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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
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MATH242
Fall2012
Coursesummary
Answerstohomeworkset#1
PrintHistoryEdit
Answerstohomeworkset#1
Professor:IvoKlemes
Studentprovidedanswerstohomeworkset#1,duedateunspecified(nottobehandedinandthusnotmarked).Thecontentonthispageissolelyintendedto
functionasastudyaidforstudentsandshouldconstitutefairdealingunderCanadiancopyrightlaw.
Problemstocomplete:(2.1)#112,(2.2)#113,16,17,(2.3)#114,(2.4)#18,#1319,(2.5)#113,(3.1)#118,(3.2)#123,(3.3)#112,(3.4)#116(omit
limsupandliminf),(3.5)#111(omitcontractivesequences),(3.6)#110.
Ifyounoticeanyerrors,pleaseregisterorloginandeditthispage,orcontact@dellsystemaboutit.
1Section2
1.1Section2.1
1.1.1Question1
1.1.2Question2
1.1.3Question3
1.1.4Question4
1.1.5Question5
1.1.6Question6
1.1.7Question7
1.1.8Question8
1.1.9Question9
1.1.10Question10
1.1.11Question11
1.1.12Question12
1.2Section2.2
1.2.1Question1
1.2.2Question2
1.2.3Question3
1.2.4Question4
1.2.5Question5
1.2.6Question6
1.2.7Question7
1.2.8Question8
1.2.9Question9
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1.2.10Question10
1.2.11Question11
1.2.12Question12
1.2.13Question13
1.2.14Question16
1.2.15Question17
1.3Section2.3
1.3.1Question1
1.3.2Question2
1.3.3Question3
1.3.4Question4
1.3.5Question5
1.3.6Question6
1.3.7Question7
1.3.8Question8
1.3.9Question9
1.3.10Question10
1.3.11Question11
1.3.12Question12
1.3.13Question13
1.3.14Question14
1.4Section2.4
1.4.1Question1
1.4.2Question2
1.4.3Question3
1.4.4Question4
1.4.5Question5
1.4.6Question6
1.4.7Question7
1.4.8Question8
1.4.9Question13
1.4.10Question14
1.4.11Question15
1.4.12Question16
1.4.13Question17
1.4.14Question18
1.4.15Question19
1.5Section2.5
1.5.1Question1
1.5.2Question2
1.5.3Question3
1.5.4Question4
1.5.5Question5
1.5.6Question6
1.5.7Question7
1.5.8Question8
1.5.9Question9
1.5.10Question10
1.5.11Question11
1.5.12Question12
1.5.13Question13
2Section3
2.1Section3.1
2.1.1Question1
2.1.2Question2
2.1.3Question3
2.1.4Question4
2.1.5Question5
2.1.6Question6
2.1.7Question7
2.1.8Question8
2.1.9Question9
2.1.10Question10
2.1.11Question11
2.1.12Question12
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2.1.13Question13
2.1.14Question14
2.1.15Question15
2.1.16Question16
2.1.17Question17
2.1.18Question18
2.2Section3.2
2.2.1Question1
2.2.2Question2
2.2.3Question3
2.2.4Question4
2.2.5Question5
2.2.6Question6
2.2.7Question7
2.2.8Question8
2.2.9Question9
2.2.10Question10
2.2.11Question11
2.2.12Question12
2.2.13Question13
2.2.14Question14
2.2.15Question15
2.2.16Question16
2.2.17Question17
2.2.18Question18
2.2.19Question19
2.2.20Question20
2.2.21Question21
2.2.22Question22
2.2.23Question23
2.3Section3.3
2.3.1Question1
2.3.2Question2
2.3.3Question3
2.3.4Question4
2.3.5Question5
2.4Section3.4
2.4.1Question1
2.4.2Question2
2.4.3Question3
2.4.4Question4
2.5Section3.5
2.6Section3.6
1Section2edit
1.1Section2.1edit
1.1.1Question1edit
Ifa, b R ,provethefollowing:
(a)Ifa + b = 0 ,thenb = a
(b)(a) = a
(c)(1)a = a
(d)(1)(1) = 1.
