Steel Structures by S.

Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-1

CHAPTER 9

P9.1.

Determine the value of S x, Z x, "x of the following shapes, using the dimensions given in the LRFDM.
(a)
W36 230
(b)*
W16 36
(c)
WT18 115
(d)
WT8 18

Solution
a.
Section: W36230
b f = 16.5 in.;
t f = 1.26 in.
d = 35.9 in.;
tw = 0.760 in.
1.
Elastic section properties
Flange area = 16.5 1.26 = 20.8 in.2
Web depth, d w = (35.9 - 2 1.26) = 33.4 in.
Web area = 0.760 33.4 = 25.4 in.2
Total area, A = 20.8 2 + 25.4 = 67.0 in.2
For the doubly symmetric section considered, the center of gravity, G, coincides with the pont of
intersection of the two symmetry axes.
above the bottom fiber of the bottom flange

14,900 in.4

(Ans.)

2.

Plastic section properties

To satisfy the condition IA Fy dA = 0 for a homogeneous section, the PNA divides the section into
two equal areas. For the doubly symmetric section considered, the PNA therefore coincides with
the symmetry axis.

= 18.0 in. above the bottom fiber of the bottom flange

Plastic section modulus,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-2

= 934 in.3

(Ans.)

Shape factor,

(Ans.)

The corresponding values given in LRFDM Table 1-1 are: Ix = 15,000in.4; S x = 837 in.3 ; and Z x =
943 in.3 and take into account the contribution of the web-to-flange fillets.

b.

1.

Section: W1636
b f = 6.99 in.;

t f = 0.430 in.;

d = 15.9 in.;

tw = 0.295

Elastic section properties

Flange area = 6.99 0.430 = 3.01 in.2
Web depth, d w = (15.9 - 2 0.430) = 15.0 in.
Web area = 15.0 0.295 = 4.43 in.2
Total area, A = 3.01 2 + 4.43 = 10.5 in.2
For the doubly symmetric section considered, the center of gravity, G, coincides with the pont of
intersection of the two symmetry axes.
above the bottom fiber of the bottom flange

443 in.4

(Ans.)

2.

Plastic section properties

To satisfy the condition IA Fy dA = 0 for a homogeneous section, the PNA divides the section into
two equal areas. For the doubly symmetric section considered, the PNA therefore coincides with
the symmetry axis.

= 7.95 in. above the bottom fiber of the bottom flange

Plastic section modulus,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

= 63.2 in.3

Shape factor,

page 9-3

(Ans.)

(Ans.)

The corresponding values given in LRFDM Table 1-1 are: Ix = 448 in.4; S x = 56.5 in.3 ; and Z x =
64.0 in.3 and take into account the contribution of the web-to-flange fillets.

P9.2.

Determine the value of S x, Z x, "x of the following built-up sections:

(a)
A W16 36 with one 12 in. plate welded to each flange.
(b)
A W16 36 with one 12 in. plate welded to the top of the flange
(c)
A W16 36 with a C12 20.7 with its web welded to the top flange.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.3.

Chapter 9

page 9-4

Determine the values of M yx and M px for the shapes given in Problem P9.1.

Solution

P9.4.

a.

W36230
Yield stress, F y = 50 ksi
Elastic section modulus, S x = 828 in.3 (from solution to P9.1a.)
Plastic section modulus, Z x = 934 in.3 (from solution to P9.1a.)
Yield moment, M y = S x F y = 828 50.0 12 = 3450 ft-kips
Plastic moment, M p = Z x F y = 934 50.0 12 = 3892 ft-kips

b.

W1636
Yield stress, F y = 50 ksi
Elastic section modulus, S x = 55.7 in.3 (from solution to P9.1b.)
Plastic section modulus, Z x = 63.2 in.3 (from solution to P9.1b.)
Yield moment, M y = S x F y = 55.7 50.0 12 = 232 ft-kips
Plastic moment, M p = Z x F y = 63.2 50.0 12 = 263 ft-kips

Determine the values of M yx and M px for the built-up shapes given in Problem P9.2. Assume A36 steel for all
elements.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.5.

Chapter 9

page 9-5

a) A W18x35 beam of A992 steel spans 30 ft and is connected to columns at either end by means of
standard web connections. Compute the uniformly distributed factored load that the member can resist.
Assume continuous lateral bracing for the compression flange.
b) Find the maximum spacing of lateral supports for the design to still hold good.
Solution
Simply supported beam: Span, L = 30 ft
Loading: Uniformly distributed load, q u
Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
a.
Section: W2162
From LRFDM Table 1-1 6 b f / 2t f = 7.06; h /t w = 53.5
Material: A992 steel 6 Fy = 50 ksi
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1835, Nb M px = 249 ft-kips; Nv Vn = 143 kips; L p = 4.31 ft

Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength,
Md =

Nb M px = 249 ft-kips

As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by

Vd =

Nv Vn = 143 kips

As per LRFD:
Maximum bending moment,

Maximum shear corresponding to this load is,

Vmax = q u L/ 2 = 2.21 30 2 = 33.2 kips <

Vd = 143 kips O.K.

So, the maximum uniformly distributed factored load the W1835 of A992 steel can support is 2.21
klf.
(Ans.)
b.

The beam could be considered adequately braced for

L b # L p = 4.31 ft say 4' 3"

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.6.

Chapter 9

page 9-6

Determine the uniformly distributed factored load that can be carried by a W2162 beam of A572 Grade 42
steel over a simply supported span of 24 ft with lateral supports at 6 ft.
Solution
Simply supported beam: Span, L = 24 ft
Unbraced length, L b = 6 ft
Section, W2162
Material: A572 Gr 42 6 Fy = 42 ksi
From LRFDM Table 1-1, for a W2162, Z x = 144 in.3;

r y = 1.77 in.

From Eq. 9.7.4, limiting unbraced length is,

As L b < L p, the beam is considered adequately laterally braced. From Eq. 9.7.2, the design bending
strength is,

Maximum bending moment,

So, the maximum uniformly distributed factored load the W2162 of A572 Gr 42 can support is 6.3
klf.
(Ans)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.7.

