CN32 2

CLASSIFICATION NOTES
No. 32.2
Container Securing
JULY 2013
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Classification Notes
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Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

Changes Page 3
CHANGES CURRENT
General
This document supersedes Classification Notes No. 32.2, July 2011.
Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve
a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
Main changes
General
New requirements in Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 have been elaborated in this Class Note.
Sec.2 Design loads
Wind loads and accelerations have been updated according to Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2
Sec.6
Sec.4 Acceptance criteria
Acceptance criteria for containers have been updated
Sec.8 Additional container arrangements
Table with reduction in MSL for lashings attached to lashing bridge has been updated
The calculation procedures for mixed stowage of 20' containers stowed in 40' container cell guides have
been made clear.
Acceptable methods on how to take into account vertical twistlock clearances for vertical lashing and
external lashing have been introduced.
Introduced new Appendix C Individual Accelerations for Lashing Calculations
A new procedure has been included in Appendix C specifying how to obtain individual accelerations for
lashing calculations based on wave load analysis.
Introduced new Appendix D Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements
A table has been introduced in Appendix D specifying document requirements and Class approval scope
for typical alterations of container stowage.
Editorial Corrections
In addition to the above stated main changes, editorial corrections may have been made.

Contents Page 4
CONTENTS
CHANGES CURRENT ................................................................................................................... 3
1.
General.................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................6
1.2 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Definitions.................................................................................................................................................7
1.4 Assumptions..............................................................................................................................................8
2.
Design Loads........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 General......................................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Wind load..................................................................................................................................................8
2.3 Accelerations.............................................................................................................................................9
3.
Loading Conditions................................................................................................................................ 9
3.1 General......................................................................................................................................................9
3.2 LC1: Transverse loading I ........................................................................................................................9
3.3 LC2: Vertical loading ...............................................................................................................................9
3.4 LC3: Transverse loading II .....................................................................................................................10
3.5 LC4: Longitudinal loading......................................................................................................................10
4.
Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................................................................. 11
4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................11
4.2 Containers ...............................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Container securing devices .....................................................................................................................12
4.4 Ship local supporting structures..............................................................................................................14
5.
Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis............................................................................................ 14
5.1 General....................................................................................................................................................14
5.2 Modelling of geometry ...........................................................................................................................14
5.3 Boundary conditions ...............................................................................................................................16
5.4 Loading conditions..................................................................................................................................16
5.5 Results.....................................................................................................................................................16
6.
Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae.......................................................................................... 16
6.1 Rigid container securing arrangements (cell guides and similar)...........................................................16
6.2 Non-rigid securing arrangements (lashings and similar) ........................................................................17
6.3 Container stack with four flexible horizontal supports...........................................................................19
6.4 Container stack with combined rigid and flexible horizontal supports ..................................................20
6.5 Container blocks .....................................................................................................................................20
7.
Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae ..................................................................................... 22
7.1 General....................................................................................................................................................22
7.2 Container stack with single rigid support ...............................................................................................23
7.3 Container stack with two rigid horizontal supports ................................................................................23
7.4 Container stack with three rigid horizontal supports ..............................................................................24
7.5 Container stack with single flexible support...........................................................................................25
7.6 Container stack with one rigid and one flexible support ........................................................................26
7.7 Container stack with two flexible horizontal supports ...........................................................................26
7.8 Container stack with one rigid and two flexible horizontal supports .....................................................27
7.9 Container stack with three flexible horizontal supports .........................................................................28
8.
Special Container Arrangements ....................................................................................................... 30
8.1 General....................................................................................................................................................30
8.2 20' container in 40' cell guides................................................................................................................30
8.3 40' container in 45' cell guides................................................................................................................30
8.4 Effectiveness of lashings attached to lashing bridge ..............................................................................31
8.5 External lashings and vertical lashings ..................................................................................................31
8.6 Block stowage in hold without cell guides .............................................................................................32
8.7 Platform-based containers with reduced stiffness...................................................................................33
8.8 Containers placed on two hatches or on hatches and container stanchions............................................33
Appendix A.
Approval of Lashing Computer System....................................................................................................... 34
Appendix B.
Calculated Examples...................................................................................................................................... 38
Appendix C.
Individual Accelerations for Lashing Calculations..................................................................................... 45

Contents Page 5
Appendix D.
Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements........................................................................................ 51
CHANGES HISTORIC ................................................................................................................. 53

Sec.1 General Page 6
1 General
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 For ships assigned the class notation Container Carrier or CONTAINER Rules for Classification of Ships
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 A500 require that approved securing arrangements for the cargo containers are fitted.
1.1.2 The purpose of this publication is to serve as an aid to those responsible for the planning and strength
evaluation of securing arrangements for cargo containers on board ships. Acceptable assumptions and
calculation procedures supplementing the general requirements stated in the Rules for Classification of Ships
are given.
1.1.3 Principles of analysis have been outlined for normal types of securing arrangements, including cellular
containment structures (rigid containment system).
1.1.4 For securing arrangements based on lashings or similar, calculation formulae taking into account the
interaction of containers and supports have also been included.
1.2 Procedure
This classification note describes methods for performing calculations of container securing arrangements. The
calculations are based on requirements given in Rules for Classification of Ships.
Two different calculation methods are described, Direct calculation using beam analysis and a Formula- based
analysis. These two methods are in general considered to be equivalent. Should there however be discrepancies
in the results of the two methods the direct calculation method will be decisive (this is also the method used in
approval).
The flowchart in Figure 1-1 gives an overview of applicable sections, depending on the calculation method.
The sections are briefly described in the following:
Sec.2. Design Loads, gives description or reference to the applicable local loads, like wind loads and
accelerations.
Sec.3. Loading Conditions, gives a description of the applicable loading conditions.
Sec.4. Acceptance Criteria, gives applicable strength ratings for the containers and recommendations for the
lashing equipment.
Sec.5. Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis outlines the procedure for calculation of container
arrangements where the containers and lashings are modelled as beam elements.
Sec.6. Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae, outlines the basic formulae for the simplified calculation of
ordinary container arrangements.
Sec. 7. Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae, gives derived formulae (from the basic formulae described
in Sec.6) for simplified calculation of ordinary container arrangements.
Sec.8. Special Container Arrangements, describes calculation methods for special container arrangements
which are not necessarily covered by the other methods e.g. 20' containers in 40' cell guides.
Appendix A. Approval of Lashing Computer Systems gives guidance to procedure for type approval of
computer software for determination of forces in lashing systems.
Appendix B. Calculated Examples, gives some calculated examples for easy reference.
Appendix C. Individual Accelerations for Lashing Calculations, describes an acceptable procedure how to
obtain individual accelerations as basis for strength evaluation of container securing arrangement calculations
applying wave analysis.
Appendix D. Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements, show general requirements to documentation and
approval scope for typical alterations of container securing arrangements.

Sec.1 General Page 7
Ch.2
Design loads
Ch.3
Loading conditions
Ch.5
Direct calculation
using beam
analysis
Ch.6 and 7
Formula based
analysis
Ch.8
Special container
arrangements
Ch.4
Acceptance
criteria
Figure 1-1
Flowchart of the calculation procedure
1.3 Definitions
1.3.1 References to directions refer to the principal axis system of the ship. Thus the terms vertical, horizontal,
longitudinal and transverse when used refer to the ships axes.
1.3.2 With regard to terms used in this note reference is made to Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2
Sec.6.
1.3.3 The following symbols are used:
av = combined vertical acceleration as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
at = combined transverse acceleration as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
al = combined longitudinal acceleration as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2
PW, upright PW, roll = wind loads in kN as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
kr = radius of gyration as given in Rules for Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B400
GM = metacentric height as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
= roll angle as given in Rules for Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300
M = mass of container (Ma for variable container masses)
bs = distance between bottom supports of container in mm
h = height of container in mm
nb = number of interconnected stacks in container block
n = number of tiers in stack or block
i
= number of tiers of containers in stack or block below the level in question (also valid for j, k and m)
Kc = racking stiffness in kN/mm of container wall
Ki = horizontal stiffness in kN/mm of container lashing connected to level i
Ph = horizontal force in kN acting per half container (Pha for variable forces)
a = denominator of container in stack (from 1 to n)
Pl i = lashing force in kN of lasing connected to level i, similar for k, j and m
Pri = horizontal support force in kN acting at level i, similar for k, j and m
Psh = vertical support force in kN acting at bottom of a specific tier of container due to horizontal loads
Pch = calculated compressive force in container post due to horizontal loads, equal to Psh, calculated at top of
the container for which the container post is under investigation

Sec.2 Design Loads Page 8
ic
io
ij
= assumed fraction of horizontal load acting on container end, which is transmitted through the container
wall, normally should be equal to VCG (min. 0.45) and 0.0 for end and side walls respectively
= clearance in mm of rigid transverse support at level i, similar at levels j, k and m
= calculated horizontal displacement in mm at level i of a horizontal unsupported stack of containers when
subjected to a uniform horizontal load, similar at levels j, k and m
= calculated horizontal displacement in mm at level i of a stack of containers when subjected to a
horizontal point load at level j, similar for other combinations of displacement and point load levels.
1.4 Assumptions
1.4.1 Ship hull supports are normally assumed rigid. In special cases, e.g. shoring forces at ship sides, it may
be necessary to consider non-rigid supports. See also Sec.8.
1.4.2 Calculations assume that containers have at least normal strength and stiffness, i.e. closed boxes, opentop boxes, tank containers. For platform-based containers see Sec.8.
1.4.3 All containers in a stack or block are placed in the same directions, i.e. all containers have the doorless
end facing the same direction.
1.4.4 Friction effects are not taken into account.
1.4.5 Pre-tensioning of lashings is not considered.
2 Design Loads
2.1 General
2.1.1 Design loads shall be taken as given in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E. Wind
loads and accelerations are further specified in [2.2] to [2.3] in the following.
2.2 Wind load

2.2.1 Any part of container sides and container ends not protected by adjacent container wall shall be
considered as wind exposed, see Figure 2-1.
For wind exposed containers in upright conditions the wind force PW, upright shall be as given in the Rules for
Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E305.
For wind exposed containers in heeled conditions the wind force PW, roll shall be as given in the Rules for
Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E306.
For wind loads in each loading conditions, see Sec.3.
Wind exposed
container
Figure 2-1
Windload

Sec.3 Loading Conditions Page 9
2.3 Accelerations
2.3.1 Accelerations shall be computed according to the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E300.
If individual accelerations are to be applied the calculation procedures given in App.C shall be followed.
3 Loading Conditions
3.1 General
3.1.1 Applicable loading conditions are listed in Table 3-1. In the subsequent sections the relevant loading
conditions will be described in more detail.
Table 3-1 Load case overview
LC
1
2
3
4
Description
Transverse loading I
Vertical loading
Transverse loading II
Longitudinal loading
Vertical
g
g + av
g cos()
g
Horizontal
at
at
al
Wind
PW, upright
No
PW, roll
PW, upright
3.2 LC1: Transverse loading I

3.2.1 For deck stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
Wind loads shall be added to wind exposed containers.
See also Figure 3-1.
3.2.2 For hold stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
Pw, upright
M
M at
Mg
Figure 3-1
Load case 1
3.3 LC2: Vertical loading

3.3.1 For deck stowage extreme vertical accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.
3.3.2 For hold stowage extreme vertical accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity acting
downwards.