(a)b
= b + 0 = b + (a a) = (b + a) a =
associativity
(a + b)
a = 0 a = a
commutativity
= a.Byassociativity
(c)
(1)a = (1)a + 0 = (1)a
http://www.wikinotes.ca/MATH_242/summary/fall2012/answerstohomeworkset1/#section24
+ ((a) + a)
(A4) 3/20
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
(1)a = (1)a + 0 = (1)a + ((a) + a)
(A4)
(A1)
(A2)
= (a(1) + a 1) + (a)
(M3)
(d)Usingthestatementprovedinpart(c),witha
(1)(1) = 1 .
(D)
= (a(0) + (a)
(A4)
= 0 + (a)
(M3)
= (a)
(A3)
1.1.2Question2edit
Provethatifa, b R ,then
(a)(a + b) = (a) + (b)
(b)(a) (b) = a b
(c)1/(a) = (1/a)
(d)(a/b) = (a)/bifb 0.
(a)
(a + b) = (1)(a + b)
(by 1 (c))
= (1)(a) + (1)b
= (a) + (b)
(D)
(by 1 (c) again, used twice)
(b)
(a) (b) = ((1)a) ((1)b)
(by 1 (c))
= a b
(by M3)
(c)
1/(a) = (1/(a)) 1
= (1/(a)) (a (1/a))
= (1/(a)) ((a) ((1/a))
(by M3)
(by M4)
(by part (b))
(by M2)
= 1 ((1/a))
(by M4)
= (1/a)
(by M3)
(d)
(a/b) = (1) (a/b)
(by 1 (c))
= (1) (a (1/b))
= ((1) a) (1/b)
(by M2)
= (a) (1/b)
= (a)/b
1.1.3Question3edit
Solvethefollowingequations,justifyingeachstep:
(a)2x + 5 = 8
2
(b)x = 2x
2
(c)x 1 = 3
(d)(x 1)(x + 2) = 0 .
(a)
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
2x + 5 5 = 8 5
2x + 0 = 3
(from above)
2x = 3
(by A3)
(1/2)(2x) = (1/2)3
((1/2) 2) x = (3/2)
1 x = (3/2)
(by M4)
x = (3/2)
(by M3)
(b)
2
= 2x
x x = 2x
x (1 (1/x)) = 2 (x (1/x))
(by M2)
x 1 = 2 1
(by M4)
x= 2
(by M3)
(c)
2
(x
2
1) + 1 = 3 + 1
+ ((1) + 1) = 4
2
(by A2)
+ 0 = 4
2
Notsurehowtousethistoconcludethatx
(by A4)
= 4
(by A3)
= 2 .Whataresquareroots???
= 0 ,thenadding1tobothsidesgivesus
1.1.4Question4edit
Ifa
R satisfiesa a = a
,provethateithera
= 0ora = 1.
0, a = 1 .Sincea = 0
a
,theneithera
= 0or
Notentirelysureifthisisavalidproof.
1.1.5Question5edit
Ifa
Ican'tseemtoformulatethisproofinawaythatdoesn'trequire((((())))))and9000usesofM1andM2soI'mjustgoingtogivetheanswerinwords.Theideais
that(1/a a) = (1/b b) = 1 ,soyoucanmultiplybyeither,thenwhenyoumultiplythosetogether,youget((1/a) (1/b)) (ab)(aftersome
manipulation)andthensinceab (1/(ab)) = 1youjustget(1/a)(1/b).
1.1.6Question6edit
UsetheargumentintheproofofTheorem2.1.4toshowthattheredoesnotexistarationalnumberssuchthats
(Forreference,theproofofTheorem2.1.4isthefamous 2
= 6.
proof,whichproceedsbycontradictionanduseseven/oddproperties.)
2
= 2m ,wherem Z .s
2
= 6 tellsusthatp /q
2
= (2m ) /q
+ 4m + 1
= 4m /q
which
= 6.
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even.Butthisisacontradictiontotheconclusionthatq isodd,whichwasreachedinthepreviousparagraph.Consequently,itmustbethattheredoesnotexista
rationalnumberssuchthats2 = 6 .