Chapter 9

page 9-7

A W24176 of A572 Grade 60 steel is used for a simple span of 36 ft. If the only dead load present is the
weight o the beam, what is the largest service concentrated live load that can be placed at mid-span?
Assume continuous lateral bracing. Deflection need not be checked.

Solution
Simply supported beam: Span, L = 36 ft. Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
Section: W24176
Material: A572 Gr 60 steel 6 Fy = 60 ksi
Loading:
Dead load: Self weight of the beam 6
q D = 176 plf = 0.176 klf
Live load: A central concentrated load 6
QL
Factored loads:
Uniformly distributed load 6
q u = 1.2 0.176 = 0.211 klf
Central concentrated load 6
Q u = 1.6 Q L
Maximum bending moment at the center under factored loads is,

From LRFDM Table 1-1 6 Z x = 511 in.3;

b f / 2t f = 4.81;

d = 25.2 in.;
h /tw = 28.7

t w = 0.750 in.

Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength is,
M d = Nb M px = Nb Z x Fy = 0.90 511 60.0 = 27,594 in.-kips = 2300 ft-kips
As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by
Vd = Nv V n = Nv d tw (0.6 Fy) = 0.90 25.2 0.750 0.60 60.0 = 612 kips
As per LRFD:

Maximum shear corresponding to this load is,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-8

Vmax = q u L + Q u = (0.50.21136) + ( 0.51.6157)

= 129 kips < Vd = 612 kips O.K.
So, the maximum concentrated service live load the W24176 of A572 Grade 60 steel can support
is 157 kips.
(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.8.

Chapter 9

page 9-9

A triangular opening in the floor of an industrial building results in the factored loads on a W1835 simple
beam to be as shown in Fig. P9.8. The beam weight is not included. Use A588 Grade 50 steel. Assume full
lateral support for the compression flange. Check the adequacy of the beam.
See Fig. P9.8 of the text book.
Solution
Simply supported beam, AB.
Span, L = 32 ft
Factored loads:
Concentrated load at center, C = 20 kips
Two triangular loads, with maximum intensity (at supports) of 1.5 klf.
Total factored load on the beam = 20.0 + 21.516 = 44.0 kips
Reaction,
Due to symmetry of the structure and the loading the maximum bending moment occurs at the
center, C.

Maximum shear, Vmax = VA = 22 kips

Additional bending moment at midspan due to self weight of the beam,

Required bending strength, M req = 224 + 5.38 = 229 ft-kips

From LRFDM Table 5-3 for a W1835,

As the beam is continuously laterally braced,

Also
Vd = 143 kips > 22 kips

O.K.

The W1835 beam is adequate for the given loads.

Note:

(Ans.)

To be considered adequately laterally supported, bracing should be provided such that L b # 4' 4".

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.9.

Chapter 9

page 9-10

A 34 ft long W2794 shape of A992 steel is used as a simply supported beam. It is subjected to a factored
concentrated load of 80 kips at 12 ft from each support. In addition, it is subjected to a factored moment of
340 ft-kips, one at its left-end (anti-clockwise) and one at its right-end (clockwise). Neglect self weight of
the beam in the calculation and check if the beam is safe. Assume full lateral support for the compression
flange.

Solution
a.
Data
Simply supported beam, AB: Span, L = 34 ft
Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
Loading:
Factored concentrated load at D and E (with AD = BE = a = 12 ft) = 80 kips
Factored end-moment at B = 340 ft-kips (anti-clockwise)
Factored end-moment at E = 340 ft-kips (clockwise)
Uniformly distributed load, q u due to self-weight ( = 1.2 0.094 = 0.113 klf )
b.

Required strengths
Due to the symmetry of the structure and the loading, the maximum bending moment occurs at the
center, C. Consider the influence of self weight separately.
From the applied loads:
R A = R B = 80.0 kips
M A = - 340 ft-kips
M C = 80.017.0 - 80.05.0 - 340 = + 620 ft-kips
Due to self weight:
R A = R B = 0.113 34 2 = 1.92 kips
MC
So:
Required bending strength, M u = 620 + 16.3 = 636 ft-kips
Required shear strength, Vu
= 80.0 + 1.92 = 81.9 kips

c.

Design strengths
Section: W2794
From LRFDM Table 1-1 6 b f / 2t f = 6.70; h /t w = 49.5
Material: A992 steel 6 Fy = 50 ksi
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W2794, Nb M px = 1040 ft-kips; Nv Vn = 356 kips; L p = 7.49 ft
Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:
Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

So, the design bending strength is: M d =

Nb M px = 1040 ft-kips

Also, as h /t w < 8 pv, the design shear strength is:

As, M u <

M d and Vu <

page 9-11

Vd =

Nv V n = 356 kips

Vd, the W2794 of A992 steel can support the given loads.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.10.

Chapter 9

page 9-12

Repeat Problem P9.9, with the end moment acting at the left end only.

Solution
a.
Data
Simply supported beam, AB: Span, L = 34 ft
Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
Loading:
Factored concentrated load at D and E (with AD = BE = a = 12 ft) = 80 kips
Factored end-moment at B = 340 ft-kips (anti-clockwise)
Uniformly distributed load, q u due to self-weight ( = 1.2 0.094 = 0.113 klf )
b.

Required strengths
Consider the influence of self weight separately.
From the applied loads:
R A = 90.0 kips;
R B = 70.0 kips
M A = - 340 ft-kips
M D = 90.0 12.0 - 340 = + 740 ft-kips
M E = 90.022.0 - 80.010.0 - 340 = + 840 ft-kips
M B = 0 ft-kips
So, the maximum bending moment under applied load occurs at E.
Due to self weight:
R A = R B = 0.113 34 2 = 1.92 kips
MC
The maximum bending moment now occurs at the center, C.
So:
Required bending strength, M u = 840 + 16.3 = 856 ft-kips (conservatively)
Required shear strength, Vu
= 90.0 + 1.92 = 91.9 kips

c.

