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( x, t ) t = 0 = f ( x )
This represents the profile of the wave at a instant of
time.
Example of a wave at t=0:
f( x )
exp x
1
0.8
0.6
f( x)
0.4
0.2
0
0
x
Travelling Waves
Assuming that the wave does not change shape with
time (non-dispersive):
The wave at a later time will have the same shape but a
different position
( x, t ) t = t = f ( x)
1
1
0.8
f( x) 0.6
g( x) 0.4
0.2
0
4
5
4
5
and
( x, t ) = f ( x vt )
( x, t ) = f ( x + vt ) with v>0
For our example wave the wave function is then:
( x, t ) = exp ( x vt ) 2
Harmonic Waves
Harmonic waves have sine (or cosine) wave functions:
( x, t ) t = 0 = f ( x) = A sin(kx )
kx is in radians
{10=2/360 radians}
( x, t ) = f ( x vt ) = A sin(k ( x vt ))
[1.1]
1. k
( x , t)
1 v
A. sin( k . ( x
0.5
v. t ) )
1
( x , 0 ) 0.5
( x , 1 )
( x , 2 ) 0.5
1
10
15
x
1
( 0 , t )
( 1 , t )
( 2 , t )
0.5
0
0.5
1
5
t
10
15
Wave notation:
( x, t ) = A sin(kx t )
k=2/
[1.2]
: wavelength [m]
=1/=k/2
=2f
vp=/k
=kx-t
Wave equation
This formula obeys the wave equation:
1 2 2
= 2
2
2
x
v p t
[1.3]
[1.4]
( x, t ) = f ( x v p t ) + g ( x + v p t )
where f(x) and g(x) are arbitrary functions.
Principle of superposition
( x, t ) = A Re e i ( kx t + ) = A cos(kx t + )
Where Re{x} means the real part of the complex
number x. The symbol may not be written but is always
assumed to be there are so that (x,t) is always a real
number.
Veit Vei (t )
I=
=
i
Z
Ze
The REAL current flowing is
V cos(t )
|Z|
(r r0 ) k = 0
or k x ( x x0 ) + k y ( y y0 ) + k z ( z z 0 ) = 0
or
kx x + k y y + kz z = a
where k x x0 + k y y0 + k z z 0 = a = constant
So the equation of a plane can be written as
k r = a
(r ) = Aexp{ ik r}
[1.5]
(r ) = (r k. / k )
[1.6]
(r ) = Ae i (k r t )
The planes of constant phase are known as wavefronts
and these move with the phase velocity vp=/k, just as
the constant phase points on 1D waves do.