1.1.7Question7edit
UsetheargumentintheproofofTheorem2.1.4toshowthattheredoesnotexistarationalnumbert suchthatt2
= 3.
4m
+ 4m + 1 = 3(4n
+ 4n + 1)
Byperformingsomealgebraicmanipulationswecansimplifythisto:
2
2(m
+ m) = 6(n
+ 1) + 1
2
Ontheleftsideoftheequation,wehaveaneveninteger,as2isafactor.Ontherightsideoftheequation,wehaveanoddinteger,as6(n + 1) isevendue
to2beingafactorof6.Anumbercannotbebothevenandoddthisisacontradiction.Consequently,itmustbethattheredoesnotexistarationalnumbers
2
suchthatt = 3 .
1.1.8Question8edit
(a)Showthatifx, y arerationalnumbers,thenx + y andxy arerationalnumbers.
(b)Provethatifxisarationalnumberandy isanirrationalnumber,thenx + y isanirrationalnumber.If,inaddition,x
xy isanirrationalnumber.
(a)Letx
= p1 /q 1
andy
= p2 /q 2
,wherep1 , p2 , q 1 , q 2
andq 1 , q 2
0,thenshowthat
0 .Then
(b)Ithinkthiswasmentionedinclass.Later.
1.1.9Question9edit
LetK
= {s + t 2 : s, t Q}
.ShowthatK satisfiesthefollowing:
= s 1 + t1 2
.x2
= s 2 + t2 2
.Wecanwritetheirsumasfollows:
.Also,wecanwritetheirproductas
x1 + x2 = (s 1 + t1 2) + (s 2 + t2 2) = (s 1 + s 2 ) + (t1 + t2 ) 2 K
2
x1 x2 = (s 1 + t1 2)(s 2 + t2 2) = s 1 s 2 + s 1 t2 2 + t1 s 2 2 + t1 t2 2
= ( s 1 s 2 + 2t 1 t 2 ) + ( s 1 t 1 + t 1 s 2 ) 2 K
(b)Don'tknow
1.1.10Question10edit
(a)Ifa
(b)If0
(b a) + (d c) = ((b a) +
http://www.wikinotes.ca/MATH_242/summary/fall2012/answerstohomeworkset1/#section24
d) c)
P ,andc d meansthat
0 ).Nowwejustneedtoperform
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
(b a) + (d c)
= ((b a) + d) c)
(by A2)
= ((b + d) a) c
= (b + d) + (a c)
(by A2)
= (b + d) (a + c)
Consequently,(b + d) (a + c)
andso(a + c)
(by something)
< (b + d) .
(a)a
(a)Showthatifa
(b)Showthatifa
(a + b) < b
1,weknowthat1/a
R .BytheTrichotomyProperty(forP ),therearethreepossibilities:either
Now,thethirdcaseisclearlyfalse,because1/a a
isnottrue,byaxiomM3.
= 1 ,byaxiomM4.Butif1/a = 0,then1/a a = 0 a = 0
.Sowehavethat1
= 0which
P .
= a:
1/(1/a) = (1/(1/a)) 1
(b)Weknowthata
(by M3)
= (1/(1/a)) ((1/a) a)
(by M4)
= ((1/(1/a)) (1/a)) a
(by M2)
= 1 a
(by M4)
= a
(by M3)
Additionally,ifweaddbtobothsidesoftheoriginalinequality,wegeta + b
,i.e.,2a
< b + b
,andso 2
1
2
1
2
(a + b)
(a + b) < b
1.1.12Question12edit
Leta, b, c, d benumberssatisfying0
Ifa
Ifa
1.2Section2.2edit
1.2.1Question1edit
Ifa, b R andb 0,showthat
(a)|a| = a 2
(b)|a/b| = |a|/|b| .
(a)Fromtheorem2.2.2(b),wehavethat|a|
= a
.Takingthesquarerootofbothsides,wehavethat|a|
2
2
= a andso|a| = a .
