CONTENTS

1 Importance of Electrical Energy

2 Generation of Electrical Energy
3 Sources of Energy
4 Comparison of Energy Sources
5 Units of Energy
6 Relationship Among Energy Units
7 Efficiency
8 Calorific Value of Fuels
9 Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels
10 Advantages of Solid Fuels Over Liquid Fuels

Importance & Benefits of Electrical Energy

1.Convenient form
2.Easy control
3.Greater flexibility
4.Cheapness
5.Cleanliness
6.High transmission efficiency.
7. Renewable source of energy
8. Symbol of Development
9. Back bone of economy

Electrical Power System

Electrical Power System

Electrical Power System consists of three main

components
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Basic Conventional Power System

Layout

Conventional (non-renewable)
primary energy source

Basic Conventional Power System Layout

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development Survey for World Electricity
Consumptions by Regions

World Electricity Production Sources

Generation of Electrical Energy

The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature into
electrical energy is known as generation of electrical energy.
Energy is available in various forms from different natural sources
such as:
1.Pressure head of water
2.Chemical energy of fuels
3.Nuclear energy of radioactive substances
4. Wind
5. Solar
6. Piezo electric

Sources of Energy
The heat energy radiated focused by means of reflectors
known as concentrated solar power.
Heat can be used to raise steam for electrical energy.
PV cells can generate voltage from sunlight
Limitation:

1. Requires large area

2. Cannot be used in cloudy days or at night
3.Uneconomical method

For continuous electrical supply, the generator is

arranged to charge the batteries. These batteries
supply the energy when the wind stops.
Advantages:

Minimum operational cost

Maintenance and generation costs are negligible

Drawbacks:

1.Variable output
2.Unreliable because of uncertainty about wind pressure
3.Power generated is quite small.

water is stored and potential energy of head

converted into mechanical energy that drives the
turbine and alternator.
This method is very popular because it has low production and
maintenance costs.

Solid fuel as coal

Liquid fuel as oil
Gas fuel as natural gas

The heat energy of these fuels is converted into mechanical

energy by suitable prime movers such as:
Steam engines
Steam turbines
Internal combustion engines
Fuels reserves are diminishing day by day

Fission of uranium and other fissionable materials

1 kg of nuclear fuel is equal to that produced by 4500 tonnes of
coal
Nuclear fission heat raises the steam to drive steam turbine for
electrical energy.

There are some difficulties in the use of nuclear energy:

1. High cost of nuclear Plant
2. Problem of disposal of radioactive waste
3. Dearth of trained personnel to handle the plant

Energy Utilization

Comparison of Energy Sources

Comparative Prices of Different Generation

Sources

Units of Energy

Relationship Among Energy Units

1.Electrical and Mechanical
1 kWh = 36 105 Joules
2.Heat and Mechanical
1 calorie = 418 Joules
3. Electrical and Heat
1 kWh = 860 103 calories or 860 kcal

Efficiency

The output energy divided by the input energy is called

energy efficiency or simply efficiency of the system.

As power is the rate of energy flow, therefore

1.1 Mechanical energy is supplied to a d.c. generator at the rate of 4200 J/s. The
generator delivers 322 A at 120 V.
(i) What is the percentage efficiency of the generator ?
(ii) How much energy is lost per minute of operation ?

Calorific Value of Fuels

The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit
weight of fuel is known as its calorific value.

Advantages of Liquid Fuels Over Solid Fuels

1. Handling of liquid fuels is easier ,require less storage space.
2. The combustion of liquid fuels is uniform.
3. The solid fuels burn with great difficulty. liquid fuels burn with
a fair degree of ease and attain high temperature very quickly
compared to solid fuels.
4.The waste product of solid fuels is a large, liquid fuels leave
no or very little ash after burning.
5. The firing of liquid fuels can be easily controlled. This permits
to meet the variation in load demand easily.

Advantages of Solid Fuels Over Liquid Fuels

1. In case of liquid fuels, there is a danger of explosion
2. Liquids fuels are costlier as compared to solid fuels.
3. Sometimes liquid fuels give unpleasant odours during burning.
4.Liquid fuels require special types of burners for burning.
5. Liquid fuels pose problems in cold climates since the oil
stored in the tanks is to be heated in order to avoid the stoppage
of oil flow.

Distributed Generation
Distributed generation, also called on-site
generation, dispersed generation, embedded
generation, decentralized generation, decentralized
energy, distributed energy or district energy,
generates electricity from many small energy sources.
Distributed generation allows collection of energy from
many sources and may give lower environmental
impacts and improved security of supply.

Thank You