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OrnaBneHMe

06UTOpe

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BBe~eHHe

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'IACTb I. 3KOHOMM'IECKASI TEOPMSI - HAYKA 0 TOM;

KAK nlOAM PEWAIOT npO&nEMY AECSMUMTA


DIaaa 1. nO'IeMY CJIe):Q'eT H3yw1aTb 3KOHOMft1leCK)'IO TOOPHIO
ThaBa 2. IIapo:lKHoe HJIH M~poJKeHoe? H3yw1eHHe noope6HTeJlbCKoro Bbl60pa
ThaBa 3. BblIlYCK npUIlJlltHO Bbl6paHHbIX TOaapoB ,lI,JUI MaKCHMllJIbHoro

Y~OBJIeTBOpeHHJI"eJlOBe'lecKHX n0Tpe6HOCTeit

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'IACTb II. MAKP03KOHOMMKA - HAYKA 0& 3KOHOMM'IECKOM

POCTE MCTA&MnbHOCTM
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DIua 4. MaKpo3KOHOMft1leCKHe nOKa3aTeJIII: KaK 3KOHOMHCTbI CJIe,IUlT 38 aceM


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ThaBa 5. lIHeJwm;tuI: noqeMY MHoro ~eHer He BCer.na xopomo


89

DIua 6. IIo'leMY npoHCXO,IUlT peneCCBB


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ThaBa 7. lioph6a C KpH3HCaMH C nOMO~ MOHeTapHOH H clJHCKllJIbHOH: nOJIHTHK 133

'IACTb III. MMKP03KOHOMMKA - HAYKA 0 nOBEAEHMM

nOTPE&MTEnEM M nPEAnPMSlTMM
DIaaa 8. IIpe.lUIoJKeHHe H cnpoc
_. DIaaa 9. 3HaKOMltTeC..: n0'I'pe6HTeJ1", MaKCHMH3HpYIODJ;Hii nOJle3HOCTh
DIua 10. OCHoaa KaIIJITIlJIII3Ma: npe~pH.RTHe, MaKCHMH3HpYIOInee npH6b1J1b
DIaaa 11. IIo'leMY 3KOHOMHCTbI mo6JIT cB060~e PbIHKH H KOHKYPeHUHIO
Thaaa 12. MOHonOJlHH: KaK IIJIOXO Be.lJYf Ce6R Te, Y KOro HeT KOHKypeIITOB
Thaaa 13. OJIHfOnOJlHR H MOHOnOJIHCTII'IecKaR KOHKypeIlllHR
Thaaa 14. IIpaaa Co6cTBeHHOCTH H ax OTCyrcTBRe
DIaaa 15. HecOCTOJlTeJlbHOCTh pblHKa: aCHMMeTPaqau HHcItoPManu

R 06m.ecTBeHHble TOaapbl

'IACTb IV. BEnMKOnEnHblE AECSlTKM


DIaaa 16. .IJ;ecJlTb (HJIH noUR ~ecRTh) H3BeCTHbIX 3KOHOMHCTOB
ThaBa 17 .IJ;ecJITb oqapoaaT~HbIX 3KOHOMft1leCKHX 386JIY1K,lleHHit
DiaBa 18. .IJ;ecJITb CaMbIX neHHbIX 3KOHOMft1leCKHX H,lJ,eii

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DIQCcapd

347

IIpe,nMeTHbIii y u 3 a T e J I b '

353

Do 8lITope

13

llOCBJllIleHHe

13

B~aro~PHOCTH

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BBe,ll,eHHe

15

o KHHre

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YCJIOBHbIe 0603HaqeHlliI H TepMHHbl, HCrrOJIb3yeMble B 3TOH KHHre


lITO qHTaTb He HYXHO
KTOBbI,MOHqHTareJIb
KaK rrOCTPoeHa 3Ta'KHHra
IIHKTOTPaMMbl, HCrrOJIb3yeMbIe B nOR KHHre
KY,lla ,llBHraTbCH ,llaJIbIlle
:JKn:eM BaIllHX OT3bIBOB!

"IACTb I.
ThaBa

3KOHOM~"IECKAR TEOP~R

- HAYKA 0 TOM,

KAK lIIOA~ PEWAIOT npO&/IEMY AECI)~""'~TA

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1. llolfeMY c~e)J.yeT H3yqaTh 3KOHOMll'leCK)'IO TeOpmo

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KpaTKHR 3KCKypC B HCTOpHlO pa3BHTlliI 3KOHOMHKH


IIo,llyMaTb TOJIbKO, HaCKOJIbKO OTBpaTHTeHbHOH, TPy60R H KOPOTKOH

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6blJIa qeJIOBeqeCKaH :lKH3Hb!


<l>aKTOpbI, crroco6cTBYJOIUHe rrOBbIIlleHHlO YPOBlUI :lKH3HH
CMOTPHM B 6YJlYIUee
Pa3BOMM MaKpo- H MHKpO-3KOHOMHKy rro pa3HbIM yrJIaM
3KOHOMR'IeCKaH reopllil KaK HaYKa

,llecPH:Qure

MaKpo3KOHOMHKa: 06111all KapT8Ha


MaKpo3KOHOMR'IeCKHe rrOKaJaTeJIH
IIPR'IHHbl 3KOHOMR'IeCKpro crra,lla
MOHeTapHalI H cPHCKaJIbHaH rrOJIHTHKH)lJIj{ rrpeO,llOJIeHHH crra,lla
MHKp03KOHOMHKa: rrOBe,lleHHe HImHBJmYYMOB H cPHpM
OaJIaHCHpOBaHHe crrpoca It' rrpe)J)loxeHlffi
IIoqeMY KOHKypeHUlliI -

3TO 3)lOpOBO

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IIpo6JIeMbI, B03HHKaIOlllHe H3-3a OTCYTCTBHH KOHKypeHUHH

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npe06pa30BaHHe rrpaB C06CTBeHHOCTH


,ll,pyrne H3'bHHbI pbIHKa
KaK 3KOHOMHCTbI HCrrOJIb3YJOT MO,lleJIH H rpacPHKH
OT peaJIbHOCTH K a6CTPaKIJ;HH
IIpe,llcTaIDIHeM MO,lleJIb

NQ 1: KpHBalI crrpoca

CTPOHM C06CTBeHHYIO KpHBYJO crrpoca

ThaBa 2. llapo)KHoe HJIH MOp01KeHoe? IhyqeHHe DmpeOHTeJlhCKOro Bw60pa


MO,lleJIb IIOBe,lleHlliI qeJIOBeKa
ll,eJIb -

MaKCHMaJIbHOe y,llOIDleTBopeHHe rroTPe6HOCTeH

HCrrOJIb3yeM rrOJIe3HOCTb)lJljJ H3MepeHiffi y,llOIDleTBOpeHIffi

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COAepJlCaHMe

YlIHTbIBaeM aJIbTPYH3M H :w;e,npocTb


KaK 3roH3M MO)l(eT co,neitCTBOBaTb 06:w;eCTBeHHOMy 6JIary
KpacHbIit CBeT: HCCJIe.nyeM orpaHHlIeHlliI

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OrpaHHlIeHHOCTb pecypcoB
TeXHOJIOrHlleCKHe OrpaHHlIeHlliI
OrpaHHlIeHHOcTb BpeMeHH
CroHMOCTb B03MO)I(HOCTH: HeH36e)I(Hoe orpaHHlIeHHe
)l,eJIaeM OKOHllaTeJIbHbIit BbI60p
HCCJIe.nyeM orpaHHlIeHlliI H npOTHBOpelllliI Mo,neJIH nOTPe6HTeJIbCKoro BbI60pa
KaK npOHcxo,nHT npHIUITHe peweHHit npH HenOJIHoit HH<popMaIIHH
PaIIHOHaJIbHOe B HppaIIHOHaJIbHOM