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
Ifa, b
ifandonlyifab
0.
andx
z ,showthatx y z ifandonlyif|x y| + |y z| = |x z|
.Interpretthisgeometrically.
Probablywanttousetriangleinequalityforthis.Skipping.
1.2.4Question4edit
Showthatx a
|x a| <
<
meansthat
ifandonlyifa
< x a <
< x < a +
.Addinga toeachtermgivesusa
< x < a +
.Thatwasnice.
1.2.5Question5edit
Ifa
.Interpretthisgeometrically.
Justneedtoshowthat(b a) < x y < b a .Well,a y < x y < b y .Also,a x < y x < b x .So
x a > x y > x b ,i.e.,x b < x y < x a .Addingthefirstandlastinequalitiestogethergivesus
a b + (x y) < 2(x y) < b a + (x y) .Subtractingx y fromeachtermgivesusa b < x y < b a whichiswhat
wewanted(since(b a) = a b ).
1.2.6Question6edit
Findallx
R thatsatisfythefollowinginequalities.
(a)|4x 5|
(b)| x2 1|
13
3
(a)Weneedtosolve13
2 x 4.5 works.
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1.2.10Question10edit
Skipping
1.2.11Question11edit
Skipping
1.2.12Question12edit
Skipping
1.2.13Question13edit
Skipping
1.2.14Question16edit
Skipping
1.2.15Question17edit
Skipping
1.3Section2.3edit
1.3.1Question1edit
LetS 1
= {x R : x 0}
.ShowindetailthatthesetS 1 haslowerbounds,butnoupperbounds.Showthatinf S 1
NoupperboundbytheArchimedeanproperty.0isalowerbound,andifwisanylowerbound,weknowthatw
is0.
= 0
0 because0isintheset.Thustheinfimum
1.3.2Question2edit
Skip
1.3.3Question3edit
LetS 3
= {1/n : n N}
.Showthatsup S 3
= 1 andinf S 3 0
Comingsoon
1.3.4Question4edit
LetS 4
= {1 (1) /n : n N}
Firstfewterms:1 (1)/1
.Findinf S 4 andsup S 4 .
1.3.5Question5edit
Skip
1.3.6Question6edit
Skip
1.3.7Question7edit
Skip
1.3.8Question8edit
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Skip
1.3.9Question9edit
Skip
1.3.10Question10edit
Skip
1.3.11Question11edit
Skip
1.3.12Question12edit
Skip
1.3.13Question13edit
Skip
1.3.14Question14edit
Sigh
1.4Section2.4edit
1.4.1Question1edit
Showthatsup{1
1
n
: n N} = 1
= {1/n 1/m : n, m N}
,findinf S andsup S .
inf:1.sup:1.
1.4.3Question3edit
Skipping
1.4.4Question4edit
Skippingfornow
1.4.5Question5edit
Skipping
1.4.6Question6edit
Skipping
1.4.7Question7edit
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Skipping
1.4.8Question8edit
Skipping
1.4.9Question13edit
Skipping
1.4.10Question14edit
Skipping
1.4.11Question15edit
Skipping
1.4.12Question16edit
Skipping
1.4.13Question17edit
Skipping
1.4.14Question18edit
Skipping
1.4.15Question19edit
Skipping
1.5Section2.5edit
1.5.1Question1edit
IfI
= [a, b] andI
= [ a , b ] areclosedintervalsinR ,showthatI I
a a andb b . .
b
I
ifandonlyifa
a andb b
a and
1.5.2Question2edit
IfS
R isnonempty,showthatS isboundedifandonlyifthereexistsaclosedboundedintervalI
suchthatS
= [inf S , sup S ]
,showthatS
http://www.wikinotes.ca/MATH_242/summary/fall2012/answerstohomeworkset1/#section24
IS
.Moreover,ifJ isanyclosedboundedinterval
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Notveryinteresting(fairlytrivial,andsimilartopreviousquestions)
1.5.4Question4edit
IntheproofofCase(ii)ofTheorem2.5.1,explainwhyx, y existinS .