Sec.3 Loading Conditions Page 10
M (av+g)
Figure 3-2
Load case 2
3.4 LC3: Transverse loading II

3.4.1 For deck stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the vertical component of
acceleration of gravity acting downwards.
3.4.2 For hold stowage extreme transverse accelerations are combined with the vertical component of
acceleration of gravity acting downwards.
Pw, roll
M at
M g cos
Mg
Figure 3-3
Load case 3
3.5 LC4: Longitudinal loading

3.5.1 For deck stowage extreme longitudinal accelerations are combined with the acceleration of gravity
acting downwards.
3.5.2 For hold stowage extreme longitudinal accelerations, are combined with the acceleration of gravity
acting downwards.
Pw, upright
M
M al
Mg
Figure 3-4
Load case 4

Sec.4 Acceptance Criteria Page 11
4 Acceptance Criteria
4.1 General
4.1.1 Container strength ratings shall be in accordance with recognized standards. In [4.2] strength ratings for
ISO containers are given.
Container securing devices shall be certified. Allowable forces in the container securing devices shall be taken
as the certified MSL. [4.3] shows typical MSL for selected container securing devices.
4.2 Containers
4.2.1 Container strength limits shall normally be in accordance with the required minimum (tested) strength
values and capabilities given in ISO-standard 1496-1. Container fittings strength limits shall normally be in
accordance with ISO-standard 1161. Strength ratings are given in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Strength ratings
Standard ISO
Racking force door end
Racking force doorless end
Racking force side walls
Corner post compression
Vertical tension in top corner (from locking device)
Vertical tension in bottom corner (from locking device)
Lashing loads in corner casting (in plane of cont. wall)
Horizontal
Vertical
Horizontal shoring forces on corners (perp. to cont. wall)
Lower corner, tension
Lower corner, compression
Upper corner, tension
Upper corner, compression
* For non-closed box containers
20 ft
150
150
150 (75*)
848
250
250
40 ft
150
150
150 (75*)
848
250
250
225
300
225
300
200
500
200
340
250
500
250
340

150/150 kN
150/150 (75/75*) kN
250/250 kN
150/150 (75/75*) kN
340/340 kN
150/150 kN
200/250 kN
848/848 kN
340/340 kN
200/250 kN
150/150 (75/75*) kN
500/500 kN
848/848 kN
200/250 kN
500/500 kN
150/150 kN
200/250 kN
250/250 kN
225/225 kN
225/225 kN
300/300 kN
300/300 kN
Figure 4-1
Strength ratings for 20'/40' containers
4.3 Container securing devices

4.3.1 Maximum Securing Load (MSL) in container securing devices shall not exceed 50% of the minimum
breaking load.
Table 4-2 shows typical values of MSL for selected types of container securing devices. For calculation
purposes certified values shall be used.

Table 4-2 Guidance values for container securing equipment

Item
Type
Figure
Typical MSL (Maximum Securing Loads)

[kN] 1)
Lashings
Lashing rod
Turnbuckle
Penguin Hook
D-Ring
Lashing plate
240
Twistlocks and deck connections

6
Twistlock (single)
210
250
Twistlock (linked)
210 2)
Flush ISO socket
250
Pedestal ISO socket
250
210
10
Dove tail socket with twistlock
250
210
Hold and block stowage
1)
2)
11
Stacker (single)
210
12
Stacker (double)
210
13
Linkage plate
210
14
Pressure element
840
15
Tension/pressure element
550/840
These values are selected to match the strength rating of the containers; for light-weight stacks smaller values may be accepted.
MSL in tension; to be same as item 6.

Sec.5 Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis Page 14
4.4 Ship local supporting structures

4.4.1 The local supporting structures of fixed container securing devices in way of ship structures, such as
hatch covers, decks, inner bottom and bulkheads shall be evaluated according to the Rules for Classification of
Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E700.
5 Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis

5.1 General
5.1.1 This section provides guidance on how to perform beam analysis for container lashing arrangements. See
also Appendix B for examples.
5.1.2 The procedure described below represents the method used by the program NAUTICUS Container
Securing.
5.1.3 The container stacks are modelled as two independent 2-dimensional beam models, one for the door end
and one for the doorless end, to incorporate the different racking stiffness.
Each stack may be analysed separately unless there are horizontal connections between the stacks such as
double stackers or bridge fittings, in which case the whole block needs to be analysed.
5.1.4 For individual container stacks clearances of stack fittings may in general be ignored.
For lashings attached to lashing bridge the effect of relative movement of the hatch cover and the ship structure
shall be accounted for in the analysis. This effect may be included for by a reduction of the lashing MSL in
accordance with [8.4].
For individual container stacks with vertical lashings and/ or external lashings the vertical twistlock clearances
shall be included in the analysis and are described more in detail in [8.5].
For horizontal supports of container stacks and container blocks the horizontal clearances of the horizontal
support shall be included in the analysis.
For container stacks linked together horizontally by double stackers and/ or bridge stackers forming container
blocks the horizontal clearances of the horizontal linking elements shall be included in the analysis.
5.2 Modelling of geometry

5.2.1 The analysis shall take into account the flexibility of the containers. Unless otherwise specified, the
racking stiffness Kc of container end walls for normal closed box ISO containers shall be taken as:
Kc = 10 kN/mm for doorless ends
Kc = 3.85 kN/mm for door ends
Unless otherwise specified, the racking stiffness of container sidewalls may be taken equal to doorless
container end walls.
The corner posts shall be modelled with a shear area so that the correct racking stiffness is obtained, according
to Figure 5-1. The bending stiffness of the beams should be high in order to avoid introduction of bending
stresses in the elements.
Figure 5-1
Racking stiffness of container
When a force F (3.85 kN for the door end and 10 kN for the doorless end), is applied to the container the
calculated deflection shall be 1 mm.

Sec.5 Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis Page 15
5.2.2 Twistlocks shall be modelled with an area sufficiently large to avoid large tensile deformations.
The twistlocks shall be modelled with a hinge at one end to avoid transfer of bending moments between the
containers, as shown in Figure 5-2.
Hinge
Twist lock
Figure 5-2
Hinge at end of twistlock
5.2.3 Stacking cones shall modelled as twistlocks with the difference that these must be modelled as non-linear
elements capable of taking compression and shear but not tension.
5.2.4 Linking elements, such as double stackers and bridge stackers shall be modelled with the actual cross
sectional area. The transverse elements should be positioned at the midpoint of the twistlock/ stacking cone and
in general be fitted with hinges at both ends, as shown in Figure 5-3. For components that have the capability
to transfer vertical shear forces, these hinges should be omitted. Gaps in the linking elements shall be modelled
as nonlinearities.
Link
Twist lock
Hinge
Linking elements
Hinge
Figure 5-3
Linking elements and double stackers
5.2.5 Buttress supports, such as tension/pressure element and pressure element shall be modelled with the
actual cross sectional area. Pure compression elements shall be modelled as nonlinear elements taking
compression only. In addition, the gap between the element and the supporting structure shall be modelled as
nonlinearity.
Hull deformations, if significant, shall be taken into account when determining the shoring forces.
5.2.6 For ordinary lashing units with one turnbuckle, the lashings shall be modelled as beam elements with
characteristics according to Table 5-1. The lashings elements shall be fitted with hinges at corner fitting ends
to avoid transfer of bending moments, as shown in Figure 5-4.
Table 5-1 Lashing rod characteristics
Area
Modulus of elasticity [N/mm2]
Rod lashing
Actual area of rod
14 (l+6500) maximum 2.06 105
l = The length of lashing including turnbuckle, in mm

Sec.6 Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae Page 16
5.2.7 For vertical lashings and external lashings the vertical clearances in the twistlocks shall be modelled with
tension nonlinearities. Modelling of nonlinearities may be ignored for twistlocks located above the lashing as
this will have no effect on the force distribution, as shown in Figure 5-4.
Hinge
Twistlock with
tension nonlinearity
Hinge
Twistlock with
tension nonlinearity
Figure 5-4
Twistlocks with nonlinearities
5.3 Boundary conditions

5.3.1 Elements attached to the ship structure shall be restricted from translation.
5.4 Loading conditions

5.4.1 Loading conditions shall be in accordance with Sec.2 and Sec.3.
5.4.2 Loads should be applied as point loads in the corners of the containers. The distribution of transverse
inertia forces between the top and bottom corners should be taken in relation to the centre of gravity of the
container, which should in no case be taken lower than 45% of the container height. Vertical inertia forces need
only to be applied to the bottom corners of the container. Wind loads may be equally distributed between the
four corners of the container, on the windward side or distributed on all corners of the container.
5.5 Results
5.5.1 Forces shall be extracted from the model to confirm that the loads in the securing devices between the
containers and in the containers themselves do not exceed the MSL (Maximum Securing Load) of the securing
devices or the container strength limit, according to Sec.4.
In addition the reaction forces in the ship structure shall be considered.
6 Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae

6.1 Rigid container securing arrangements (cell guides and similar)
6.1.1 The maximum vertical support force from corner base fitting may be taken as:
n
Ps = 0.25 M a ( g + av )
[kN]
a =1
6.1.2 The maximum compressive force in container end posts may be taken as:
n
Ps = 0.25 M a ( g + av )
[kN]
a=2

6.1.3 The stresses and forces in securing structures resulting from horizontal accelerations and wind forces, where
relevant, are to be calculated as M at + Pw and M al + Pw in transverse and longitudinal direction, respectively.
6.1.4 The analysis required for rigid container securing arrangements depends on the complexity of the
arrangement. For complex cellular securing structures, direct analysis may be necessary. In other cases manual
calculations will be sufficient.
6.1.5 Hull deformations, if significant, shall be taken into account when determining the shoring forces.
6.1.6 Container free ends of mixed stowage shall be considered as non-rigid securing arrangements in
6.2 Non-rigid securing arrangements (lashings and similar)

6.2.1 For non-rigid securing arrangements the vertical support forces, internal forces of the container stacks,
horizontal support forces and lashing forces are all to be calculated, if relevant.
6.2.2 The analysis shall take into account the flexibility of the containers. Unless otherwise specified, the
racking stiffness, Kc, of container end walls for normal closed-box ISO containers may be taken as:
Kc = 10 kN/mm for doorless ends
Kc = 3.85 kN/mm for door ends
Unless otherwise specified, the racking stiffness of container sidewalls may be taken equal to doorless
container end walls.
6.2.3 Calculations of container stacks or blocks shall be performed for both doorless and door end walls.
Normally maximum vertical and horizontal reaction forces at the stack base are found in doorless ends, whilst
maximum horizontal support forces and lashing forces are found in door ends.
6.2.4 The analysis shall be based on the elastic stiffness of lashings according to their type and dimensions,
ref. [7.1.3].
6.2.5 For individual container stacks clearances of stack fittings may in general be ignored.
For lashings attached to lashing bridge the effect of relative movement of the hatch cover and the ship structure
shall be accounted for in the analysis. This effect may be included for by a reduction of the lashing MSL in
For individual container stacks with vertical lashings and/ or external lashings the vertical twistlock clearances
shall be included in the analysis and are described more in detail in [8.5].
For horizontal supports of container stacks and container blocks the horizontal clearances of the horizontal
support, ic given in [6.5], shall be included in the analysis.
For container stacks linked together horizontally by double stackers and/ or bridge stackers forming container
blocks the horizontal clearances of the horizontal linking elements, b given in [6.5], shall be included in the
analysis.
6.2.6 The effects of vertical connections between the containers in a stack shall be taken properly into account.
The effects of possible tipping of container stacks without lock connection at bottom supports are of special
importance and must be especially considered. Reference is made to [6.2.10].
6.2.7 The calculations are to be based on analysis methods applicable to structures in general. In the analysis
the container walls may be considered as shear panels. The interaction between the two ends, or sides, of
containers may normally be assumed negligible. See also [8.2].
6.2.8 Generally, the horizontal force in each container end or side is to be taken as:
Ph = 0.5(M ah + Pw )
[kN]
ah = at or al for transverse or longitudinal accelerations, respectively.

6.2.9 Maximum vertical support forces, racking forces, horizontal support forces and lashing forces may
normally be determined directly in accordance with Sec.7.

6.2.10 The combined maximum vertical support forces may be determined as the larger of:
On compression side (positive):
n
Psc = 0.25 M a g +Psh + Psl
[kN]
a =1
or
n
Psc = 0.25 M a (g + av )
a=1
[kN]
On tension side (negative):

n
Pst = 0.25 M a g cos Psh + Psl
[kN]
a =1
If Pst becomes negative tipping will take place and locking cones or twistlocks shall be installed.
Psh = calculated vertical support force due to horizontal loads as given in Sec.7
Psl = sum of the vertical components of relevant lashing forces according to Sec.7
On compression side Psl is only added when internal cross lashing is used
On tension side Psl is only added when external lashing is used
6.2.11 The combined maximum compressive force in the lowermost container posts is normally determined
as the larger of:
n
Pc = 0.25 M a (g + av )
[kN]
a =2
and
n
Pc = 0.25 M a g +Pch + Psl [kN]

a =2
Pch = calculated compressive force in post due to horizontal loads, equal to Psh vertical support force due to
horizontal loads as given in Sec.7, calculated at top of the container for which the container post is under
investigation.
Psl = as given in [6.2.10]
6.2.12 The racking force in the wall of the lowermost container is determined by:
n
S r = Pha + Ph1 Pr
a=2
[kN]
Pr = sum of horizontal lashing or supporting forces (Pri, Prj etc.) calculated in accordance with Sec.7.
Ph1 = horizontal force in lowermost container end
In cases where there are two or more containers above the upper lashing or fixed support, the racking force in
the lower of these should also be checked.

6.3 Container stack with four flexible horizontal supports

6.3.1 Consider a container stack supported by lashings at levels i, j, k and m in that order from the bottom.
For the analysis in the following, reference is made to Figure 6-1.
Pm
Km
mm
mo
Ph6
Pk
Kk
ko
kk
Ph5
Ph4
jj
Pj
Kj
Ph3
io
ii
Pi
Ki
jo
Ph2
n=6
Phk
Figure 6-1
Four flexible supports, general case
6.3.2 Disregarding the lashings, the free horizontal displacement at level i is given by:
io =
i
n
1 i
Pha + Phb
K c a =1
a =1b = a +1
and similar for other levels j, k and m.

6.3.3 The horizontal displacement at level i due to a horizontal force acting at the same level is given by:
i Pi
ii =
Kc
and similar for other levels j, k and m.
The displacement at levels below the force in question is proportional to the level number, e.g. the displacement
at level i due to force acting at level k is given by:
i
k
ik = kk
The displacement at levels above the force in question is equal to the displacement at the force level.
6.3.4 The support force at level i is expressed as a function of the resulting horizontal displacement at the same
level, i.e.:
Pri = K i io im + ik + ij + ii
and similar for levels j, k and m.
)]

6.3.5 The horizontal forces as mentioned in [6.3.3] (Pi, Pj, Pk, Pm) must be equal to the corresponding support
forces given in [6.3.4] (Pri, Prj, Prk, Prm). Consequently the following linear equations may be derived, in matrix
form:
K c
+ m
Kc
+ k
K
k
Kc
+ j
Kj
Prm mo K c
i
Prk ko K c
P = K
rj jo c
i
Pri io K c
K c
+ i
Ki

i
From these equations the horizontal support forces Prm, Prk, Prj and Pri may be solved. If the number of lashings
is less than four, the system reduces correspondingly. E.g. for a system with two lashings the system reduces to:
K
c +
K j
Prj = jo K c

K c Pri io K c
+ i
Ki

i
6.4 Container stack with combined rigid and flexible horizontal supports
6.4.1 Consider a stack of containers as in [6.3]. Let one support be rigid, for example at level j. A clearance jc
at that support is assumed.
6.4.2 The support forces at levels i, k and m are given by the formulae in [6.3.4]. At level j the resulting
displacement is given by:
j
m
j
k
jc = jo mm + kk + jj + ii
Consequently the linear equations in [6.3.5] are modified as follows:
- The diagonal element
Kc
+ j j
Kj
- The displacement
jo jo jc
6.4.3 In this way the linear equations may be set up for an arbitrary combination of rigid and flexible supports.
For example, with four rigid supports the horizontal support forces are given by:
m k
k k
j j
i i
j i Prm ( mo
j i Prk ( ko
=
j i Prj ( jo

i i Pri ( io
mc ) K c
kc ) K c
jc ) K c
ic ) K c
6.5 Container blocks

6.5.1 Container stacks connected by double stackers and/ or bridge stackers may be regarded as a block with
respect to lashing and rigid horizontal supports. It is assumed that the linking elements are fitted at each level
of horizontal support and that the clearances at stackers normally are negligible. The block may be calculated
on the basis of an analysis of single stacks with the same deflection (fixed support clearance). The resulting
horizontal support force will be the sum of all support forces from the individual stacks.
If the horizontal stackers are fitted with a clearance b at each stacker, the support clearances ic, jc, kc or lc
are for each stack away from the rigid support to be increased by b. Arrangement with a single rigid support
is shown in Figure 6-2.

ic
Bridge stackers
clearance: b
io
n=6
Pri
i=5
Psh
Figure 6-2
Block with single rigid horizontal support
6.5.2 If the number of stacks in a block is greater than 4 and bridge stackers are fitted at all levels in the block,
a reduction in the horizontal support forces may be introduced due to the stackers giving a certain vertical shear
restraint. The final support forces may be found as:
Prif = Cr Pri
Pri = calculated horizontal reaction force for block
Cr = reduction factor as given in Table 6-1
Table 6-1 Reduction factors
nb
Cr
1 to 4
1
5
0.98
6
0.95
7
0.91
8
0.85
9
0.79
10
0.75
The racking force, Sr, in the end wall of the lowermost container is to be calculated according to [6.2.12] with
the reduced Prif inserted in the formula. The vertical support forces may be calculated with the uncorrected Pri.
6.5.3 In order to reduce the horizontal support forces at rigid block supports, the supports may be arranged for
absorbing both compression and tension. If the clearances at the individual stackers are considered to be
negligible, a 50% distribution between the compression and tension side may normally be used when
calculating the support forces according to [6.5.1] and [6.5.2].
In case there is a clearance in each horizontal bridge stacker, redistribution towards 100% compression will
take place. A 50% distribution may be achieved by omitting all bridge stackers between middle stacks, thus
obtaining two individual blocks.