ThaDa

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3. BhlnycK npaDHJIbHO Bhl6paHHbIX TOBapoB JUJI MaKC~MaJlbHOro

y)l,OBJUITBOpeHWllleJIOBelleCKHX Dmpe6HOCnA

Onpe,neJIHeM. 'ITO MO)I(HO npOH3BeCTH


KJIaccH<pHKaIIlliI npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHbIX pecypCOB
Xopowero -

nOHeMHO)l(J{y: YMeHbweHHe OT,nallH

HeMHo.JicKo 3.LJ;ecb. HeMHO)I(KO TaM: pacnpe,neJIeHHe pecypcoB

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rpa<pHK npe,neJIbHbIX npOH3Bo,nCTBeHHbIX B03MO)I(HOCTeH

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IIonp06yeM H3MeHHTb rpa<pHK C nOMO:W;bIO YJIY'!WeHHOH TeXHOJIOfHn

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Onpe,neJIHeM. lIro ,nOJDKHO 6bITb npOH3Be,neHO


B3BeWHBaeM "3a" H "npoTHB": PblHOK H BMeWaTeJIbCTBO rocy,napCTBa
BbI6HpaeM CMewaHHYIO 3KOHOMHKY
Cp,neHCTBHe pa3BHTHIO HOBbIX TeXHOJIOfHH

"IACTb II. MAKP03KOHOMM KA - HAYKA 0& 3KOHOMM"IECKOM

POCTE M CTA&MnbHOCTM
Thasa 4. MaKp03KOHOMHIJ:eCKHe nOKll3aTeJIH: UK 3KOHOMHCThI CJIe~ 3a DceM
BBII )l)UI OTCJIe)I(HBaHlliI 3KOHOMHlIecKHX npoIIeccoB
qro He yqHTbIBaeTCH a BBII
qro yqHTbIBaeTcH B BBII

HcnOJIb3yeM

YlIHTbIBaeM nOTOKH ,nOXO,nOB H HMYWecTBo


CJIe.nyeM 3a <pOH.LJ;aMH. Be3,ne H BCIO.ny
YlIHTbIBaeM TOBap. Kor,na OH npOH3Be,neH. a He ror,na. Kor,na OH npo,naH
Xopowo. llJIOXO H cKBepHo: Bce BJIlliIeT Ha yaeJIHlIeHHe
IIpe,ncTaBJIHeM ypaBHeHHe
C -

I-

BBII

BBII

nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHe pacxo,nbI
HHBeCTHIIHH B OCHOBHOit KanHTaJI

G - rocy,napCTBeHHbIe pacxo,nbI
NX - lIHCTbIit ofu.eM 3KcnoPTa

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YlIHTbIBaeM Bce HMYIIIeCTBO, a He TOJIbKO HaJIHlIHbIe

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OTHOCHTeJIbHOe npeHMyrnecTBo

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KaK Me)I(.LJ;yHapo,nHaH TOproBJIH BJIlliIeT Ha 3KOHOMHKY


BHewHeroproBbIH ,ne<pHIIHT MoxeT 6bITb nOJIe3HbIM!

ThaDa

5. HHcIlJIJI~:

DOlleMY MHOro )l,eHer He DCer)l,a xopomo

IIoKyITaeM HH<pJIHIIHIO: pHCKH OT 60JIbworo KOJIHlIeCTBa ,neHer


)l,eHbfH: 6aJIaHC cnpoca H n p e . L J ; J I O ) l ( e H l l i I

C~ep.aHHe

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C03HaTeJIbHoe CTHMYJIHpOBaHHe HH<PJtilQHH


Pe3YJIbTaTbI HH<pJUlQHH
113MepHeM HH<pJIHQHIO: HHll.eKCbI QeH
C03AaeM Co6cTBeHHYIO rrOTpe6HTeJIbCKYIO KOP3HHy
BWIHCJIHeM TeMrr HH<pJUlQHH
YCTaHOBJIeHHe HHll.eKCa QeH
OrrpeAeJUleM AeHCTBHTeJIbHbIH ypoBeHb XH3HH C rrOMOmbIO HH,!J;eKCa QeH
IIpo6JIeMbI HH,!J;eKca QeH
CTOHMOCTb 6y.uym:ero: HOMHHaJIbHaH H peaJIbHaH rrpoQeHTHbIe CTaBKH
YpaBHeHHe C1>Hmepa
HeTOqHOCTh rrpomo30B

Thaaa 6. UO'IeMY npoHCXO,lUlT pe:u,eCCHH

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I1CCJIe.u;yeM 3KoHoM~ecKHH QHKJI

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C'rpeMJIeHHe K rrOJIHOH JaHHTOCTH


B03Bpaw;eHHe K

Y": eCTeCTBeHHbIH pe3YJIbTaT rrpHcrroc06JIeHHH QeH

PeaKQHH Ha 3KOHOM~eCKHemOKH: KpaTKocpoqHbIe H AOJITOCpoqHbIe pe3YJlbTllThI


OrrpeAeJUleM HeKOTopbIe BIDKHeHIIIHe rrOHHTHH
IIpHcrroco6JIeHHe QeH B AOJITOCpoqHOM rrepHoAe

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IIIoKH B CHCTeMe: peaKQHH Ha H3MeHeHHe COBOKyrrHOro crrpoca

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)l(eCTKHe QeHbI B KpaTKOcpoqHOM rrepHoAe


COBMemaeM KpaTKocpo~HH )J;OJIrocpotIHbIH rrepHoAbI
Kypc Ha peQeccHIO: CrrOThlKaeMCH 0 :lKecTKHe QeHbI
YMeHbIIIeHHe 3apruIaT HJIH YBOJIbHeHHe pa6oTHHKoB
CyMMHpyeM pacxoAbI Ha 3apa60THYJO IIJIaT}' H rronyqeHHYIO rrpH6hIJ1b
B03Bpaw;eHHe K

r: AeifcTBHH rrpaBHTenbCTBa

)],oCTHraeM paBHOBeCHH rrpH :lKeCTKHX QeHax: MOAenb KeHHca


KOppeKTHpoBaHHe 3arraCOB Ma~pHaJIbHbIX 060POTHbIX CpeACTB BMecTO QeH
POCT BBII H MOAeJIb KeHHca

Thaaa 7. Bopb6a C KPH3HCUtH C nOMOIllbIO MOHeTapHOH H c1JHCK8JIhHOH nOJIHTHK

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CTHMyJIHpoBaHHe cnpoca C QenbIO rrpeoAoneHHH crra,LJ;a

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ll,enb -

rrpoH3BoACTBO rrpo.n;yKTa rrpH rrOJIHOH 3aHHTOCTH

IIepe)J;BHraeM KpHByIO AD BrrpaBO -

HJIH B03Bpaw;aeM JIIOAHM pa6oT}'

B03HHKHOBeHHe HH<pJUlQHH B pe3ynbTaTe cnHIIIKOM 6onbIIIoH CTHMYJUlQHH


[ocYAapcTBO He MO:lKeT YAepXHBaTh 06'beM BbInyCKa Ha ypoBHe, rrpeBbIIIIaIOmeM
IIoBeAeHHe peaJIbHOH 3apa60THoH IIJIaThI
HeAOCTllTKH CTHMYnHPOBaHHH: qro npoHcXO.n;HT, KorAa Bce O:lKHAaIOT cTHMYna'
C1>HCKaJlbHaH nOJIHTHKa

YBen~eHHe rocYAapCTBeHHbIX pacxoAoB rrOMoraeT rrpeoAMeTb cna,LJ;

lITO AeJIaTh C Ae<PHQHTOM


MOHeTapHaH rrOJIHTHKa
ApryMeHTbI B rronb3Y 6YMIDKHbIX AeHer
Y BaC MO:lKeT OKaJaTbCH CJlHiliKOM MHOro AeHer
lITO TaKoe 06JIHraI.lHH
CBH3b Mexmy CTOHMOCThIO o6nHraQHH H rrpoQeHTHOH CTaBKOH
113MeHeHHe rrpeMO:lKeHHH AeHer MH H3MeHeHHH rrpoQeHTHbIX CTaBOK
CHH:lKeHHe rrpoQeHTHbIX CTaBOK)J;JIH CTHMYJIHpoBaHHH 3KOHOMHKH
KaK paQHOHaJIbHble O:lKHAaHHH MOryT OrpaH~bMOHeTllpHYIO rrOnHTHKY

Co.llepJKBHHe

'tACTb III.