Design strengths
Section: W2794
From LRFDM Table 1-1 6 b f / 2t f = 6.70; h /t w = 49.5
Material: A992 steel 6 Fy = 50 ksi
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W2794, Nb M px = 1040 ft-kips; Nv Vn = 356 kips; L p = 7.49 ft
Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:
Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

So, the design bending strength is: M d =

Nb M px = 1040 ft-kips

Also, as h /t w < 8 pv, the design shear strength is:

As, M u <

M d and Vu <

page 9-13

Vd =

Nv V n = 356 kips

Vd, the W2794 of A992 steel can still support the given loads.
(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.11.

Chapter 9

page 9-14

A wide flange beam AB frames across an open well in a building and is subjected to the factored loads
shown in Fig. P9.11. Determine if a W1650 of Fy = 50 ksi steel is sufficient under these conditions.
Assume continuous lateral support to the compression flange.
See Fig. P9.11 of the text book.
Solution
Simply supported beam, AB.
Span, L = 40 ft
Material: Fy = 50 ksi steel
Factored loads:
Concentrated load at D, 24 ft from A: 10 kips
Uniformly distributed load over AD: 1.6 klf

Location of point of zero shear ( z o from A):

Maximum moment,
Additional moment due to self-weight,
Required bending strength, M u = 298 + 12.0 = 310 ft-kips
Maximum shear, Vmax = 30.9 kips
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1650 of Fy = 50 ksi steel,

As the section is compact and the compression flange continuously laterally supported

So, the W1650 of F y = 50 ksi steel is adequate.

P9.12.

(Ans.)

A simple beam consists of a W1855 with a PL112 cover plate welded to each flange. Determine the
factored uniform load the beam can support in addition to its own weight for a 28-ft simple span. Assume
A572 Grade 50 steel and full lateral support.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.13.

Chapter 9

page 9-15

A 36-ft long simple beam consists of a built-up section obtained by welding three A36 steel plates as shown
in Fig. P2.6. Determine the factored uniformly distributed load the beam can support, in addition to its selfweight. The beam is continuously laterally supported
See Fig. P2.6 of the text book.
Solution
Simply supported beam. Span, L = 36 ft
Material: A36 steel. Fy = 36 ksi
Section: Built-up by welding three plates.
a.

Elastic section properties

Total area, A = 8.00 2.00 + 1.0016.0 + 12.02.0 = 56.0 in.2
To satisfy the condition IA f dA = 0, the elastic neutral axis must pass through the center of gravity
of the cross section.

8.71 in. above the bottom fiber of the bottom flange

3,500 in.4

b.

Plastic section properties

To satisfy the condition IA Fy dA = 0, for the unequal flanged I-section, the PNA divides the section
into two equal areas. As, A /2 = 56/2 = 28.0 in.2 is greater than the area of the bottom flange, it
follows that the PNA will be in the web. To locate the PNA, find the distance yp, as measured from
the bottom fiber of the bottom flange, such that the area above the PNA is equal to the area below.
(12.0 2.00) + l.00(

- 2.00) =

1.00 (18.0 -

) + 8.00 2.00

= 6.0

Plastic section modulus,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-16

= 408 in.3
c.

Plastic moment
From LRFDS Eq. F1-1:
Plastic moment, M p

= min [ F y Z x ; 1.5 F y S x min ]

= min [ (36.0408) 12; (1.536310) 12 ]

d.

= min [ 1224 ft-kips; 1395 ft-kips ] = 1224 ft-kips

Design strengths
Width-to-thickness ratios of the plates:
Compression flange:
b f / 2t f = 4.00 / 2.00
= 2.00
Web in flexure:
h c /t w
= (212.0) / 1.00 = 24.0
Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:
Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength,
Md =

Nb M px =

0.90 1224 = 1100 ft-kips

As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by

Vd =

Nv Vn = 0.9 16.0 1.0 0.60 36.0 = 311 kips

As per LRFD:

Maximum shear corresponding to this load is,

Vmax = q u L/ 2 = 6.79 36 2 = 122 kips <

Vd = 311 kips O.K.

Self-weight of the beam = 56 3.4 = 190 plf = 0.190 klf

Factored value of the self-weight = 1.2 0.190 = 0.228 klf
So, the maximum uniformly distributed factored load the built-up section can support, in addition to
its self-weight is: 6.56 klf.
(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.14.

Chapter 9

page 9-17

A W1657 of A992 steel is used for the over hanging beam ABCD (Fig. P9.14) under the service loads
(50% dead and 50% live ) shown. Assume continuous lateral support, and check the adequacy of the beam
for bending and shear.
See Fig. P9.14 of the text book.
Solution
Overhanging beam ACBD.
Main span AB: L = 20 ft
Overhang BD: a = 8 ft
Service loads:
Uniformly distributed load over AD:
q = 2 klf
Concentrated load at free end, D:
Q D = 16 kips
Concentrated load at center of main span, C: Q C = 32 kips
Factored distributed load,
Factored concentrated load at C,
Factored concentrated load at D,

q u = 1.2(1.0) + 1.6(1.0)
= 2.80 klf
Q uC = 1.2(16.0) + 1.6(16.0) = 44.8 kips
Q uD = 1.2(8.0) + 1.6(8.0)
= 22.4 kips

Maximum positive moment, occurs at C.

Maximum negative moment occurs at support B.

So,
Maximum shear, VBC = 63.8 kips.
From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1657,
As the section is compact and continuously braced,

So, the W1657 is adequate.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.15.