Sec.7 Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae Page 22
7 Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae

7.1 General
7.1.1 The following describes elementary formulae for the analysis of container stacks subjected to horizontal
forces. In general, the formulae may be applied for the determination of vertical support forces, horizontal
support forces and lashing forces. It should be noted that the formulae for vertical support forces in this section
do not include the vertical component of possible lashing forces and vertical mass forces. These vertical
components are to be included in addition, according to [6.1.1], [6.1.2], [6.2.10] and [6.2.11].
7.1.2 The calculation formulae are based on the following assumptions:
The bending stiffness of the container wall is assumed to be significantly higher than the shear stiffness;
the container walls are therefore considered as shear panels
Internal clearances in stacking and locking members of individual stacks are ignored
Tensile vertical forces are assumed taken by lock stackers; if lock stackers are not fitted and containers may
be subject to tilting, the lashing forces will have to be specially considered
The flexibility of container walls and lashings are assumed to be linear
Pre-stressing of lashings is not included in the consideration
Containers subjected to horizontal acceleration forces are assumed homogeneously loaded, with the centre
of gravity in the centre point of the container. However a VCG of 45% of the container height may be
utilised.
7.1.3 The horizontal spring stiffness of simple lashing rods supporting the container stack at level i may be
expressed as:
Ki =
El
Al
ll
hl
sl
El Al s l2
(hl2 + s l2 ) 3
10 3 or K i =
El Al sin 2
103 kN/mm
ll
= modulus of elasticity as per Table 5-1

= section area of lashing in mm2
= lashing length in mm
= vertical projection of lashing length in mm
= horizontal projection of lashing length in mm
The modulus of elasticity of non-standardised lashing equipment, such as wires and chains, will be subject to
special consideration, and may have to be determined experimentally.
Kli
Pli
ll
i=3
hl
sl
Figure 7-1
Stiffness of simple lashing

7.2 Container stack with single rigid support

7.2.1 A container stack with single rigid support is shown in Figure 7-2.
The clearance at the rigid support, ic, is assumed to be known. The unsupported displacement, io, may be
calculated with the formula in [6.3.2].
7.2.2 The horizontal support force derived from the general formulae in [6.4.3] is given by:
Pri =
K c ( io ic )
i
[kN]
Not valid for ic > io.

7.2.3 The vertical support force due to the horizontal forces are given by:
(a 0.5)Pha iPri h
a =1
Psh =
bs
[kN]
io
ic
Figure 7-2
Single rigid horizontal support
7.3 Container stack with two rigid horizontal supports

7.3.1 A container stack with two rigid supports is shown in Figure 7-3.
The clearances at the lower and higher supports, ic and jc respectively, are assumed to be known. The
unsupported displacements, io and jo, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].

7.3.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in [6.4.3] are given by:
At level i:
Pri =
[(
K c i jo jc j ( io ic )
At level j:
Prj =
[(
(i 2 ij )
K c jo jc ( io ic )
( j i)
[kN]
[kN]
If any of the support forces becomes negative, this support will not be engaged. The calculation then has to be
repeated with the remaining support only, according to [7.2].
7.3.3 The vertical support forces due to the horizontal forces are given by:
(a 0.5)Pha iPri + jPrj h
Psh = a =1
bs
[kN]
jo
jc
Prj
ic
Pri
io
Figure 7-3
Two rigid horizontal supports
7.4 Container stack with three rigid horizontal supports

7.4.1 The clearances at the three supports, ic, jc and kc are assumed to be known. The unsupported
displacements, io, jo and ko, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].

At level i:
Pri =
At level j:
[(
K c i jo jc j ( io ic )
(i 2 ij )
[kN]
jo jc ( io ic ) ( ko kc ) jo jc
Prj = K c
[kN]
( j i)
(k j )
At level k:
Prk =
K c ( ko kc ) jo jc
(k j )
)]
[kN]
If any of the support forces becomes negative, this support will not be engaged. The calculation then has to be
repeated with the remaining supports, according to [7.3].
7.4.3 The vertical support forces due to the horizontal forces are given by:
n
(a 0.5)Pha iPri + jPrj + kPrk
Psh = a =1
bs
)h
[kN]
7.5 Container stack with single flexible support

7.5.1 A container stack with single flexible support is shown in Figure 7-4.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, Ki, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in [7.1.3].
The unsupported displacement, io, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in [6.3.2].
7.5.2 The horizontal support force derived from the general formulae in [6.3.5] is given by:
Pri =
K c io
Kc
+ i
Ki
[kN]
7.5.3 The vertical support forces due to the horizontal forces may be calculated as given in [7.2.3].
io
Ki
Figure 7-4
Single flexible horizontal support
P ri

7.6 Container stack with one rigid and one flexible support
7.6.1 A container stack with one rigid and one flexible support is shown in Figure 7-5.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, Ki, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in [7.1.3].
The clearance at the rigid support, ic, is assumed to be known.
The unsupported displacements, io and jo, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].
7.6.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in [6.3.5] and [6.4.3] are given by:
At level i:
K c i jo jc j io
Pri =
[kN]
K
i 2 c + i j
Ki
[(
At level j:
K c c + i jo jc i io
K i
Prj =
Kc
+ i j i 2
K
i
[kN]
jo
jc
Prj
io
Ki
Pri
Figure 7-5
One rigid and one flexible support
7.7 Container stack with two flexible horizontal supports

7.7.1 A container stack with two flexible horizontal supports is shown in Figure 7-6.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, Ki and Kj, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in
[7.1.3].
The unsupported displacements, io and jo, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].

At level i:
K

K c i jo c + j io
Kj

Pri =
K
K
i 2 c + i c + j
Ki
K j
[kN]
K c c + i jo i io
K i
Prj =
K c K c
+ i
+ j i2
Ki
K j
[kN]
At level j:
jo
Kj
P rj
io
Ki
P ri
Figure 7-6
Two flexible horizontal supports
7.8 Container stack with one rigid and two flexible horizontal supports
7.8.1 A container stack with one rigid and two flexible supports is shown in Figure 7-7.
The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, Ki and Kj, may be calculated in accordance with the formula in
[7.1.3].
The clearance at the rigid support, kc, is assumed to be known.
The unsupported displacements, io, jo and ko, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].
7.8.2 The horizontal support forces derived from the general formulae in [6.3.5] and [6.4.3] are given by:
At level i:
Pri = K c
( ko kc )( j C j )i + io (kC j j 2 )+ i jo ( j k )
(kC j j 2 )Ci + (2 j k C j )i 2
[kN]

At level j:
( ko kc )(i 2
At level k:
Prk = K c
jCi + i io ( j k ) + jo kCi i 2
(kC j j )Ci + (2 j k C j )i
Prj = K c
( ko kc )(Ci C j i 2 )+ i io ( j C j )+ jo (i 2 jCi )
(kC j j 2 )Ci + (2 j k C j )i 2
[kN]
[kN]
Kc
+i
Ki
Ci =
Kc
+ j
Kj
Cj =
7.8.3 The vertical support forces due to the horizontal loads and forces may be calculated as given in [7.4.3].
7.9 Container stack with three flexible horizontal supports

7.9.1 The horizontal spring stiffness of the lashing, Ki, Kj and Kk, may be calculated in accordance with the
formula in [7.1.3].
The unsupported displacements, io, jo and ko, may be calculated in accordance with the formulae in [6.3.2].
At level i:
Pri = K c
i ko j C j + i jo ( j C k ) + io C j C k j 2
At level j:
Prj = K c
At level k:
Prk = K c
Ci C j C k j 2Ci + i 2 2 j C j C k
ko i 2 jCi + jo Ci C k i 2 + i io ( j C k )
Ci C j Ck j 2Ci + i 2 2 j C j C k
ko Ci C j i 2 + jo i 2 jCi + i io ( j C j )
Ci C j C k j 2Ci + i 2 2 j C j C k
Ci =
Kc
+i
Ki
Cj =
Kc
+ j
Kj
Ck =
Kc
+k
Kk
[kN]
[kN]
[kN]

7.9.3 The vertical support forces due to horizontal loads and forces may be calculated as given in [7.4.3].
ko
kc
Prk
jo
Kj
Prj
Ki
Pri
io
Figure 7-7
Container stack with one rigid and two flexible supports

Sec.8 Special Container Arrangements Page 30
8 Special Container Arrangements

8.1 General
8.1.1 In this section some special cases of container arrangements are presented with applicable analysis
methods. These methods are in addition to those described in the previous sections.
8.2 20' container in 40' cell guides

8.2.1 20' containers may be carried in cell guides designed for 40' containers provided that they are secured in
accordance with Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 D200.
The 20' containers shall have steel walls and top, i.e. not of open-frame type.
8.2.2 The cell guide end of 20' containers shall be considered as rigid container securing arrangement applying
LC2 given in Table 3-1.
The free end of 20' containers shall be considered as non-rigid container securing arrangement applying LC1
to LC4 given in Table 3-1.
8.2.3 Maximum container weights in 20' stacks are normally determined by the racking force limit (see Table
4-1) of the lowermost container in LC1 (ref. [3.2]).
The racking force in the lowermost 20' container is determined by summing the transverse forces from each 20'
container. The contribution from the lowermost container should be taken equal to the fraction ,
corresponding to the VCG.
8.2.4 The dynamic transverse forces in each tier shall be assumed distributed 35% to the free end and 65% to
the cell guide end, provided that the stack is topped by at least one 40' container.
If the 20' stack is not topped by a 40' container, the dynamic transverse force distribution shall be taken as 45%
to the free end and 55% to the cell guide end.
8.3 40' container in 45' cell guides

8.3.1 40' containers may be carried in cell guides designed for 45' containers provided that they are secured in
accordance with Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 D200.
The 40' containers shall have steel walls and top, i.e. not of open-frame type.
8.3.2 The cell guide end of 40' containers shall be considered as rigid container securing arrangement applying
LC2 given in Table 3-1.
The free end of 40' containers shall be considered as non-rigid container securing arrangement applying LC1
to LC4 given in Table 3-1.
8.3.3 Maximum container weights in 40' stacks are normally determined by the racking force limit (see Table
4-1) of the lowermost container in LC1 (ref. [3.2]).
The racking force in the lowermost 40' container is determined by summing the transverse forces from each 40'
container. The contribution from the lowermost container should be taken equal to the fraction ,
corresponding to the VCG.
8.3.4 The transverse dynamic forces on each tier shall be assumed distributed 50% to the free end and 50% to
the cell guide end.