M~KP03KOHOM~KA-

HAYKA 0

nOBEAEH~~

nOTPE6~TEnEA ~ nPEAnp~SlT~A

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Thaaa 8. TIpe,ll,JlOlKeHBe H cnpoc


qTO TaKOe phIHKH
Crrpoc H KPHBWI crrpoca
llpH.llep:lKHBaeMCH TOqHOii TepMHHOJIonrn
rpa<l>HK KPHBOii crrpoca
CTOHMOCTb B03MOlICHOCTH: orrpe~eJIHeM KPYfH3HY KpHBOH crrpoca
3JIacrnquocTb crrpoca
llpeMoxeHHe H KPHBWI rrpeMoxeHIDI
IPa<l>HK KPHBOii rrpeMoxeHIDI
3JIacrnquocTb rrpe,nlloxeHHH

B3aHMO~eHCTBHerrpeMoxeHHH H crrpoca ~ Haxo~eHHHPhIHOquOro paBHOBeCHH


PhIHoquoe paBHOBeCHe
.LI:eMOHCTpaU;HH CTa6HJ1bHOCTH PhIHOqHOro paBHOBeCHH
HOBOe PhIHOqHoe paBHOBeCHe rrpH H3MeHeHHH crrpoca HJIH rrpeMoxeirnH
PeaKI.J;HH Ha YBeJI~eHHe crrpoca
PeaKI.J;HH Ha YMeHbIueHHe rrpeMoxeHHH
Co~aeM rrpeIUITCTBHH ~ PhIHOquOro paBHOBeCHH
llOTOJIOK u;eH
lloMepXHBaeM MHHHMaJIbHhIe u;eHhI

Thaaa 9. 3H8KOMbTeC..: nOTpe611TeJ1h, M8KCHMH3HPYIOnndi nOJIe3HOCTh


YCJIOBHWI OrrTHMH3au;HH
nOJIe3HOCTb - Mepa Y~OBJIeTBOpeHHHrrOTpe6HOCTeH
OT 60JIbIUero K MeHbIUeMY: YMeHbIUeHHe rrpe~eJIbHOii rrOJIe3HOCTH
.LI:eJIaeM BhI60p C yqeTOM orpaH~eHHbIX cpe~CTB
CTapaeMcH KYITHTb CTOJIbKO (rrpe~eJIbHoii) rrOJIe3HOCTH, CKOJIbKO CMoxeM
Pacrrpe~eJIeHHe~eHer Me~y ~BYMH BH.IlaMH TOBapa MH MaKCHMH3au;HH
COBOKYITHOii rrOJIe3HOCTH
BblpaBHHBaHHe rrpe~eJIbHOH rrOJIe3HOCTH B pacqeTe Ha ~OJIJIap CTOHMOCTH
Bcex TOBapOB H yCJIYr
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KpHBhIe crrpoca H YMeHbIUeHHe rrpe~eJIbHOii rrOJIe3HOCTH
KaK H3MeHeHHe u;eHhI BJIHHeT Ha BeJI~HHY crrpoca
rpa<l>~ecKoeH306paxeHHe H3MeHeHIDI u;eHhI H KOJI~eCTBa -

KPHBaH crrpoca

Thua 10. OCHoaa KallHTaJIH3M8: npe,llIIJJlUlTHe, MaKCHMH3HpYIOmee npH6hIJIh


IJ;eJIb BCHKOro rrpe~rrpHHTHH -

MaKCHMH3aU;HH hpH6hiJIH

KO~HU;HH

YCJIOBHH a6cOJIIO'fHOH KOHKYPeHI.J;HH


COrJIaIUaeMCH C u;eHoii, HO rrpoH3BO~HM KOJI~eCTBO
P~e Me~ 6yxraJITepCKOH H 3KOHo~eCKOH rrpH6hIJIbIO
AuaJIH3 CTpYKTYPhI H3~epxeK rrl?eMPIDlTlUI
CTOHMOCTb e~HHHU;hI rrpoH3Be~eHHoro rrpo~a
Cpe~HHe rrepeMeHHhIe H~epXKH
Cpe~HHe <l>HKcHpOBaHHJ;.le H~epXKH
Cpe~HHe COBOKyI1HhIe H~epXKH

CQAepJIC8HHe

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IIpe,I(eJIbHbIe H3,I(ep:>KKH
ToqKa nepeCeqeHIDI: KPHBbIX MC, AVC H ATC
CpaBHeHHe npe,I(eJIbHOrO ,I(OXO,I(a C npe,I(eJIbHbIMH H3,I(ep)l(lQlMH
BOJIwe6HaH cPopMyJIa: KOr,I(a MR:= MC
BH3YaJIH3aUHH npH6hmH
BH3YaJIH3aUIDI: y6bITKOB
Kor,I(a nyqme HHqero He npOH3BO,I(HTb
YCJIOBIDI: KPaTKOCpOqHOrO 3aKphITHH npe,I(npIDI:THH: nepeMeHHbIe H3,I(ep)KI(H

224

npeBbIwalOT COBOK)'IIHbIH ,I(OXO,I(


YCJIOBHe ,I(OJIroCpOqHOro 3aKphITHH: COBOKYIIHbIe H3,I(ep)KI(H npeBhImalOT

225
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COBOKYIIHhIH ,I(OXO,I(
3aBHCHMOCTb OT pbIHOqHbIX ueH

Thaua

11. nO'leMY 3KOHOMHCTbI JII06HT cDo6o,llHbIe pbIHKH H KOHKYPemUlio

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fJIaBHOe npeHMYillecTBO KOHKYPeHTHhIX CBo6o,I(HhIX PhIHKOB: rapaHTIDI, qTO BbIrO,I(hI


npeBbIwalOT 3aTPaTbI
IIpe,I(IIocbIJIKH ,I(JIH cPYHKIIHOHHpoBaHIDI CBo6o,I(HbIX PbIHKOB
AHaJIH3 3cPcPeKTHBHOCTH CBo6o,I(HhIX PhIHKOB
MCnOJIh30BaHHe COBOKYIIHoro H3JIHmKa ,lI)UI H3MepeHIDI Bhlro,I(
Kor,I(a cBo6o,I(Hhle PbIHKH repHIOT CBOIO cBo60):(y: Heo6paTHMbIe norepH
He06paril:MbIe nOTepH, BhI3BaHHhIe yCTaHOBJIeHHeM nOTOJIKa ueH
AHaJIH3 Heo6paTHMhIX nOTeph OT HaJIOroB
IIpH3HaKH H,I(eaJIhHOH KOHKYPeHuHH: HyJIeBaH npH6hillh H caMbIe HH3KHe H3,I(ep:>KKH

IIP~HHbI H CJIe,I(CTBIDI: H,I(eaJIbHOH KOHKYPeHuHH


MCC,fIe,I(OBaHHe npouecca H,I(eaJIhHOH KOHK)'peHUHH

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HaqaJIo HJIH npeKpaIIIeHHe ,I(eHTeJIhHOCTH cPHpM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nonyqeHHH

247

npH6hillH

12. MOHOnOJIHH: UK DJlOXO BeJJYf ce6a Te, y KOro HeT KOHKypeHTOD

PeryJIHpOBaHHe MOHOnOJIhHOro ueHoo6pa30BaHIDI

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Pa3,I(eJIeHHe MOHOnOJIHH Ha HeCKOJIhKO KOHKYPHPYlOIIIHX cPHpM

272

ThaDa

MOHonoJIHH, MaKcHMH3HpYlOIIlHe npH6bIJIh


IIpo6JIeMhI, BbI3BaHHbIe MOHOnOJIIDlMH
MCTOqHHK np06JIeM: YMeHhweHHe npe,I(eJIbHOrO ,I(OXO,I(a
Bhl60p o6beMa npoH3BO,I(CTBa ,I(JIH MaKCHMH3aUHH npH6hmH
CpaBHeHHe MOHOnOJIHH C KOHKYPHpYlOIIIHMH cPHpMaMH
AHaJIH3 ypoBHeH npo):(yKTa H ueH
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16

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KaX. HarrpHMep:

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"
I

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26

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27

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28

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10

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CHHOBblit COK. DOJIee BblCOKHe ueHbl no-npe:lKHeMY 03HaqaIOT 60JIee HH3KHit cnpoc, H Hama
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34

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BHHX.