Wow,askingustoanswera"(Why?)".Okay.Well,sincez < b ,thentherealwaysexistsay suchthaty
isnotboundedbelow,thereisalwaysanxsuchthatx z .Isthatenough
z (fromthesupremumdefinition).Also,sinceS
1.5.5Question5edit
Writeoutthedetailsoftheproofofcase(iv)inTheorem2.5.1.
Seriously?Thisisaquestion?That'sonewaytowriteatextbook,Iguess.
Inanycase,ifS isnotboundedaboveorbelow,Idon'tevencare
1.5.6Question6edit
IfI 1 I 2 I n isanestedsequenceofintervalsandifI n
andb1 b2 bn .
= [ a n , bn ]
,showthata 1
a2 an
Ican'tevenpretendtocare
1.5.7Question7edit
LetI n
LetA
= In
.Clearly0
In
foreveryn ,hence0
n=1
x 0bytheArchimedeanproperty(why?seriously,I'mnotsure).Thusx = 0.
Thisistakenalmostverbatimfromthesolutionstoassignment1,question8(b)(parttwo).SeeMyCoursesforthesolutions.
1.5.8Question8edit
LetJ n
BytheArchimedeanproperty,theonlyx
anopenset.Sotheintersectionisempty.
1.5.9Question9edit
LetK n
n=1
Prettyboring
1.5.10Question10edit
skipping
1.5.11Question11edit
skipping
1.5.12Question12edit
3
Givethebinaryrepresentationsof 8 and 16 .
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Onlynotskippingbecauseit'ssoeasy:
3
8
7
= 0.0112
16
= 0.01112
1.5.13Question13edit
1
(a)Givethefirstfourdigitsinthebinaryrepresentationof 3 .
1
(b)Givethecompletebinaryrepresentationof 3 .
(a)0.0101(drawthediagramandyou'llseewhy)
(b)0.01
2Section3edit
2.1Section3.1edit
2.1.1Question1edit
Thesequence(xn ) isdefinedbythefollowingformulasforthen thterm.Writethefirstfivetermsineachcase:
n
(a)xn
(b)xn
= 1 + (1)
(c)xn
= (1) /n ,
1
n(n + 1)
(d)xn
1
=
n
+ 2
(a)(0, 2, 0, 2, 0)
(b)(1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5)
(c)(1/2, 1/6, 1/12, 1/20, 1/30)
(d)(1/3, 1/6, 1/11, 1/18, 1/27)
2.1.2Question2edit
Thefirstfewtermsofasequence(xn ) aregivenbelow.Assumingthatthe"naturalpattern"indicatedbythesetermspersists,giveaformulaforthe
n thtermxn .
(a)5, 7, 9, 11, ,
(b)/1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, ,
(c)1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, ,
(d)1, 4, 9, 16, .
(a)3 + 2n
n+1
n
(b)(1)
/2
(c)n/(n + 1)
(d)n2
2.1.3Question3edit
Listthefirstfivetermsofthefollowinginductivelydefinedsequences.
(a)1,4,13,40,121
(b)3/2,17/12.577/408,etc
(c)1,2,3,5,4
(d)8,13,21,34,55
2.1.4Question4edit
Foranyb
R ,provethatlim(n/n) = 0.
SeeExample3.1.6(a),onlymultiply1/K byb,let
= b ,etc.
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2.1.5Question5edit
Usethedefinitionofthelimitofasequencetoestablishthefollowinglimits.
n
(a)lim (
n
(b)lim (
) = 0,
+ 1
2n
) = 2,
n+ 1
(c)lim (
3n + 1
3
) =
2n + 5
(d)lim (
2n
2
1
) =
+ 3
DON'TSKIPTHIS.ITLOOKSUSEFUL.
2.1.6Question6edit
Showthat
(a)lim (
(b)lim (
n + 7
2n
) = 0,
) = 2,
n+ 2
(c)lim (
) = 0,
n+ 1
n
(d)lim (
(1) n
n
) = 0,
+ 1
SAMEASABOVE.