8.4 Effectiveness of lashings attached to lashing bridge

8.4.1 When a lashing is attached to a lashing bridge the relative movement of the hatch cover and the ship
structure will give rise to increased loads in the lashing. To account for this phenomenon in the calculations,
the MSL of the lashing is in general to be reduced according to Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Reduction of MSL
Length between torsional constrains1)
1)
20' container stack2)
40' container stack5)
Single island
Twin island
Short lashing 3)
Long lashing 4)
Short lashing 3)
Long lashing 4)
Up to 5
Up to 5
10%
0%
15%
0%
6 to12
6 to 10
15%
0%
20%
0%
More than 12
More than 10
20%
0%
25%
0%
Number of 40 bays between torsional constrains i.e. deck house or funnel. HFO tanks in 40 bays not extending up to upper deck shall normally
not be defined as a torsional constrain
2)
Assuming ISO-lashing gap at mid hold is applied for the stowage, otherwise values as 40 stack should be utilised
3)
Lashing from lashing bridge to first tier above
4)
Lashing from lashing bridge to second tier above
5)
For hatch covers not fitted with ISO-lashing gap the values as 20 stack may be applied
8.4.2 Specialised arrangements with extreme lashing angles or unusually long distance between lashing bridge
and container are to be specially considered.
8.5 External lashings and vertical lashings

8.5.1 For a stack with internal lashings subject to transverse racking forces and rolling, the induced lashing
force will set up a vertical compression force in the corner post in addition to the vertical compression force
induced by racking and rolling (see Figure 8-1).
For a stack with external lashings subject to transverse racking forces and rolling, the induced lashing force
will set up a vertical compression force in the corner post counteracting the vertical tension force in corner post
induced by racking and rolling (see Figure 8-1).
For stacks where the corner post forces are the governing criteria (typically high stacks with homogenous
weight distribution), a lashing arrangement with external lashings will in general allow for heavier stacks. An
external lashing arrangement will in general give greater lashing forces than an internal lashing arrangement.
For a stack subject to transverse forces and rolling, a vertical lashing will set up a compression force in the
corner post counteracting the vertical tension post force induced by racking and rolling (see Figure 8-1). The
horizontal component of the vertical lashing force may be ignored. Vertical lashings are in general applied to
outermost wind exposed stacks.
Internal lashing
External lashing
Figure 8-1
Internal lashing, external lashing and vertical lashing
Vertical lashing with

internal lashing

8.5.2 For vertical lashings and external lashings the vertical clearances between the container corner
connections (bottom corner fitting - twistlock - top corner fitting or ISO socket) shall be considered in the
strength evaluation of the securing arrangements.
For corner connections with such lashing arrangement subject to tension forces, the vertical tension forces will
be taken by the lashing only until the vertical clearances in the locks are same as vertical lashing rod elongation.
Consequently, these pre-deformations will result in additional tension forces in lashings.
8.5.3 The vertical clearance between bottom corner fitting - twistlock - top corner fitting or ISO container
socket shall be established considering the following parameters:
Thickness of corner fitting in contact with the twistlock shall be taken in accordance with ISO-1161: 1984
deducting allowable tolerance, i.e.19 mm.
Distance between the base plate and the locking cone in the applied twistlock.
8.5.4 For arrangements with external lashings and vertical lashings; when strength evaluation is carried in
accordance with Sec.5 (Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis), the vertical clearances shall be modelled by
specifying a nonlinear tension gap in the twistlocks between corner posts, see [5.2.7].
8.5.5 For arrangements with vertical lashing; when strength evaluation is carried out in accordance with Sec.7
(Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae), the simplified method given in Appendix B.3 may be applied
for assessing the lashing force and the tension force in the locking device.
8.5.6 For arrangements with external lashings; when strength evaluation is carried out in accordance with
Sec.7 (Formula based Analysis, Derived Formulae) the effect of the vertical clearances may be accounted for
by a reduction of MSL for the uppermost external lashing only:
The Ci factor should be established as a function of the vertical twistlock force, F, in way of the corner fitting
where the uppermost external lashing is connected to the stack.
For a given lashing arrangement, functions as shown in Table 8-2 should be established.
Table 8-2 Lashing factor Ci
Door end
>0 =1+
Doorless end
>0 =1+
0 =1
0 =1
,
1
Pli,incl
Pli,incl
f1
= lashing force in accordance with Sec.5, including locking clearances, applying LC3
= lashing force in accordance with Sec.5, excluding locking clearances, applying LC3
= twistlock force in way of the corner fitting where the uppermost external lashing is connected to the stack in
accordance with Sec.5, excluding locking clearances, applying LC3
.
Pli and f1 should be established applying the following stowage:
Vertical clearances according to [8.5.3]
Maximum container stack height according to container loading plan
Homogenous stack weight distribution
VCG of the individual containers taken as 45% of container height
GM as given in Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B
Stack weight equal to the maximum allowable stack weight obtained in accordance with Sec.5, considering the
locking clearances
8.6 Block stowage in hold without cell guides

8.6.1 Care must be taken so that the vertical and transverse support points of the containers are aligned with
the areas of the ship structure which have been reinforced for this purpose.
8.6.2 The effects of stowing mixed container heights in the holds must be specially considered, taking into
account the support points in the transverse bulkhead and side structure.
8.6.3 The effects of hull deflections due to sea loading are to be taken into account when calculating transverse

shoring forces. This is especially important for vessels with long holds and where the ship side deflections are
large. If the hull deflections are unknown a conservative assumption should be made.
8.6.4 Clearances in securing equipment between the securing equipment and the supporting structure must be
specified.
8.6.5 Container blocks in holds without transverse connections, only compression i.e. pads (OSHA adaption)
should be specially considered since this equipment does not give any vertical shear restraint and hence the
horizontal support forces will be increased.
8.7 Platform-based containers with reduced stiffness

8.7.1 Platform-based containers generally have reduced transverse and longitudinal racking, which shall be
taken into account in the analysis.
8.8 Containers placed on two hatches or on hatches and container stanchions

8.8.1 If containers are placed on two hatches or on hatches and container stanchions, the relative deformations
shall be accounted for in the arrangement by fitting overlong ISO sockets, or by including this deformation in
the lashing calculations.

Appendix A Approval of Lashing Computer System Page 34
Appendix A
Approval of Lashing Computer System
A.1 Introduction
This is guidance to those who are involved in approval and certification of lashing computers for a specific ship,
i.e. software manufacturers who wish to have their software approved for a specific vessel.
Guidance is also given for manufacturers who wish to have their software type approved.
A.2 Definitions
Lashing computer system
A lashing computer system is a computer-based system for calculation and control of container securing
arrangements for compliance with the applicable strength requirements. The lashing computer system consists
of software (calculation program) and hardware (the computer on which it runs).
Approval and certification for a specific vessel
Approval of software means that DNV approves the software for a specific installation on board a specific
vessel. The approval is based on a review and acceptance of design, calculation method, verification of stored
data and test calculation for the specific vessel.
Approval of the software is to be carried out for each specific vessel where the software is to be installed.
Approval of the software results in approved test conditions.
If the software is type approved, the review and acceptance of design is not necessary for each specific vessel.
Only verification of user manual, stored data and test calculations for the specific vessel will then be carried
out.
Certification (installation testing) is carried out to ensure that the lashing computer system works properly
onboard the specific vessel, and to ensure that the correct approved version of the software has been installed.
Certification is to be carried out for each vessel where a lashing computer system has been installed.
Type approval
Type approval means that DNV has approved the design methods and specifications of the software in general.
The type approval is given based on a review and acceptance of design, calculation methods and documented
test results for at least two test vessels. A type approval certificate is issued.
In the type approval certificate it will be stated what kind of calculations the type approval covers.
In connection with approval for a specific vessel with type approved software, less documentation will be
required, and a lower fee will be charged.
A.3 General requirements

The approval and certification process includes the following procedures for each ship:
1) Approval of software which results in approved test conditions.
2) Approval of computer hardware, where necessary.
3) Certification of the installed lashing computer system, which results in a lashing computer certificate.
The approved test conditions are to be kept onboard together with the user manual and the lashing computer
certificate.
The approved software is either installed on a type approved hardware, or it is to be installed on two nominated
computers. If two nominated computers are available, approval of the hardware may be waived, but both
nominated computers are subject to certification. In addition, computers that are to be a part of a ships network
should be approved in accordance with other relevant requirements imposed by the Society.
The lashing computer is to be capable of producing printouts of the results numerically. These numeric values
are to be presented both as absolute values and as a percentage of the allowable values.
All screen and hardcopy output data are to be presented in a clear and unambiguous manner, with identification
of the version number of the calculation program.
A.4 General hardware requirements

In case two nominated computers are used, these are to be equipped with separate screens and printers.

A.5 General software requirements

It is recommended that the design and production of the calculation program be in accordance with appropriate
quality standards.
The software is to present the relevant parameters of each container arrangement. The following is to be
presented:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Draught
GM value
Each container weight
Position of each container stack
Lashing arrangement
Forward visibility
Accelerations of each container
Strength limitation: Listing of obtained values compared with the limit values according to Sec. 4 (internal
forces in containers, forces in securing equipment and forces in supports)
9) A clear warning is to be given if any of the strength limitations are not complied with
10) The data is to be presented as screen and hard copy output to the user in a clear and unambiguous manner.
The software is to reject input errors by the user. For instance, negative weight input on containers or containers
positioned outside the ship is not to be accepted.
The software and the stored characteristic data are to be protected against erroneous use. The software should
be written to ensure that these can not be altered by the user.
The software is to be user-friendly, with a graphic presentation of the container arrangement.
Any changes made to the software are to be made by the manufacturer or his appointed representative. The
Society is to be informed immediately of any changes. Failure to advise of any modifications to the software
will invalidate the certificates issued. In such cases the modified software is to be reassessed in accordance with
the approval and certification procedure.
A.6 Documentation to submit for approval

A.6.1 Hardware documentation
Requirements in Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.9 shall be complied with.
If the hardware is to be type approved, documentation according to Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.4 Ch.9
Sec.1 is to be submitted.
A.6.2 Software documentation
Approval of the test conditions is mainly based on comparing the input and the results of the software
calculations with values calculated by DNV. The difference is not to be greater than 5%, calculated according
to the following:
((Value calculated by software) (Value calculated by DNV)) / (Allowable) 5%
The documentation must be prepared in a language understood by the users. If this language is not English, a
translation into English shall be included.
All submitted documentation shall be identified with the following:
1) Name of vessel, name of yard, the yard building number and the DNV identification number of the ship for
which the program applies
2) Program name, version number and version date
3) Program manufacturer and address
4) List of contents.
For each specific ship the following documentation shall be submitted:
1)
2)
3)
4)
User manual
Program description (not required for type approved software)
Test conditions
Stored characteristic data.

