Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MOHAN GUNASEKARAN
(A0080365H)
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 WELL INTERVENTION
2.1 PRECISE DEFINITION AND NEEDS OF WELL
INTERVENTION
2.2 SUB SEA WELL INTERVENTION GROWTH
3.0 SUBSEA WELL INTERVENTION VESSEL
4.0 SUB SEA WELL INTERVENTION CATEGORIES
4.1 LIGHT WELL INTERVENTION SYSTEMS
4.2 RISERLESS LIGHT WELL INTERVENTION
4.3 MEDIUM WELL INTERVENTION VESSEL
4.4 HEAVY INTERVENTION VESSEL
4.5
4.5 HROUGH TUBING ROTARY DRILLING:
5.0 INTERVENTION OPERATION:
5.1 INTERVENTION VESSEL MODULES:
6.0 INTERVENTION HARDWARE
7.0 REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE IN SUBSEA
INTERVENTION:
8.0 CHARECTERISTICS OF WELL INTERVENTION:
9.0 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF WELL INTERVENTION:
10. WELL INTERVENTION METHODS
11.0 DISADVANTAGES:
12. WELL INTERVENTION WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
12.1 PRIMARY WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
12.2 SECONDARY WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
12.3 TERTIARY WELL CONTROL SYSTEM
13.0 WELL INTERVENTION EQUIPMENTS
13.1 COMPLETION EQUIPMENT TOOLS
13.2 WIRELINE EQUIPMENT
13.3 COILED TUBING EQUIPMENT
14.0 OPERATION
14.1 WIRELINE TOOLS
14.2 OPEN HOLE ELECTRIC LINE TOOLS
14.3 DENSITY TOOLS
14.4 BOREHOLE SEISMIC TOOLS
15.0 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENTS
16.0 CONCLUSION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The increase of natural gas in the energy matrix all over the world has
posed a strong Demand on offshore exploration and production. Although
some new concepts for floating gas storage have been proposed, options
associated with subsea production system and pipeline export to shore
should be better investigated in order to improve performance for the field
proven concepts and to propose innovative unmanned subsea design.
Subsea processing presents significant potential for cost savings by
moving some of the traditional topsides fluid processing to the seabed.
Subsea separation and local re-injection of produced water and/or gas to
the reservoir or to a dedicated disposal zone will allow flow lines and
topside processing equipment to be used more efficiently. Subsea
gas/liquid separation and liquid boosting can increase the production rate
in low-energy reservoirs.
The main features of subsea processing:
Moon Pool
Fluids Handling
Logging
Zone Isolation
11
the vessel required to deploy the intervention tools can be smaller and
more cost efficient than if conventional technology is used.
A number of recent riser less well intervention operations have proven the
feasibility and interventions have been carried out at water depths
exceeding 900 m. Recent riser less well intervention has the ability to
deliver the necessary tools exactly where needed. This is achieved with
robotic based technology which enables milling tools and similar to be
conveyed and positioned with pin-point accuracy irrespective of the
inclination of the well.
RLWI operations are normally carried out from a dynamically-positioned
intervention vessel to perform various wire line deployed operations.
12
Limited to
wire line
and potentially
coiled
tubing deployed
Scale milling
Can alternate modus between coil tubing, wire line and drilling in
less than one hour
the riser on a flexible supply string, through the BOP and wellhead, further
down into the well to perform the operation in question.
The supply string that the intervention tool is connected to, is formed, for
example, of a wire (slick line, wire line) or coiled tubing, the supply string
being coiled on a drum. When the intervention tool is being lowered into
the well, the string is supplied from the drum by means of an injector as it
is being lowered from the drilling device.
IM0: modest-sized fast winch to raise and lower small loads, work
class
IM1:
IM2:
IM3:
IM4:
mounted equipment.
The study showed that the demand over all the blocks for all the vessels
added together grew to approximately four vessels in 2009 with a split of
2.5 IM0, 0.8 IM1, and 0.5 IM2. A
This is more complex than slickline due to the need for a grease injection
system in the rigup to ensure the BOPs can seal around the braided
contours of the wire. It also requires an additional shear-seal BOP as a
tertiary barrier as the upper master valve on the Xmas tree can only cut
slick line. Braided line includes both the core-less variety used for heaving
fishing and electric-line used for logging and perforating
6. Work over
In some older wells, changing reservoir conditions or deteriorating
condition of the completion may necessitate pulling it out to replace it
with a fresh completion.