Chapter 9

page 9-18

A W1430 of A992 steel is used as a simply supported, uniformly loaded beam with a span length of 28 ft.
The service dead load (not including the self weight) is 0.4 klf and the service live load is 0.78 klf. Assume
that the beam is continuously laterally supported by the floor deck. Check the adequacy of the beam for
bending and shear. Calculate the maximum dead load and live load deflections of the beam.
Solution
Simply supported beam.
Span, L = 28 ft
Self weight of the beam = 30 plf
Service dead load, q D = 0.40 + 0.03 = 0.43 klf
Service live load, q L = 0.78 klf
Since the dead load is less than 8 times the live load, load combination LC-2 controls:

For a simply supported beam, under uniformly distributed load, the maximum bending moment
occurs at midspan, and is equal to:

Maximum shear, which occurs at support, is equal to

From LRFDM Table 5-3 for a W1430

As the beam is continuously braced,
We have
O.K.
O.K.
So, the W1430 is satisfactory for bending and shear.

(Ans.)

For a simply supported beam, under uniformly distributed load, the maximum deflection occurs at
midspan (Case 1, Table 5-17 of the LRFDM). The central deflection under service live load is,
(Ans.)

The central deflection under service dead load is

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.16.

Chapter 9

page 9-19

A W30148 of Fy = 50 ksi steel has been selected for the simply supported beam shown in Fig. P9.16.
Loads Q consist of 50 kips dead load and 80 kips live load. Check the adequacy of the beam for bending
and shear. Calculate the maximum dead load and live load deflections. Assume continuous lateral support
for the compression flange.
See Fig. P9.16 of the text book.
Solution
Simply supported beam AB.
Span, L = 26 ft
Concentrated loads, at center C, and at points D and E (CD = CE = 10 ft)
Service load, Q: 50 kips dead load, and 80 kips live load
Factored load, Q u = 1.2 50.0 + 1.6 80.0 = 188 kips
Reaction at A,
Bending moment at D, M D = 2823.0 = 846 ft-kips
Bending moment at C,
Bending moment at C due to self weight,
So, the required bending strength,
Required shear strength,

From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W30148:

We have

From Beam Diagrams and Formulas (Case 7 and Case 9 of LRFDM Table 5-17), the maximum
deflection which occurs at C:

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.17.

a)

b)

Chapter 9

page 9-20

A W1230 of A992 steel is used as a simply supported beam with a span length of 10 ft. It is
subjected to two concentrated loads of 80 kips each, located 1 ft from each support. The loads
given are service live loads. Neglect self weight of the beam in the calculations. Check the
adequacy of the beam for bending and shear, assuming that the beam is continuously laterally
supported.
Redesign, if necessary (limit the selection to W12s only).

Solution
Simply supported beam AB.
Span, L = 10 ft
Loading: Two concentrated loads at C and D (AC = BD = a = 1 ft)
Service live load, Q L = 80 kips
Factored loads, Q u = 1.6Q L = 1.680 = 128 kips

From LRFDM Table 5-3, for a W1230

Shape is compact and laterally supported, therefore
Vd = Nv Vn = 86.3

<

So, the W1230 is not satisfactory.

Vmax = 128 kips

N.G.
(Ans.)

Entering LRFDM Table 5-4 with Vreq = 128 kips and limiting the selection to W12 shapes, observe
that a W1272 with

So, select a W1272 of A992 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.18.

Chapter 9

page 9-21

A large steel beam simply spans 60 feet and carries an applied load of 1.5 klf ( D = 0.5 klf and L = 1.0 klf).
Select the lightest adequate W-shape of A992 steel. Include the effect of member self weight. Assume that
the beam is continuously laterally supported.
Solution
Simply supported beam. Continuously laterally supported.
Material: A992 steel. 6 Fy = 50 ksi
Span, L = 60 ft
As the span is large, assume a self-weight of 100 plf or 0.100 klf.
Dead load, q D = 0.500 + 0.100 = 0.600 klf
Live load, q L = 1.00 klf
Factored load, q u = 1.2(0.600) + 1.6(1.00) = 2.32 klf
Maximum factored moment,

Maximum shear,
Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with M req = 1044 ft-kips, we observe that a W3090 is the lightest
section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape,

As the weight of the beam (90 plf) is less than the value assumed (100 plf) the design is O.K.
Select a W3090.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.19.

Chapter 9

page 9-22

Select the lightest W section to carry a uniform dead load of 0.3 klf and a live load of 0.6 klf on a simply
supported span of 34 ft. The beam is continuously laterally supported. Assume no deflection limitations.
Use A572 Grade 42 steel.
Solution
Simply supported beam. Continuously laterally supported.
Material: A572 Grade 42 steel. 6 Fy = 42 ksi
Span, L = 34 ft
Assume a self-weight of 40 plf or 0.040 klf.
Dead load, q D = 0.300 + 0.040 = 0.340 klf
Live load, q L = 0.600 klf
Factored load, q u = 1.2(0.340) + 1.6(0.600) = 1.37 klf
Maximum factored moment,

Maximum shear,
From Eq. 9.7.18:

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with Z req = 62.9 in.3, we observe that a W1835 (in bold face) is the
lightest section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape, we have:
Z x = 66.5 in.3;

d = 17.7 in.; t w = 0.300 in.; b f /2t f = 7.06;

h /t w = 53.5

As the section is compact for Fy = 50 ksi steel (no indication to the contrary in this table), it is
compact for Grade 42 steel considered. So, the design bending strength is,
M d = Nb M px = Nb Z x Fy = 0.90 66.5 42.0 = 2514 in.-kips = 210 ft-kips
Limiting b/t ratio for plate (web) buckling in shear:
As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by
Vd = Nv V n = Nv d tw (0.6 Fy) = 0.90 17.7 0.300 0.60 42.0 = 120 kips
As,
As the weight of the beam (35 plf) is less than the value assumed (40 plf) the design is O.K.
Select a W1835 of A572 Gr 42 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.20.

Chapter 9

page 9-23

A simply supported beam AB with a span of 48 feet must carry three column loads of 100 kips each (Fig.
P9.20). The loads are factored loads. Assume full lateral support for the compression flange. Select the
most economical W-section assuming A992 steel, if the nominal depth is limited to 30 in. Include the effect
of member self-weight.
See Fig. P9.20 of the text book.
Solution
Simply supported beam, AB.
Span, L = 48 ft
Factored, concentrated load at center C = 100 kips
Factored, concentrated loads at points D and E (AD = BE = a = 12 ft) = 100 kips
Neglect influence of self-weight to start with. Total factored load on the beam = 300 kips
Due to symmetry of the structure and the loading, reaction, R A = 150 kips
Maximum bending moment occurs at midspan.

