Analysis of The Latin Verb - CHARLES H. PARKHUEST

UC-NRLF
03b 238
'ÎX^^/S^^W-
University of California.
FROM THE LIBRARY OF
Dr.
martin KELLOGG.
GIFT OF MRS. LOUISE

No.
B.
KELLOGG.
ANALYSIS
OF
THE LATIN YERB,

ILLUSTRATED BY THE
FORMS OF THE SANSKRIT.
BY
CHARLES
H.
PARKHUEST.
BOSTON:
GINN BROTHERS AND
1870.
COIVIPANY.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S70, by
CHARLES
In the Clerk's
Office of
H.
PARKHURST,
the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
CAMBRIDGE:
PRESS OF JOHX WILSO:^ AXD SON.
PREFACE.
The
immediate aim
of this
treatise
is
to familiarize the
student with the earlier and later forms of the Latin verb,
and the method by which the

the former.
ex^DOund
It is not in the
latter
may
Latin scholarship
itself.
have been corrupted from
power of the Latin, however,

state the facts, but
The
cannot give the philosophy, of Latin formation.

ficial
amo,
analysis of the verb
for example, in the first per-
am
An
connecting vowel, e
it
super-
son plural of the present subjunctive active would be,

;
to
personal ending, mus.
root,
ac-
quaintance with Latin, however thorough, will not, without

assistance
from the cognate languages, discover in that connec-
tive e a union of
affix
a with
i,
of conjugation, and
the former a corruption of aja, the
the
like the
latter,
We
Greek, the modal sign of the optative.

therefore, to
explain
the
Latin
reference to the Sanskrit, not at
iota
of the
have preferred,
system of conjugation by
all
because the Sanskrit
the progenitor of the Latin, but because
it
most
is
fully retains
the forms belonging to the parent language of the entire Indo-
European family, and as such offers to us the proximate origfrom which the later Latin derivatives are corrupted.
inal,
The
mediate aim of these pages
is
to introduce the pupil
a science which is
engaging the energies of the profoundest scholars of Germany,
to the study of
Comparative Grammar,
and one which, though

dencies of the age,
few, with
cient
whom
is
failing to satisfy the utilitarian ten-
yet rich in promise to the less ambitious
research and discovery are their
and abundant reward.
own
suffi-
PREFACE.
IV
We
have not assumed on the part of the student any
As a
acquaintance with either the Sanskrit or the Greek.

consequence,
necessary
however, of
the
sisterly
relation
between the Greek and Latin, one familiar with
existin";
both cannot,
we
believe, fail to discover in our discussion of
many problems in Greek formation.

this Manual we have taken as our
guide the writings of Professors Bopp and Schleicher. As
respects the content of the " Analysis " we lay no claim to
the Latin the solution of
In the preparation of
originality, its
primary object being
results of
German
ligible
the
to give the best
approved
research, in a form convenient and intel-
Many
of the conclusions
attained rest rather upon probable than
upon demonstrative
to
evidence.
English reader.
Care has been taken
conclusions in no
more
in
each instance to put these
positive form than that with
they are enunciated by the authorities
We
we
which
follow.
are happy to acknowledge our indebtedness to Profes-
sor Greenough, of
the manuscript,
and
Harvard College,
for his examination of
for valuable suggestions
and
criticisms.
Conscious of the imperfection of the work both in form and

content,
may
the
we submit
it
to
the public with the hope that
not be altogether without

spirit
of linguistic
its
it
influence in quickening
inquiry, and
that
its
perusal
may
serve to reproduce in the case of some earnest student, some-
thing of the pleasure experienced by the author in the course

of
its
preparation.
WiLLiSTON Seminary,
Feb. 24, 1870.
ANALYSIS OF THE VERB.
oldest form of a word is called its Root.

Roots are of two kinds, Pronominal and Verbal. From pronominal roots are developed pronouns and particles from verbal
roots, verbs and nouns (substantive and adjective).
3. Inflection is the union of pronominal with verbal roots.
1.
The
2.
When
so
combined
case, the process
is
as to denote relations of gender,
termed Declension.
When
number, and
so combined as to
denote relations of voice, mood, tense, number, and person, the

process
4.
is
called Conjugation.
Etymological analysis
sists in
is
the converse of inflection, and con-
resolving a verb or noun into
its
ultimate verbal and pro-
nominal elements.
5 The
analysis of the verb consists in separating frohi the root
those pronominal accretions which

tion,
and serve to denote
mark
distinctions in conjuga-
relations of voice,
mood,
tense,
number,
and person.
The Latin Alphabet.

Note.
As
preliminary to the analysis proper, sections
6-49
be devoted to a consideration of some of the more general

euphonic and emphatic changes employed in verbal formation.
will
(a.)
6.
The
Vowels.
relative value of the vowels will
be best determined by
giving to them the sounds Avith which they are pronounced in the
continental languages of
in they,
met;
i,
Europe: viz., a, as m father, man;

htm; o, as in no, not; u, as in
as in machine,
e,
as
rule,
full.
7.
i,
By comparing
and u
is
simple,
these sounds,
i.e.,
it will appear that only that of a,

produced by the vocal organs in a single
10
fixed position; -while that of e
and o
Is
compound,
is
changed.
production the position of the organs
The
8.
a -{- u
The
is
a;
element of e
first
the second, u: hence

is
the second,
in their
we
place
hence we
i,
of conjugation
first
amem
able, as also
and
jugation second
its
we
amaim amemus
for an earlier
an earlier aniaiinus.
9. u and its corresponding semi-vowel
shall find
for
are readily exchange-
Thus In the perfect of conmon-(e)-vi becoming mon-ui; and
semi-vowel
j.
in the affix of conjugation second, aj
and
i.e.,
+ i=ê- An instance wherein e stands in place of an

+ will be found, for example, in the present subjunctive
place a
earlier
element of o
first
o.
changed successively to ai
e.
As
10.
develops
whence
In the
Itself
Sanskrit,
out of
so also In the Latin,
uv sometimes
thus fluo becomes In the perfect fluvsi,
fluxi.
The weight of a vowel Is the fulness of tone with which it

The order of vowels from heaviest to lightest,
is enunciated.
ranked according to their weight, is as follows a, u, o, e, i. The
11.
Latin everywhere exhibits a tendency to pass from a heavier to a

lighter.
As regards
12.
the verb, this tendency
particularly noticeable
Is
forfnation of reduplicated perfects.
in the
fe-felli
for fa-falli;
perfect ce-cidi
for
Thus
fallo, perfect
cano, perfect ce-cini for ca-cani; cado,

ca-cadi. Cecini and cecidi also Illustrate
another tendency In the formation of reduplicates, that of attenuating the perfect more In Its radical than in Its reduplicate syllable.
Thus
in place of
ca-cani not ce-ceui, but ce-cini
so ce-cidi
instead of ce-cedi, te-tigi for te-tegi.
13.
radical
in its radical
or o, however, reappears in the perfect, both
and reduplicate
syllable.
Hence tundo, tu-tudi
;'
posco, po-posci.
14. In
like
manner verbs in composition often lighten the

e.g., concino for con-cano, assideo for
vowel of the root;

as-sedeo.
The tendency of a nasal Is to convert the preceding vowel

capiunt for an earlier capiant.
16. The Influence of r, or of any two consonants, is often to
15.
into u; e.g.,
change the preceding

indicative for
Into e; e.g.,
amavirunt, acceptum
amaverunt
for
of the perfect
acciptum.

17.
final
m or t tends
11
to shorten the preceding vowel
e.g.,
si-m becomes sun; audia-m, audiam; ama-t, amat; rega-t,

regat.
18. e at the end of a word

imperative of conjugation
19.
The consonants
and
tAvo,
of the
x (=cs)
usually prefen-ed to
i;
e.g., in the
lege for the regular legi.
Consonants.
(6.)
ple,
is
tliu-d,
Latm
are nineteen
seventeen sim-
and z (=ds), compound.
Consonants
produced with a resonance of the vocal cords are termed sonant

those produced without such resonance, surd.
20.
As
still
Palatals.
Surds.
p,
as follows
is
Linguals.
Labials.
c, k, q, h.
SON^^NTS.
method of
farther classified according to the
generation, the scheme of the Latin consonants
t, s.
f.
b, V.
g, j.
n.
^
21.
As a
result of inflection, letters
bined as to be
difficult
w /
^^^ -^
-
d.
Nasals, {m,
-j
their
:
j^,^^^^^^
sometimes become so com-
The
of pronunciation.
principles accord-
which such combinations are simplified are caUed Laws of

Euphonv. The more general of these which require to be applied
in o- to
verb are the following

22. Before the affix si of the perfect a sonant palatal becomes
reg (rego)+si
si
auc
si
surd: e.g., aug (augeo)
in the analysis of the
+ =
rec
-f- si.
23.
c,
or any other surd palatal converted to
to form X, according to
coc -f
24.
coxi
si
Exception.
;
19
e.g.,
auc + si
veh + = vec +
by 1 or r drop the
mergo, mersi.
c,
combines with s
= auzi
coq + si
=: vexi.
si
si
Roots ending
in a palatal
immediately preceded
palatal before the affix si: e.g., algeo, alsi;
b is represented by its cognubo, nupsi; scribo, scripsi.
25. Before si the labial sonant
nate (vid. 41, 6) surd p: e.g.,

26. V, through an intermediate conversion to
s to form X; after the analogy of palatals
Vic + si = vizi
27. Roots in
fluo, fluv
+ si (vid.
optionally insert
10)
e.g.,
c,
combines with
vivo, viv-f si
= flue + =
before the
si
affix
fluxi.
si: e.g.,
como, com-p-si or comsi; sumo, sum-p-si or sumsi.

