Information released by the German Ultra-light Federation DULV

3rd February 2005

Updated Information for Pilots

Part II
Information and updates of Airworthiness requirements
for Ultra-light Aircraft.
Construction specifications for Paramotor and Trikes
Airworthiness requirements and technical minimum construction requirements in
the manufacture of the aircraft and equipment
The following pages are the requirements for airworthiness and licensing of
Paramotors and Trikes Part A and Part B
All equipment must be designed and manufactured to aviation standards and all specification
engineering plans/drawing must meet aviation requirements and have been tested to that
standard.
The plans and specifications should be obtained from the manufacturer Fresh Breeze

Part A. Common Part

1.

Validity and Conditions

1.1. The following common part is combined with the validity for additional aviation
requirements, the approvals and certifications from the manufacturer, and the
necessary forms from the test authority.
1.2. The test authority can request additional information of proof in regards of materials
used and of the construction techniques and tests performed.

2.

Definition and Applications

2.1. Testing Wings (DHV tested and approved) can be used for Paramotoring and
Paragliding.
Surface area to be determined
For motorized usage the wing must be within the manufactures specifications
and required limits
A trial test flight of the non motorized wing is to be performed
Combined usage for a wing (motorized and non-motorized) is permitted.

Explanation and procedure of exemplary test:

Procedure for testing a wing for Paramotoring
Proof that the wing and harness have had prior approval for paragliding
That the equipment is within specification
1

Compatibility of the combination motor wing and harness.

2.2 Paramotoring wing is only tested for that purpose

(Motor is carried as back pack)
Surface area >4.5kg/m2
Approved for motorized use only
Trial test results performed
Explanation and procedure of exemplary test:
Proof that the wing and harness and power plant are approved
Proof that the wing and harness have had prior approval for paragliding
Compatibility of the combination motor wing and harness.
2.3 Paramotoring - Trike, which is tested for that purpose
(the pilot is sitting in a Flyke)
Surface area >6kg/m2
Approved for motorized use only
Trial test results performed
Approved for motorized use only
Explanation and procedure of exemplary /-approval:
Proof that the wing and harness and power plant are approved
Proof that the wing and harness have had prior approval for Paramotoring
Compatibility of the combination trike motor wing and harness.
2.4 Combination of Trike Motor Harness Wing
2.4.1. Approval: The airworthiness for the combination of Trike Motor - Harness
and wing can be executed in one event if documentation and certification is
supplied by the manufacturer.
Flight certification of approval
Gross weight
Certification for the location of attachment points to harness and wing.
3. Design and Construction
3.1. Materials and Manufacturing
3.1.1. The usage of correct and long lasting materials in the manufacturing
process is through experience and established testing
3.1.2. All necessary parts and materials used must be of known origin marked
and have been tested to that standard
3.1.3. The construction must be of professional and good quality, in the production
of- e.g. composite construction, heat and engine, corners and other areas
must be checked very carefully and the procedure followed according to the
instructions / manual.

3.2. Protection of Parts

3.2.1. All parts must be protected against corrosion, UV exposure, bends - folds
and vibration, bolted areas use lock nuts, and care taken against damage
in transport.
3.3. Pre Construction
2

3.3.1. Care taken in the design and construction to avoid mistakes in the
assembly and disassembly of equipment.
3.4. Safety for all connections
3.4.1. All locking parts and joints must be secured in a way to avoid accidental
coming apart.
3.4.2. All line endings on the wing to have sufficient overlap for safety knots etc.
3.5. Adjustment Settings
3.5.1. Adjustment settings the equipment can only be done if they exist, the
border limits for the settings must be given.
Adjustment setting must be in an order that all extremes are within
tolerance and lockable to avoid accidental changes in the settings.
Adjustment settings must be listed and shown in the user manual
3.6. Safety-precautions
3.6.1. All materials / parts must be verifiable and quality approved by the supplier
and documented
3.7. Protection against Injury
3.7.1. Injury prevention is of primary concern therefore parts must be genuine
3.8. Temperature and humidity
3.8.1. Storage of equipment to be from -55 to +90 degrees C,
Operating temperatures from -40 to +70 degrees C,
Humidity changes should not create a problems
3.9. Department of aviation standards
3.9.1. All materials and parts must have been tested to aviation standards
3.9.2. The materials and parts have to be within specified tolerance
3.10. Tension and stress concentration
3.10.1. The harness lines and risers must be designed and manufactured that all
stress and strain is evenly distributed
3.11. Workmanship
3.11.1. To conform to tested and approved standards
3.12. Materials that are sewn
3.12.1. All material parts that are sewn must be done in a way, that the seams can
not cause a breakage or come apart in any way what so ever
3.13. Canopy / Wing lines
3.13.1 All lines must be manufactured by a registered manufacturer and tested to
a DLUV standard.
4.