Maximum shear, Vmax = 150 kips

Entering the LRFDM Table 5-3 with M req = 2400 ft-kips, we observe that a W30191(in bold face)
is the lightest W30 shape that provides the required flexure strength. For this section:

Additional bending moment at C due to factored self-weight is,

As the revised maximum moment, 2400 + 66.0 = 2470 ft-kips is less than 2530 ft-kips, the
W30191 selected is adequate.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.21.

Chapter 9

page 9-24

The 32 foot long steel beams AB of Figure P9.21 are spaced 8 feet on center. They are simply supported at
points D and E, and must carry a service floor load of 100 psf (50% dead load and 50% live load) and a wall
load of 0.6 kips per linear foot of wall (100% dead load). Assume adequate lateral support, A992 steel, and
select the lightest W-12 shape for flexure and shear. The maximum service load deflection of the beam
should be within in.
See Fig. P9.21 of the text book.
Solution
Beam with overhangs, ADCEB.
Main span (DE), L 1 = 24 ft; overhangs (DA, EB), L 2 = 4 ft
Spacing of beams, S b = 8 ft
Service distributed dead load, q D = 50.0 8.0 = 400 plf
Service distributed live load, q L = 50.0 8.0 = 400 plf
Factored distributed load,
Wall load = 0.6 klf
Factored concentrated load at A and B,
Symmetric and symmetrically loaded structure.
Reactions, R D = R E = 5.76 + 1.1216.0 = 23.7 kips
The maximum positive bending moment occurs at midspan (point C). We have:

Maximum negative bending moment occurs at the supports B and D:

Maximum moment, M max = 48.6 ft-kips

From LRFDM Table 5-3, a W1214 with NM px = 65.2 ft-kips > 48.9 ft-kips is the lightest
section that has adequate bending strength.
Select a W1214 section of A992 steel..

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.22.

Chapter 9

page 9-25

A simply supported beam with a span of 24 ft has a uniform load of 0.6 klf over the entire span. In addition,
it has a 40 kip load 8 ft from left end and a 30 kip load 8 ft from the other end of the beam. Select a Wshape of A 572 Grade 60 steel that can safely support the given factored loads. Assume full lateral support.

Solution
Simply supported beam. Span AB: L = 24 ft
Section: W-shape. Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
Material: A572 Grade 60 steel. 6 Fy = 60 ksi
Factored loads:
Uniformly distributed over AB:
= 0.6 klf
Concentrated load at point D (with AD = 8 ft): Q uD = 40.0 kips
Concentrated load at point E (with BE = 8 ft): Q uE = 30.0 kips
Assume self weight of the beam = 50 plf = 0.05 klf
Factored distributed load, q u = 1.2( 0.05) + 0.6 = 0.660 klf

Maximum moment occurs at D.

Maximum shear, Vmax = R A = 44.5 kips.
From Eq. 9.7.18:

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with Z req = 74.4 in.3, we observe that a W1840 (in bold face) is the
lightest section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape, we have:
Z x = 78.4 in.3;

d = 17.9 in.; t w = 0.315 in.; b f /2t f = 5.73;

h /t w = 50.9

Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength is,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-26

M d = Nb M px = Nb Z x Fy = 0.90 78.4 60.0 = 4234 in.-kips = 353 ft-kips

As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by
Vd = Nv V n = Nv d tw (0.6 Fy) = 0.90 17.9 0.315 0.60 60.0 = 183 kips
As,
As the weight of the beam (40 plf) is less than the value assumed (50 plf) the design is O.K.
Select a W1840 of A572 Gr 60 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.23.

Chapter 9

page 9-27

A simply supported beam AB, with a span of 28 ft, has a 40 kip load at a point D, 16 ft from end A. In
addition, the beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 1.6 klf over the portion AD. Select a Wshape of A572 Grade 50 steel that can safely support the given factored loads. Assume full lateral support
to the compression flange.
Solution
Simply supported beam, AB.
Span, L = 28 ft
Material: Fy = 50 ksi steel
Factored loads:
Concentrated load at D, 16 ft from A: Q u D = 40 kips
Uniformly distributed load over AD: 1.6 klf

As the shear changes sign at D, the maximum bending moment under these loads occurs at D.

Assume self-weight of the beam = 50 plf = 0.05 klf

Additional moment due to self-weight,
Additional shear due to self weight,
Required bending strength, M u = 362 + 5.88 = 368 ft-kips (conservatively)
Required shear strength, Vu = 35.4 + 0.84 = 36.2 kips

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with M req = 368 ft-kips, we observe that a W2150 is the lightest
compact section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape,

As the weight of the beam (50 plf) is the same as the value assumed (50 plf) the design is O.K.
So, select a W2150.
Note:

(Ans.)

From LRFDM Table 5-3, we observe that a W2148 of Grade 50 steel has adequate bending and
shear strengths; and could be selected. However, the section is non-compact. Design of noncompact beams is considered in Section 10.5.2.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.24.

Chapter 9

page 9-28

A 20 ft long cantilever beam AB is fixed at end A, and free at end B. It is subjected to a concentrated
factored load of 24 kips at point C, where AC = 12 ft. In addition, the beam is subjected to a uniformly
distributed factored load of 2.5 klf over its entire length. Select a W-shape of A572 Grade 60 steel that can
support the loads. Assume adequate lateral support to the beam flanges.