The user manual is to contain:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
A general description of the program denoting identification of the program and its version number stated
Where applicable, a copy of the type approval certificate
Hardware specification needed to run the program
Listing of error messages and warnings with instructions for actions to be taken by the user in each case
Listings of allowable strength limits with respect to the container, lashing equipment and ship
Example of calculation procedure supported by illustrations and sample computer output
Example of computer output of each screen display with explanatory text.
The program description is to contain the following:

1) Description of functionality, including flowcharts
2) Descriptions of calculation methods and principles.
Program description is not required for type approved software.
In some cases where the functionality and principles are not clear, the entire program may need to be submitted
for evaluation at the discretion of the Society.
The test conditions shall be as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Typical stowage in hold

Mixed stowage, if applicable
Typical stowage on deck
Deck stowage with twistlocks only
Case with exceeded stack weight
Case with exceeded lashing force
Case with exceeded lifting force
An example where outboard stack is missing.
The stored characteristic data shall include the following:

1)
2)
3)
4)
Main dimensions of the ship

The position of each bay from the aft perpendicular
Strength limitations (for containers, lashing equipment and the ship)
General loading limitations.
A.7 Certification
Certification is carried out to ensure that the lashing computer system works properly onboard, and to ensure
that the correct approved version of the software has been installed.
The approved test conditions are to be tested on the lashing computer system in presence of a surveyor from
the Society before the lashing computer certificate is issued.
During the test, the securing arrangements calculated on the installed lashing computer system are to be verified
to be identical to the approved test conditions. If numerical output from the lashing computer system is at
variance with the approved test conditions, a certificate cannot be issued.
During the tests, at least one of the test conditions is to be built up from scratch, to ensure that the calculating
methods function properly.
Where the hardware is not type approved, the test is to be carried out on both the first and the second nominated
computer prior to the issuance of the lashing computer certificate. Both of the nominated computers are to be
identified on the certificate.
After completion of satisfactory tests, the lashing computer certificate is to be issued.
The following is to be listed in the lashing computer certificate:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Name of vessel, name of yard, yard number and year of built for the vessel
Software name, software version
Software manufacturer name and address
Type approval certificate number, if relevant

5) Hardware name, serial number and manufacturer

6) Name and serial number of the second nominated computer or type approval certificate number
7) Identification of the approved test conditions used for the certification.
The lashing computer certificate and the approved test conditions are to be kept onboard attached to the user
manual.
The certification shall be carried out onboard.

Appendix B Calculated Examples Page 38
Appendix B
Calculated Examples
In this appendix the following calculated examples are given using both the direct analysis method and the
formula-based method:
B.1 Three-tier stack with single lashing, no windload
B.2 Four-tier stack with two cross lashing, no windload (formula-based method).
B.3 Vertical lashing using formula-based method
B.1 Three-tier stack with single lashing

Formula-based method
Three-tier 40' standard ISO container stack with single cross lashing to top of tier 1, no wind load included, see
Figure B-1.
General data:
Container weights:
Twistlocks:
Lashing rods:
30 t (all tiers)
MSL 250 kN (between each tier)
Steel, diameter 25 mm
MSL 240 kN
Transverse accelerations:
Tier 1:
6.67 m/s2
Tier 2:
6.67 m/s2
Tier 3:
6.67 m/s2
Vertical acceleration:
Tier 1-3
7.60 m/s2
Roll angle,
27
Ph
n=3
Ph
Pli
i=1
Plsi
Ph
Ps
Ps
Figure B-1
Three-tier stack with single lashing, no wind load
Horizontal force per container end:

Ph = 30 6.67 = 100 kN
Lashing (see [7.1.3]):
Al = 491 mm2
hl = 2591 mm

sl = 2438 mm
ll = 3558 mm
El = 14(l + 6500) = 14(3558 + 6500) = 140 812 N/mm2 = 140.8 kN/mm2
Kj =
140.8 491 24382

(2591 + 2438 )
2
2 3
= 9.13kN / mm
Calculation for doorless end walls
End wall racking stiffness (see [6.2.2]): Kc = 10 kN/mm

Free displacement at level i (see [6.3.2]):
i0 =
1
(0.5 100 + 100 + 100) = 25.0 mm
10
Horizontal support force of lashing (see [7.5.2]):

Pri =
10 25
= 119.3(< 150)
10
+
1
9.13
Vertical support force due to horizontal forces (see [7.2.3]):
Psh =
(4.5 100 1 119.3) 2591 = 379. 5kN

2258
Lashing force:
Pli = 119.3
25912 + 24382
= 174.1(< 240)
2438
Vertical component of lashing force:
Psl = 119. 3
2591
= 126. 8(< 300)
2438
Combined vertical support forces (see [6.2.10]):

Compression side
Psc = 0.25 3 30 9.81 + 379. 5 + 126. 8 = 727. 0
=> Psc = 727.0 kN (into ship structure)

Tension Side (Psl = 0))
Pst = 0.253309.81cos27-379.5 = -182.8 ( > -250)
Twistlock with SWL= 250 kN.

Vertical support force due to horizontal forces on top of lowest container (see [6.2.11]):
Pch =
(1.5 100 + 0.5 100) 2591

= 229.5kN
2258
Compressive force in lowermost container corner post (see [6.2.11]):

Pc = 0.252309.81+229.5+126.8= 503.5kN ( < 848)

Racking force in lowest container (see [6.2.12]):

S r = 2 100 + 0.5 100 119.3 = 130.7 (< 150)
Calculation for door end walls
End wall racking stiffness (see [6.2.2]): Kc = 3.85 kN/mm

Free displacement at level i (see [6.3.2]):
i0 =
1
(0.5 100 + 100 + 100 ) = 64.9 mm
3.85

Pri =
3 .85 64,9
= 175.8( > 150, Not OK )
3.85
+ 1
9.13
Vertical support force due to horizontal forces (see [7.2.3]):
Psh =
(4.5 100 1175.8) 2591

= 314.6kN
2258
Lashing force:
Pli = 175.8
25912 + 2438 2
= 256.5 (>240, Not OK)
2438

Psl = 175.8
2591
= 186.8(< 300)
2438

Compression side
Psc = 0.253309.81+314.6+186.8 = 722.1

Tension Side (Psl = 0)
Pst = 0.253309.81cos27-314.6 = -117.9 ( > -250)
Twistlock with SWL = 250 kN.

Pch =
(1.5 100 + 0.5 100) 2591

= 229.5kN
2258

Pc = 0.252309.81+229.5+186.8= 563.5kN ( < 848)

Sr = 2100+0.5100-175.8= 74.2kN ( < 150)

Tipping moment/pull-out force for tier 2

Vertical support forces due to horizontal forces (see [7.2.3]):
Psh =
(1.5 100 + 0.5 100) 2591

= 229.5kN
2258
Compression side
Psc = 0.25 2 30 9.81 + 229.5 = 376.7 kN
Tension Side
Pst = 0.252309.81cos27-229.5 = -98.4 ( > -250)
B.2 Four-tier stack with two cross lashings

Four-tier 40' standard ISO container stack with two cross lashings, no wind load included, see Figure B-2.
General data:
Twistlocks:
MSL 250 kN
(between each tier)
Steel, diameter 25
mm
MSL 240 kN
Lashing rods:
Tier 1:
Tier 2:
Tier 3:
Tier 4:
Mass Transverse
acceleration, at:
30
6.10 m/s2
30
6.25 m/s2
30
6.40 m/s2
3
6.55 m/s2
Vertical acceleration:
Tier 1-3
Roll angle,
Pha
91.5 kN
93.8 kN
96.0 kN
9.8 kN
4.20 m/s2
25
Ph4
n=4
Ph3
j=2
Ph2
i=1
Ph1
Figure B-2
Four-tier stack with two cross lashings, no wind load

Lashings (see [7.1.3]):

li = 25912 + 2438 2 = 3558 mm
(2 2591)
lj =
+ 24382 = 5727 mm
Ei = 14 (3 558 - 6500) = 140 812 N/mm2 = 140.8 kN/mm2

Ej = 14 (l + 6500) = 14 (5727+6500) = 171 178 N/mm2
= 171.2 kN/mm2
Ki =
Kj =
140.8 491 2438 2

( 25912 + 24382 ) 3
= 9 .13 kN / mm
171 .2 491 2438 2

((2 2591) + 2438 2 ) 3
2
= 2 .66 kN / mm
Calculation for doorless end walls.

End wall racking stiffness (see [6.2.2]): Kc = 10 kN/mm
Free displacement at level i and j (see [6.3.2]):
i0 =
j0 =
1
(0.5 91.5 + 93.8 + 96.0 + 9.8) = 24.5 mm
10
1
(0.5 (91.5 + 93.8) + 96.0 + 9.8 + 93.8 + 96.0 + 9.8) = 39.8 mm
10
10
101 39. 8
+ 2 24. 5
2.6 6
= 91. 5kN (< 150)

Pr i =
10
10
2
1
+ 1
+ 2
9. 13 2.66
10
10
+ 139.8 1 24.5
9
.
13
= 53.2kN ( < 150 )

Prj =
10
10
+ 1
+ 2 12
9 .13 2.66
Vertical support force (see [7.3.3]):

Prj =
(0 .5 91. 5 + 1 . 5 93 .8 + 2 .5 96 + 3 .5 9 .8 1 91 .5 2 53 . 2 ) 2591 = 301 . 6k N

2258
Lashing force:
Pli = 91.5
Plj = 53.2
25912 + 24382
= 133.5kN (< 240)
2438
(2 2591) 2 + 24382
= 125.0kN (< 240)
2438

Psli = 91.5
Pslj = 53.2
2591
= 97.2kN ( < 300)
2438
2 2591
= 113.1kN (< 300)
2438

Compression side
Psc = 0.25 (3 30 + 3) 9.81 + 301. 6 + 97.2 + 113. 1 = 740.0kN

Tension Side (Psl = 0)
Pst = 0.25(330+3)9.81cos25-301.6 = -94.9 ( > -250)
Twistlock with SWL = 250 kN.