User manual and identification plate

4.1. The instruction manual must contain all information and description of the
paramotor and
4.1.1. The instruction manual must contain all information to carry
out assembly and the operating procedure for the paramotor
information on all control parts and their function, a checklist and an
additional checklist for safety and emergency procedures
3

4.2. Description of the Paramotor equipment

4.2.1. Supply a short technical description of the paramotor and all components
further provide information of the purpose, location and the to use and
function
4.3. Setup functions of equipment
4.3.1. Limitations of the setup possibilities and centre of gravity CG
plus supply a listing of their location
4.4. Technical Data
4.4.1 The instruction manual must show all operating limitations especially weight
limits, speed limits, approved flight manoeuvres and engine limitations
4.5. Emergency Rescue Equipment
4.5.1. Is to be used as per instruction of the manufacturer
4.6. Preventative maintenance
4.6.1. Log book keeping
Test flights at given hours dates and checking all parts for wear
Replacing component as per manufacturers instruction
Engine service as require in manual
Checking of all nuts and bolts, propeller safety wires etc
Cleaning and general maintenance
4.7. Identity and Registration Plate
4.7.1. An ID plate with the necessary equipment information and registration is to
be attached

Part B. General Part

1.

General Specification
1.1 Rules in general
1.2. The general part B is in conjunction with part A

2.

Manufacturers supplied data and specification

2.1. For the carrying capacity of wing area for paramotor
2.1.1
Approved and certified authorisation
2.1.2
Compatibility for paramotor and harness
2.2. For the carrying capacity of wing area for paramotor trike (Flyke)
2.1.3
3 Side on views 1:50 with the following information

Wingspan

Projected area

Structural drawings of all parts and mechanical connections

Drawings of components

Parts list and specification

Wing material, weight, material coating, manufacturer and

product tradename

Material specification

Harness distance

Listing of: Maximum take off weight

Minimum take off weight
Mass of area
2.2.2. Information and listing of operations limits
2.2.3. Details of the inspection authority
2.3.

3.

The Trike (Flyke) and Motor

2.3.1. Side on views 1:50 with the following information
External dimensions
Distance of propeller tip to adjoining parts and ground
2.3.2. Assembly drawing for all structural and mechanical stress points
2.3.3. Drawings of parts
2.3.4. Parts list and specifications
2.3.5. Empty weight Minimum without fuel/oil

Legal Limits
3.1.
Rules in general
3.1.1 The following listed limitations are general available values and
all tests and trails of ascertained values will be to ICAO standards
adjusted
3.2.
Weight and measure
3.2.1 Maximum take-off weight
3.2.1.1.
For maximum take-off weight
Single seater 300kg plus lifesaving equipment
Dual / tandem seater 450kg plus lifesavings equipment
3.2.1.1

Additional loads for Paramotor and Para Trike

2.2.2.1 The final weight limit with the additional load of passenger cannot
exceed the specified limit Explanation for 3.2.2
Applicable whereby the total weight is less than 120kg,
manageability in steering will be affected,
manufacturer and testing authority has to give verification and clearance
3.2.2.2 The load limitations on a single seater must at least be 90kg and on
double (tandem) unit 180kg additional to that weight is the fuel of at
least 25% of the tank capacity, plus fuel reserve for at least 1 hour
flying cross-country.

4.

3.3.

Maximum speed
3.3.1
The maximum speed Vso 65 km/h CAS is not to be exceeded
3.3.2
The take-off is to be executed full throttle

3.4.