Solution
Cantilever beam. Span AB: L = 20 ft
Section: W-shape. Flanges adequately laterally braced.
Material: A572 Grade 60 steel. 6 Fy = 60 ksi
Factored loads:
Uniformly distributed over AB:
= 2.50 klf
Concentrated load at point C (with AC = 12 ft): Q uC =

24.0 kips

Assume self weight of the beam = 100 plf = 0.10 klf

Factored distributed load, q u = 1.2( 0.10) + 2.5 = 2.62 klf

From Eq. 9.7.18:

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with Z req = 176 in.3, we observe that a W2468 (in bold face) is the
lightest section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape, we have:
Z x = 177 in.3;

d = 20.1 in.; t w = 0.415 in.; b f /2tf = 7.66;

h /t w = 52.0

Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength is,
M d = Nb M px = Nb Z x Fy = 0.90 177 60.0 = 9558 in.-kips = 797 ft-kips
As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by
Vd = Nv V n = Nv d tw (0.6 Fy) = 0.90 20.1 0.415 0.60 60.0 = 270 kips
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-29

As,
As the weight of the beam (68 plf) is less than the value assumed (100 plf) the design is O.K.
Select a W2468 of A572 Gr 60 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.25.

Chapter 9

page 9-30

A simply supported beam ABCD with an overhanging end is supported at points B and D such that AB = 8
ft and BC = CD = 12 ft. The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed, factored load of 3 klf over the
entire length. In addition, it is subjected to concentrated, factored loads of 10 kips and 40 kips, at points A
and C, respectively. Select a W-shape of A572 Grade 50 steel that can support the factored loads. Assume
adequate lateral support for the compression flange.
Solution
Section: W-shape. Compression flange adequately laterally braced.
Material: A572 Grade 50 steel. 6 Fy = 50 ksi
Overhanging beam ABCD.
Overhang AB: a = 8 ft
Main span BD: L = 24 ft
Factored loads:
Uniformly distributed over AD:
= 3.0 klf
Concentrated load at free end, A:
Q uA = 10 kips
Concentrated load at center of main span, C: Q uC = 40 kips
Assume self weight of the beam = 50 plf = 0.05 klf
Factored distributed load,
q u = 1.2( 0.05) + 3.0 = 3.06 klf

Maximum positive moment, occurs at C.

Maximum negative moment occurs at support B.

So,
Maximum shear, Vmax = VBC = 98.6 - 10.0 - 3.06 8.0 = 64.1 kips.
Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with M req = 371 ft-kips, we observe that a W2150 is the lightest
compact section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape,

As the weight of the beam (50 plf) is the same as the value assumed (50 plf) the design is O.K.
So, select a W2150.
Note:

(Ans.)

From LRFDM Table 5-3, we observe that a W2148 of Grade 50 steel has adequate bending and
shear strengths; and could be selected. However, the section is non-compact. Design of noncompact beams is considered in Section 10.5.2.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.26.

Chapter 9

page 9-31

Select the most economical wide flange section for the 30-ft-long overhang beam, with supports at the left
end and 10 ft from the right end. It is subjected to the following service loads: 1.5 klf dead load and 2 klf live
load uniformly distributed over the entire length of the beam. In addition, the beam is subjected to
concentrated live loads of 30 kips and 10 kips at 10 ft and 30 ft respectively from the left end. The beam is
continuously laterally braced. Assume A572 Grade 42 steel.

Solution
Section: W-shape. Compression flange continuously laterally braced.
Material: A572 Grade 42 steel. 6 Fy = 42 ksi
Overhanging beam ACBD.
Main span AB: L = 20 ft
Overhang BD: a = 10 ft
Service loads:
Uniformly distributed over AD: Dead load
= 1.5 klf
Live load, q L
= 2.0 klf
Concentrated live load at free end, D:
Q LD = 10 kips
Concentrated live load at center of main span, C: Q LC = 30 kips
Assume self weight of the beam = 60 plf = 0.06 klf
Factored distributed load,
Factored concentrated load at C,
Factored concentrated load at D,

q u = 1.2(1.5 + 0.06) + 1.6(2.0)

Q uC = 1.6(30.0) = 48.0 kips
Q uD = 1.6(10.0) = 16.0 kips

= 5.07 klf

Maximum positive moment, occurs at C.

Maximum negative moment occurs at support B.

So,
Maximum shear, Vmax = VBC = 162 - 16.0 - 5.07 10.0 = 95.3 kips.
From Eq. 9.7.18:

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with Z req = 131 in.3, we observe that a W2455 (in bold face) is the
lightest section that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape, we have:
Z x = 135 in.3; d = 23.6 in.; tw = 0.395 in.; b f /2tf = 6.94; h /tw = 54.1
Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-32

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength is,
M d = Nb M px = Nb Z x Fy = 0.90 135 42.0 = 5103 in.-kips = 425 ft-kips
As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength is given by
Vd = Nv V n = Nv d tw (0.6 Fy) = 0.90 23.6 0.395 0.60 42.0 = 211 kips
As,
As the weight of the beam (55 plf) is less than the value assumed (60 plf) the design is O.K.
Select a W2455.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-33

P9.27.

Select the lightest W-shape for a 18-ft-long cantilever beam of A572 Grade 42 steel. It is subjected to
concentrated, service live loads of 16 kips and 10 kips acting at 12 ft and 18 ft, respectively, from the fixed
end. The beam is continuously laterally braced. The maximum service load deflection is limited to 1/600 of
its span length. Neglect beam weight in all the calculations.

P9.28.

In a building, roof beams are spaced at 10-ft intervals and are connected to girder webs by simple
connections. The span of the beams is 24 ft. The beam is designed for the following service loads: dead
load (not including the self weight), 65 psf; roof live load, 20 psf; snow load, 40 psf; and rain load, 25 psf.
Deflection of the beam is limited to L/240. Select a suitable W-shape of A242 Grade 42 steel. Assume the
beam is continuously laterally supported by the roof decking. Specify any camber provided.

P9.29.

A simple beam in a research lab is to support a dead load of 1 klf and a live load of 1.5 klf. In addition, it is
to carry a concentrated live load (movable) of 6 kip. The load consists of precision machinery which
requires that the deflection be limited to a maximum of L/800. The beam has an effective span of 40 ft and is
continuously laterally supported. Use A992 steel and select a suitable section.

P9.30.