7. Snubbing:
Also known as hydraulic work over, this involves forcing a string of pipe
into the well against wellbore pressure to perform the required tasks. The
rigup is larger than for coiled tubing and the pipe more rigid.
10. WELL INTERVENTION METHODS
Among all the various types of well intervention operations, through
tubing
is
the
most
commonly
applied,
Through-tubing
enables
to wait for the tool to be pulled back out of the well to learn of its
condition.
E-lines can include the use of a braided line which is more complex than
slick line and requires a special grease injection system to ensure there is
enough pressure for the blowout preventer to seal around the wire as it
goes down into the well.
Braided lines are stronger that slick lines and can be used to perforate
wellbores with explosive charges or fish out logging and monitoring tools
placed deep inside the well. Both slick line and e-line jobs can be
completed without the use of a rigid riser that connects the subsea well
head to a vessel floating on the surface.
Coiled tubing is by far the most effective and versatile tool for well
intervention. Coiled tubing is a continuous string of tubing that can be
rolled onto a spool and is used is often used to pump chemicals or gasses
directly into the well to relieve blockage and increase flow. But coiled
tubing is used for a wide variety of other tasks such as drilling, logging,
cleaning, cementing, fishing out tools and well completion and
production. In many cases coiled tubing requires a riser or a subsea tool
known as an injector head that is placed on
Top of the well and can cut through the coil to shut off the flow of oil or
gas if an unexpected problem arises. To perform these types of operations
offshore,
11.0 DISADVANTAGES:
The most obvious drawback of known intervention techniques is that a
mobile/floating drilling device is normally used to carry out the necessary
intervention operation or Operations in a subsea well. Normally hiring and
using such drilling devices involves great cost.
Another drawback of mobile/floating drilling devices is that operations are
often limited by weather-dependent conditions, mainly wave height and
wind force, so that a large portion of the contracting time may be spent in
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wireline
Braided cable- Grease injection head with
Coiled tubing
One combined shear/seal ram
or electric line
Braided or electric line
Slick line and Braided
or electric line
intervention
One combined shear/ seal ram
cement operations and keeping hydrostatic pressure off the zone while
the cement cures easily converted to bridge plug
Dual Pack Retrievable Straddle System
Versatile mechanical packer straddle assembly for isolating casing leaks
and isolating zones in cased hole applications. Compact and fats running
single set packer that can be set on slick line, e-line coil tubing or pipe
with the corresponding running tools setting with downward pressure
eliminates the need for in-hole rotation. When the assembly is set, the bidirectional slips are protected from debris by the elements. This reduces
the chance of sticking slips. Retrieval tool attaches to fishing neck and
packer is released with an upwards.
Cement Retainer Mechanical Setting Tool- Used to run, set and
operate the cement retainer.
Sliding Sleeve
Run-on tubing and operated using wireline shifting equipment. The sleeve
is typically run on a production string and is used to establish
communication between the tubing and casing annulus. Used to facilitate
zone-specific activities including testing and stimulation The sleeve can be
opened and closed repeatedly and designed to ensure normal wireline
operations will not be inadvertently open or closed
No-Go Landing Nipple
A profiled sub runs below the completion packers. The landing nipple
allows various flow devices to be placed in the work string. The No-Go
shoulder ensures these flow control devices are not run and set below the
tubing string. Manufactured to be compliant in sour service applications
GU Retrievable Bridge Plug
Mechanical packer for use in high differential pressure and/or high
temperature cased wells. Can be run on slickline, wireline, coil tubing or
pipe
with
appropriate
running
tool,
Set
with
downward
pressure
eliminating the need for rotations in hole. While set the packer element
protects the slips from debris, reducing the change of sticking slips.
Retrieved with GS style tool and released with upward pull.
13.2 Wireline Equipment
27
28
the
sealant,
the
placement
procedure,
performance.