12
t, and r, cannot dii-ectly coalesce -with

Such succession of consonants may be prevented
(a) by dropiîng the characteristic: e.g., ardsi from ardeo
becomes arsi; sentsi from sentio^ sensi; haersi from haereo,
hsesi; (b) by dropping the s: e.g., prandsi from prando
becomes prandi vertsi from verto, verti (c) by assimilating
(vid. 41, c) the characteristic to the affix: e.g., cedo, cedsi,
28. Lingual roots in d,
the affix
s.
quatio, quatsi, quassi; gero, gersi, gessi.

t, the sonant palatal g, and the surd palatals
cessi;
29. Before the affix
h, are changed to c: e.g., jungo, jungtum, junctum;

coquo, coqtum, coctum; veho, vehtum, vectum.
30. Exception. Roots ending in a palatal immediately preceded
by 1 or r commonly affix t (frequently converted into s, its asso-
q and
lingual surd) with the elision of the palatal: e.g., fulc

(fulcio) becomes in the supine fultum; sarc (sarcio) becomes
ciate
sartum; mulceo gives mulsum; tergeo, tersum,

31. Before t the labial sonant b is represented by its cognate
surd p: e.g., glubo, glubtum, gluptum; nubo, nubtum,
nuptum.
32.
The
harshness of the combination vt may be relieved (a)

by the conversion of v into u: e.g., cautum for cavtum, from
caveo volutum for volvtum, from volvo (6) by the elision
of v: e.g., motum for movtum, from moveo; (c) by the conversion of V into o (conf. 26): e.g., victum for vivtum, from
vivo; fructum for fruvtum, from fruor.
;
33.
demo
Roots in
gives
optionally insert
dem-p-tum
or
before the affix t: e.g.,
demtum: emo, em-p-tum
or
emtum.
34.
either
Lingual roots in
d and
drop or assimilate
the
t convert the affix t into
characteristic:
e.g.,
s,
and
arsura for
ardsum, from ardeo cessum for cedsum, from cedo versum

for vertsum, from verto messum for metsum, from meto.
;
35. Lingual roots in r sometimes receive the affix t without
commonly
modification, but
and retain the
either (a)
change the characteristic
affix to s and retain

Examples of these three methods of formation
are,
pario, partum; gero, gestum; curro, cursum.
36. Final s preceded by a vowel, and medial s between two
to s
affix,
or
(/>)
change the
the characteristic.
vowels,
is
usually changed to r: e.g.,
indicative passive
eram
for
esam
amor from amo+s,

regerem
for
present
regesem.

37.
A few verbs
fixing or alHxing
strengthen some or
13
of their parts by pre-
all
from root
to the characteristic: e.g., ju-n-go,
jug; fi-n-do, from root fid; ster-n-o from root ster or stra,
38.
A few verbs,
mostly inchoatives, are formed by affixing to
the root, in the present system, the letters sc with a connective.
When
formed from verbs, the connective
is the same as the conThose derived from adjectives

insert e: e.g., inveter-a-sc-o from inveterare; flor-e-sc-o from
florere; ingem-i-sc-o from ingemere; obdorm-i-sc-o from
obdormire; moU-e-sc-o from mollis.
jugational affix of the primitive.
In rare instances the use of sc
39.
system, and in a few cases no
po-sc-o, po-po-sc-i; di-sc-o.
vowel
is
not limited to the present

is
employed:
This term, as commonly employed, em-
braces a class of euphonic changes, differing not at

spirit
from another and much larger
denomination
is
We
applied.
assimilation as the
class, to
all
the same influence which converts s into
(for
in their
letter to the character
limiting
it
to the case in which
the assimilated letter becomes a simple reduplicate
is
all
which no special
should prefer, therefore, to define
accommodation of one
of a concurrent letter, without at
sem)
e.g.,
In both of these instances the
Vid. " Anomalous Formations."
radical.
Assimilation.
40.
is
connective
also operative in the conversion of
in
for precisely
vellem
g into c
in
(for vel-
rectum
reg-tum).
41.
As employed
three cases
letter,
in this
broader sense, assimilation admits of
(a) in which, under the influence of the assimilating
a sonant becomes surd, or a surd sonant
consonant makes
its
concurrent letter cognate
(6) in
(i.e.,
which one
of the same
(c) in which the

labial, lingual, or nasal)
becomes a simple redupficate. Illustrations of
ges-tum for ger-tum,
these three cases, are, respectively,
ru-m-po for ru-n-po, quas-si for quat-si.
Exceptional verbs, not conformable to the rules above
j;j"oTE.
stated, will be considered under " Anomalous Formations."
class, either palatal,
assimilated letter
Reduplication.
42. Reduplication consists in prefixing to a root
initial
its
vowel and
consonant (for the attenuation of the vowel, vid. 11 and 12),
and occurs
14
43.
(A .) In the formation of a few perfects
tud) becomes, in the

mordi; the root man,
perfect, tu-tudi
e.g.,
tundo
(root,
mordeo becomes mo-
makes, in the perfect, memini,
think,
to
remember.
to
44.
Remark
Two
1.
(from spondeo)
roots, sta (from sto, stare)
prefix the
first
tivo
ever, the initial from the radical syllable.
spo-pondi
sti,
45.
is
Thus, ste-ti for ste-
spo-spondi.
for
Remark
and spoiid
consonants, dropping, how-
If the root begins Avith a vowel, the initial only
2.
reduplicated; e.g., ago, perfect a-agi, which becomes (by 12)
(by 8) egi.
The Latin contains a number of concealed reduplicates,
whose later form is the result of syncope and contraction; e.g.,
a-igi,
46.
capio (root, cap) made its perfect originally ca-capi, which became successively ca-cipi, ca-ipi, cepi.
47. A few cases occur in which perfects originally reduplicated
have lost the initial syllable e.g., tiili (from toUo) for the earlier
;
te-tuli, fidi for the earlier fi-fidi.
48. In composition with prepositions, the reduplicate syllable
commonly omitted:
e.g.,
con-tingo, con-tigi
is
per-curro makes
per-curri, or per-cu-curri.
49. (5.) Rarely in the formation of the present. Examples

gi-guo (for gi-geno), root gen; si-sto, root sta.
are:
CONJUGATIONAL AFFIXES.
50.
The
conjugational system of the Latin
Italian soil, but an inheritance received
is
not the product of
from the progenitor of the
Indo-European family of languages, and
will
be best explained by
reference to the Sanskrit, the oldest and fairest representative of

that family.
Indian grammarians classify Sanskrit verbs into ten
conjugations, according to the changes which the roots experience

in inflection.
Of
these, the
vowel by combining
first,
for example, lengthens
its
radi-
and to the root thus strengthened

aflixes a, before adding the personal terminations.
Thus, budh,
to know, by the insertion of a becomes baudh
(by 8) bodh,
and, by affixing a, bodha. By uniting -svith this base the terminacal
it
with
a,
tion
ti,
of the third person singular, there appears the form
hati=;/ie knoics.
radical vowel,
bod-
Again, the tenth conjugation lengthens
and to the root thus strengthened