Minimum achievement of a paramotor

3.4.1 The engine / motor must produce sufficient thrust in a continuing
operation to achieve the following
3.4.2 Minimum climbing speed

1,5 m/s for paramotor

1,0 m/s for paramotor trike

3.4.3 Take-off distance
3.4.3.1 The paramotor must be able to achieve a 15m hight gain from a
300 m take-off run

Paramotor Wing
4.1.
Configuration and construction of wing
4.1.1 The connection between the harness / wing must be fully tested for
flight manageability and steering ability
any parts which conflicts with lines is not permissible
4.1.2 If there is a loss of a steering lines the paramotor must continue to be
flight worthy, the brake lines must be sufficient for the steering of the
craft, all lines require to be colour coded for easy identification of their
purpose and use
4.1.3 The brake handles must at all times be easy accessible and adjustable
for any pilots hight requirement, those positions should be marked
4.1.4 The riser attachment karabiners must be closed / locked at all times
4.1.5 Uneven pressure in the canopy must be controllable
4.1.6 The rigging of wing / harness must be fool-proof so that a mix-up in the
setup is impossible
4.2.

Stress and load tests for wing and lines

4.2.1 The wing and lines must be able to withstand sudden jerking forces to
6,000N for single and 9,000N for double seater with tests performed
on those stresses and a speeds of up to 100km/h without any failures
4.2.2 The wing and lines must have test certification of 8 times the normal
load and stress figures
4.2.3 Individual parts, harness and lines must be 9 times the load and stress
figure
It is acceptable if each individual connection part withstands a breaking
load of nine times of the fixed takeoff weight, for a loading period of 10
seconds

Explanation:
The following procedure is suitable for testing the tension / firmness of the catch and brake
lines
a) The lines the material is submitted in the finished condition of an artificial ageing
by 5000 bends in danger areas, the radius to correspond to the line diameter (+/0.2mm), subsequently the firmnesses to be determined by a traction test.
b) The sum of the firmness of all A and B lines must after bending, 8g minimum of
10.000 N, for double or tandem wings 16.000 N
4.3.

5.

Operational behaviour of the wing for Paramotor and Paramotor Trike

4.3.1 The wing must be manageable by the pilot alone without anyone elses
assistance; the wing must be controllable without excessive effort or skill
of the pilot, the wing may not have any inclination, and must be
controllable without to much effort.
4.3.2 The Paramotor / Trike must be able to land without any exceptional effort
or super skill of the pilot.
4.3.3 The Paramotor / Trike must be flown by a licensed pilot under approved
operating conditions and within the allowable speed range, without any
exceptional effort or super skill of the pilot
4.3.4 Once trimmed The Paramotor / Trike must remain on course in straight
and level flight, the speed setting must remain constant over the whole
permissible speed range, the increase of the angle of incidence of the
wing must not cause concern or excessive effort to the pilot,
swinging and oscillating must not arise during flight, with minimum takeoff
weight the speed must amount to at least 30 km/h.
4.3.5 From a tight turn to an opposite tight turn, the manoeuvre must be smooth
and without exceptional super skill of the pilot, the airspeed must be
properly monitored and maintained for course and direction changes in a
sensible manner
4.3.6 In changing thermal conditions the craft must remain stable and
controllable without exceptional super skills of the pilot,
in a situation of a full stall after releasing steering lines the craft must
return to normal flight position on its own accord
4.3.7 In cases of wing cell collapse
the situation must be rectifiable
with a partial collapse, using the steering lines the pilot must be
able to continue straight flight
without effort from the pilot the collapse to rectify itself
4.3.8 In a controlled but at any time stoppable situation, for the sink or descend
speed to be accelerated
4.3.9 Equipment requires test flying, those tests require monitoring and
documenting
4.3.10 Test flights are to be performed by technical experienced pilots and must
not be carried out by any other person
4.3.11 Flight tests must be conducted and the manufacturers minimum and
maximum weight limitations must not be exceeded.

Paramotor Harness
5.1
Design and Construction
5.1.1 All parts of the harness and lines must be protected from rubbing or
chafing and must not be restricting their function in any way or form
5.1.2 Harness and connection points to wing and the second connection for
tandem use must not create any problems or interference and be
properly colour coded for easy hook-up and final checking
7

5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.2

6.