29
and
subsequent
well
The case study is taken from a field in southern Italy that lies within a
mountainous national-park area and is classified currently as the largest
producing onshore field in continental Europe. Wells in the field are very
high- producing wells from a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir at
approximately 3500 m true vertical depth (TVD). Permeability is difficult to
predict because it is dependent on natural fracturing, which results in a
wide range of production rates from individual wells. Because the field is
in a national park, development is strictly
an expensive mobile drilling rig. The use of coiled tubing for these tasks is
usually confined to occasions where it is already on site for another
purpose,
Production
Coiled tubing is often used as a production string in shallow gas wells that
produce some water. The narrow internal diameter results in a much
higher velocity than would occur inside conventional tubing or inside the
casing. This higher velocity assists in lifting liquids to surface, liquids
which might otherwise accumulate in the wellbore and eventually "kill"
the well. The coiled tubing may be run inside the casing instead or inside
conventional tubing. When coiled tubing is run inside of conventional
tubing it is often referred to as a "velocity string" and the space between
the outside of the coiled tubing and the inside of the conventional tubing
is referred to as the"micro annulus". In some cases gas is produced up
into the micro annulus. Coiled tubing umbilicals can convey hydraulic
submersible pumps, electric submersible pumps and jet pumps into wells
for both permanent deliquification schemes and service applications.
Snubbing Equipment
Snubbing is also known as hydraulic workover, this involves forcing a
string of pipe into the well against wellbore pressure to perform the
required tasks. The rigup is larger than for coiled tubing and the pipe more
rigid. Snubbing is a type of heavy well intervention performed on oil and
gas wells. It involves running the BHA on a pipe string using a hydraulic
workover rig. Unlike wireline or coiled tubing, the pipe is not spooled off a
drum but made up and broken up while running in and pulling out, much
like conventional drill pipe. Due to the large rigup, it is only used for the
most demanding of operations when lighter intervention techniques do
not offer the strength and durability. Unlike conventional drilling and
completions operations, snubbing can be performed with the well still
under pressure (not killed). When done so, it is called hydraulic workover.
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It can also be performed without having to remove the Xmas tree from the
wellhead.
A wireline tool string can be dozens of feet long with multiple separate
tools installed to perform multiple operations at once.
14.2 OPEN HOLE ELECTRIC LINE TOOLS
Natural Gamma Ray Tools
Natural gamma-ray tools are designed to measure naturally occurring
gamma radiation in the earth caused by the disintegration due to
Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium. Unlike nuclear tools, these natural
gamma ray tools do not emit any radiation.
Natural gamma ray tools employ a radioactive sensor, which is usually a
scintillation crystal that emits a light pulse proportional to the strength of
the gamma ray pulse incident on it. This light pulse is then converted to a
current pulse by means of a photo multiplier tube PMT. From the photo
multiplier tube, the current pulse goes to the tool's electronics for further
processing and ultimately to the surface system for recording. The
strength of the received gamma rays is dependent on the source emitting
gamma rays, the density of the formation, and the distance between the
source and the tool detector. The log recorded by this tool is used to
identify litho logy, estimate shale content, and depth correlation of future
logs.
14.3 DENSITY TOOLS
Density tools use gamma ray radiation to determine the litho logy and
porosity of the well environment. Modern density tools utilize a Cs-137
radioactive source to generate gamma rays. Density tools also have an
extendable calliper arm, which is used to measure the true width of the
borehole.
Gamma rays emitted from the source pass into the formation. Depending
on the density of the surrounding formation, some of the gamma rays will
be absorbed into the rock while others are reflected back to the tool. The
ratio of returning gamma rays to absorbed gamma rays is useful in
determining formation density
Neutron Tools
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Neutron tools use fast neutrons to indicate porosity and litho logy of the
well. Neutron tools typically contain an Am241-Be chemical source or
Minton electronic source to generate the neutrons.
The hydrogen content of the formation, from oil or water, slows down the
emitted neutrons until they reach a thermal or epithermal state. At the
slower thermal and epithermal states, the tool is able to detect the
neutrons. These counts therefore yield a count of slow neutrons, which is
a clear indicator of the hydrogen content of the well.
Resistivity Tools
This tool is important in reservoir evaluation for determining the location
of the oil-water contact. Water is far more conductive than hydrocarbons
and so will give the reservoir rock it saturates a lower resistivity than rock
saturated with hydrocarbons. When analysing a resistivity log, the point
where the resistivity undergoes a large change is likely to be the location
of the oil-water contact. It is also used an indicator for permeability. Since
most resistivity tools have different depths of investigation, a permeable
formation will read different resistivities at different depths.
Sonic and Ultrasonic Tools:
Sonic tools generate sound wave and measure the time it takes to reach
the detectors. This is used to measure the effective porosity. Sound waves
travel slower in formations in which the pores are not interconnected.