* rronounced as
though spelled aya.
affixes
its
aja,*

Thus, kam,
before adding the personal endings.
kam, kam-aja, kam-aja-ti
successively
skrit tenth conjugation
and fourth, the

a, e,
affix
is
15
= he
to love,
the archetype of the Latin
becomes
This San-
loves.
second,
first,
aja being variously reduced to the forms
the characteristics of these conjugations respectively.
i,
Remark.
51.
This aja
is
probably an expansion of the root
Kam-aja-ti may therefore be
to
go.
to
love.
rendered
literally
i,
goes
lie
Compare with this the use of such expressions in the

ad gaudium, ire ad cogitationem also, the em-
Latin as ire
ployment of
this
form the future
same verb ire
in conjunction with the supine, to
infinitive passive
e.g.,
amatum
iri.
Conjugation First.
52. Li this conjugation, the semi-vowel
of the affix aja
is
and the two a's combine to form a long. The Latin

amo has lost an initial palatal, k, and is radically identical
with the Sanskrit kam, mentioned above.
To verify our explanation of the a characterizing the first Latin conjugation, we place
syncopated
side
by
side the inflection of
kam
and amo,
in a part of the pres-
ent active indicative forms.
2d
3d
Sing.
Sanskrit.
Latin.
kam-aja-si
(k)am-a-s(i)
kam-aja-ti
(k)am-a-t(i)
1st Plur.
kam-aja-mas
(k)am-a-mus
oD
kam-aja-nti
(k)am-a-nt(i)
Sixg.
Plur.
The only
parts of the verb
conjugational
affix,
amo,
in which, as
respects
the
the actual seems not to be in accord with the
theoretical form, are the first person singular, present indicative

active,
which
which
will
will
be explained at 123
and the present subjunctive,
be explained at 85.
Conjugation Second.
53. Li this conjugation, the second a of the affix aja
the semi-vowel
changed to
its
corresponding
resulting form ai passes into e (by 8).
conjugation, like the a of the
first, is
full
vowel
is
i,
elided,
and the
That the e of the second

derived from the old
appears on comparing the inflection of the Sanskrit

with the Latin verb moneo, of the same root.
aja,
affix
man
16
2d Sing,
3d Sing,
1st Plur.
3d Plur.
The
Sanskrit.
Latin.
man-aja-si
nion-e-s(i)
man-aja-ti
nion-e-t(i)
man-aja-mas
mon-e-mus
man-aja-nti
mon-e-nt(i)
fonn of the perfect and supine -would be mon-e-vi,
full
mon-e-tum.
For the method by which these have been abbre-
viated to mon-ui, mon-i-tum, and
for
explanation of the
the
person singular, present indicative active,
first
vid.
125.
Conjugation Fourth.
54. Considering next the fourth conjugation (as
has
affix i
its
and the e of the second) we

find that in this the first a of aja becomes i, the semi-vowel is
changed to its corresponding vowel i, and the two i's combine to
form i long. The second a is generally dropped the parts of the
verb in which it is retained and changed will be considered at 126.
That the i of the Latin is sprung from the Sanskrit aja appears, on
the same origin as the a of the
first,
comparing the
inflection of the Sanskrit
svap (conjugated
as a
causal) with that of the identical Latin root sop.
The
Sanskrit.
Latin.
2d Sing,
3d Sing,
svap-aja-si
sop-i-s(i)
svap-aja-ti
sop-i-t(i)
1st Plur.
svap-aja-mas
sop-i-mus
3d Plur.
svap-aja-nti
sop-iu-nt(i)
third person plural
sop-iu-nt
is
one of the forms in which
the second a of aja has been retained, and changed to u.
Conjugation Third.
55.
tively
their
Two
classes
of verbs, which
may be
represented respec-
by veho and capio, with characteristic vowels distinct in

origin, have been, by grammarians, referred to the third
conjugation.
56.
The
and from
Sanskrit
this
first
a comes the
conjugation affixes to the root simple

i,
which characterizes verbs
like
a,
veho
',

as, in the
17
forms veh-i-s, veh-i-t, &c. The parts in which a is not

is changed into another vowel than i, will be considered
affixed, or
For the
at 127.
the inflection of
veh)
relation of the Sanskrit
vah
to the Latin
Sanskrit conjugation) and
(first
i,
compare
veho
(root,
2d Sing,
3d Sing,
1st Plur.
3d Plur.
The
Sanskrit.
Latin.
vah-a-si
veh-i-s(i)
vah-a-ti
veh-i-t (i)
vah-a-mas
veh-i-mus
vah-a-nti
veh-u-ut(i)
third person plural
been changed, not into
i,
is one of the forms in which a has

but into u, giving veh-u-nt in place of
veh-i-nt.
57.
this
The
is
Sanskrit fourth conjugation adds ja to the root, and to
Conjugation Third." The

dropped.
The
of this ja
earlier
and
We
later inflection of
2d Sing.
3d Sing.
1st Plur.
3d Plur.
is
parts of the verb in which
be considered at 128.
will
" Verbs in io, of

changed to i,the a is often
to be referred the affix of the so-called
it is
retained and changed
subjoin a specimen of the probable
capio
=cap-i-s
=cap-i-t
cap-ja-mas
cap-i(a)-inus
cap-i-mus
cap-ja-nti =cap-ia-nt
=cap-iu-nt
cap-ja-si
=:cap-i(a)-s
cap-ja-ti
=cap-i(a)-t
Irregular Verbs.
58. Beside those verbs that are classified into conjugations,
known
there are, in the Latin, a few
Irregular verbs
as irregular.
are such as add the personal affixes to the root without an inter-
mediate vowel, and correspond to the Sanskrit second conjugation.
They
are of two kinds
59. (^.)
are
Irregular verbs, whose root ends in a vowel.
do, dare (root, da)
for, fari (root, fa)
flo,
These
flare (root,
in-quam
sto, stare (root, sta)
(root, na)
qua); eo, ire (root, i). Of these, all except eo and inquam are, from their resemblance to the first conjugation, usually
classified with that,
improperly, however, for the a of these verbs
fla)
no, nare
(root,
18
is
not derived from the
root
-\
and do,
for
affix aja,
example,
is
but constitutes a part of fhe
to be analyzed,
19
and Subjunctive. The affix s is changed

by 36), except that of the second person singuamor.
amo -]- r
e.g., amo -)- s
lar
63. Final m, and final s of the first person plural, of the active
forms, are dropped before the appended s e.g., amabam -|- s
amabar audiremus -|- s
amaba -\- r (by 62)
amaba -|- s
audiremu -]-i:
audiremur.
audiremu -|- s
62. Indicative
to r
ill
forms
all
=
=
men-
64. Active forms terminating in a consonant, except those
tioned under 63, affix s with a connecting vowel.

the second singular,
regeret
-|-
-|-
is
in other cases,
= regeret
-j-
-[-
u;
This vowel, in
regeret-}-s
e.g.,
= regeretur.
65. In the second person singular, final s of the active becomes

r
(by 36)
capiebar
66.
i,
s = (by
= capiebaris.
capiebas
e.g.,
-[- i -|-
-|-
immediately preceding s
in the passive as
final
e (conf. 65 and 16)
64) capiebas
Note.
amabare, &c.
of the active voice, appears

e.g.,
64) monebis -|- i -|- s == (by 65) monebir

-|- i -|- s
moneberis.
67.
-|- i -j-
s = (by
= moneber
monebis
-]- i -j-
-|-
The second form of the second singular amare,

simply an abbreviation of the regular amiaris,
is
amabaris.
The only
68. Imperative.
the imperative
is,
that
its
special
remark
be made upon
to
second person singular adds the
full
form
of the reflexive se to the active voice, with the regular change of

s to r
e.g.,
ama -j- se
In other respects, this
= ama
mood
is
-\-
re
cape
-|-
se
= cape
-|- re.
formed according to the rules given
above for the indicative.

69. INFI^^TIVE.
added
To form
as above, a connecting
the infinitive, s (changed to r)
vowel
inserted,
and the
is
final
i.
Thus, we have successively,
amare, amare-r, amare-er, amari-er.
This form amarier, of
fi\'(|uent occurrence in earlier Latin authors, is reduced to the later
amari, by the ehsion of the final syllable. In the third conjugation,
e of the active form changed to
the corruption seems to have been carried
still
forms like regi (obtained by elision from regier)

tured an earlier regerier.
farther,
may be
and
for
conjec-
70. Remark.
We have said that the passive voice is formed
from the active by affixing to it the accusative of the reflexive pro-
noun, or
its initial
consonant.
Exception to
this principle
is,
ever, to be taken in the case of the second person plural.
how-
The
20
present indicative
amamini,
for instance
cannot be explained
as a union of se with the corresponding active amatis.
Compare
monebitis with monebimini; regeretis with regeremini.
In each instance, there is added to the base of the tense the ending
mini and this mini, identical in root with the Greek menos, is to
also
be regarded as no other than the nominative plural masculine of a
minus-a-um. Thus, amaminus, amamamamini, amaminae, amamina. Con-
passive participial affix in

ina,
amaminum
plural,
sidered as a participle, this form suits the requirements of the

place in respect to
respect to gender
number and
and as usually employed in

much more frewhile capta estis would be almost imcase,
for forms like capti estis are
quent than captae estis,
Amamini
is, then, to be understood as standing for

and the omission of estis must be put upon the
same ground as the not infrequent suppression of est and sunt
possible.
amamini
estis
with the existing participle in tus
amati
it
amatus
thus,
As confirmatory
amati sunt.
same
participle in the singidar
alo, to cherish) for
number;
alu-minus, one that
is
tra-ces
e.g.,
est,
of the use of
alumnus (from
cherished, hence a fos-
ter-child ; ter-minus, /Aa^ which is passed over,
root (ter), signifying to go over
amatus
for
of the above explanation,
of interest to notice, in this connection,
is
this
for
from an old Sanskrit
so probably
geminus
for
gen-
minus.
Modal and Temporal
Affixes.
We now proceed to review the several tenses of the different

moods, considering the affixes, modal or temporal, by which they
are respectively characterized.
Indicative.
71.
mood
affix
Present.
This form receives no
affix to
mark
either its
or tense, the personal endings being added directly to the
of conjugation; e.g., am-a-t, reg-i-mus.
72.
Imperfect.
in its origin
This tense receives a temporal
affix identical
with the imperfect of the Sanskrit verb to
he.
We
subjoin the inflection of this Sanskrit imperfect in the singular,
omitting the augment.
bav-a-m
bhav-a-s
bhav-a-t
I
)
*^^ ^^'P^'^^" .^'