2.1.7Question7edit
Skipping
2.1.8Question8edit
Skipping
2.1.9Question9edit
Skipping
2.1.10Question10edit
Everythingsucks
2.1.11Question11edit
Idk
2.1.12Question12edit
Idk
2.1.13Question13edit
Idk
2.1.14Question14edit
1/n
http://www.wikinotes.ca/MATH_242/summary/fall2012/answerstohomeworkset1/#section24
lim((2n
) = 1
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1/n
Showthatlim((2n)
) = 1.
Igiveup.
2.1.15Question15edit
Showthatlim(n
/n!) = 0 .
MightaswellwritethequestionsoutsinceI'llhavetodothemoneday
2.1.16Question16edit
IthinkIhavethewrongversionofthetextbook.Myquestionnumbersdon'tagree.
2.1.17Question17edit
Whatisalimit?Seriously,howdoyouproveshit
2.1.18Question18edit
sigh
2.2Section3.2edit
2.2.1Question1edit
Converge/diverge?
(a)xn = n/(n + 1)
n
(b)xn = (1) n/(n + 1)
2
(c)xn = n /(n + 1)
(d)xn = (2n2 + 3)/(n2 + 1)
(a)Convergesto1.Proof:?
(b)Ithinkitdiverges.Proof:?
(c)Diverges.Proof:?
(d)Convergesto2.Proof:?
2.2.2Question2edit
2.2.3Question3edit
2.2.4Question4edit
2.2.5Question5edit
2.2.6Question6edit
2.2.7Question7edit
2.2.8Question8edit
2.2.9Question9edit
2.2.10Question10edit
2.2.11Question11edit
2.2.12Question12edit
2.2.13Question13edit
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2.2.14Question14edit
2.2.15Question15edit
2.2.16Question16edit
2.2.17Question17edit
2.2.18Question18edit
2.2.19Question19edit
2.2.20Question20edit
2.2.21Question21edit
2.2.22Question22edit
2.2.23Question23edit
2.3Section3.3edit
2.3.1Question1edit
Letx1
= 8 andxn+1 =
xn + 2
forn
N .Showthat(xn ) isboundedandmonotone.Findthelimit.
Inanyproblemlikethis,withinductivelydefinedsequences,weneedtothreethings:showthesequencehasabound(upperifthesequenceisincreasing,and
lowerifit'sdecreasing),provethesequenceisincreasingordecreasing,andfindthelimit(usuallybyinvokingthepropertyofsequencesthatifxn x ,the
mtailofxn alsoconvergestox .
Justbyfindingx2
= 6 ,weseethatthesequenceisdecreasing.Let'sprovethiswithinduction:
Basecase:we'vealreadyshownx2
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
implies 2
xk+1 + 2 <
1
2
1
2
< x1 .
xk + 2
.Ourinductionhypothesisisthatforsomek
xk + 2
N, xk+1 < xk
.Thusbytherulesweknowaboutinequalities,this
.ThuswecaninvoketheI.H.inourinductionstepasfollows:
1
xk+1 =
1
xk + 2 >
xk+1 = xk+2
2
= 8, 2 8
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
2
xk + 2
.OurInductionHypothesisisthatxk
1
xk+1 =
k N .ThususingtheI.H.:
1
xk + 2
2+ 2 = 3
2
3 2
Astheimplicationistrue,wehaveprovedthesequenceisboundedbelowby2.BytheMonotoneConvergenceTheorem,weknowthesequenceconvergesas
we'veprovenit'smonotoneandbounded.Now,finally,weneedtofindthelimit.By3.1.9inthebook,weknowthetailofasequenceconvergestothesame
thingasthesequence(asmentionedbefore).Soifxn L thenxn+1 L .Sowecanwrite:
1
L =
L + 2
2
L = 4
Andnowwe'redone.
2.3.2Question2edit
Letx1
> 1 andxn+1 = 2
1
xn
forn
N .Showthat(xn ) isboundedandmonotone.Findthelimit.