Magnetic Resonance Tools:
A measurement of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of
hydrogen in the formation there are two phases to the measurement:
polarization and acquisition. First, the hydrogen atoms are aligned in the
direction of a static magnetic field (B0). This polarization takes a
characteristic time T1. Second, the hydrogen atoms are tipped by a short
burst from an oscillating magnetic field that is designed so that they
precess in resonance in a plane perpendicular to B0. The frequency of
oscillation is the Larmor frequency. The precession of the hydrogen atoms
induces a signal in the antenna. The decay of this signal with time is
caused by transverse relaxation and is measured by the CPMG pulse
34
sequence. The decay is the sum of different decay times, called T2. The
T2 distribution is the basic output of a NMR measurement.
The NMR measurement made by both a laboratory instrument and a
logging tool follow the same principles very closely. An important feature
of the NMR measurement is the time needed to acquire it. In the
laboratory, time presents no difficulty. In a log, there is a trade-off
between the time needed for polarization and acquisition, logging speed
and frequency of sampling. The longer the polarization and acquisition,
the more complete the measurement. However, the longer times require
either lower logging speed or less frequent samples.
14.4 BOREHOLE SEISMIC TOOLS
Cased Hole Electric Line Tools
Cement Bond Tools
A cement bond tool, or CBT, is an acoustic tool used to measure the
quality of the cement behind the casing. Using a CBT, the bond between
the casing and cement as well as the bond between cement and
formation
can
be
determined.
Using
CBT
data,
company
can
troubleshoot problems with the cement sheath if necessary. This tool must
be centralized in the well to function properly.
Two of the largest problems found in cement by CBT's are channeling and
micro-annulus. A micro annulus is the formation of microscopic cracks in
the cement sheath. Channeling is where large, contiguous voids in the
cement sheath form, typically caused by poor centralization of the casing.
Both of these situations can, if necessary, be fixed by remedial electric
line work.
A CBT gains its measurements by rapidly pulsing out compressional waves
across the well bore and into the pipe, cement, and formation. The
compressional pulse originates in a transmitter at the top of the tool,
which, when powered up on surface sounds like a rapid clicking sound.
The tool typically has two receivers, one three feet away from the
receiver, and another at five feet from the transmitter. These receivers
record the arrival time of the compressional waves.[4] The information
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from these receivers is logged as travel times for the three and five foot
receivers and as a micro-seismogram.
Recent advances in logging technologies have allowed the receivers to
measure 360 degrees of cement integrity and can be represented on a log
as a radial cement map and as 6-8 individual sector arrival times.
Casing Collar Locators:
Casing collar locator tools, or CCL's, are among the simplest and most
essential in cased hole electric line. CCL's are typically used for depth
correlation and can be an indicator of line over speed when logging in
heavy fluids
A CCL operates on Faraday's Law of Induction. Two magnets are separated
by a coil of copper wire. As the CCL passes by a casing joint, or collar, the
difference in metal thickness across the two magnets induces a current
spike in the coil. This current spike is sent up hole and logged as what's
called a collar kick on the cased hole log.
Gamma Perforating Tools
A cased hole gamma perforator is used to perform mechanical services,
such as shooting perforations, setting down hole tubing/casing elements,
dumping remedial cement, tracer surveys, etc. Typically, a gamma
perforator will have some sort of explosively initiated device attached to
it, such as a perforating gun, a setting tool, or a dump bailor. In certain
instances, the gamma perforator is used to merely spot objects in the
well, as in tubing conveyed perforating operations and tracer surveys.
Gamma perforators operate in much the same way as an open hole
natural gamma ray tool. Gamma rays given off from naturally occurring
radioactive elements bombard the tool. The tool processes the gamma ray
counts and sends the data uphole where it is put onto a log. The
information is then used to ensure that the depth shown on the log is
correct. After that, power can be applied through the tool to set off
explosive charges for things like perforating, setting plugs or packers,
dumping cement, etc.
Setting Tools
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Setting tools are used to set down hole completion elements. Setting tools
are typically large steel tools onto which a down hole completion can be
screwed. One of the most common setting tools is manufactured by Baker
Hughes.
Setting tools are explosively driven devices. A shooting CCL or a gamma
perforator is used to apply power to detonate a low explosive in the
setting tool. The gas pressure created by the deflagrating low explosive
exerts a large force on a piston holding back oil. The pneumatic pressure
of the piston pushes the oil, which hydraulically separates the setting tool
from the plug or packer. The downhole completion is now set in place.