\
and there remains
(
r^cn^nfi^.w
respectively,
^""'"^^
bav-a-s
bav-a-t
21
These forms are still farther abbreviated by the syncopation of

and the union of the two a's, a change identical with that
by which aja, the affix of the first conjugation, becomes a, and
analogous to that by which the Latin mavolo becomes successively
ma-olo, malo. Thus bav-a-m becomes ba-am, bam; bav-a-s
becomes ba-as, bas, &c. Of bam, bas, bat, the letters m, s, t,
the V,
are the respective personal endings
there remains the
common form
the Latin imperfect
lOOT.
e.g.
after the elision of these,
ba, which
is
the temporal affix of
22
remains the
which
is
Root.
common form bi
(first
singular,
the affix of the future indicative
bo
e.g.
third plural, bu),
able)
pos-sum
In the word
later fui.
purely an
is
pot-sum, pot
for
element
adjective
23
hence,
in
(for potis,
the
perfect
must reside -wholly in .the ui. As the

compounded of potis and the present of
pot-iii, the verbal force
possum
present of
is
sum, we should have expected,

pot-fui;
potis
i.e.,
in its character, as the actual
and
conjectural pot-fui,
with
we
is
carried to
be
(i
is
Conj. Ap.
Temp. Af
(wanting)
aud
To
76.
Con. Vow.
V
u
V
verbal
simply connective) as
the utmost limit of abbreviation.
the same origin must of course be referred the
Root.
is
justified in identifying
characterizing the perfect tense of other verbs
am
mon
same verb,
As then ui
no other primitive with which
shall
in recognizing this
ba-bhuv
the old
To
and
fui,
sum.
pot-ui so far coincides with the
as there
ui admits of being associated,

it
as the perfect of the
the perfect of
-|-
(or v)
e.g.
Pees. Ap.
= amavit
:= monuit.
mus
= audivimus.
the tliird class belong verbs which in the perfect add
to the root the affix
The Latin verb
s.
conjugation tAvo roots
fu,
to
he
emplo}S
in
its
already considered, and es (Sanskrit
From the latter is formed, among other tenses, the

esam (later eram, by 36). Identical with esam is
as).
imperfect
the Sanskrit
Now
asam.
the Latin perfect in
s,
to
form the tense corresponding to
the Sanskrit adds to the root the several
numbers and persons of asam. It may therefore with considerable confidence be conjectured that the Latin esam originally
rendered the same service, and that to this, as its origin, is to be
Examples of perfects in
referred the affix s under consideration.
s are
si
Root.
Temp. Af.
reg
nub
Con. Vow.
Pers. Ap.
t
mus
= rexit.
= (by 25) nupsimus.
which the last two modes of designating

u-|-i= (by 28, c)
combined: e.g., met-f s
(by
u i
u -f i
nect -f s
(by 28, a) iiec -f s
77. Instances occur in
the perfect are
messui
23) nexui.
+ + =
"
24
78. Aside from the three classes specified above, there remains
a large number from which all trace of an original prefix or affix

has disappeared, save, perhaps, in the changed quantity of the
legi from root leg,

e.g., vidi from root vid
where the lengthening of the vowel may be regarded as compenradical vowel,
sation for the syncopation of a consonant, or the aphaeresis * of

It is to be supposed that all Latin verbs,
had an existence in the earlier period of the
the reduplicate syllable.

certainly all which
language, originally designated the perfect by some special char-
In
acteristic.
its
loss
we
only see carried one step farther the
process of corruption by which

u,
and esam to s.
79. Pluperfect.
ba-bhuv
has been reduced to
formed by adding to the base

Thus rex (for
reg-f s)-erat, amav-eram, ce-cin-eratis. In the first of these
examples, the root reg expresses abstractly the idea of "ruling."
The form reg -\- s expresses concretely the idea of having ruled
era -f- 1, with its double temporal and
and the form reg -f- s
single personal limitation, reduces the generic conception " ruling " to the specific thought " he was having ruled," i.e., " he had
This tense
is
of the perfect, the imperfect of the verb sum.
'
'
ruled."
80.
The
Future Perfect.
of the perfect the future
of
future perfect adds to the base
sum;
e.g.,
amav-ero, rex-ero,
ce-cin-ero.
81. There occurs also an old future perfect in so, formed
by
adding to the base of the perfect eso (later ero; vid. "Table I."),
with the aphaeresis
amav-so
of
habes-sit
e:
for
e.g.,
amas-so, by assimilation
habev-sit
cap-so; faxo (fac-so) for fa-faxo.

under "Anomalous Formations."
for
cap-so, probably for ca-
Vid. capio
and facio
Subjunctive.
Present. The Latin Subjunctive, though known as a

mood, in reality comprises two, which are distinct in origin,
and may be designated the Conjunctive and Optative.
82.
single
83.
To
the conjunctive belongs the present subjunctive of con-
jugations second, third, and fourth.

* Aphseresis
is
Its
modal
affix is a.
the loss of a syllable or letter at the beginning of a word.
The
full
form of moneo,
will therefore
be
25
in the present subjunctive, first plural,
Root.
Conj. Ap.
Mod. Af.
Pers. Af.
mon
aja
mus
mus
or (changing aj to e by 53),
mon
ea
or (combining the a's of the conjugational and
modal affixes
into
long)
m,on
The
full
form of rego, present subjunctive,
manner be
in like
mus = moneamus.
first plural,
Root.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
PeFvS. Af.
reg
mus
would
or (combining the two a's into a long)
mus == regamus.
reg
In the same manner, the present subjunctive,

of audio, would be
first
person plural,
Root.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
Pers. Af.
aud
aja
mus
mus
or (changing aj into
aud
by 54),
ia
or (combining the a's of the conjugational and modal affixes into
a long),
aud
mus=:audiamus.
84. As conjunctives are to be reckoned, also, such forms as

creduam, perduam, in which a is the modal affix, and u the
attenuation of the radical vowel of the root da.

" Anomalous Formations " also 59.
Vid.
do under
To
the optative belongs the present subjunctive of conjuga-
first,
and the future indicative of conjugations third and
85.
tion
26
The modal
fourth.
affix
The
ja.
is
fall
form of amo, in the
present subjunctive, third person plural, would therefore be

Root.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
am
aja
ja
or (converting aja into a
am
by
or (changing
to
nt
nt =: ament.
a like process
is
ja),
and combining ai to form e by 8),
9,
am
By
nt
by
Pers. Af.
and dropping the a of
52,
obtained the later form of rego, future
indicative, third plural.
Root.
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
Pers. Af.
reg
ja
nt
or (by the elision of the modal a, the conversion of

the union of a with
i)
reg
The
full
form of audio, future indicative, third
manner be
in like
Root.
Conj. Af.
aud
aja
Mod. Af.
to
aud
i,
The
a with the modal
first
regam
would
to
and the union of the conjuga-
a,
form
nt.
e),
nt
person singular of these futures
for
plural,
nt
ia
plained as
= regent
54, and the conversion of the
by
ia
aud
nt
i,
i),
or (by the ehsion of the modal

tional
into
Pers. Af.
ja
or (by the change of aj to
modal
and
conjunctive rather
regem, and audiam
than
for
is,
optative,
audiem.
= audient
however, to be ex-
and hence forms
27
86. As optatives are to be reckoned also forms like du-i-m,
credu-i-m, perdu-i-m (conf. 84) also ed-i-m,

The verb is conjugated in
87. Impekfect.
;
to eat (conf.
use of the imperfect subjunctive forms of the verb to

ses,
affix
set,
&c. (vid. "Table I."),
or a connecting vowel
amples are
Root.
am
Conj. Af.
"vvhich after
the conjugational
become (by 36) rem,

Ending.
60).
by the
he, sem,
this tense
res, ret.
Ex-
28
e, but not the converse.

