1. Explain the term EDM and principle of EDM?

ANS: EDM(Electronic Distance Measurement) is a general term comprising the

measurement of distance using electronic methods.
Principle: - In electronic distance measurement the distance b/w two points can
be measured by observation of time taken for electromagnetic waves which
generated at one point and travel to other point get reflected and returned to the
first point. By using Electromagnetic waves an accuracy of upto 1 X 105, over
ranges upto 100 km is obtained.
2. Write short notes on Distomats?
ANS:

Distomat is a registered trade name used by wild for their electronic

distance measurement instruments. It has more advantages over the other EDM
instruments.
The different models of distomats are
1. DISTOMAT DI 1000
2. DISTOMAT DI 5S
3. DISTOMAT DI 3000
4. DISTOMAT DIOR 3002
5. TACHYMET TC 2000
3. Define the term Total station?
ANS:

An electronic total station instruments consists of an EDM and an

electronic theodolite built as one unit. It also includes a data collector. A total
station can be used for various for various types of surveys such as Horizontal
angles, vertical angles, slope distances, difference in heights, etc.
The different models of total stations are :1. Tachymat TC 2000
2. Leica TCA 1800
3. Nikon C 100

4. What is GPS? State any six applications of GPS in civil engineering?

ANS:

The Global positioning system (GPS) is a technology, which

provides unequalled accuracy and flexibility of positioning for navigation,

surveying and GIS data capture. The GPS provides continuous three
dimensional positioning 24 hours a day throughout the world. The GPS
NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite timing and ranging global positioning system) is
a satellite based navigation, timing and positioning system.
The following are the uses and applications of GPS are :
a) It is used to support land, seas and air borne investigation.
b) It is used in surveying geophysical exploration.
c) It is used in topographical surveys.
d) It is used in plotting of contours from collected data.
e) It is used in determining co-ordinates of photo centers in aerial mapping
layout works etc.
5. Define GIS?
ANS:

Geographic information system is a computer based system for

collecting, storing, presenting and analyzing geographical spatial information.

GIS is much more advanced than computer aided design. The basic output of a
GIS is a map.
The components of GIS are
1. Computer hardware
2. A set of application software modules and
3. A proper organizational context.
6. Write down the applications of GIS in Civil Engineering?
ANS: Following are the some of the applications of GIS in Civil Engineering
i.

Environmental Planning: It includes identifying and evaluating

environmental hazards, Air/Water quality modelling and monitoring,
waste disposal etc.

ii.

Local Administration:

It

includes

land

use

inventory

and

planning, census operations, tax managements, engineering analysis,

etc.
iii.

Transport Planning:

It includes design and construction of

Highways, fleet monitoring and navigation, analysis of accident prone

areas, etc.
iv.

Business Applications:

It includes research and survey of market,

identifying distributors and stockists, real estate investment and

management, etc.
v.

Public Utilities:

It includes Communication distribution

network, asset inventory and management, Recreation and parks

management, etc.
7. Write down the components and importance of GPS receivers?
ANS:

The typical receiver is composed of an antenna and preamplifier, radio

signal microprocessor, control and display device, data recording unit and power
supply.
Importance:

The GPS receiver decodes the timing signals from the visible

satellite and having calculated distances, computes its own latitudes, longitudes,
Elevation and time. This is a continuous process and generally the position is
updated on a second by second basis, output to receiver display device and if the
receiver provides data capture capabilities, stored by the receiver logging unit.

8. Explain the use and features and uses of Electronic theodolite?

ANS:

Vernier theodolites have a least count of 10 and 20 where as micro

optic theodolite have a least count of as small as 0.1. Electronic theodolite are
the most accurate instrument for direct observation of absolute angle. These are
provided with control panels with keyboards and liquid crystal displays. The
main operation requires only a single key stroke. These theodolites work with
electronic speed and efficiency.

The following are the different models of electronic theodolites manufactured by

M/s Wild Heerbrugg, which are also known as THEOMATS
1. Wild T-1000 Theomat
2. Wild T-2000 S Theomat
3. Wild T-2000 Theomat
4. Wild TC Techeometer
9. Briefly explain the working and use of Geodimeter?
ANS:
Geodimeter:- This instrument was developed
by E.Bergestraud of the Swedish geographical
survey in collaboration with M/s AGA of Sweden by
using modulated light waves. The instrument is
placed at one end of the line and a reflector is
placed in the second station. The modulation of the
carrier waves is carried out by a Kerr cell controlled
by quartz crystals. At the other end of the line, a
retro directive reflector consisting of a spherical
mirror is positioned to reflect back the light along
the same line. The reflected light is relayed to the
photo cell detector for phase comparison.
The amount by which transmitted and received waves are
out of phase is measured electronically and registered on a meter. The
Geodimeter can be used upto a range of 25 km with accuracy of 10 mm to 2
mm.
10.
ANS:

Briefly explain the working and uses of tellurometer?

The Tellurometer was invented by Dr.T.L.Wadley of the south

African National Institute for Telecommunication Research. In a Tellurometer

high frequency radio waves are generated. These waves can be transmitted for
a distance upto 100 km.

Two identical instruments are set up at the two stations for

observation. The first one called Master Instrument which sets the single the
other called Remote Instruments which receives and returns the signal to the
master instrument. The distance is checked by reversing the roles of the
master set and remote set. It can be used for observations both during day and
night.

11.

Define Map Projections and classify them?

ANS: A map projection is defined as a systematic arrangement of intersecting

lines on a plane that represent the datum surface.
Map Projections are classified as follows:1. Conformal Projections
2. Equidistant Projections
3. Equivalent Projections
4. Azimuthal Projections
1. Conformal Projections: In this type of map projections the local shape
of the surface is correctly represented. These projections are also called
as orthomorphic projections. This method is used for preparation of
navigational maps and weather charts.
2. Equidistant Projections: In this type, the distances are correctly
represented between certain points.
3. Equivalent Projections:

In this projections the area is correctly

represented for the displayed features.

4. Azimuthal Projections: In this projections directions of points are
preserved with respect to the center.

12.
ANS:

Define photogrammetry and write down its uses?

Photogrammetry is defined as the process of making measurements

from photograph. Photogrammetry can also be used for topographic of soils,

interpretation of geology, and acquisition of military intelligence and the

preparation of composite pictures of the ground.

USES:
1. The most common application is the topographic mapping of large
areas.
2. It is also used for special purpose of various engineering projects.
3. It is also used in land surveying.
4. It is also used in inventory of coal and other mineral deposits, wood
pulp and crops etc.
5. It is useful for hydrological studies regarding water shed, slope etc.
6. It is used in studying pattern of land use in town planning.
7. It is used in measuring structural deformation and wave slopes etc.
8. It is used in traffic management and traffic accident investigations.
9. It is a powerful research tool for recording of dynamic phenomena on
films.
10.

13.

It is also used in space research.

Difference

between

Terrestrial

Photogrammetry

and

Aerial

Photogrammetry?
ANS:
Terrestrial Photogrammetry:

It is the branch of photogrammetry in which

photographs are taken from a fixed position on or near the ground.

Aerial Photogrammetry: It is the branch of photogrammetry in which the
photographs are taken by a camera mounted in an air craft over the area to be
surveyed.

14.
Ans:

Write down the uses of Total Station?