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Thisproblemissimilartotheoneabove,butthereissomeextrachallenge.It'stoughertoseeifthesequenceisincreasingordecreasing,andbecauseofthe
inequality,thebasecaseishardtoprove.Solvingforx2 wegetx2 > 1 ,whichdoesn'ttellusanythingaboutthesequence'sbehavior.Let'sdothisadifferent
way,bysolvingx2 x1 .Ifthedifferenceispositive,thesequenceis(inthebasecase)increasing,andifit'snegative,thesequenceisdecreasing.Ourstrategy
istousethefactthatx1 > 1 tomakesomeinferenceaboutthedifference.
x2 x1 = 2
1
x1
x1
( x
x1
+ 2x1 1)
x1
(x1 1)
1
xk+1 = 2
Thusxn
> xn+1
xk > xk+1
1
xk
xk
= xk+2
xk+1
.NoteIwasn'tasformalhereaboutstatingouruseoftheinductionhypothesis,andIdidn'texplicitilyshowthat
n N
1
> 2
> 2
1
x k+1
(itjustfollowsfromtherulesofinequalitiesfromearlierinthecourse).Amoreformaltreatmentcanbefoundin
Question1above.Whendoingquizzes/tests,it'sagoodideatocompletelyrationalizeeachstep.
Anyway,nowweshowthereisalowerbound.Asweknow2
induction:
Basecase:x1
> 1
Inductionstep:xk+1
1
xn
can'tbelessthan1,1seemslikeagoodcandidateforalowerbound.Provingby
= 2
1
xk
1
1
1 1
ThusbytheMonotoneConvergenceTheorem,(xn ) converges.UsingthepropertyofmtailsexplainedinQuestion1:
1
L = 2
L
= 2L 1
L = 1
Andwe'redone.
2.3.3Question3edit
Letx1
Becausex1 isdefinedwithaninequality,thisproblemalsorequiresthetrickweusedinQuestion2.Let'sseewhatwegetwhenwetakex2
x1
x2 x1 = 1 + x1 1 x1 = x1 1 (x1 1) = x1 1 (1 x1 1 )
Bam,easy.Justremember,whendoingquizzesortests,explaineachstep,likeIdidinQuestion1.Nowlet'sshowthesequenceisboundedbelowby2,asthe
questionasks.
Basecase:x1
Inductionstep:xk+1
= 1 + xk 1 1 + 2 1 = 2
2 2
Nowforthelimit,usingthesamemethodasinQuestions1and2(rationalizationforitisgiveninQuestion1):
L = 1 + L 1
Wegettworoots,L
(L 1)
= L 1
3L + 2 = 0
= 1, L = 2.Thelimitmustbe2inthiscase,asthesequenceisdecreasing,soitwillhit2beforeithits1.
2.3.4Question4edit
Letx1
SameasQuestion1,prettymuch.ThereisnoextradifficultylikeinQuestions2and3.Iknowyoucandotheproofsforshowingthesequenceconverges,but
thelimitpartmightbeabittricky.Asalways,ifxn L ,wecansay:
L =
L 2 = 0
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2
(L 2)(L + 1) = 0
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L = 2 + L
L 2 = 0
(L 2)(L + 1) = 0
Lety 1 = p ,wherep
is1 + 2 p .]
Nowthisonelooksfunwehaveavariableinhere!Wewanttoshowitconverges,soifweshowthatthesequenceisbothmonotoneandboundedthenwe've
accomplishedthat.Solet'sfirstshowthatthesequenceisincreasing(thehintsortofgivesawaythefactthatitincreases).
Basecase:y 2
= p + p > p + 0 = p = y 1
Inductionstep:y k+1
Nowweneedtoshowthesequenceisboundedabove.Thequestionhintsthatanupperboundis1 + 2 p .Thereasontheygivethisparticularboundiswill
becomeapparentwhenwedotheinductionstepfortheproof.
Basecase:y 1
= p 1 + 2 p
Inductionstep:y k+1
= p + y
< p + 1 + 2 p = ( p + 1)
= p + 1 1 + 2 p
k
Nowweknowthesequence,let'sfindthelimit:
L = p + L
L p = 0
UsingouroldmiddleschoolfriendMr.QuadraticEquation,weobtainsolutions:
1 + 1 + 4p
L =
1 1 + 4p
,L =
Asthelattersolutionisnegative,wecanignoreitsincethesequenceisstrictlypositive.Thusthelimitis:
1 + 1 + 4p
L =
2
2.4Section3.4edit
2.4.1Question1edit
Considerthesequencexn = (1, 1/2, 3, 1/4 ) .Thissequenceisunboundedbutthesubsequencexn+1 converges.Itiseasytodefinepiecewise
sequenceslikethisthatsatisfythestatedcondition.