The harness must distribute all loads evenly to the body of the pilot
On landing on the ground or especially in water the pilot has to be able
to release him/her self from the harness quickly
The harness must at all times be comfortable and must not cause any
discomfort during take-off flight or landing
There must not be any possibility for the pilot to come out of the
harness unless he harness is unlocked by the pilot
If emergency equipment is used it must be attached in a manner not to
interfere with normal operation but if an emergency arrises be able to
fulfil its function and also be colour coded for easy identification
Emergency equipment must be easy deployable in case of an
emergency

Trike - Engine and Harness

Components and mounting points must be manufacturer tested and
approved and comply with all safety rules as specified

Structural Stress and Safety for Paramotor Wing and Paramotor Trike
6.1
Proof is established through stress tests using mathematical
calculations, the following formula mprov = mmax - mwing
mmax maximum allowable weight
Mwing maximum allowable carrying weight of wing
6.1.1 Mechanical strength for hanging points
6.1.1.1 At the hanging point of a trike use of formula in (point 6.1) to establish
and test the braking point
6.1.1.2 Additionally is a safety hanging required to test the frame structure
6.1.2 Strength and stress tests for the trike
6.1.2.1 The Trike must experience a hard vertical landing of a sink speed 2.0
m/s without any damage to the trike, or 4g static loading from a
horizontal landing of a flight direction in height of 40% the energy of
the vertical landing drop with out any damage, or a side impact from a
30% energy of the vertical landing with out damage
6.1.3 Mechanical Strength of the Trike
6.1.3.1 The Trike construction with maximum take off weight must withstand
double the forces on wheels, axle and framework and all other
structural components
6.1.4
6.1.5

Crashlanding / Heavy Trike landing

The construction of the trike must be designed that, in the event of a
crashlanding, the equipment must have safety belts in proper use to
give the pilot maximum protection and to avoid injury, safety belts
must be certified and approved, and to withstand forces upwards 3g,
forwards 9g, side on 1.5g and downward 6g

6.1.5.
Seat, Backrest and Safety - Belts
6.1.5.1 The seat, backrest and safety belts must meet those specifications
under 6.1.4.1 specified
The pilot must be secured by an approved safety harness, which has
to be mounted so there is absolutely no way of tearing loose from its
fixtures or mountings

6.1.6
The Propeller Cage
6.1.6.1 The cage is to prevent lines from the pilot to the paraglider making
contact with the propeller, no loose parts must be carried by the pilot,
all clothing - straps and harness items must be secured in such a way
that there is no possible way of contact with the propeller
6.1.7
Engine mounts for the Trike
6.1.7.1 Mounting of engine to the trike must comply with 5.2, the manufacturers
tested and approved locations are the only points that can be used
6.1.8
Trike structural and stress
6.1.8.1 The trike must be designed to withstand all structural and stresses as
per 6.1.4
6.1.9
Maximum carrying capacity
6.1.9.1 The maximum carrying capacity is given by the designer / engineer /
manufacturer and is listed in the users manual you can not exceed
any of those limits
6.2

Time factors for service and parts replacement

6.2.1
Specified by the manufacturer service requirements are to be strictly
adhered to, a service logbook must be kept and all hours flown must
be recorded
6.2.2
The required service and replacement of parts are described in the
service manual
6.2.3
Every part on the Trike and Engine requires thorough checking prior
every flight, time of life limits are given for certain parts and are to be
replaced as required, as listed by the manufacturer, only certified
parts are to be used and noted in the log book

6.3 Propeller Tension and settings

6.3.1 The propeller is fitted as per manufacturers specifications to the
proper torque settings, a thorough visual inspection prior every flight
for damage
6.3.2 All settings are to be recorded in the log book, all specifications as per
service manual must be adhered to
6.3.3 Propeller
Revolution testing as specified in the manual

7.

8.

The Trike Engine

7.1
Continuous operation
7.1.1 The engine must have a stable idling speed, the maximum throttle
setting must not cause overheating and the settings must be
continuous without fluctuating
7.2

Fuel Tank
7.2.1 The fuel tank can be of the removable type, but must meet the
following requirements
The tank must be approved for motor fuel use
There must be a visual indication of the amount of fuel in the tank
The tank has to be earthed
The tank has to be vented and constructed in a manner so there is
no leakage
A safety warning ( Fuel )

7.3

Fuel Lines
7.3.1 Fuel lines must be made from approved material and be kept away
from hot areas of the engine

7.4

Distance of Propeller to Frame parts

7.4.1 The distance of propeller tips to neighbouring frame parts of the trike
must at least be 5cm

7.5

Vibration absorbers
7.5.1 Between the Engine and Trike are vibration dampers to reduce the
amount vibration from the engine to the framework of the trike as
those are made from rubber it is important to check for wear regularly

7.6

Kill Switch
7.6.1 The switch has to be in a convenient position for terminating the
motor promptly and must be clearly marked

Emergency System
8.1
If fitted the reserve parachute must be able and tested to the
same stresses and weight bearing loads for the trike

10