Amavessem might have proceeded
from amavissem, but not amavissem from amavessem.
Imperative.
91.
The
imperative receives no modal or temporal
adds the personal endings directly to the
affix
affix,
but
of conjugation.
Infinitive.
92.
The Latin
infinitives
are
simply oblique
As
accusative, or ablative) of the noun.
affix,
Conj. Af.
Mod. Af.
am
se
is
still
consonant of the verb
The use
its
:^ amare.
farther to be resolved into

to he,
and
e,
s,
the radical
the case affix of the dative.
of this e as a case sign appears, for example, in such
datives as causae
= causa
-|-
aquee == aqua -\-
forms like Romano-i, populo-i, &c. (later

is
(dative,
to be consid-
the ending se (later re)
Root.
This ending
is
This adds to the root, with
ered, j^?-5^, the infinitive present.
conjugational
cases
a dative
the second element of this e (= a -|-
93. Second,
i,
(conf.
90)
Root.
e.g.
of
This tense joins
by means of the connecting
the ending se with the reduplication

;
The
the infinitive perfect active.
to the base of the perfect indicative,
vowel
i)
e.
Romano, populo)
of
its
initial
ANALYMS OF
tences solent cogitare,
THfe
non audeo
YEB^
may be
confiteri,
rendered, they are accustomed to thought,
29
respectively
have not the courage
for a confession.
That infinitives strictly dative should be em97. Remark 2.

ployed to denote a variety of relations foreign to the dative, is
but another illustration of the principle, that the exact use of
forms can exist only with the consciousness of their exact import.
So long as e was remembered as a case affix, and to recognized

amare, and to love could only render the service
as a preposition,
of a dative and objective
but the gradual identification of these
elements with the body of the word resulted also in the loss of
those definite relations of which they had been the symbol.
98.
As an
accusative
monly known
conjugational
as the
affix,
is
to
"supine
be considered the infinitive comThis adds either to the

in m.'"
or to the root with or without the connective
Examples of these three modes of attachment

are,
am-a-tum, mon-i-tum, dic-tum. For the correspondence of the Sanskrit infinitive with this Latin form compare Sanskrit stha-tum, to stand, with sta-tum; pa-tum, to drink, with
po-tum; jan-i-tum, to beget, with gen-i-tum; da- turn, to give,
with da-tum. This affix may be resolved thus, tii-m. Tii is an
element quite commonly employed in the Latin to form nouns of
Conf sta-tu-s, tac-tu-s, son-i-tu-s,
action and condition.
i,
the affix tiim.
or-tu-s.
is
the case sign of the accusative,
This
declensions.
infinitive
is
common
to all the
used after verbs of motion, to
denote that in which the motion ends, and hence as the oblique
case of a substantive falls readily under the Accusative of Limit.
99. In the
infinitive.
in
m, and
ending
in u" may be recognized an ablative

formed from the same base as the infinitive
This
characterized by the affix tu (for tu-(d).
"supine
This
is
may be
is
resolved thus, tu-u.
The
with the tu of tii-m, considered above
first
the
element
final is
is
identical
a reduplicate
of the radical vowel (received in the ablative for emphasis), and

combines with it to form u long. Compare the nominative fruc-
tu-s with the ablative fruc-tu (=fruc-tu-u), for the earlier fructu-d. This infinitive is employed to define the application of
adjectives,
and hence, as the oblique case of a substantive,
is
to
be classed with ablatives of specification.
100.
Remark
1.
In the future passive
this
mood combines
the
dative infinitive iri (impersonal passive from eo) with the accusa-
::
30
tive infinitive in
m.
In the use of
this accusative after eo,
note
the conformity with the ^^rinciple stated at the close of the 98th
section.
Remark
101.
Tliough properly the modal
2.
three varieties of infinitive
is
sake of convenience the formative case elements,
"Case
m, and
e,
ii,
will
the base, and entered under
"Tables" be separated from
in the
of these
affix
respectively se, turn, and tu, for the
Affix."
Participle.
102. Tlie Latin participles are formed in the use of but three
distinct affixes.
which
First, nt,
added to the
is
To
tion to form the participle present.
there
is
affixed in the nominative the case sign s
Root.
Conj. Ap.
Mod. Ap.
am
nt
affix
converted into nd, the
e.g.
= (by 28,
amans.
a)
sonant
t for the
of the verbal adjective
affix
of conjuga-
Case Ap.
103. With the exchange of the surd lingual

lingual d, nt, the
affix
the base as thus composed
(participle)
of the verbal noun (gerund)
Root.
Conj. Ap.
Mod. Ap.
Case Ap.
mon
nd
is
e.g.
(genitive)
104. nt with the addition of u, and the conversion of t into d,

as above, forms the affix of the future participle passive
Root.
Conj. Ap.
Mod. Ap.
am
ndu
Any
105.
the ground that one
may be removed by
in both.
to
avoid,
Root.
sequ
volut
vit
is
e.g.
Case Ap.
s (nominative)
reluctance to identify such forms
amandus, on
passive,
as
amans and
and the other
active,
noting the traces of an original active force
Thus from sequor,
to
follow
come respectively
voluto,
to roll
and vito,
Conj. Ap. Mod. Ap. Case Ap.
ndu
a (bu) ndu
a (bu) ndu
= secundus, following one.

= volutabundus, rolling
= vitabundus, the avoiding one.
dash deaotes that a part
the
tlte
is
wanting.
one.
The
last
example
is
particularly interesting, in that
used in an active sense, but
dependent accusative
106. IsoTE.
The
Hanno
letters
treme-bu-udus, are referred

vid. also 72 and 73).
it
is
not only
employed by Livy with a

vitabundus castra hostium.
is
bu
also
in
forms
to the root
107. The second variety of participial
added
31
vita-bu-ndus,
like
bhu
affix is
(Latin fu, fu-i
turu, which
is
to the affix of conjugation, or to the root Avith or without
the connective
Root.
i,
to
form the future participle active
e.g.
32
endings, singular and plural, giving to
each that which is its

most probable and best approved derivation.
111. First Person Singular. The old root of the first personal pronoun is ma. This root, with, however, the attenuation
vowel, appears in the oblique forms me-i, mi-hi, me-. As
m, by the surrender of its voAvel, it constitutes the affix of the first person.
In but two verbs, su-m
of
its
farther reduced to
still
(compai^ the English a-m)

the present indicative.
and future perfect

aflix
is
this
retained in
disappeared from the perfect
and from the future of conjugations

Examples of the use and abandonment of this
are respectively
112.
and inqua-m,
indicative,
and second.
first
It has also
Mod. or Temp. Af.
Root.
Conj. Af.
mon
am
(Mod)
bo
(Temp.)
Second Person Singular.
Pers. Af.
Tva, the root of the second
into
The same
root
personal pronoun, by the loss of a and the conversion of

u, has
been corrupted to the Latin nominative
(tva) has become successively ta

attenuation), si
tu.
(by the loss of v)
ti
(by
(by interchange betAveen lingual surds), s by
elision of the vowel.
In the form of s
it
constitutes the affix of
the second person.
113. In the imperative the ending has disappeared

perfect indicative
it
exists in the earlier
inserted a euphonic s (for the insertion of
form
s,
ti,
Root.
in
the
is
compare such Greek
forms as ke-keleu-s-tai for the regular ke-keleu-tai)

ples of the second person are
before Avhich
Exam-

115.
office
Remark
116.
Remark
The
1.
of the second
2.
third person in to
may
33
also
perform the
hence am-a-, or am-a-to.
An
old form of affix in the imperative
is
tod.
Thus in the Twelve Tables " occurs the expression Fidios af

patre leiber estod; i.e., Filius a patre liber esto.
This
'
'
ending
is
to be explained as the reduplication of to with suppres-
and the conversion of

Examples of the third person are
sion of the second vowel,
sonant.
Root.
t into
its
cognate
34
121.
The
first
a of anta
is
retained only wlien the ending
attached to consonantal bases, and

influence of the nasal
n (by
15).
is
The second a appears
the imperative, and that under the attenuated form of o.