36

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I. 3KOHOMH'IecKafl TeOpHfI.

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ECJIH JIIO,lJ;H OCHOBbIBaIOT CBOH BhI60p Ha TOM, 'ITO HMeHHO rrpHHeceT HM CaMoe 60JThillOe
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JIeTBOpeHHH rrpHHeceT HM KIDK,ll,bIH OT,lJ;eJIbHbIH rrpO,lJ;yKT HJIH yCJIyra. BMecre C reM 3KOHO
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KaKHX-TO peaJIbHbIX BerneH. 3aKaT COJIHua H3YMHTeJIeH. MopoxeHbIM MOXHO OTJIHqHO rro
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COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHMH. npe,lJ;rrO'ITeHHHMH. CJIe,lJ;OBareJThHO, 3KOHOMH'IeCKaH HayKa npOCTO
He paCCMaTpHBaeT MOPaJIbHbIH acrreKT.

,..... 2. H3yt1eHHe nOTpe6HTen"cKoro sw60pa

37

TeM He MeHee 3KOHOMHCThI -

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rrpO,!J,YKUHH, KOTOPIDI, 6JIarO,ll,apR yJIyqlIIeHHotl: TeXUOJIOrHH, MO)ICeT 6bITb Terrepb rrOJIyqeHa


rrpH HCrrOJIb30BaHHH TaKOro )ICe KOJIHqeCTBa pecypcOB, qro H paHblIIe.

nOB Bce eme HMeeT

BH,lI, KPHBOtl:, rrOCKOJIbKY yJIyqWeHHhIe TeXUOJIOrHH He H36aBJIHIOT OT 3cPPeKTa YMeHblIIeHHR


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qHM rrOCJIe,ll,osaTeJIbHOe YMeHbWeHHe rrpHPOCTa om.eMOB rrpOH3BO,ll,CTBa.
Ha pHC.

3.2

rrOKaJauo, qTO HOBhIH TeXUOJIOrHqeCKHH rrO,ll,'beM C6aAaHCUp06aH TaK, qTO OH

yseJI~HBaeT BaillY crroC06HOCTb rroJIyqHTb 60JIblIIe TOBapa o6oHX BH,lI,OB. npHMepoM C6aJIaH
CHpoBaHHoro TeXHOJIOr~ecKoroH3MeHeHHR Morno 6hI 6bITb ycoBepWeHCTBOBaHHe y,ll,06pe
HHH HJIH rreCTHUH,lI,OB, KOTophIe yseJI~aT YPO~HOCTb KaK R6JIOK, TaK H arreJIbCHHOB.
Ho reXHOJIOrHqeCKHe HHHOBaUHH B 60JIbWHHCrne CBoeM pacrrpe,ll,eJIeHhI Hepa8HOMepHO.
npe,ll,rrOJIOJKHM, ~o BbI paCCM:aTPHBaere nnB.. F,lI,e ,lI,BYMH BH,lI,aMH rrpoH:)Be,ll,eHHhIX TOBapOB ..
RBJIRIOTCR CTaJIb H rrlIIeHHua. YcoBepWeHCTBOBaHHe rrpouecca H3roTOBJIeHHR CTaJIH 06R3a
reJIbHO rr03BOJIHT BaM BhIpa60TaTb 60JIbWe CTaJIH H3 BaIIIHX orpaH~eHHbIXpecypcoB, HO HH
KaK He Ol'paJHTCR Ha BblpamHBaHHH rrlIIeHHUhI.

54

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0;:

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PHC. 3.2. C6ansHcHpoB8HHblH nQAb6M


KaK BH,ZJ;HO H3 pHC.

3.3,

nne B pe3ynbTBre yn~weHHR rexHonorHH

KpHBaH nnB B 3TOM c.rryqae rrO)J.HHMaeTCH HepaBHOMepHO. OHa

rrO)J.HHMaeTCH Ha TOM KOHQe, r)J.e BeCb BallI OT)J.eJIbHbllt pecypc (CKIDKeM, TPY)J.) H8IIpaBJIeH Ha
rrpoH3BO,lI.CTBO CTaJIH, HO OCTaeTCH Ha rrpe)l(J{eM Mecre Ha TOM KOHQe, r,ll.e 3TOT pecypc HaIIpaB
JIeH Ha rrpOH3BO,lI.CTBO IIIlleHHQhI.

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PHC. 3.3. HepaBHoMepHblH nO,QbeM nns B pe3ynbr8re yn~weHHR reXHonorHH

Onjte'l~' 'tJJio '1tUJleJtO ObtJlib npoU3A'e'lelttJ


nOCJIe TOro KaK 06IUeCTBO orrpe)J.eJIHT rrpe,ll.eJIbHhle B03MO)l(J{OCrn 3!P<PeKTHBHOro rrpoH3
BO,lI.CTBa, CJIe.ll.YlOIUHM waroM ,lI.OJDKeH 6h1Tb Bhl60p TOtIKH Ha KpHBOiI: nnB, KOTOpaH 0TP8)fGi
eT

TY KOM6HHaQHIO TOBapOB H

ycJIyr, KOTOphle MaKCHMaJIbHO y)J.oBJIeTBOpJlIOT 38IIpoChI JIIO,lI.eH.

BbI60p, c,lI.eJIaHHhIiI: Ha ypoBHe rrpe,ll.eJIbHhIX B03MO)l(J{OCTeil:, rapaHTHpyeT 3rjxJJeKmu8Hocmb

U38oi}cm8a.

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BbI60p e,ll.HHCTBeHHoil: KOM6HHaQRH H3 rrpe,ll.eJIbHbIX B03MO)l(J{OCTeil:, KOTOpaH MaK

CHMH3HPyeT Y,lI.OBJIeTBOpeHHe rrDTPe6Hocreil:, 06eCrretIHBaeT

rnasa 3. SwnyCK npaSHII"HO sw6paHHwx Tosapas.. .

:xjxpeKmu8Hocmb pacnpeOeJleHUR.

55

IIOCKOJIbKY npe.lleJIbHbIe npOH3BO.llCTBeHHbIe B03MO}l{}fOCTH B OCHOBHOM 3aBHCHT OT pa3


pa60TKH H npHMeHeHHH TeXHOJIOrHH K HMeIOmHMCH pecypCaM, no nOBO.ny HHX He B03HHKaeT
60JIbIIlHX pa3HOrJIacHit. 'Ho npOIIecc npHHHTHH peIIleHHH 0 TOM, KaKYIO HMeHHO KOM6HHaIIHIO
BH.llOB npoH3BO.llCTBa 06mecTBo .llOJI}l{}fO BbI6paTb, HaMHoro 60JIee CJIOlKeH. JIIO.llH no-pa3HOM}'
BbIpIDKaIOT CBOH npe.llnO'ITeHHH; KIDK.llbIH no OT.lleJIbHOCTH H BMeCTe, rpynnaMH, OHH no-pa3
HOM}' BbI6HpaIOT npO.nyKTbI, Y.llOBJIeTBOpHIOmHe HX B MaKCHMaJIbHOH CTeneHH. HH.llHBH.nyYM
npH BbI60pe TO'IKH Ha C06CTBeHHOH IIIIB, He CTaJIKHBaeTCH C npOTHBOpe'IHHMH. OH BCero
JIHIIIb onpe.lleJIHeT, KaKaH KOM6HHaIIHH npOH3Be.lleHHOrO npO.nyKTa MaKCHMaJIbHO Y.llOBJIeTBO
pHT ero nOTpe6HOCTH, a 3aTeM npoH3BO.llHT H nOTpe6JuJ:eT ero.
IIpOIIecc npHHHTHH peIIleHHH CTaHOBHTCH KpaitHe CJIOJKHbIM, KOr.lla BbI yqHTbIBae
Te IIIIB 06meCTBa B IIeJIOM, -