Not only for completions, setting tools can also run bridge plugs. Which
are most commonly used to abandon a well? A certain amount of oil well
cement must then be placed on top of the plug. A bond log is also
common protocol, the cement must be bonded with the casing to abandon
a well, if not, there must be squeeze guns shot. So they can pump cement
down the casing and through the squeeze perforations and to the outside
of the casing.
15.0 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENTS
Cable Head
The cable head is the upper most portion of the tool string on any given
type of wire line. The cable head is where the conductor wire is made into
an electrical connection that can be connected to the rest of the tool
string. Cable heads are typically custom built by the wireline operator for
every job and depend greatly on depth, pressure and the type of wellbore
fluid.
Electric line weak points are also located in the cable head. If the tool is to
become stuck in the well, the weak point is where the tool would first
separate from the wire line. If the wire line were severed anywhere else
along the line, the tool becomes much more difficult.
Tractors
These are electrical tools used to push the tool string into hole,
overcoming wire lines disadvantage of being gravity dependent. These
are used for in highly deviated and horizontal wells where gravity is
37
insufficient, even with roller stem. They push against the side of the
wellbore either through the use of wheels or through a wormlike motion.
The technology has been in place for more than 10 years, and certain
companies have operation factors of over 98% with their wire line
tractors. The leading operator on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has
successfully applied this technology since 1996 and has concluded that it
is a reliable as well as a cost-efficient technology. According to the groups
calculations, they save approximately NOK 500 million ($80 million USD)
annually on tractor operations and from 1996 to 2005, tractors have
covered an accumulated distance of more than 3,000 kilometres through
horizontal wells for the company.
Measuring Head:
A measuring head is the first piece of equipment the wire line comes into
contact with off the drum. The measuring head is composed of several
wheels which support the wire line on its way to the winch and they also
measure crucial wire line data.
A measuring head records tension, depth, and speed. Current models use
optical encoders to derive the revolutions of a wheel with a known
circumference, which in turn is used to figure speed and depth. A wheel
with a pressure sensor is used to figure tension.
Wire line apparatus:
For oilfield work, the wire line resides on the surface, wound around a
large (3 to 10 feet in diameter) spool. Operators may use a portable spool
(on the back of a special truck) or a permanent part of the drilling rig. A
motor and drive train turn the spool and raise and lower the equipment
into and out of the well the winch.
Pressure Control during Wire line Operations:
The pressure control employed during wire line operations is intended to
contain pressure originating from the well bore. During open hole electric
line operations, the pressure might be the result from a well kicking.
During cased hole electric line, this is most likely the result of a well
producing at high pressures.
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rubber element until a light pressure is exerted on the wire line, cleaning
grease and well fluid off the line in the process.
Quick Test Sub:
A Quick Test Sub (QTS) is used when pressure testing the pressure control
equipment (PCE) that will be used during explosives operations. The PCE
is pressure tested and then broke at the QTS. The explosives are then
attached to the tool string and pulled back in to the lubricator. The PCE is
then reconnected at the QTS. The QTS has two O-rings where it was
disconnected that can be tested with hydraulic pressure to confirm the
PCE can still hold the pressure it was tested to.
Ball-Check Valve:
If the wire line were to become severed from the tool, a ball check valve
can seal the well off from the surface. During wire line operations, a steel
ball sits to the side of a confined area within the grease head while the
cable runs in and out of the hole. If the wire line exits that confined area
under pressure, the pressure will force the steel ball up towards the hole
where the wire line had been. The ball's diameter is larger than that of the
hole, so the ball effectively seals off pressure to the surface.
Head Catcher:
A head catcher is a device placed at the top of the lubricator section.
Should the wireline tools be forced into the top of the lubricator section,
the head catcher, which looks like a small 'claw,' will clamp down on the
fishing neck of the tool. This action prevents the tools from falling
downhole should the line pull out of the rope socket. Pressure is bled off of
the head catcher to release the tools.
16.0 CONCLUSION:
Subsea well interventions offer up many challenges and requires much
advanced planning. The cost of subsea intervention has in the past
inhibited the intervention but in the current climate is much more viable.
These
interventions
are
commonly
40
executed
from
Light/medium
41