ples of the third person are
Root.
is
then modified to u, under the

only in
Exam-
35
CoN.juGATiox Second.
125. In the
fii-st
person singular of the present indicative the
a of aja is retained, and attenuated to o. Hence, mon-aja

becomes successively mon-aia, mon-ea, mon-eo. In the present
subjunctive, it is likewise preserved, and. combines with the modal
a to form a long. A few verbs like fleo, fle-vi, fle-tum extend
final
the use of the affix to the three systems

cases, limited, to the first: e.g.,
eo, aiisi.
auc-tum.
insened
e.g..
but
is.
it
in
almost
doc-eo, doc-ui, doc-tnim
all
aug-
In the third system, a connective i is often

hab-eo, hab-ui,
mon-eo, mon-ui, mon-(î)-tum
liab-(i)-tuiiL
CoNJTGATiox Fourth.
126. The a
following forms
final
:
aja
is
attenuated to
of the
it is
of the present indicative
same
affix
to
retained and modified in the

in the first
in the third
person singular
person plural of the
tense, as also in the third plural of the imperative
to e in
the imperfect indicative, and before the participial affix nt
ndu).
Examples of the above changes are
aud-iu-nt, aud-iu-nto, aud-ie-bant, aud-ie-n(t)s.
form e;
ElCK)T.
e.s.
In the optative,
it
nd,
In the con-
modal
modal i to
jimctive forms, the final vowel of the affix combines with the
a to form a long.
respectively, aud-io,
unites with the
36
e (by 18), except in the case of the verbs dico, duco, and fero,
where it is dropped. In the imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive, i becomes e under the influence of r (according to 16).
128. The parts of the verb which, in conjugation fourth, retain,

unmodified foi-m, the final vowel of the affix aja,
in its modified or
retain
and treat
in like
manner the
final
the second class of conjugation third,
same forms of the verb, and

in class
where
first,
it is
a and ja
vowel of the
is
affix
ja in
converted to e in the
in obedience to the
same principles
as
except in the second singular imperative of facio,
This conjugation limits the use of
dropped.
to the present system,
its
affixes
in rare instances, however, in-
serting in the third a connective i:
e.g.,
claud-o, clau(d)-si,
clau(d)-sum; but gem-o, gem-ui, gem- (i) -turn.
TABLE
I.
Conjugation of Esse.
The
roots,
parts of the Latin verb
es and
from the
first
fu.
to^
Although s
of these, yet that
he are
is
it
formed
in the use of
two
rarely found in the parts formed
was originally
radical appears
from the comparison of the third singular, present indicative, in

the cognate languages
37
Future.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Probable Peimitive.
Later Debivatite.
Pbobable Primititi.
Later Debivatitb.
1.
es-io-m
er-o-
es-i
-mu3
er-i
2.
es-i -s
er-i-s
es-
-tis
er-i -tis
3.
es-
er-
es-iu-nt
er-u-nt
i -t
i -
-mus
38
Pluperfect,
singular.
Probable Pbimitite.
plural.
Later Derivative.
Probable Primitive.
Later Derivative,
fu-i-(s)-sem
fu-i-semus
fu-i-(s)-semus
2. fu-i-ses
fu-i-(s)-ses
fu-i-setis
fu-i-(s)-setis
3. fu-i-set
fu-i-(s)-set
fu-i-sent
fu-i-(s)-sent
1.
fu-i-sem
IMPERATIVE.
2.
es-ti,
or

later e-s.
We prefer to regard
s of the root rather than of the
39
the syncopation as removing the

affix, as
of the two consonants of
an hnpossible combination the syncopation usually
falls
upon the
first.
130. Imperfect. This tense inserts a connective a throughout,

and makes the usual change of s to r between two vowels.
later es-o)
131. Future. The future es-io-m (or es-io
formed from the root es in the use of the same

affix ja, by which b-io (later b-o) b-i-s, b-i-t is produced from
It requires to be noticed that while the
the radical b (vid. 73).
es-i-s, es-i-t, &c., is
verb, in
simple form, retains in the third plural the latter of
its
the two vowels iu,
when compounded with
the base of the perfect
form the future perfect, the former only is preserved. Hence

fu-er-iu-nt becomes, not fu-er-u-nt, but fu-er-i-nt; am-a-v-erto
iu-nt gives, not am-a-v-er-u-nt, but ani-a-v-er-i-nt.
This form of esse is optative,

Present.
modal sign ja, which becomes by the usual conand by attenuation ie. Hence the earlier forms s-ie-m,
132. Subjunctive.
and
affixes as its
version
ia,
s-ie-s, s-ie-t,
and
In later Latin ie are contracted into long i.

In explanation of the short i of s-i-m
&c.
Thus, s-i-mus,
s-i-t, vid.
s-i-tis.
17.
subjunctive fuam, fuas, &c.,
The present
to be explained as an old conjunctive form, based

fu,
and appending the conjunctive modal
affix
is
upon the root

hence, fu-a-m,
fu-a-s.
133. Imperfect.
This tense
is
and is formed from

by affixing i of the
es-a-i-nt, &c., which, by the
optative,
es-a, the base of the imperfect indicative,
modal sign
ia.
Hence,
union of ai to form
e,
es-a-i-tis,
become
respectively es-e-tis, es-e-nt, forms
of actual occurrence in earlier authors.
For the derivation of
es(s)-e-m, &c., from the earlier es-e-ra, conf. 90. The forms
es-e-m, es-e-s, &c., with the apha3resis of the vowel, constitute
the affix of the several conjugations in the imperfect subjunctive
e.g., am-a-rem, reg-e-rem for am-a-sem, reg-e-sem.
Forem,
probably a corruption of fu-rem, is to be explained as a union of
the same ending rem (for sem) with the root fu.
134. Infinitive.
Present.
the root, es, the case sign
The present
of the dative,
e.
infinitive
adds to
This form es-e,
which occurs in earlier Latin, developed by the reduplication of

its consonant into the later e3(s)-e.
Fore, another form of the
same
tense, with however, in general, a future signification, stands
40
for fure,
added
and
tliis
forfu-se;
the sign of the dative infinitive
i.e.,
to the root fu.
135, Participle.
Present.
This participle appears only in
composition, and then with the aphaeresis of
e.
Hence, nomina\
The
genitive ab-s-e-nt-is.
ab-sens (for ab-s-e-nt-s)
compounds absens and praesens have been commonly resolved
tive
thus
abs-ens, praes-ens.
case, to the second element,
The
belongs,
however, in
and represents the old root
es.
each
TABLE
41
II.
Conjugation of Amo.
Active Voice.
ANALYTIC.
Mood and
SYNTHETIC.
42
ANALYTIC.
ANALYSIS OP THE VERB.
TABLE
III.
Conjugation of Moneo.
Active Voice.
ANALYTIC.
Present System.
43
44
ANALYSIS OP THE VERB.
ANALYTIC.
ANALYTIC.
45
46
ANALYTIC.
Mood and
SYNTHETIC.
ANALYTIC.
47
48
ANOMALOUS FORMATIONS.
The
following
list
comprises verbs which, in some or
all
of their
by the more general rules of conjugation.

Accumbo == ad cubo. The nasal prefixed (by 37) to the
(by 41, 6)
labial characteristic takes the form of
Apiscor. Root ap (conf. ap-tum) which is strengthened in
This
the present system by the addition of sc with i connective.
same root probably appears also in coepi (for co-api) possibly
which see.
also in capio (for c'-apio, i.e., con-apio)
parts, are inexplicable
of
Bibo, formed from the root bo, by redupHcation. The identity

bo with po (conf. po-tum, a draugJit) rests upon the inter-
change of the surd and sonant
The
Csedo.
labial.
perfect ce-cidi contains in
the second element of the diphthong
reduplicate syllable
its
The long vowel
ae.
of
its
radical syllable represents the weight of the diphthongal root.
Root cap by reduplication, oa-cap by syncopation and

by union of vowels, cep. If, however (vid.
apiscor) capio is for conapio, the base cep is obtained without
Capio.
attenuation, ca-ip;
,
syncopation
Cedo,
thus, c'-ap,
c'-a-ap,
employs no conjugational
ative)
c'-a-ip,
c'-ep.
This defective verb (occurring only in the imper-
sai/.
consonants of root and
affix
affix,
and hence the concurrent
require to be accommodated, as fol-
lows
ced -f- to
ce-do by syncopation.
(by 41, a) ced + do
With reference to the question whether the syncopated letter Avas
radical or terminational, conf. the closing remark of 129.
The
:
plural
verse,
accommodates the sonant to the surd, instead of the conand makes ced
te
cet-te.
+ =
Censeo. The supine when formed without a connective becomes successively cens-tum, cens-sum, cen-sum.
Cerno. Root ere (conf. cre-vi, cre-tum). Cre becomes by
metathesis cer and by 37, cern.
Coepi =r CO -|- epi
For the
con -f- epi (vid. apiscor).
method of obtaining epi from ap, vid. capio. For similarity of
;
formation, conf. co-epi, from con-ap, with co-egi, from con-ag.
Comminiscor
i -|- sc.
= cum -f miniscor
For the root min,
Conniveo
= cum
-|-
vid.
minisc the base

memini.
;
obsolete niveo.
nixi (vid. 26, and conf. nic-to,
to ivink).
Niv
-}-
si
= min
= nic
-f-
si
-|-
= cur-sum,
Curr 4- sum
Curro.
affix
by the law
that before
an
beginning with a consonant a doubled letter becomes single.
Root die
Disco.
The present disco
conf. perfect di-dic-i.
Conf. for identity of root, doc-eo;
therefore stands for dic-sc-o.
and
49
for identity of root
and
similarity of formation, the
Greek
di-dasco, for di-dac-sc-o.
Root da.
Do.
This
It is such,
conjugation.
not a conjugational
afiix
is
commonly
classed as a verb of the
first
however, only in appearance, the a being

corrupted from aja, but simply an element
of the root, to which, without an intervening affix of conjugation,

the other endings are directly appended
e.g.,
da-mus, da-ba-m,
do
This serves to explain the nonconformity of
da-re.
verbs of the
first
increment.
The
conjugation in respect to the quantity of