A W-shape is used to support a factored load of 12 klf on a 20 ft simple span. The architect specifies that
the beam be no more than 18 in. in depth. Assume full lateral support to the compression flange and select a
suitable A 992 steel beam. Is the deflection OK, if the beam carries a plastered ceiling? Live load is b rd the
total load on the beam.

P9.31.

A simply supported beam with continuous lateral support for the entire span of 30 ft is subjected to a
factored, uniformly distributed load of 2.4 klf. The beam depth is limited to not more than 14 in. (nominal),
and the deflection is limited to L/360. Select a suitable A992 shape.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.32.

Chapter 9

page 9-34

To save construction depth with a precast plank system, a structural tee is used for the overhang beam ABC
with supports at A and B, as shown in Fig. P9.32. The beam is subjected to a dead load of 0.6 klf and a live
load of 0.3 klf. The dead load includes provision for self-weight of the beam. Assume continuous lateral
support, and select a suitable WT6 of A992 steel.
See Fig. P9.32 of the text book.
Solution
Yield stress of material, Fy = 50 ksi
Beam with overhang, ABC.
Main span (AB) = L 1 = 20 ft
Overhang (BC) = L 2 = 6 ft
Loading:
Dead load, q D = 0.6 klf
Live load, q L = 0.3 klf
Factored load, q u = 1.2 0.6 + 1.6 0.3 = 1.20 klf
Total load = 1.2026.0 = 31.2 kips
;
Location of point of zero shear, from support A 6
Maximum positive moment,

Maximum negative moment occurs at support B,

Required bending strength, M req = 49.5 ft-kips

As the beam is continuously laterally supported

Select a WT668 with S x = 9.46 in.3

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.33.

Chapter 9

page 9-35

The bay size for a shopping center is 32'30'. The beams are spaced at 8 ft centers and have a span of 30 ft.
All the beams and girders are simply supported. The floor deck consists of 5-in.-thick slab of light weight
concrete (100 pcf) directly supported by the beams. Dead load from flooring and ceiling is 10 psf. The floor
live load, including provision for partitions, is 120 psf. Design an interior beam without counting on
composite action between the slab and the steel beam, but assuming that lateral buckling of the beam is
prevented. Limit the live load deflection to L/360. Use A992 steel.
See Fig. 3.2.2 of the text book for guidance.
Solution
Simply supported beam.
Span, L = 30 ft. Spacing, S b = 8 ft.
Weight of slab =
Weight of flooring and ceiling = 10 psf
Assume the self-weight of the beam to be 40 plf.
Distributed dead load,
Distributed live load,
Distributed factored load on the beam,

Maximum bending moment,

From LRFDM Table 5-3 select a W1835 (in bold face):

Design bending strength,

Allowable deflection,
Maximum deflection, under nominal live load:

Required

Enter LRFDM Table 5-2 with Ireq = 602 in.4 and observe that a W1840 with Ix = 612 in.4 is the
lightest section that satisfies this condition.
Use a W1840 of A992 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.34.

Chapter 9

page 9-36

Design a spandrel beam of the shopping center given in Problem P9.33. The spandrel beam supports, in
addition to floor loads, a facia panel weighing 0.6 klf. There are no clearance limitations, but the total
service load deflection is to be limited to in. Assume continuous lateral support.
See Fig. 3.2.2 of the text book for guidance.
Solution
Simply supported beam.
Span, L = 30 ft
Spacing of beams, S b = 8 ft
Tributary width for the spandrel beam = S b = 4.00 ft
Weight of slab = (5/12) 100 4.00
= 167 plf
Weight of flooring and ceiling = 10.04.00
= 40.0 plf
Facia panel weight
= 600 plf
Self-weight of spandrel beam (assumed)
= 60.0 plf
Total dead load,
q D = 0.867 klf
Total live load,
q L = 120 4= 480 = 0.480 klf
Total service load,
q s = 0.867 + 0.480 = 1.35 klf
Total factored load,
q u = 1.2 0.867 + 1.6 0.480 = 1.81 klf
Allowable deflection under total service load, *all = 0.5 in. As this deflection limitation is quite
stringent, we will select a section to satisfy the deflection criteria and check for strength.

So, Ix

$ 1700 in.4

Enter LRFDM Table 5-2 with Ireq = 1700 in.4 and select a W2468 for which:
Ix = 1830 in.4 > 1700 in.4 O.K.
Nb M px = 664 ft-kips; Nv Vn = 266 kips
Maximum bending moment,

Maximum shear,

So, select a W2468 of A992 steel.

P9.35.

(Ans.)

Design an interior girder of the shopping center described in Problem 9.33. Due to clearance limitations the
nominal depth of the girder is limited to 24 inches. Limit the live load deflection to L/360. Determine the
camber to be specified. Assume continuous lateral support.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.36.

Chapter 9

page 9-37

The floor framing system of an office building has bay sizes of 27 ft by 34 ft. The floor beams are at 9 ft
centers and have a span of 34 ft. Assume that the beams and girders are simply supported. The floor deck
consists of 5-in.-thick reinforced concrete one way slab of ordinary concrete, directly supported by the
beams, and carries a live load of 100 psf. Design the beam without counting on composite action between
the slab and the steel beam, but assuming that lateral buckling of the beams is prevented. Check deflection,
and specify camber. Use A992 steel.

Solution
Simply supported beam.
Span, L = 34 ft. Spacing, S b = 9 ft.
Slab thickness, t = 5 in.
Weight of slab =
Assume the self-weight of the beam to be 50 plf.
Distributed dead load,
Distributed live load,
Distributed factored load on the beam,

Maximum bending moment,

From LRFDM Table 5-3 select a W2144 (in bold face):

Design bending strength,

Allowable deflection,
Maximum deflection, under nominal live load:

Deflection under nominal dead load,

Provide a camber of in.
Use a W2144 of A992 steel. As the self-weight assumed is close to the actual value, no revision is
necessary.
(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-38

P9.37.

Design an interior girder of the floor framing system of Problem 9.36. Due to clearance limitations, depth of
girder cannot exceed 27 in. (nominal). Assume continuous lateral support.