Pch =
(0.5 93.8 + 1.5 96 + 2.5 9.8 53.2) 2591

= 186.1
2258

Pc = 0.25(230+3)9.81+186.1+97.2+113.1= 550.9kN ( < 848)

S r = 0.5 91.5 + 93.8 + 96.0 + 9.8 91.5 53.2 = 100.7 (< 150)
B.3 Vertical lashings using formula-based method

Force in wind lashing, F
Force in twistlock/corner post, FT = FTOT - F where:
FTOT = total force in twistlock/corner post
F
= force in vertical lashing due to clearances,
F =
E A
L
where:
= total clearance (i.e. sum of clearances in each combination of bottom corner fitting - twistlock - top corner
fitting or ISO socket, where clearances should be considered according to [8.5.3], see Fig.B-3)
L = length of vertical lashing, including turnbuckle
E = effective E-modulus of vertical lashing
A = cross section area of vertical lashing

Figure B-3
Sum of clearances in twistlock
Example:
Vertical lashing from deck to bottom of tier 2.
Data:
= 300 kN (From DNV Nauticus Hull spread sheet Container Securing, Vertical forces in twistlock)
= 2700 mm
= 491 mm2 (diameter 25 mm)
= 14 (l + 6500) = 14 (2700 + 6500) = 1.29 10 power 5 N/mm2
= 5 + 5 = 10 mm
Force in vertical lashing:
FTOT
L
A
E
F = E A / L =10 1.29x105 491 / 2700 /1000 = 234.6kN (< 240kN)

Force in twistlock/corner post:
FT = FTOT F = 300 234.6 = 65.4kN (< 250kN)

Appendix C Individual Accelerations for Lashing Calculations Page 45
Appendix C
Individual Accelerations for Lashing Calculations
C.1 Objective
The objectives with applying individual accelerations and not Rule-defined accelerations as basis for strength
evaluation of container securing arrangements are:
To allow for area dependent accelerations applying route specific wave scatter diagrams, resulting in lower
accelerations than as for worldwide trade.
To allow for heavier container stacks, as the Rule-defined combined transverse acceleration has built-in
conservatism.
To represent a higher scientific engineering level, as accelerations are established based on wave load
analysis representing ship specific hull form and mass distribution.
C.2 Scope
In order to apply individual accelerations for lashing calculations, the following shall be established:
Combined transverse acceleration (mostly depending on containers vertical position and to some extent
on containers longitudinal position);
Combined vertical acceleration (mostly depending on containers longitudinal position and to some extent
on containers transverse position); and
Combined longitudinal acceleration (mostly depending on containers vertical position and to some extent
on the containers transverse position).
C.3 Application
The strength evaluations of the container securing arrangements shall follow the calculation procedures
established in this Classification Note, applying individual accelerations. Strength limitations in containers and
container securing devices shall not be changed.
The individual accelerations shall be applied in a consistent manner: All accelerations are to be either
individual, or Rule-defined. Additionally, all container stowage shall be approved applying either individual
accelerations or Rule-defined accelerations.
The application of the individual accelerations is limited to strength evaluation of container securing
arrangements only. The individual accelerations shall not be applied to hull structures supporting the container
stacks.
The individual accelerations may be applied to newbuildings and for ships in operation.
If the Container Stowage and Securing Manual is approved applying individual accelerations and the ship is
equipped with a lashing computer certified in accordance with the procedures given in Appendix A, the
computer shall apply individual accelerations and not Rule-defined accelerations.
C.4 Design basis for wave load analysis

The individual accelerations shall be established in accordance with the principles given in section 3 of
Classification Notes No. 34.1 CSA Direct Analysis of Ship Structures. Extracts of design basis for
individual accelerations for worldwide trade are shown in Table C-1 and Table C-2.
The wave load analysis shall be run applying 5 knots and 2/3 of maximum service speed with all headings,
stepped 30. The combined vertical acceleration and the combined longitudinal acceleration shall be based on
5 knots. The combined transverse accelerations shall be based on the speed giving the greater combined
transverse acceleration (5 knots or 2/3 of maximum service speed).
For area dependent accelerations, same design basis as for worldwide trade shall be applied with the exemption
of applicable scatter diagram. A scatter diagram for the route shall be specified based on appropriate weighting
of the route specific scatter diagrams given in Recommended Practice C-205 Environmental Conditions and
Environmental Loads.
Table C-1 Design basis for wave load analysis
Design
parameter
Return
period
Scatter
diagram
Requirement
20 years
North Atlantic3)
Wave
spectrum
PiersonMoskowitz3)
Wave
spreading
Roll radius
of gyration
Roll
damping
COS2
0.39 B1)
Tanaka and Kato2)
1)
As given in Rules for Ships Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.4 B402
2)
As given in Sec. 3.3 of CN 34.1; alternative roll damping method may be accepted, but shall not be taken greater than 3% of critical roll damping
3)
As given in DNV-RP-C205

Table C-2 Speed and heading to be applied in wave load analysis

Combined transverse
Combined vertical
Combined longitudinal
acceleration
acceleration
acceleration
5 knots or 2/3 of max speed (speed
5 knots
giving the greater acceleration)
All headings, stepped 30, with same time fraction of each heading
Acceleration
Vessel speed
Wave heading profile
C.5 Selection of still water loading conditions for wave load analysis
The combined vertical acceleration and the combined longitudinal accelerations are not significantly
depending on the vessels still water conditions. The combined transverse acceleration is strongly depending
on the vessels GM value. The effect of draught and trim is limited. Therefore, in order to provide individual
accelerations for representative container loading conditions, the individual accelerations shall be provided for
a certain range of GM values:
Low GM, representing a homogenous container loading condition with number of containers in the range
of the vessels full nominal container capacity.
High GM, representing holds completely filled with heavy containers and few heavy containers on deck or
higher stacks on deck having a low vertical center of gravity.
High-high GM, representing holds completely filled with very heavy containers and few very heavy
containers on deck, and is to represent the greatest GM value the vessel may be expected to in container
loading confditions.
The GM values to be applied as design basis should typically be in accordance with Table C-3.
If the vessel is having a special hull form resulting in that GM ranges are not well represented by Table C-3,
GM values may be established in accordance with Table C-4.
The Low GM value should not significantly differ from the minimum GM value that will be applied in the
Container Stowage and Securing Manual. The High GM should not significantly differ from greatest GM
value that will be applied in Container Stowage and Securing Manual, if such is provided. If the vessel is
being deployed in certain trades having GM ranges that not are well represented by Table C-3, other GM values
as design basis for the individual accelerations will be considered.
Table C-3 Typical GM values
GM value
Low GM
Draught
High GM
Tdesign2)
High-high GM
Tdesign2)
1)
With linear interpolation for B in between
2)
Not to be taken less than 85% of scantling draught
GM
B 32.2 m1)
0.05 B
B 32.2 m1)
0.10 B
B > 40.0 m1)

0.08 B
B > 40.0 m1)
0.16 B
Table C-4 Alternative method for establishing GM values

GM value
Draught
Low GM5)
High GM
High-high GM
Tdesign6)
Tdesign6)
Tdesign6)
1)
Container
intake1)
100%
y%
10%
On deck
TEU
CoG2)
weight
x t/TEU4)
45%
14 t/TEU3) y% 45% = 0.45 y%
z t/TEU4)
10% 45% = 4.5%
In holds
Container
TEU
intake1)
weight
100%
x t/TEU4)
100%
14 t/TEU3)
100%
z t/TEU4)
Percentage of nominal TEU capacity according to container loading plan
2)
Vertical CoG to be in percentage of maximum container stack height according to container loading plan
3)
Not to be taken less than maximum homogenous TEU weight in loading manual
4)
To be established assuming homogenous weight distribution with same weight in holds and on deck
5)
Not to be taken less than 1.0 m
6)
Not to be taken less than 85% of scantling draught
CoG2)
45%
45%
45%

C.6 Reporting
The ships main dimensions, geometry and loading conditions shall be presented in the documentation.
When relevant, route specific scatter diagrams shall be presented along with weighting factors for the included
scatter diagram zones from DNV-RP-C205. The map of the environmental zones with the route marked on the
map shall be included.
The resulting RAOs (all motions including surge, sway, heave, pitch, roll and yaw) and accelerations
(longitudinal, transverse and vertical) shall be presented for North Atlantic scatter diagram, for each still water
loading condition and speed. The resulting RAOs shall be presented in graphical form to show response
amplitude (in m/m or deg/m) as functions of wave period (in s). An example is illustrated in Figure C-1.
If additional analyses for route specific scatter diagram is carried out, the resulting RAOs and acceleration shall
be presented similarly.
The combined accelerations shall also be presented in tabular form in accordance with Table C-5, Table C-6
and Table C-7.
Figure C-1
Example of diagrams for RAOs

Table C-5 Combined transverse acceleration for each Tier and 40' Bay
40' Bay No.
2
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
10
12
14
16
Tier No.
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Combined transverse acceleration are to be established for each Tier and for each 40 Bay
Table C-6 Combined vertical acceleration for each 40' Bay and Row
Row No.
2
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
14
18
22
40' Bay No.

