 744 K. Its spectral distribution does
not approach that of natural daylight so closely as that of standard
illuminant D 65, especially in the ultraviolet region.

The standard illuminant A, which represents the light of a

tungsten lamp and corresponds in its spectral distribution to a
perfect black body at a temperature of 2 656 K, should be

Numerical values for the relative spectral power distribution

of standard illuminants D 65 and A are given in table 3.

Spectral

5.1

WO
52,3

zi
410
415
420

Of the various possible spectral radiometric characteristics that

describe the reflecting properties of materials (see CIE Publication No. 361, the three characteristics defined in 5.1 .l to 5.1.3
are used in this part of IS0 7724 for paint film calorimetry.

440
446
E
480
486
470
475

Fig
2:
91:5
92.5
93,4

14,71
16,15
1766
19,29
21,00

2;
95:8
104,9
110,9

22,79
24.67
2664
28.70
30.85

117.0
117.4
117,8
116.3
114.9

a~
35,41
37,81
w=
42,87

SA,
Ds6
8W
:z

%, A

8717

129,04
132.70
136.35
13999
143,62

625
630
635
640
645

85,5
83,3
83,5
83,7
81,9

147.23
150.84
154,42
15798
161,52

656
655

80,O
W1

Ei
670

81,2
823

802

16593
168.51
171.96
17538
178.77

675

80,3
78,3
740
69,7
70,7

182,12
18543
18670
191,93
195,12

FE
610
615
620

ii!

893

iii

2%
51:cM
53,91
=m

700
705
710
715
720

71,6
73,0
74,3
68.0
61.6

198,26
201.36
204,41
207,41
210,36

E
510
515
520

109,4
108.6
107,8
106,3
104.8

2:
88:06
69,25
72,50

725
730
735
740
745

213.27
216,12
218.92
221.67
224.36

106.2
107.7
106,o
104,4
104,2

75,79
79,13
82,52
86,95
89,41

65,7
a9
72,5
75,l
69,3

750
755
760
765
770

636

227,00
229.59
232.12
234.59
237,Ol

104,o
102.0
100.0

92,91
=AJ
100,OO
10356
107,18

525
630
535
E
550
555
E
570
575
580
585
E

SAof standard
intervals

115.4
115,9
112,4
108,8
109,l

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1
nm

g.@J

10.90
1269
13,35

425

ii!

sA, A

characteristics

General

Table 3 - Relative spectral power distribution

illuminants
D 65 and A at 5 nm wavelength

sA,DlS

radiometric

98.2
96,3
2:
92:2

S,

775
760

55,0
46,4

56.6
333

61

239,37
24166

63.4

11060
11444
118.08
121,73
12539

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IS0 7724/l-1994 (E)

In the directional illumination and viewing beams the angle between the beam axis and any ray shall not exceed 5O.

5.1 .l spectral reflectance factor R (1) : The ratio of the radiant flux reflected in the directions within a given cone to that
reflected in the same directions by a perfect reflecting diffuser
identically irradiated in the observed wavelength
interval.

The diffuse illumination

and viewing takes place in an integrating sphere with an internal coating chosen such that the
light is diffused by the wall of the sphere uniformly and nonselectively with respect to wavelength.
The total area of the
sample port of the integrating sphere shall not exceed 10 % of
the total internal reflecting sphere area.

NOTE - In contrast to the recommendations of the CIE (see CIE

Publication No. 15), this part of IS0 7724 specifies the spectral reflectance factor instead of the spectral radiance factor. The instruments
commercially available are not suitable for accurate measurement of
the spectral radiance factor because of systematic errors caused by the
divergence of the reflected light beams.

spectral

diant flux
interval.

5.1.3

reflectance

to the

spectral

incident

diffuse

p(A): The ratio of the reflected raflux in the observed wavelength

It has proved practical to use only gloss traps which exclude at

least 95 % of the light reflected by a highly polished black glass
plate. These traps should be tested using a primary standard
with a refractive index of between 150 and 155 as specified in
IS0 2913 for the measurement
of specular gloss. The quotient
of the spectral reflectances
of the higly polished black glass
plate measured with and without gloss trap shall fulfil the condition

reflectance

e(d) (1) : The ratio of the

reflected
radiant flux to the incident flux in the observed
wavelength interval measured with the specularly reflected light
(gloss) excluded.

5.2 illumination

and viewing

conditions

The various modes for measuring the reflected radiation to be

specified for colour measurements
in accordance with this International
Standard are listed in table 4.

Table 4 - Spectral

radiometric

@(d)8/d(a)

characteristics

Spectral radiometric
characteristics

Spectral
reflectance
Spectral
diffuse
reflectance

The possibility
considered.

0,05

for calorimetry
Measurement

Symbol

Spectral
reflectance
factor

<

for any wavelength.

@8ld(a)

Illumination

of paint films

conditions

Viewing
directional
00 f 100

Designation
(Abbreviation)
45O/normal
(45/O)

&5/O(A)

directional
450 iT 50

R0/45(1)

directional*
00 zk 100

directional
450 + 50

normal/45O
(O/45)

Rd18(A)

diffuse,
integrating
sphere

directional**
8 +_ 2O

diffuse/8O
(d/81

Rtd) d/8(l)

diffuse,
integrating
sphere
with
gloss trap

directional*
8= I 2O

diffuse/8O
(d/8)
specular
reflection
excluded

@B/d(l)

directional**
8O zk 2O

diffuse,
integrating
sphere

e(d) B/d(l)

directional
8O 1 2

diffuse,
integrating
sphere
with
gloss trap

8Ofdiffuse
(8/d)
specular
reflection
excluded

and the illuminating

optics

of interreflections

between

a high

gloss

specimen

8/diffuse
(8/d)

should

be

**
This is contrary to the recommendations
of the CIE (see CIE Publication
No. 15) which permits the illumination or the viewing normal to the specimen (measurement
conditions O/d and d/O). The illumination
or observation angle with a small defined deviation from zero as specified in this part of IS0 7724 prevents interreflections
between the specimen and the illuminating
or viewing optics when measuring
high gloss specimens.

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5.1.2

Specularly reflected light can be partly suppressed for the illumination and viewing conditions 8/d and d/8 by means of a
gloss trap. The results of the measurements
are dependent on
the size, the position, and the structure of the gloss trap.

5
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