B 3TOM cJIY'Iae BbI 06H3aTeJIbHO BCTPeTHTe peIIlH

TeJIbHOe HecomaCHe C TeM, KaKHe KOM6HHau.HH npo.nyKIIHH ~ O npOH3BeCTH,


nOJIb3YHCb orpaHH'IeHHbIMH pecypCaMH, npHHlI.llJIe)l(amHMH 06meCTBY. HanpHMep,

BallI Coce.ll MO)l(eT He .nyMaTb 06 06meM KOJIH'IeCTBe BbIpa6aTbIBaeMbIX Bpe.llHbIX Be


meCTB, nOCKOJIbKY OH JII06HT BO.llHTb CBOit aBTOM06H.JIb .llHeM H HO'IbIO. ECJIH 6bI OH
)I(HJI

B C06CTBeHHOM MHpe, 3arpH3HeHHe 6bI He HMeJIO 3Ha'IeHHH. Ho nOCKOJIbKY BbI

)l(HBeTe PH.llOM C HHM, 3arpH3HeHHe Ha Bac BJIHHeT, H BbI npOTHB Hero npOTecTYeTe.
B03MO}l{}fO, B .llaHHOM eJIy'Iae BaM nOHa.n06HTCH nOMOmb BJIaCTeH, KOTopbIe CMOIYI
OrpaHH'IHTb 6ypHYIO .lleHTeJIbHOCTb BaIIIero Coce.lla. IIOXO)I(HM 06Pa30M BJIaCTH 06
Cy)I(.llaIOT TO, 'ITO .llOJI}l{}fO 6bITb npoH3Be.lleHO npH cymecTBYIOmHX orpaHH'IeHHbIX
pecypcax. HeKOTopbIM XO'IeTCH cy6CJt.llHPOBaTb 4>epMepcKHe X03HHCTBa, TOr.lla KaK
.llPyrHe npe.llnO'IHTaIOT TPaTHTb .lleHbrH Ha 060POHY H.JIH nporpaMM}' nOAlIep)I(KH
6e.llHbIX CJIOeB HaCeJIeHHH.
IIo npH'IHHe cymecTBOBaHHH TaKHX KOHKypHpYIOmHX npHopHTeTOB .llOJI}l{}fbI 6bITb YC
TaHOBJIeHbI 'IeTKHe npOIIeCCbI npHHHTHH pemeHHit B HHTepecax 60JIbIIlHHCTBa HaCeJIeHHH.
B 60JIbIIlHHCTBe CTPaH peIIleHIDI no nOBO.ny npOH3BO.llCTBa Tex HJIH HHbIX BH.llOB TOBapOB H

ycJIyr npHHHMaIOTCH C yqeToM HHTepeCOB KaK 'IaCTHoro, TaK H rocY.llapcTBeHHoro ceKTOpOB.


IIPH 3TOM aHaJIH3HpyIOTCH B03MO}l{}fOCTH CBOOO.llHbIX PbIHKOB H IIeJIeco06pa3HOCTb rocY.llap
CTBeHHoro BMemaTeJIbCTBa.

B3BeWMBaeM "3a" M "npOTMB":

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npOH3BO.llCTBO TOBapOB HJIH HCnOJIb30BaTb rOCY.llapCTBeHHYIO BJIaCTb .llJUI BMeIIlaTeJIbCTBa B
.lleHTeJIbHOCTb pbIHKOB.
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BMeIIlaTeJIbCTBa, nOMHHTe 0 TaKHX TpeX 4>aKTOpax.
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COBpeMeHHbIe 3KOHOMHKH BeCbMa CJIOxalO yCTpoeHbI, OHH npOH3BO.llHT B 6y


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CH C 3TOH "CJIO}l{}fOCTbIO", a BMemareJIbCTBa CO CTOpOHbI rocY.llapcTBa 06b1'lHO
OKa3bIBaIOTCH HeY.lla'IHbIMH -

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3Ha'IHTeJIbHO CHH3HTb 3txt>eKTHBHOCTb npOH3BO.llCTBa H pacnpe.lleJIeHHH.

56

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THBHbIMH nOCJIe,nCTBHHMH .D;ID.l 06~eCTBa.

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HeraTHBHbIe nOCJIe,nCTBHH 003

,naIOT npeKpacHYIO B03MOXHOCTb .D;JIH pe3YJIbTaTHBHoro BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa npa


BHTeJIbCTBa B 3KOHOMHKy, nOCKOJIbKy pbIHKH HMeHHO 3THX TOBapOB H ycnyr,
eCJIH HX OCTaBHThB nOKOe, 6y.nyT HenOMepHO paJpaCTaTbCH.
./

HeKOTOpbIe JIIO,nH HaqHHaIOT no-rpe6JIHTh OqeHb 60JIbIIIOe KOJIHqeCTBO TOBa


POB H ycnyr, TOr,na KaK ,npyrne ,nOBOJIbCTByIOTCH MaJIbIM. TaKaH HepaBHOMep
HOCTb B pacnpe,neJIeHHH CnOC06cTByeT BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBY npaBHTeJIbCTBa B 3KO
HOMHKY; B ,naHHOM cnyqae BJIaCTH HCnOJIb3yIOT CBoe BJIHHHHe.D;ID.l TOro, 'IT06bI
BbIPOBHHTb paJHbIe ypOBHH XH3HH.

B COBpeMeHHbIX

3KO~~~qeCKHXCHCTeMaX HCnOJIb3yIOTCH KaK B03MO:lKHOCTH CB060,nHbIX

pbIHKOB, TaK H rocy,napcTBeHHOe BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBO. qTO HMeHHO npOH3BO,nHTb, B KaKOM 060


eMe npOH3Bo,nHTh H KTO nOJIyqHT 3aKaJ Ha npOH3Bo,nCTBO -

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KOTOpbIe He Ha6JIIO,naJIHCb 6bI, eCJIH 6bI HH,lUIBH.D;yyMbI H 6H3HeC-C1pYKTYPbI ,neHCTBOBaJIH no
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TYIO),

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TaTKH cB060,nHoro pbIHKa H rocy,napcTBeHHOrO BMeIIIaTeJIbCTBa.

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<peKTHBHbIMH, eCJIH eCTh MHOro ToproBueB, rOTOBbIX npo,naTh HJIH KynHTh TOBap HJIH YCJIYTY.

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57

B TepMHHax llllB (CM. Pa3,ll.e.n: "fPacPHK npe,neJIbHhIX npoH3BO,nCTBeHHhIX B03MO)lQfOCTeD")


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HMeeT reH,neHIlHIO rapaHTHPOBaTb He TOJIbKO TO, 'ITO 3KOHOMHKa 6y,neT ,neilcTBoBaTb Ha ypOB
He npe,ne.n:bHblX B03MO)KHOCTeD, HO TaIOKe TO, 'ITO ee npe,ne.n:bHbIe B03MO)lQfOCTH 6y.nYT nOCTO
HHHO paCTH BCJIe)l.CTBHe ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHIDI <pHPMaMH CBoeH 3CP<PeKTHBHOCTH.
PbIHKH TaIOKe HMeIOT npeHMYilleCTBO B onpe,ne.n:eHHH (::no npOHcxo,nHT aBTOMaTHlJeCKH)
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IIIJIO BpeMH)I,JIH BaC n0.llPYXHTbCH C BBI1, qTQ6bI Bbl MOrJIH nOHHTb Bce MaJIeHbKHe ceKpeTbI
3TOro nOKaJaTeJIH -

B qaCTHocm, ero COCTaBJIHIOllJ;He qacm H TO, KaK OHH pa6oTaIOT. AHaJIH3,

npe,llCTaBJIeH~B 3TOM pa3,lleJIe, HHTepeCeH H caM no ce6e, HO OH B,llBoitHe nOJIe3eH, nOTOMy

qTQ ,IleJIaeT CTaH,llapTH)'IO KeliHCHaHCKYIO MO,lleJIb MaJq>03KOHOMHKH (0 KOTOPOH H paCCKa3bI


HalO B rJIaDe

6)

nOIDITRee, K TOMy xe BbI HayqHTeCb C Heli npaBHJIbHO 06pamaTbCH.