Sanskrit has two roots,
da and dha,
form yet distinct in origin. Of these the former

and is represented by the Greek do. The latter
and appears
in the
Greek
its
with
first
similar in
signifies to give,
signifies to place,
Both of these roots are repre-
the.
sented in Latin by a single form da, which however, in the sense
of to place, occurs only in composition.
pounds
this
element
is
employed
In the following com-
in the sense of to give
inter-do, red-do, tra-do (for trans-do)
de-do,
probably also di-do
and pro-do. With the sense of to place, it occurs in the comad-do, ab-do, circum-do, con-do, in-do, ob-do,
per-do, sub-do, super-do probably e-do. To these are to be
pounds,
added,
(
also,
vendo
= pessum-f-do),
do).
In the
first
or
venundo
and credo
= venum + do), pessundo

= Sanskrit root Brat, faith,
-\-
person singular, present indicative active, the
radical
a becomes o by the same change

a becomes o in the same part of verbs
that the conjugational
afiix
like
For
the irregular forms of subjunctive
reg-o (for reg-a).
made by
this
verb and
its
compounds, vid. 84 and 86.
Edo, to eat (vid. 60). Those parts of the verb which employ
no connective attach the ending to the root in accordance with the
d is changed to s. Exception.
In the second singular indicative and imperative d is dropped.
Observe that in the imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive,
rule, that before t or s the radical
the s of the affix has been retained, under the protection of the
preceding consonant (conf. 87).

Eo. Root i this root is not preserved in
:
verb, but
is
extended (1) to eo, in the

4
fii'st
all
the forms of the
singular, present indic-
50
ative
ea
(2) to
followed by
various
in the present subjunctive
or
While
t.
modifications
it
(3) to
eu before
impossible to explain these
is
by general reference
by inflection, the
other than
to
influence of the consonants, with which,

i
became
associated,
the
original
of interest to notice in this connection
it is
same methods of extension have also been employed by the pronominal root i, of the pronoun i-s, i-d, fee.
Thus,
that precisely the
TAbl. Sixg.
eo.
{ Gex. Pluk.
1.
[Ace. Plur.
3.
''NoM. Sing.
ea.
Ace. Sing.
Abl. Sixg.
ea.
eo-rum.
eo-s.
N. & Ace. Plur. ea.

Gen. Plur.
ea-rum.
{Ace. Sixg. eu-m.
In the present subjunctive, the modal
vowel of ea to form a long;
final
the unmodified form
and the radical
affix
e.g.,
a combines with the
ea-mus,
ea-tis.
of the participle, would become,
The requirements
e-ns.
ea-m.
I-ns,
by 16,
of euphony have, however, been satisfied,
by
retained,
the insertion of an e inorganic,
i-e-ns.
Facio.
The
fio.
This verb will be best considered in connection with

Sanskrit root bhu, to be, becomes,
by
the addition of
the passive affix ja, bhu-ja, or, syncopating u, and representing
bh by
the Latin equivalent
the original cap-ja,
f,
cap-io, cap-i-s, cap-i-t, &c.

f-io,
f-i-s,
seen (at 57) developed the forms
from
so,
f-ja is
derived the Latin
fi-t.
This same root
Now,
In the same mannner as from
f-ja.
we have
bhu
the affix aja
is,
appears also in the strengthened form bhav.

in general,
employed
causal signification: e.g., bodh-a-ti
bodh-aja-ti
/<e
informs,
i.e., Jie
7ze
in Sanskrit with
50); but
As then bhu,
Jcnoivs (vid.
causes to know.
or bhav, means to be, bhav-aja means to cavse to be,

It has
been already seen that
in
some cases v
palatal; e.g., fluc-si for fluv-si, from flu-o.
is
i.e., to make.
hardened to a
Substituting in the
Sanskrit bhav-aja f for bh, as above, and c for v, there would

result the
form fac-aja, whose development
example, into fac-i-mus,

into
sop-i-mus
(vid.
differs
54) only
in the first plural, for
from the development of sop-aja

in the quantity of its
vowel.
Ad-
mitting the correctness of this explanation, facio must then be

considered as radically identical with
cealed reduplication (vid. 46)
a conjugational
still
retained,
(1)
present indicative
is),
fert-ur
in the
this
its
parts without the use of
method of conjugation are
ferr-is
(by assimilation for fers-
second plural, indicative active, fertis
in the
(2)
(3) throughout the imperfect subjunctive, fer-rem, &c.
the present infinitive, fer-re.
we might have expected
that
tion
i.e., in
the present
is
affix
would be retained.
vel-sem.
Its con-
Compare,
In the parts not specified
inflected after the analogy of the third conjugaa.

The root fer occurs only in
For the bases tul and la of the perfect
the use of the affix
system.
and supine, see tollo.

Ferveo. In the perfect ferb-ui
is
represented by
its
(for ferv-ui), the radical
associate cognate sonant.
In the supine, contrary to rule, the t of turn
Figo.
in
In the subjunctive and imperative,
consonant, the s of the original
in this respect, vel-leni for
and (4)
under the protection of the preceding
version to r results, in this instance, from assimilation.
above, the verb
in the
second and third person singular of the
fer-s, fer-t
it
fa-fac, fa-fic, fa-ic, fee.
Traces of
affix.
to
perfect feci contains a con-
This verb originally formed
Fero.
and standing
fio,
The
relation of causal to j^rimitive.
51
verted to s after the palatal.
is
con-
Hence, fig-tum, fic-tum, fic-suni^
fixum.
Findo.
Fio.
Root
fid.
In explanation of the perfect
fidi, vid, 47.
Vid. facio.
Fluo. A secondary form of the root flu, occurring in the second

and third systems, is fluv (vid. 10). Thus, fluxi for fluc-si, and
this for fluv-si
flue
-\-
Frango.
cation,
(by 26).
Supine, fluv
-|-
turn
= flue
turn
-|-
sum ^= fluxum.
Root
fra-fragi,
frag.
which
Full form of the perfect
became
successively
made by
redupli-
fra-frigi,
fra-igi,
fregi.
Frendeo. Root probably fred.

Fruor, root fru or (by 10) fruv; from the latter, fruetus for
fruvtus. This verb is also explained by supposing the present to
have syncopated a radical palatal,
Gaudeo.
union of the
fruor
for frugor.
Gaud -j- tus = gaud -J- sus = gau -[- sus.

affix
with the base, the verb assumes long
In the
i
after
the analogy of the fourth conjugation, necessarily accompanying

this insertion
with thd conversion of
into
hence, gav-i-sus.
52
Vid. 49.
Gigno.
Gnosco. Hoot gno
(later,
or con, the root attenuates
no).
its
When in composition with ad
to i in the
forms of the third
system; e.g., ag-ni-tum (for ag-gni-tum).

This verb
Haereo.
Haurio.
Inquam,
is
exceptional to 35, in that
it
converts the
and syncopates the characteristic.

For hausum, vid. haesum from haereo.
t of the supine into
i.e.,
s,
quam:
in-|-
early root (retained only in the
singular of the present indicative),
qua;
later form, qui.
first
Though
viz., a,
limiting
a pure verb, it employs a conjugational affix,
its use, however, to precisely those forms in which the a of ia
(ja)
is
retained in verbs like capio, and subjecting
Though
euphonic changes.
verbs in io, of conjugation third, the resemblance

dental; for while in
we
them the
it
to the
same
coinciding thus in appearance with
i is
derived from the
is
purely acciof ja, in the
it is an element of the root.

Rootjac. Perfect, ja-jaci, ja-jici, ja-ici, jeoi.
Jubeo. In this verb the t of the supine is converted into s,
and both in the perfect and supine the radical labial assimilated.
Hence jus-si and jus-sum, for the regular jup-si and jup-tum
(vid. 25 and 31).
Jungo. Root jug. Although appearing in all the forms of the
verb, the nasal is not to be considered as radical.
Conf. jug-um,
verb
are considering
Jacio.
con-jug-is.
Labor. Participle lap-sus, for the regular lap-tus.

