Nouns:

= country
= backpack
= window
= magazine
= room
= refrigerator
= dog
= puppy
= cat
= rat
= pen
= phone
= coffee
= restaurant
= building
= television
= USA

Nouns:
= Canada
= hotel
= school
= bank
Verbs:
= to have
= to be at/in a location
Adverbs
= inside
= on top
= bellow
= beside
= behind
= in front
= here

Korean Particles: and

In Lesson 1 you learned the simplest Korean particles. To review, you learned that:
or are used to indicate the subject (or main person/thing) in a sentence.
or are used to indicate the object in a sentence.
For example, in this sentence: I ate a hamburger
I is the subject of the sentence
Hamburger is the object
Eat is the verb
A new particle to learn in this lesson is or . These particles are the same, but:
- When the last letter of the last syllable of a word ends in a vowel, we use . For
example, ends in a vowel (), so it changes to "."
- When the last letter of the last syllable of a word ends in a consonant, we use .
For example, ends in a consonant (), so it changes to "."
What I am about to say is very difficult for English people to grasp. When I started
learning Korean, it took me months to understand this, and it was not because it was
difficult. Rather, nobody explained it to me in a way that allowed me to understand. Ill
do my best to explain it to you.
When a part of a sentence is not the main clause of a sentence, we use or to
indicate the subject of that clause of the sentence. Lets look at some examples:

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I ate a hamburger
This sentence only has one clause. Therefore, we do not need to worry about using or
. If we wanted to write this sentence with Korean structure and particles, we would
write: I hamburger ate
Another example:
I listened to music
This sentence only has one clause. Therefore, we do not need to worry about using or
. If we wanted to write this sentence with Korean structure and particles, we would
write: I music listened
But, in this example:
When my mother ate a hotdog, I ate a hamburger.
In this sentence, there are two clauses. The main clause of the sentence is you eating a
hamburger. When my mother ate a hotdog is simply indicating when you ate a
hamburger. So, when my mother ate a hotdog is not the main clause of the sentence.
If we wanted to write this sentence with Korean structure and particles, we would write:
My mother hotdog ate when, I hamburger ate.
Lets look at another example:
While my mother cooked vegetables, I listened to music
In this sentence, there are two clauses: The main part of the sentence is you listening to
music. While my mother cooked is simply indicating when you listened to music.
Therefore, while my mother cooked is not the main clause of the sentence.
If we wanted to write this sentence with Korean structure and particles, we would write:
My mother vegetables cooked while, I music listened.
Unfortunately, if I were to make an actual example of that sentence, it would be much to
complicated for you to understand at the moment. You have not been introduced to verbs
(or adjectives for that matter), so I will wait until the next lesson to discuss these topics.
For now - don't worry about the full meaning of the sentence - just make sure you
understand why and where / should be used in this case.
(to have)
Korean verbs and adjectives are actually very easy to understand. Unfortunately, the three
most difficult to understand are also the three most common. These three words are:

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 = to be (which you learned in Lesson 1)

= to have
= to be in/at a location
Its not that these three words are difficult, but rather that they are irregular compared to
most other words. You learned in Lesson 1 that (to be) acts as an adjective in
Korean. (to have) is also acts an adjective in Korean.
Why is this important?
You learned in Lesson 1 that sentences with adjectives cannot have an object in them.
Thus, you cannot have a word with the particle / attached to it when there is an
adjective in a sentence (because / indicates an object in a sentence).
If this werent the case, we could do the following:
I have a pen
I pen
+ +
= I have a pen
BUT, remember, acts as an adjective, so we cannot have an object in that sentence.
How do we get around this? Simple! We just use / instead of / in sentences with
. I said earlie, / are used to indicate the subject of a part of a sentence that is not
the main clause of that sentence. That is true, but / are also used to indicate the thing
that you have. Lets look at some examples:
= I have a pen
( )
= I have a car
( )
= I have a magazine
( )
= I have a backpack
( )
Remember that the example sentences provided in Lessons 1, 2, 3 and 4 are not
conjugated. While one form of conjugation is provided in parentheses below each
example sentence, the grammar within these conjugations is too complicated for you to
understand right now. For now, focus on what is being presented in these first four
lessons before you start to worry about conjugating sentences and using honorifics.
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 (to be at/in a location)

The thing that makes so difficult is that it can also mean to be at/in a location. In
Lesson 1 you learned about the particle in Korean. You learned that this particle is
used to indicate the place and/or time of something in a sentence. Therefore, "" is often
seen in sentences with "" to indicate the location of somebody/something.
For example: I am at school
If we wanted to write this sentence with Korean structure and particles, we would write:
I school am at
+ +
= I am at school
( )
Notice the very big difference (in meaning) between these two sentences, and the role
that particles have in each case:
= I have a school
= I am at school
We can also use position words to indicate specifically where someone/something is:
I school in front am
+ +
= I am infront of the school
( )
Notice that the position word is placed after the place you are talking about:
= in front of the school
= behind the person
= beside the house
= behind that building
More examples
= I am behind the school
( )

= The cat is under the chair

( )

= I am beside the school

( )

= I am in Canada
( )

= I am inside the bank

( )

= The restaurant is next to the bank

( )

= The dog is in the house

( )

= The hotel is next to the school

( )

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