26
30
34
38
42
46
50
54
58
Combined vertical acceleration are to be established for each 40 Bay and for each Row
Table C-7 Combined longitudinal acceleration for each Tier and Row
Row No.
2
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
10
12
14
16
Tier No.
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Combined longitudinal acceleration are to be established for each Tier and for each Row
C.7 Individual accelerations for GM value different from those applied in wave load analysis
For still water conditions differing from those applied in wave load analysis, liner interpolation between
specified GM values may be applied.
For GM values less than the Low GM extrapolation shall not be carried out. For small GM values the sway
component of the combined transverse acceleration (being independent of GM) is dominating. Therefore, an
extrapolation for GM less than the Low GM will result in under predicting the combined transverse
acceleration. For actual GM values below the Low GM the individual accelerations obtained for the Low GM
shall be applied.
For GM values greater than the High-high GM linear extrapolation may in general be carried out. This will in
general result in over predicting the combined accelerations. However, for containers having a vertical centre
of gravity below the roll axis of rotation the combined transverse acceleration may decrease with increased GM

for high GM values (dynamic roll will counteract the sway and transverse component of gravity). Therefore,
linear extrapolation may be carried out, but shall not be taken less than the combined acceleration for the Highhigh GM.
C.8 Individual accelerations applied in lashing computer

For still water conditions having a different GM value from those applied in wave load analysis the methods
specified in section [C.7] shall be applied.
As an alternative to tabulated individual accelerations approximation formulas may be applied. The
approximation formulas shall envelope all tabulated values. The approximation formulas should as a minimum
be on the following format:
=
Combined transverse acceleration:
f(z) should be established for the bay amidships

g(x) should be established for the tier with the greatest dependency in longitudinal direction, normally the
lowermost tier (tier 2):
Combined vertical acceleration:
"
#
, = !2
= !2
$ =
+ $
f(x) should be established for the longitudinal position in way of the centre line
g(y) should be established for the bay with the greatest dependency in transverse direction, normally in way
of midship:
$ =
"
$, = /2
= /2
#
For low GM values and for ships with low beam g(x) may be taken as 1. f(x) is then to be established for
the outermost row.
Combined longitudinal acceleration:
$ = max
+ ;
+ $
="
+ ;
f(z) should be established for the vertical position in way of the centre line:
. The
constant c shall be taken as the lowermost longitudinal acceleration
= ! 2, $ = 0 =
g(y) should be established for the tier on deck with the greatest dependency in transverse direction,
normally lowermost tier on deck:
$ =
"
$, = ! 82
= ! 82
C.9 Request form (to be filled out by owner and returned to DNV)
Upon request individual accelerations to be applied for strength evaluation of container securing arrangements
may be provided by DNV. The below request form should then be filled out and returned to DNV.
The motions and accelerations will be obtained by using the WADAM solver that is a part of DNV Softwares
SESAM package. WADAM applies 3-D radiation-diffraction theory and is recognized as being a state-of-theart tool for frequency domain hydrodynamic analysis.
The panel model applied in the WADAM solver will be generated by the DNV tool WaqumExplorer.
WaqumExplorer utilizes the hull forms from a NAPA model in order to generate the panel model. Mass tuning
is also based on information extracted from NAPA.
As the individual accelerations are utilizing a NAPA model, the extent of required engineering resources is
heavily depending on if DNV has a NAPA model available. If the vessel in question is under the DNV
Emergency Response Service (ERSTM), DNV will have such model available. Also if the vessel is built in
accordance with DNV Rules and where DNV has issued the stability declaration, DNV will in most cases have
such model available.
To be filled in
Ship name:
DNV ID Number:
Name of ship yard:
Ship yard number:

Yes/No
1
1.1
1.2
2
2.1
2.1
2.2
3
3.1
4
4.1
4.2
1)
NAPA model available to DNV1)

Built to DNV Class, with stability declaration issued by DNV
Under the DNV Emergency Response Service (ERSTM)
Individual accelerations for
Worldwide service (minimum required)
Europe to Asia (optional)
Other route(s); if yes than specify (optional)
Still water GM conditions (in addition to given in Table C-3)
If yes; then specify GM value(s)
Disclosure of results
Disclosure of results to lashing maker
Disclosure of results to ship yard
If yes to either 1.1 or 1.2, then DNV should have a NAPA model available
To be filled in
Place:
Date:
On behalf of owner:
Name:
Position:
Signature:

Appendix D Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements Page 51
Appendix D
Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements
D.1 Applicable Rule edition
All measures given below are considered as alterations and not conversions. For a further definition of
alterations and conversions, see Classification Notes No. 8 Sec.1.2.1.
According to the Rules for Ships Pt.1 Ch.1 Sec.3 B600 alterations of vessels, except for assignment of new
notations, shall in general comply with the rules applicable at the time of class assignment. Upon request
current rules may be applied. Conversion of a vessel shall in general comply with current rules.
D.2 Document requirements and class approval scope

Document requirements and class approval scope for typical alterations of container securing arrangements are
given in Table D-1.
Table D-1 Alteration of container securing arrangements - Document requirements and class
approval scope
Rule
Requirements
Measure
1
CSM for additional GM values
1.1
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 A500; and

Class Note No. 32.2
Strength evaluation of container securing arrangement based on individual accelerations
Container Stowage and Securing Manual
Class Note No. 32.2
Class Note No. 32.2
Wave load analysis with individual accelerations
App.C
Increasing nominal container capacity by higher stacks
Class Note No. 32.2
IMO visibility line
Pt.6 Ch.8 Sec.2 B301
If nautical notations are assigned, then additional bridge design require- Pt.6 Ch.8
ments to be checked
Equipment letter for mooring taking into account increased wind area Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.5 C501
Trim and stability booklet
Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.9 D200
Pt.3 Ch.1 Sec.5 B101; and
Loading manual (including longitudinal strength)
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 B202
Alterations in lashing arrangement
Class Note No. 32.2
MSC.1/Circ.1353
Cargo Securing Manual
(as required by SOLAS Reg.
VI/5 and VII/5)
Additional loose container securing devices
Standard for Cert No. 2.23
Additional fixed container securing devices
Standard for Cert No. 2.23
Supporting structures of additional fixed container securing devices
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E 700
Modifications to lashing bridge
Class Note No. 32.2
External lashings introduced as lashing system
Class Note No. 31.7
App.A
Increased height of lashing bridge
2.1
2.2
3
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
6
DocReq1)
H190
H190
H0845)
H190
N02010)
N030
H1002)
B1203)
H1104)
H190
H1809)
Z270
Z270
C030
H190
H0805)
H0506)
Increased stack weights on hatch covers8)
6.1
6.2
Hatch cover strength
6.3
Strength of hatch cover stoppers including supporting structure
6.4
Lashing bridge strength (if fitted)

Class Note No. 32.2
Class Note No. 31.7
App.D
Class Note No. 31.7
App.B
Class Note No. 31.7
App.A
H190
H0805), 7)
H0506)
H0805)
H0506)
H0805)
H0506)

Appendix D Alteration of Container Securing Arrangements Page 52
Table D-1 Alteration of container securing arrangements - Document requirements and class
approval scope (Continued)
Measure
6.5
7
Supporting structures of fixed container securing devices

Increased stack weights in holds8)
7.1
7.2
Strength of girder structures in cargo holds
7.3
7.4
Strength of cell guides

Supporting structures of fixed container securing devices
Rule
Requirements
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E 700
Class Note No. 32.2
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 C; and
Class Note No. 31.7 Sec.4
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E504
Pt.5 Ch.2 Sec.6 E 700
DocReq1)
C0306)
H190
H0805)
H0506)
C0306)
C0306)
1)
For a full definition of documentation requirements, see Rules for Ships Pt.0 Ch.3 Sec.2.
2)
Applies only to ships contracted for construction from 1. January 2007. If only wind area is increased by higher stacks on deck, then equipment
letter normally remains unchanged as the wind profile area has limited impact on the equipment letter. Upon request will, DNV may update the
equipment number calculation and check if the equipment letter remains unchanged.
3)
Revised Trim and Stability booklet may not be required to be submitted. Initially, print-outs and stored data from the loading instrument may be
provided and reviewed by DNV. Depending on ships stability characteristics and existing and new container distribution on deck, this may be
sufficient to document that the loading instrument can be used for loading conditions with additional container stack height. Where requirements
given in Rules for Ships Pt.3 Ch.3 Sec.9 D200 (weather criteria dependent on wind profile) is the most critical criteria, additional documentation
may be required.
4)
Not required for ships installed with a certified loading computer system for longitudinal strength.
5)
Upon request, DNV Maritime Advisory may prepare such a calculation report.
6)
Revised structural drawing(s) only needed to be submitted if strength analysis identifies need for strengthening.
7)
Review limited to strength analysis of increased container loads only. Sea pressures etc. need not to be considered.
8)
If resulting in increased draught applicable approval scope is specified in Classification Notes No.8 Conversion of Ships.
9)
Only relevant if additional container securing devices; sufficient to submit updated inventory list only.
10) If the higher stacks do not interfere with the existing field of vision line it is sufficient to document this by providing print-outs from the loading
instrument.

CHANGES HISTORIC Page 53
CHANGES HISTORIC
Note that historic changes older than the editions shown below (if any), have not been included.
July 2011 edition

Main Changes
The strength ratings for typical pressure elements, and the corresponding transverse compressive strength
ratings in containers, have been increased.
Amendments 2011-08-03
In addition to some editorial corrections, superfluous text on page 2 was removed.

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CLASSIFICATION NOTES

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Det Norske Veritas AS July 2013

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

CHANGES HISTORIC ................................................................................................................. 53

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

2.2 Wind load

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

3.2 LC1: Transverse loading I

3.3 LC2: Vertical loading

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

3.4 LC3: Transverse loading II

3.5 LC4: Longitudinal loading

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

4.3 Container securing devices

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

Table 4-2 Guidance values for container securing equipment

Typical MSL (Maximum Securing Loads)

Twistlocks and deck connections

Flush ISO socket

Pedestal ISO socket

Dove tail socket with twistlock

Hold and block stowage

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

4.4 Ship local supporting structures

5 Direct Calculation using Beam Analysis

5.2 Modelling of geometry

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

5.3 Boundary conditions

5.4 Loading conditions

6 Formula based Analysis, Basic Formulae

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

6.2 Non-rigid securing arrangements (lashings and similar)

ah = at or al for transverse or longitudinal accelerations, respectively.

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

Psc = 0.25 M a g +Psh + Psl

On tension side (negative):

Pst = 0.25 M a g cos Psh + Psl

Pc = 0.25 M a g +Pch + Psl [kN]

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

6.3 Container stack with four flexible horizontal supports

and similar for other levels j, k and m.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

6.5 Container blocks

Classification Notes - No. 32.2, July 2013

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