La-tum. Yid. tollo.
Lavo.
Of
lo-tum, the
tum
by
for
the three forms

regular.
first is
lav-tum) the
,
third
of supine lav-a-tum, lau-tum,
The second converts v into u (laucombines au of the second into o,
8.
Linquo. Root liqu. Conf. liqu-i, lic-tum (in re-lictum)

Malo. Vid. volo.
Memini. Root man, to tliink. This is a perfect formed by
reduplication accompanied with the usual attenuation.
Compare,
in the latter respect, ce-cidi from root cad.
The same root with
the attenuation of its vowel appears in com-min-iscor, and remin-iscor, also in
which eo
is
mon-eo
man-aja;
(Sanski'it
fore signifies to cause to
Metior. Root
ma
tliinlc, i.e.,
(conf.
vid.
53), in
Mon-eo
there-
form, met.
The
the corruption of the causal affix aja.

to advise.
mo-dus)
later

participle
men-sus
and the
tion,
is for
53
ment-sus, the n being a euphonic
t disappearing
As
according to rule.
inser-
regards the
euphonic nasal, compare the Latin mensis formed from the same
root ma.
Misceo.
Mig + sc
Root mig.
= (by syncopation) misc, the

The
base of the present and perfect.
form of the supine,

would be migsc-tum. This is corrupted to the form mix-turn, by the syncopation of the second palatal, c and to mis-tum, by the sacrifice of
both c and g.
full
including root, inchoative sign, and modal
affix,
The
Morior.
the use
perfect participle passive
Forms
of tu.
in
tuu
Conf. fa-tuu-s from root
occurred.
regularly formed in
is
tvu) seem
(for
To
fa.
this
also
have
to
be
class is to
referred the perfect participle mor-tuu-s, root m.or.
Nanciscor.
Root nac.
The
root inserts in the
(and optionally in the third) a euphonic

Nitor.
first is
first
system
and adds the affix sc.

Of the two forms of participle nisus and nixus, the
n,
In explanation of the second, which contains a
regular.
palatal, I conjecture a connection with nicto, to strive.
Nolo. Vid. Volo.

Pango. Root pag.
The
perfect pegi
is
and that for
for paigi
pa-pigi.
Root pal; hence pe-pul-i, pul-sum.
This seems
been conjugated as a verb in io of the third
conjugation, and to have assimilated the i; pello for pel-io.
Pello.
originally to have
Percello
for
= per
per-ce-ciil-i
-f-
obsolete
cello.
The
and the present cel-lo
perfect
for
per-ciili
cel-io.
is
Conf.
pello.
Pingo.
stantive
is
probably euphonic.
Conf. pio-tum and the sub-
pig-mentum.
Piiiso.
Conf.
euphonic.
pis-tum, and the substantives
pis-tor and pis-trinum.
Pono
for pos-n-o,
euj^honic.
Root prao whence by attenuation, preo by attenuation and aphgeresis, roc or rog; by attenuation and metathesis,
pore. These three forms of the root, prec, rog, pore, appear
For
respectively in prec-or, rog-o, po-sc-o, for porc-sc-o.
Posco.
the syncopation of re before the inchoative sc, conf. di-sc-o for

dic-sc-o.
Poto.
Root pot, lengthened from po
(vid.
bibo).
Of
the
54
two supines, pot-a-tum and po-tum, the
first
is
formed from
the longer, the second from the shorter root.
Premo. Perfect pres-si for prem-si. Supine pres-sum for

prem-sum,
Quaero (by 36) for quGBSo, which also occurs.
Rumpo. Root rup. Yid. 41.
Scindo. Root scid. The perfect scidi probably results from
an old reduplicated form by the apha?resis of the repeated syllable.
Sero,
to
sow ; perfect
The
sa-tum.
se-vi, supine
authorities
give no clew to a valid method of reconciling the thi-ee forms, ser,

se, sa,
under which the root of the verb appears. I suggest the

There is no part of a verb from which the original
foUoAving.
may be
root
Here we
with more
find not
confidence
deduced, than the supine.
sar-tum, but sa-tum.
It is
more
natural, then,
to consider sar a lengthening of sa, than sa an abbreviation of
This view is confirmed by the se of the perfect se-vi, and

more by the noun of agency, sa-tor, which, uniformly with
the method by which in general this formation is obtained, we
sar.
still
should expect to be comjDounded of the root in
and the
must be
How
affix tor.
then
is
by the addition of
either
r,
earliest
form
It
by the addition of some
or
other consonant subsequently converted to

ginal assumption of
its
ser to be derived from sa.
r.
To
afiirm the ori-
to suppose a case quite exceptional to
r, is
method of Latin formation. Had either of the Un1, been affixed, there could have been nothing in the
position between two vowels to occasion its conversion into r.
Still less ground is there for supposing an original labial or
Only s remains, a letter which not only finds a possible
palatal.
representative in r, but one which, if standing between two vowels,
the general
guals
t,
d, n,
as in the case under discussion,
we should have
expected to be thus
converted, conformably to the almost universal requirements of
But what
the language.
tion of
s?
We
reduplication of
is
the explanation of an original addi-
answer, reduplication.
gen
It is true that
gives gi-gen (later gi-gn)
gives bi-b (vid. bibo),
we might have expected
as
and that of
the
bo
in place of se-s,
si-s,
and thus
of
in the present instance, is only in accord with the principle
i,
in place of se-r-o,
si-r-o
but the use of e instead
already stated (at 16), and abundantly illustrated, that the general
tendency of r
is
to convert the preceding
into
e.
55
Sisto. Root sta. For the formation of the present,

and 49. For the perfect, vid. sto.
Sperno. Root spre, by metathesis sper; n euphonic.
Spondeo.
Sterno.
vid,
42
Vid. 44.
Conf. sperno.
Sto. Root sta. The perfect of both sto and sisto

by the redupHcation of sta according to 44.
Struo. Root stru or struv. Conf. fluo.
Sum. Vid. " Table I."
is
formed
Root tag. n euphonic.

Root tern. In the simple verb p is never inserted
and t (conf. 27 and 33)
but optionally con-tem-si, or
Tango.
Temno.
before s
con-tem-p-si
so the supine.
The
Tendo.
supine ten-tuni
retention of the affix
is
exceptional to
34
in
its
t.
Root tri by metathesis tir by 16 ter.

Root tal. This root seems to have been conjugated
Thus tal-io, or
originally as a verb in io of conjugation third.
by attenuation tol-io by assimilation, tol-lo. The perfect tuli
(appearing in sus-tiili) results from the original te-tiili (used by
The regPlautus), by the aphajresis of the reduplicate syllable.
ular form of supine would be tal-tum, or by metathesis tla-tum.
It is probable that la- turn is a corruption from this by aphaeresis.
Tero.
ToUo.
Vid. tollo.
Tuli.
Tundo.
Root tud.
The
Volo.
old root val appears under the three attenuated
In the following parts the verb retains
forms, vul, vol, vel.

its
method of
original
inflection without a conjugational affix
the present indicative (u in
except the
junctive,
optative
first
and present
vel-sem.
is
this for
subjunctive
subjunctive assimilates the s of the affix
So the
infinitive vel-le for vel-se.
malo (magis -j- volo) and nolo
THE END.
ITY
is
an
vel-ja-m or vel-ie-m.
the verb employs the affix of conjugation third.
jugated
simply connective),
The present
infinitive.
vel-i-m for vel-i-m, and
The imperfect
for
vol-u-mus
person singular, the present and imperfect sub-
vel-lera
In other parts
Like volo
(non.-|- volo).
is
con-
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Analysis of The Latin Verb - CHARLES H. PARKHUEST

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UC-NRLF

GIFT OF MRS. LOUISE

THE LATIN YERB,

FORMS OF THE SANSKRIT.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S70, by

the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

and the method by which the

have been corrupted from

power of the Latin, however,

cannot give the philosophy, of Latin formation.

analysis of the verb

for example, in the first per-

son plural of the present subjunctive active would be,

personal ending, mus.

quaintance with Latin, however thorough, will not, without

from the cognate languages, discover in that connec-

the former a corruption of aja, the

Greek, the modal sign of the optative.

reference to the Sanskrit, not at

because the Sanskrit

the progenitor of the Latin, but because

the forms belonging to the parent language of the entire Indo-

mediate aim of these pages

to introduce the pupil

and one which, though

failing to satisfy the utilitarian ten-

yet rich in promise to the less ambitious

research and discovery are their

and abundant reward.

have not assumed on the part of the student any

acquaintance with either the Sanskrit or the Greek.

between the Greek and Latin, one familiar with

believe, fail to discover in our discussion of

many problems in Greek formation.

primary object being

to give the best

research, in a form convenient and intel-

attained rest rather upon probable than

Care has been taken

each instance to put these

positive form than that with

they are enunciated by the authorities

are happy to acknowledge our indebtedness to Profes-

for his examination of

for valuable suggestions

Conscious of the imperfection of the work both in form and

the public with the hope that

not be altogether without

serve to reproduce in the case of some earnest student, some-

thing of the pleasure experienced by the author in the course

ANALYSIS OF THE VERB.

oldest form of a word is called its Root.

case, the process

as to denote relations of gender,

denote relations of voice, mood, tense, number, and person, the

the converse of inflection, and con-

resolving a verb or noun into

ultimate verbal and pro-

analysis of the verb consists in separating frohi the root

those pronominal accretions which

and serve to denote

The Latin Alphabet.

preliminary to the analysis proper, sections