KeHHCHaHCKaH MO,lleJIb 6bma pa3pa60TaHa B

1936

ro,lly 3KOHOMHCTOM H3 KeM6pH.llXa

)lxOHOM MeHHap)l,OM KeHHcoM, KOTOPYIO OH npe,llCTaBHJI B CBOeli KHHre

mocmu, npol{eHma u oeHet!. 3Ta KHHI'a HMeJIa OrpoMHoe BJIHHHHe -

06w,Q.H meopUR 3aHR

HaCTOJIbKO orpoMHoe, ~O

c.n:eJIaJIa MaKp03KOHOMHKY OT,IleJIbHOA 06JIaCTblO HCCJIe,llOBaHHH.

76

&facrb

II.

MalCp03KOHOMMK8 - H8yK8

06 3KOHOMM'I8CKOM pocre M CTa6MRbHOCTJt

KHHra Ket%.Hca 6h1JIa peaKI.J;Het%. Ha BenHKyIO ,nenpeCCHIO 1930-x rO,nOB. llOCKOJIbKY OH


qyBCTBOBaJI, 'ITO nOJIHTHKa npaBHTeJIbCTBa, HanpaBJIeHHlUI Ha npeO,nOJIeHHe noro 3KOHOMH
'1ecKOro cna.n;a, ,nOJDKHa 6hITb HaueJIeHa Ha YBeJIH'leHHe paCXO,nOB Ha TOBaP~ H YCJIYfH. Ket%.Hc
Ha'IaJI C03,lJ;aBaTb CBOIO MO,neJIb, HCnOJIMYJI ypaBHeHHe, KOTOpOe n03BOJUlJIO paCC'IHTaTb BBll
nyreM CJIOXeHIDl paCXO,nOB.
B pa3,lJ;eJIe "qTO yqHTbIBaeTCH B BBll" BbIllie B 3TOt%. maBe, H 06'bHCHHIO, 'ITO BbI MOXe
re paCC'IHTaTb BBll KaK nyTeM CJIOXeHHH BCeX paCXO,nOB, nOTPa'IeHHbIX a npH06pereHHe
TOBapOB H

ycnyr,

YaK H CJIOXeHHeM BCeX ,nOXO,nOB, KOTOpble nOJIyqaIOTCH B pe3YJIbTare npO

H3BO,nCTBa TOBapoB H ycnyr. 06a pe3YJIbTaYa ,nOJIXHbI 6bITb paBHbIMH. TaKHM 06paJOM, 3TO
nepeKJIIO'IeHHe Ha MeTO,n no,nC'IeTa paCXO,nOB ,ZJ;JIH BbI'IHCJIeHHH BBll nOJIHOCTbIO onpaB,ZJ;aHo.

(3To

TaKXe OTJIH'lHlUI B03MOXHOCTb,ll)lH BaC nOHHTb 3KOHOMHKY C n03HUHt%. TOro, KTO TPaTHT

,neHbrH, a He TOro, KTO HX 3apa6aTbIBaeT.)


QT06bI nocTpoHTb ypaBHeHHe BBll C TO'IKH 3peHHH paCXO,nOB, He06xo,nHMO CJIOXHTb '1e
Tblpe TPa.n;HUHOHHbIe rpynnbI pacxo,nOB HbIe pacxo,nbI

(G)

noopeMeHHe

H 'IHCTbItt 06'beM 3KcnOPTa

(NX) -

(C),

HHBeCTHIJ;HH

(1),

rocy,napCTBeH

H npHpaBHHTb nOJIyqeHHYIO CYMMY K

CTOHMOCm(B TOH BaJIIOre, KOTOplUl,neHCTByeT B onpe,neJIeHHOH CTPaHe) BCex TOBapoB H


Ore'leCTBeHHoro npoH3Bo,nCTBa B ,naHHbIH nepHO,n, HJIH BBll

(Y).

ycnyr

B aJIre6paH'leCKOt%. lPopMe

paBeHCTBO BbIrJIH,ZJ;HT CJIe.nyIOIIJ;HM 06PaJOM;

Y=C+I+G+NX
XOTH CJIe.nyIOIIJ;He pa3,neJIbI co,nepxaT 60JIee ,neTaJIbHOe onHcaHHe, H npe,nOCTaBJIlO BaM
B03MOXHOCTb KOpoTKO 03HaKOMHTbCH C 'IeTbIpbMH BH,naMH pacxo,nOB, KOTOpble CYMMHpyIOTCH
BBBn.

./ C

OlBa..aeT pacxo~ Ba narpeC)JleHHe, npOH3Be,neHHbIe ,nOMOx03HHCTBaMH Ha

TOaapbI H

./ I

YCJIYI'H KaK ore'leCTBeHHoro,

T~ H~Py6eXHOronpoH3BO,LlCTBa

Olaa..aeT IIIIBeC'I'ImHOllIlhle pacxo~, c,nenaHHbIe qmpMaMH C IJ;eJIbIO npH06

pereHHH HOBbIX 06'beKTOB KanH1'aJIa, BKJIIO'IlUI nOCTpoHKH, 3aBO,nbI H 060py


,nOBaHHe.

TaIOKe BKJIIO'IaeT H3MeHeHHe 3anaCOB MaTepHaJIbHhIX 060POTHbIX

cpe,nCTB, nOCKOJlbKY BCHKHH npoH3Be,neHHbIH, HO He npo,naHHbIt%. B re'IeHHe


onpe,neneHHoro BpeMeHH TOBap ,nOJDKeH BOHTH B COCTaB MarepHaJIbHbIX JaIIa
COB lPHpM H C'IHTaTbCH BJIOXeHHeM KanHTaJIa B 3anaCbI MarepHaJIbHbIX 060
poTHbIX cpe,nCTB. \

./ G 03B.".eT I'OC)'AllpcTBellllWe 3axynn TOBapoB H ycJIYI'


./ NX OlHaUeT 'IIICTYit OOLeM 3K:CnopTa,

KOTOPblt%. onpe,neneH KaK Bce BH.LlI>I TO

(EX) MHHYC Bce ToaapbI, KOTOpbIe


1M. EX - 3TO CTOHMOCTb OTe'Ie
HHOCTPaHIJ;aMH. 1M - 3TO CTOHMOCTb HHO

aapOB, nOCbIJIaeMbIX Ha 3KCnOPT CTPaHot%.


OHa HMnopmpyeT "(1M), HJIH

NX

CTBeHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIDeHHbIX

= EX -

CTPaHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIJIeHHbIX BHYTPH CTPaHbI.

3TH

'IeTbIpe BH,na pacxo,nOB COCTaBJIHIOT BBn, nOTOMY'ITO Bce BMecre OHH OruIa'lHBaIOT

BCe -,no nOCJIe,nHero KYCO'IKa! -

npoH3Be,neHHble B ,naHHOt%. CTPaHe TOBapbI 3a onpe,LleJIeH

HbIt%. nepHO,n BpeMeHH.

C-

nOTpe6MTenbCKMe paCXOAbi

PaCXO,LlbI Ha nOTPe6JIeHHe ,n0r-tOX03Ht%.CTB COCTaBJIHIOT npHMepHO 70% OT 06meH CYMMbI


BBn -

HaMHoro 60JIbllle, 'IeM OCTaBlllHeCH TPH COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;He, B3HTbIe BMecre. MHorHe

rnasa 4. MaKP03KOHo.....,eclCtfe nOlCu8Ten.....

77

laKTOphl BJIIDIIOT Ha TO, KaKYIO 'IaCTb CBOHX .rlOXO,D;OB ,D;OMOX03JIitCTBa peWalOT nOTpaTHTb Ha
nOTpe6JIeHHe H CKOJIbKO OHH peWaT COXPaHHTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.
CneU;HaJIHCThI no MHKp03KOHOMHKe npOBOMT Maccy BpeMeHH, }J3yqasI pa3Ho06pa3Hhle
laKTOphl, BJIIDIlOwHe Ha nO,D;06Hhle peweHIDI. Cpe,nH TaKHX laKTOpOB eCTb, HanpHMep, OXCH
,D;aHIDI OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6Y.lJYIIl:ero COCTOHHIDI 3KOHOMHKH HJIH HOpMhI ,D;OXO.rlHciCTH c6epexeHHit

III

(CM. tIaCTb

,D;aHHoit KHHrH, TaM BhI H~eTe Bce, 'ITO HYXHO 3HaTb 0 MHKp03KOHOMHKe).