2.4.2Question2edit
UsethemethodofExample3.4.3(b)toshowthatif0
1/n
) = 1.
a, b R, 1 < a < b
b
Ifwecanshowthatz n+1
zn
ispositive,thenweknowz n isincreasing.Thus:
1/(n+1)
z n+1 z n = c
Asx +
1
n
1
n + 1
x =
1/n
1/(n+1)
a
= (
)
b
)
b
wecancontinuewiththeaboveequationasfollows:
n(n + 1)
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1/n
a
(
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
a
(
n(n+1)
)
b
= (
)
b
a
(
n(n+1)
a
= (
)
b
b
(
n(n+1)
)
a
Astheexponentiationofanypositivenumberispositive,weknow(
1/n(n+1)
)
b
> 1.
Thustheexpressionbetweenthebracketsisalsopositive,hencetheentireexpressionispositive.Thereforez n isincreasing.
Nowweneedtoshowthereisanupperbound.Itmakessensetochoose1,andwecanproveitusingthesamedefinitionofc
1/n
= a/b .Sincec
1/n
a
b
anda
1/n
< b
1/n
1/n
,thusc
1/n
< 1.
Sowenowknowthatz n convergestosomelimitsuchthatz
seethat:
we
1
1
z 2n = c
2n
= (c
.Thusz
= z n
= z
z = z
2.4.3Question3edit
Let(f n ) betheFibonacciSequence(seeExample3.1.2(d)).Letxn
Noticethatf n+1
= f
+ f
n1
f n1
fn
= (xn1 )
.Giventhatlim x
= L exists,determinethevalueofL.
.Thenwehave
xn =
Noticethat
f n+1
f n+1
f n + f n1
fn
= 1 +
f n1
fn
fn
.ByTheorem<someonetellmewhattheoremtoquote>,weget
1
L = 1 L
L 1 = 0
.
Thisgivesustwopossiblesolutions.Oneisnegativewedonotneedtoconsiderit.Thisleavesuswith
f
lim(xn ) = lim (
n+1
1 + 5
) =
2.4.4Question4edit
Showthatthefollowingsequencesaredivergent.
n
xn = 1 (1)
Considerthesequencex2n
xn isdivergent.
+ 1/n
= 1/n .lim(x2n ) = 0 .Nowconsiderthesequencex2n+1 = 2 + 1/n
.lim(x2n+1 )
= 2 .Thusbytheorem3.4.5
xn = sin(n/4)
Weknowthatsin(n/4)
theconstantsequence(
1
2
= sin(n/4 + 2) = sin(9n/4)
),thelimitofwhichisofcourse
1
2
(atleastyoushouldprobablyknowthat).Thisisthesubsequencex9n ,anditis
.Also,sin(2n)
= sin(8n/4) istheconstantsequence(0),withlimit0.Thisisthe
2.5Section3.5edit
Later
2.6Section3.6edit
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Answerstohomeworkset#1MATH242(Fall2012)WikiNotes
Later
1. Idon'treallyknowwhich.TakenfromthelecturenotesforTuesday,September11,whichIhaven'ttypedupyet.
2. Kindoflikehowonceinawhile,thetextbookwillpresentsomestepwithoutjustifyingitandthenenclose"Why?"inparentheses.ExceptinthiscaseI
don'tactuallyknowwhy,whereasI'massumingtheauthorsdo.(Whydon'ttheyjusttellusthen????(Why?))Inbothcases,the"Why?"isleftasan
exerciseforthereader
ResetquizGradeanswersoutofcorrect(percent)
Backtotop
AfreeresourcebuiltbyMcGillstudents,forMcGillstudents.ForkusonGitHub
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