Q Explain the differences between the two forms of Buddism.

Hinayana (Older form of Buddhism)

As preached by Lord Buddha every individual can attain nibbana through selfhelp.
Buddha was not considered to be God. He was a human who attained
enlightenment and nibbana
Mahayana (the greater Vehicle)
It brought forth the concept of a saviour who could ensure the salvation of
others.
According to this form of Buddhism Bodhisattvas are deeply compassionate
human being who accumulated merit through their effort and were now helping
others.
The worship of images of lord Buddha and the Bodhisattvas began to be
worshipped.

List the strategies used by the Brahmanas to enforce caste and occupational
divisions.
The Brahamanas evolved two or three strategy in order to enforce these rules.
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Assert that these varna order was divine in nature

They adviced the kings to ensure that these norms were followed

They attempted to persuade people that their status was determined by

birth.
The brahmanas often chanted the Purusha Sukta to enforce caste origin
and occupational divisions.
Such prescriptions were often reinforced through the stories of
Mahabharata and other texts.
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An enigmatic script, not deciphered as yet.

Consists of symbols as many as 375 to 400.

A non-alphabetical script.

Written from left to right

Variety of object was used for writing the script.

List the efforts made by the rulers of Bhopal to preserve the stupa of Sanchi.
Preservation of the Stupa at Sanchi
The rulers of Bhopal Begum Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan
Begum provided the money for the preservation of the ancient site.
Begum Sultan Jehan denied the permission to carry away the eastern gateway
to the French and the British. She satisfied them by giving them plaster cast
copies of their requirements. This helped the original artefact remain intact.
John Marshall the director general of ASI dedicated the volumes of research on
Sanchi published by him to Begum Sultan Jehan.
Begum Sultan Jehan funded the construction of the museum and the guest house
where Marshall lived and worked.
She funded the publication of the volumes written by Marshall.

List the methods used by the Harappans to procure raw materials.

Methods of procuring raw material in Harappa.
Establishment of settlements near sources of raw material
e.g Settlement in Nageshwar and Balakot for Shell.
In Shortughai in Afghanistan for lapis lazuli.
In Lothal for carnelian and Steatite (From Rajasthan and Gujarat)
Sending expeditions for procuring raw material
Expeditions were send to Khetri regions in Rajasthan for copper and south India
for gold. This also helped in establishing contacts with local communities. This
can be confirmed because artefacts such as steatite and micro beads of
Harappan origin has been found in these far off trading places.
Overseas trade
Recent archaeological finds suggests that copper in Harappa was probably
brought from Oman. Chemical analysis of the Harappan artefacts indicates that
they contain traces of nickel like the copper from Oman. Thus copper may have
been procured from Oman.
Harappan jar found in Oman
A distinctive vessel, a large Harappan jar coated with a thick layer of black clay
was found in Oman
Mesopotamian text mentions Harappa as a Land of Sea Farers.

Depiction of a boat in one of the seals also confirms use of boat.

Mesopomian texts mention about the haja bird probably the Indian peacock.