C ,D;pyroit CTOpOHhI, 3KOHOMHCThI, CneU;HaJIH3pYlOWJJeCH Ha MaIqJ03KOHOMHKe, "OTCTYITaIOT"


OT 3THX laKTOpOB, noTOMY 'ITO npH H3yqeHHH 3KOHOMHKH B u;eJIOM HMeeT 3HatIeHHe 06wasI
CYMMa nOTpe6JIeHIDI, a He OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, nO'IeMY .rlOMOx03HitCTBa Bhl6paJIH HMeHHO 3TOT
ypOBeHb.
CneU;HaJIHCThI no MaKp03KOHOMHKe npe.rlCTaBJIHIOT nOTpe6JIeHHe O'IeHb npOCTO, KaK
lYHKijHIO pacnOJIaraeMoro (HMelOwerOCH B pacnopHXeHHH nOCJIe ynJIaThl HaJIOroB) ,D;OXO.rla.
BhI MoxeTe paCC'IHTaTb pacnOJIaraeMhlit ,D;OXO,D; C nOMOWblO aJIre6paH'IeCKHX BhI'IHCJIeHHit,
n0JIb3YHCb CJIe.rlYlOwHM Y.rl06HbIM TpeXCTYITeH'IaThlM cnoc060M.

@j
IlT

l.HaQHHTe C

Y,

06~ero ,D;OXOAA B 3KOBOMHe. B ypaBHeHHH KeitHca

Y paBHH~TCH

CYMMe paCXO.rlOB, HO nOCKOJIbKY .rlOXO,D;hI paBHhI paCXO.rlaM, BhI MoxeTe HCnOJIbJO


BaTb ero H .nIDI .rlOXO.rlOB. IIoMHHTe, 'ITO Bce ,D;eHbrH, KOTophle nOTpatIeHhI BaMH,
HBJIHIOTCH ,D;OXO,D;OM .nIDI KorO-TO ,D;pyroro.

2. BIII'IHCJlHTe,

CKOJIbKO H8JlOroB ,D;OJDKIIW 3aIlJlaTHTb JIIO,IUI.

nOJIOXCHM, tITO e,D;HHCTBeHHhlH cyw:ecTBYIOInHit HaJIOr -

no nO,D;OXO.rlHhlH H 'ITO

t = 0,25, tITO 3Ha'IHT:


25% OT BCei%: CYMMbI ,D;OXO.rlOB. CJIe,D;OBareJIbHO, 06W;asI
CYMMa ynJIa'IeHHbIX HaJIOroB, T, 6y,D;eT npe,D;CTaBJIeHa KaK T = t '" Y.
3. BlII'ITHTe HaJIOra (1), ynJIaQeHHWe rp~8MH, H3 ax ,D;OXOJl,OB (l') ,lI,IUI BbI'IIICJIeBBJI
ax pacOOJIaraeMOro Jl,OXOAA. 3KOHOMHCThI 0603HatIalOT pacnoAazaeMblU ooxoi) B aJI
CTaBKa nO.rlOXO,D;HOrO fIaJIOra BhlpaxeHa 'Iepe3

t.

,n;m ynpoweHHH npe,D;

Hl).IIpHMep,

CTaBKa HaJIOra cocTawrneT

re6paHtIeCKOH l0PMYJIe

YD'

BbPIHTaHHe HaJIOroB H3 ,D;OXO,D;OB BhITJIH,D;HT TaK:

YD = Y - T= Y - t"'Y= (1 - t)"'Y.
nOCJIe ~ro KaK nOJIyqHJIH pacnOJIaraeMhlH ,D;OXO.rl, BbI HCnOJIb3yere O'IeHb npocTYIO MO,D;eJIb
)J,IDI BbI'IHCJIeHIDI nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX paCXO.rlOB ,D;OMOX03Hi%:CTB. MO,D;eJIb nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTpe6

JIeHHe,

C, -

no lYHKUIDI pacnOJIaraeMoro ,D;OXO,D;a H naphl ,lJ;pyrHX nepeMeHHbIX,

Co H

c:

C =Co + c"'YD ,
r.rle c -

3TO

npeOeJlbHaR CK./lOHHOCmb" nompe6.lleHulO, HJIH MPC (marginal ptopensity to consume).

OHa BCer,D;a paBHHeTcH 'IHCJIY, HaxoMweMYCH MeX<,lly

0 H 1,

H OTPaxaeT npou;eHT ,D;oxp,D;a, KO

TOPbIH BhI C06paJIHCb nOTpaTHTb, a He coxpaHHTb. HanpHMep, eCJIH c =

0,9,

3TO 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO

H3 Kax.nO~ .rlOJIJIapa 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a, KOTOPblit y Bac OCTaeTCH nOCJIe ynJIaThI HaJIOrOB, BbI
TpaTHTe

90 IIeHTOB.

(OCTaJIbHhle ,D;eCHTb IIeHTOB BhI OTKJIa,llhlBaeTe Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.)

.neitcTBHTeJIbHasI BeJIH'IHHa npe.rleJIbHOH CKJIOHHOCTH K nOTpe6JIeHHIO, c, onpe,D;eJIHeTCH


HH,[l}JBJJ,D;yaJIbHO, y pa3HbIX JIIO,D;eH OHa pa3HasI, H HaxO,D;HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, CKOJIbKO
'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a HM HPaBHTCH OTKJIa,llbIBaTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee. Ho 'ITO 03Ha'iaeT

Co? 3To

roBOpHT 0

TOM, CKOJIbKO JIIO,D;H nOTpe6JIHIOT, ,D;axe eCJIH B 3TOM ro,D;y OHH HMelOT HYJIeBOH pacnOJIarae

~ ,D;OXO.ll. (ECJIH BhI npe,D;nOJIOXHTe, tITO


CTBO COKpawaeTCH.110

C = Co.)

YD = 0 B

ypaBHeHHH

C = Co + c"'YD ,

TO 3TO paBeH

Ho oTKY,D;a nocTYIUJT .lleHbrH.nIDI TOro, 'lT06bI ITJIaTHTb 3a

Co>

eCJIH y Bac HYJIeBoi%: pacnOJIaraeMbIit .llOXO.ll? OHH nocTYITHT H3 BawHX JIHtIHbIX c6epexeHHit,
KOTophle BhI C06paJIH B TeqeHHe npe,D;bI,D;yw:HX JIeT.

78

'ISCT" II. MsKposKoHoMHKs -

HSyKS

06 SKOHOMHtfeCICOM poeTe H CTs6HR"HOCTH

/I
\

C = Co C*YD 03HaqaeT, 'ITO o6maH CYMMa BaUIHX paCXO,IIOB B


3KOHOMHKe 6Y,lIeT 03HaqaTb BaW xpHmecJOdt ypOBeHb norpe6JIeHHH CO(COOTBeT

B :QeJIOM paBeHCTBO

cTByIDmHA HYJIeBOMy ,lIOXO,IIy) nJIIOC qaCTb BaWerO qHCTOrO ,IIOXO,IIa, BbIpaxeHHYJO


B BH,lIe C*YD.

