Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 20

1. Clara Barton
Clarissa Harlowe "Clara" Barton was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, and
humanitarian. She has been described as having a "strong and independent spirit" and is
best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross.
2. William H. Seward
William Henry Seward, Sr. was a Governor of New York, United States Senator
and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
An outspoken opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American
Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican party in its formative years, and
was widely regarded as the leading contender for the party's presidential nomination in
1860 – yet his very outspokenness may have cost him the nomination. Despite his loss,
he became a loyal member of Lincoln's wartime cabinet, and played a role in preventing
foreign intervention early in the war. On the night of Lincoln's assassination, he survived
an attempt on his life in the conspirators' effort to decapitate the Union government. As
Johnson's Secretary of State, he engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia in an act
that was ridiculed at the time as "Seward's Folly," but which exemplified his character.
3. Edwin M. Stanton
Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an
American lawyer, politician, United States Attorney General in 1860-61 and Secretary of
War through most of the American Civil War and Reconstruction era.
4. Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter is a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston
harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating
the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.
5. “Johnny Reb”
Johnny Reb or Johnny Rebel was the slang term for any Confederate soldier, or the
Confederate Army as a whole, during the American Civil War.
6. “Billy Yank”
Billy Yank is the personification of the Northern states of the United States, or less
generally, the Union during the American Civil War. The latter part of his name is
derived from yankee, a slang term for Americans in general and for inhabitants of
northeastern states in particular. Political cartoonists used Billy Yank and his Confederate
counterpart Johnny Rebel to symbolize the combatants in the American Civil War of the
1860s.
7. Draft Riots
The New York Draft Riots were violent disturbances in New York City that were the
culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the
ongoing American Civil War. The riots were the largest civil insurrection in American
history apart from the Civil War itself. President Abraham Lincoln sent several regiments
of militia and volunteer troops to control the city. Although not the majority, many of
those arrested had Irish names, according to the lists compiled by Adrian Cook in his
"Armies of the Streets." The protesters were overwhelmingly working class men;
resentful because they believed the draft unfairly affected them while sparing wealthier
men, who could afford to pay a $300.00 Commutation Fee to exclude themselves from its
reach.
8. Border States
In the context of the American Civil War, the term border states refers to the five
slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia, which
bordered a free state and were aligned with the Union. All but Delaware share borders
with states that joined the Confederacy.
9. Alabama

10. Union
During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal
government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three states which
were not part of the secession attempt by the 11 states that tried to form the Confederacy.
Although the Union states included the Western states of California, Oregon, and (after
1864) Nevada, as well as states generally considered to be part of the Midwest, the Union
has been also often loosely referred to as "the North", both then and now.
11. Confederacy
A confederation is an association of sovereign member states, that by treaty have
delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate
their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the
member states. Under international law, a confederation respects the sovereignty of its
members and its constituting treaty can only be changed by unanimous agreement.

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