P9.38.

Design a spandrel girder of the floor framing system of Problem 9.36. The spandrel girder supports, in
addition to beam reactions, a facia panel weighing 0.8 klf. There are no clearance limitations. Assume
continuous lateral support.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.39.

Chapter 9

page 9-39

Select the most economical W12 section that can carry a concentrated dead load of 40 kips and a live load of
30 kips at the third point of a 6 ft simple span. Check for bending, shear and local buckling. Neglect self
weight of beam. Assume adequate lateral bracing to the compression flange.

Solution
Simply supported beam AB.
Span, L = 6 ft
Loading:
A concentrated load at D (with AD = a = 2 ft; BD = b = 4 ft).
Dead load, Q D = 40 kips
Live load, Q L = 30 kips
Factored loads, Q u = 1.2 40 + 1.630 = 96 kips

Entering LRFDM Table 5-3 with M req = 128 ft-kips, we observe that a W1226 is the lightest
W12-shape that provides adequate flexural strength. For this shape,

From LRFDM Table 1-1, for a W1226 6 b f / 2t f

= 8.54;

h /tw = 47.2

Limiting b/t ratios for plate buckling:

Compression flange:
Web in flexure:
Web in shear:
Alternatively, these values can be read from Table 9.5.1.
As b f / 2tf < 8pf and h /tw < 8pw, the section is compact. So, the design bending strength used
above is O.K.
As h /tw < 8pv, the design shear strength used above is also O.K.
So, select a W1226 of A992 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-40

P9.40.

Select the lightest beam section to carry a uniformly distributed, factored load of 20 klf on a simple span of 8
ft. Compression flange is adequately supported. Use A992 steel.

P9.41.

Select the lightest W section to support a factored uniformly distributed load of 2.6 klf over a simple span of
25 ft. Assume A572 Grade 60 steel and continuous lateral support. Make all checks. The given load does
not include self weight of the beam.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.42.

Chapter 9

page 9-41

Determine the size of the bearing plate required for an end reaction, under a factored load of 90 kips, for a
W1645 A992 steel beam. The beam rests on a concrete wall with a 28-day compressive strength of 3.0 ksi.

Solution
a.
Data
From Table 1-1 of the LRFDM for a W1645 :
d = 16.1 in.;
b f = 7.04 in.
tw = 0.345 in.;
tf = 0.565 in.
k = 0.967 in.;
k 1 = 13 16 = 0.813 in.
b.

Length of bearing plate, N

Assume

, which requires N > 0.2 16.1 = 3.22 in.

From LRFDM Table 9-5: Beam End Bearing Constants, for a W1645 of A992 steel:
NvVn = 150 kips
NR 1 = 41.7 kips;
NR 2 = 17.3 kli
NrR 5 = 49.8 kips;
NrR 6 = 6.52 kli
Minimum length of bearing plate to prevent local web yielding,

Minimum length of bearing plate to prevent web crippling,

Try N = 8 in.
Check: N /d = 8.00 /16.1 = 0.497 > 0.2, as assumed. O.K.
c.

Width of bearing plate, B

Assume conservatively that the bearing plate covers full area of the support. Hence, the
confinement factor $ = 1 and the required plate width can be found from:

6 B $ 7.35
say 8 in. rounding to the nearest inch.
The flange width of a W2462 is 7.04 in., making the bearing plate slightly wider than the beam
flange.
d.

Thickness of the bearing plate, t

The span of the cantilever strip is,

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-42

The required thickness is

Use a PL 180'-8 of A36 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.43.

Chapter 9

page 9-43

A W14426 column of A992 steel supports a factored axial load of 5310 kips. Design a base plate for the
column if the supporting concrete has a cylinder strength

= 5 ksi. Assume that (a) The full area of the

concrete support is covered by the base plate, (b) The support will be a 4 ft by 4 ft concrete pier.
Solution
a.
1.
Data
Factored axial load, P u = 5310 kips
W14426 column
bf
= 16.7 in.;
bf d
= 312 in.2;
Concrete:
Base plate: A36 steel

d = 18.7 in.
b f + d = 35.4 in.

= 5.0 ksi
Fy = 36.0 ksi

As the full area of the support is covered by the base plate, $ = 1.0

O.K.
2.

Plan dimensions of base plate

Optimize plan dimensions.

> b f = 16.7 in.

N $

>

d = 18.7 in.

O.K.
O.K.

So, the plate dimensions are 44 48 in.

O.K.
3.

Plate thickness

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

n* =

Provide t = 2 in.

page 9-44

(conservatively)

>

2.28 in.

Use a PL 2 444'-0 of A36 steel and concrete strength

= 5 ksi.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

P9.44.

Chapter 9

page 9-45

A W1045 column of A992 steel supports a factored axial load of 565 kips. Design a base plate for the
column if the supporting concrete has a cylinder strength
. Assume that (a) The full area of
the concrete support is covered by the base plate, (b) The footing size is 20 in. by 20 in.

Solution
a.
1.
Data
Factored axial load, P u = 565 kips
W1045 column
bf
= 8.02 in.;
bf d
= 81.0 in.2;
Concrete:
Base plate: A36 steel

d = 10.1 in.
b f + d = 18.1 in.

= 3.0 ksi
Fy = 36.0 ksi

As the full area of the support is covered by the base plate, $ = 1.0

O.K.
2.

Plan dimensions of base plate

Optimize plan dimensions.

> b f = 8.02 in.

N $

>

d = 10.1 in.

O.K.
O.K.

So, the plate dimensions are 18 21 in.

O.K.
3.

Plate thickness

Pdp = Fdp A 1 = 1.53 378 = 578 > 565 kips

O.K.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.

Steel Structures by S. Vinnakota

Chapter 9

page 9-46

n* =

Provide t = 1 in. . 1.76 in.

Use a PL 1181'-9 of A36 steel.

(Ans.)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be
displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited
distribution to teachers and educators permitted by M cGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you
are using it without permission.