B OCTaBWeAcR qaCTH 3ToA KHHrH $I npe,IInOJIaraIO, 'ITO paBeHCTBO C = Co


C*YD - ,lIOC
TaTOqHO XOpOWaH MO,IIeJJb TOro, KaK B 3KOHOMlfKe Onpe,IIeJIRIOTCH paCXO,IIbI Ha norpe6JIeHHe
.OHa He TO~O OTPaJKaeT ,lIeACTBHTeJIbHOCTb, HO nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTPe6JIeHHe coxpamaeTCH
H3-3a BbICOIOfX HaJIOrOBbIX CTaBOK H H3-3a TOro, 'ITO JIIO,lIH npHHHMaIOT pa3HbIe peweHHH 0
TOM, CKOJIbKO pacnOJIaraeMOro ,lIOXO,IIa COXpaHHTb HJIH nOTPaTHTb. 31'0 paBeHCTBO n03BOJIR
eT MHe aHaJIH3HpOBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI nOJIHTHKH, MeHHIOmeA HaJIOrOBbIe CTaBIOf, H pe3YJIbTa
TbI ,lIpyrHX nOJIHTHK, noompHIOmHX JIIO,lIeA TPaTlfTb 60JIbWyIO HJIH MeHbWYIO qaCTb CBOHX
,lIOXO,IIOB.

1- MHBeCTMI.4MM B OCHOBHOM KanMTan


I1HBecTH:QHH XH3HeHHO He06xo,IIHMbI, nOTOMY 'ITO cnoc06HOCTb 3KOHOMHKH npOH3BO
,lIHTb 3aBHCHT OT TOro, KaKHM KanHTaJIOM pacnOJIaraIOT npOMbIWJIeHHHKH ,IIJIR TOro, qT06bI
npOH3BeCTH npO.IIYKUHIO. 3anac KanHTaJIa YBeJIlfqHBaeTCH, Kor,IIa <pHPMbI nOKYnaioT HOBbIe
HHCTPYMeHTbI, 3,IIaHHH, MaIIIHHbI, KOMnbIOTepbI H T.,II., ,IIJIR TOro qT06bI nOMOqb npOH3BO,IIHTb
nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHe TOBapbI. I1HBecTH:QHH -

3T0 nOTOK,

KOTOP~ YBeJIHqHBaeT

OCHOBHOH Ka

nHTaJI 3KOHOMHKH.
Ho, 6e3YCJIOBHO, Cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa H3HaWHBaIOTCH BO BpeMR HCnOJIb30BaHHH. qaCTb
HX nopTHTCH. qacTb JIOMaeTCH. qacTb BbI6paCbIBaeTCH 3a HeHa,lI06HOCTbIO, nOCKOJIbKY HeH3
6e)KH0 yCTapeBaeT. Bce 3TH npO:QeCCbI, KOTopble YMeHbwaIOT OCHOBHOit KanlITaJI, 3KOHOMH
CTbI Ha3b1BaIOT U3HOCOM OCH06HOZO KanUmaAa.
ECTeCTBeHHO, <pHPMbI ,lIOJDKHbl ,lIeJIaTb HeKOTopbIe HHBecm:QHH ,IIJIR Toro, qro6b1 33MeHHTb
H3HoweHHble cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa. Ho KaX,lIaH HHBecm:QHH CBepx H3Hoca npHBO,IIHT K 06
meMy YBeJIlfqeHHIO OCHOBHOro KanHTaJIa, C03,IIaBaH nOTeH:QHaJIbHyro B03MO)KHOCTb npoH3BO,II
CTBa 60JIbWerO KOJIlfqeCTBa nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX TOBapOB.

ITOTOK HHBecTH:QHit, H3pacx<5,IIOBaHHbIx B onpe,IIeJIeHHbIH npOMe:lKYTOK BpeMe- .


HH, 3aBHCHT OT COnOCTaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe <pHPMbI ,lIeJIaIOT Me:lK,lIy nOTeHUHaJIbHOH
BbIrO,IIOH H CTOHMOCTbIO npH06peTeHHOrO OCHOBHoro KanHTaJIa. IToTeH:QHaJIbHaH
BbIrO,IIa H3MepHeTcH B e,IIHHH:Qax nOTeHUHaJIbHOH npH6bIJ1H, a CTOHMOCTb npH06
peTeHHH H3MepHeTCH npOueHTHOH cTaBKoA, 6e3OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, 6paJIa HJIH He
6paJIa <PHPMa CCY.IIY ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa.

IToqeMy npOueHTHaH CTaBKa TaK MHoro 3HaqHT? ECTeCTBeHHO, eCJIH q>HpMa Hy:lKLlaeTCH B
cCY,IIe ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHble CTaBKH ,lIeJIaIOT npouecc 33
HMCTBOBaHHH ,lIeHer MeHee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblM, nOToMy 'ITO BbIllJIaTbI no cCy,IIe 6y.IIYT O'leHb
BbICOKHMH. TeM He MeHee, ,lIaJKe eCJIH <pHpMa HMeeT Ha PYKax ,lIOCTaTOqHO HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH
nOKYllKH ,lIaHHOro cpe,IICTBa npOlf3BO,IICTBa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBIOf 33CTaBJIHIOT
<pHpMy BbI6HpaTb Me:lK,lIy HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3THX HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH nOKYllKH 060pY,IIOBaHHH H
B03MO)KHOCTbIO HX O,IIOJlXHTb KOMy-TO. Cne,IIOBaTeJIbHO, 60JIee BbICOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaB
KH npenHTCTByIDT HHBeCmUHRM, 6e30THOCHTeJIbHO TOro, ,lIOJI)KHbI <PHPMbI 33HHMaTb cpe,IICTBa

,IIJIR ,lIaHHbIX BJIO:lKeHHil: KanHTaJIa HJIH HeT. (eM. rnaBy

2,

OHa nOMoraeT nOHHTb, noqeMy 60JIee

BbICOIOfe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBKH YBeJIlfqHBaIOT CTOHMOCTb B03MO)KHOCTH HHBecmpOBaHHH.)

rnasa 4. MaKp03KOHOltfH'IecKHe nOKa3arenH...

79

3KOHOMHCTbI npe,l(CTaBJUlIOT 06'beM HHBeCrnUHOHHbIX pacXO.n.OB, KOTOpbIe l>HpMbI cTPe


MHTClI c.n.eJIaTb,

I,

r,

KaK l>YHKUHIO npOueHTHOH cTaBKH,

KOTOPlUl BblpaJKeHa B npoueHTax.

PaBeHcTBo, KOTopoe H npHBoxy 3.n.eCb, 06menpHHHTo B yqe6HHKax. no MaKp03KoHoMHKe


(XOTlI 0603HaqeHHH B pa3HbIX KHHrax BaPbHPyJOTCH):

1= 10 - I,""r.
3To

paBeHCTBO, no cynt:, nOXO:lKe Ha paBeHCTBO nOTPe6JIeHHH, npHBe.n.eHHoe B npe.zu,my

meM pa3,ll.eJIe, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM 3HaKa "MHHYC", KOTOPbIH 03HaqaeT, 'ITO Kor.n.a npoueHTHlUI

I na.n.aeT.
I, nOKa3bIBaeT,

CTaBKa nOBbIwaeTCH,
Ko3l>l>HUHeHT

HaCKOJIbKO na.n.aeT

B cYIIIeCTByJOmeH 3KOHOMHKe B KaJK

.n.OM OT.n.eJIbHOM CJIyqae nOBbIweHHH npOueHTHOH CTaBKH. npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO


Ha O.n.HH "YHKT. eJIH

I"

CKaJKeM, paBeH

10 MJIP.n. .n.0JIJI.,

r nOBbICHJIaCb

BbI 3HaeTe, 'ITO KIDK,lI.bIH

"YHKT YBe

JIH'IeHHH npoueHTHbIX CTaBOK npHBe.n.eT K YMeHbweHHIO HHBeCTH:QHH Ha lOMJIP.n. .n.0JIJI.


napaMeTP

10 nOKa3bIBaeT,

CKOJIbKO HHBecrnUHH 6y.n.eT HMeTb MeCTO, eCJIH npoueHTHlUI

CTaBKa paBHa HYJIIO. no npaB.n.e roBOpH, npoueHTHble CTaBKH HHKor.n.a He OnycKalOTCH .n.o HY':'
JIeBOH OTMeTKH, HO npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO TaK npoH30illJIO. Tor.n.a BTOpoe 3HaqeHHe B ypaBHeHHH
6Y.n.eT paBHO HYJIIO, H Y BaC nOJIyqHTCH

1= I{)o

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