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ypoBHIO MaTepHaJIbHblX JanaCOB, qeM ,IlllHHbIM 0 BBI1 Ja nOCJIe,ll,HllH KBapTaJI.
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CTbI Ha3b1BaIOT U3HOCOM OCH06HOZO KanUmaAa.
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112
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40
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Topoe BpeMll, HO KOf));a OHH C));eJIaIOT 3TO, 3KOHOMHKa CHOM 6y));eT npOH3BO));HTb
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MHKa 6y));eT CHOBa npOH3BO));HTb npoJlYKT, COOTBeTCTBYIOIUHA nOJIHoA 3aHllTOCTH,
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114
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rrpOH3BO.lJ;CTBa: 06'beM rrpo.uyK'fa YMeHbmaeTCH, a 6e3pa6o'rnua paCTeT.
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116
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2001
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8 pe3Yl1bTaTe u,eHbI
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117
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qTO eCTh Macca 6e3pa60THhIx. 8TOT BhICOKHH ypOBeHb 6e3pa60THUhI npHBO)l,HT K YMeHblIIe
HHIO 3apa60THoH nJIaThI. ITOCKOJIbKy 3apa6oTHaJI ImaTa CHmKaeTCH, pacxo)l,hI <PHPM TaJQlCe co
KpamaIOTCH, n03BOJIHH HM YMeHblIIHTh ueHbl, )l,JIH TOro qTOOhI npHBJIeqb 60JIblIIee KOJIHqeCTBO
nOTPe6HTeJIeit.
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C. B TaKHX
00 3THM np~HaM HaM HyxHO B~HCJIHTb, qro BJIHHeT Ha cnoc06HocTb ueH 6hICTPO Me
HHTbCH. CaMaJI rnaBHaH npHqHHa xeCTKocrn ueH -
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6.5,
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yna,nyr H
BepHYT ee K
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peaJIbHOM MHpe ueHhI )l,eHCTBHTeJIbHO MeMeHHO MeHHIOTCH HJIH, KaK JII06HT rOBO
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II.
MBKP03KOHOMlfKB - HBYKB
3TY Mepy, ,naxe eCJIH IPHpMa repJIeT ,neHbrn H ,nOJDKHa cOKPamaTb 3aTPaTbI.
70%
OT CYMMbI COBOKYTI
HhIX H3.ZJ;epxeK COCTaBJIJIIOT 3aTPaTbI Ha OllJIaTY TPy,na, HBJIHlOmHeCH HBHOH MHIIIeHblO .nJI}l co
KpameHHit.
Ho PYKOBO,nHTeJIH IPHPMhI OC03HalOT, qro eCJIH OHH CHH3HT 3apa6oTHyK) llJIaTY, pa60'IHe
pa303JI}lTCH H 6y.nyr pa60TaTb MeHee ycep,nHO. <l>aKTH'IeCKH npo,nYKTHBHOCTb MoxeT ynacTb
HaCTOJIbKO, ~o COKPameHHe 3apa6oTHOH llJIaThl MoxeT npHBecTH K yxy,nIIleHHIO CHTYaUHH C
,noxo,naMH IPHPMbI: BhlPa60TKa MoxeT ynacTb HaCTOJIbKO, ~o ,nOXO.ZJ;hl OT npo,nax YMeHbIIlaTCH
6OJIbIIle, 'IeM COKPaT}lTCH 3aTPaThl Ha OllJIaTY TPY,na. II03TOMy COKPameHHe 3apa6OTHoit llJIaTbI
HeJIb3H C'IHTaTb nO-HacTOHmeMy XOppIIIHM peIIleHHeM np06JIeMhI.
l'ITaK,
BO CBOHX pa60THHKoB .nJIH TOm, ~bI COKPaTHTb 3aTPaTbI Ha OllJIaTY TPy,na. HanpHMep, eCJIH
ypOBeHb npo,nax CHH3HJICH Ha
40%,
40%
~ 3Ha'IHT, qro Hy)KHO rapaHTHpoBaTb CHTYauHlO, Kor,na ueHa 3a e,nHHHUY TOBapa, KOTOPYJO
70%
3TO caMM 60JIbIIlaH 'IaCTb 3aTPaT 60JIbIIlHHCTBa IPHPM (IPaKTH'IeCKH OHa COCTaBJIHeT
THTb 3apa6OTHyK> llJIaTY H3-3a 60H3HH CHIDKeHHH npO,nYKTHBHOCm, OHa TaKJKe He MO:lKeT B
119
Ii .... /
~
..
;'
lITO BCC 3T0 03HaqaCT? KorJJ;a cnpoc CHJt)I{aCTCR, IICHbI 06bIqHO OCTaIOTCR B.bICO
KHMH, HCCMOTpR Ha TOT IPaKT, 'ITO cnpoc Ha 3KOHOMHqCCKHH npO.lJYKT CHlt3ltJICR.
3TO npmltHa TOro,
B Ha
pHC.
6.5
~O
B TOqtey
HbIH, a ::ITO 3HaqHT, 'ITO OTpHIIaTeJlbHblH 1II0K cnpoca MoxeT npHBeCTH K 3aTRXHOH peIICCCltH.
H IPHCKaJIb
HbIH CTHMYJIbl JJ:JIR PCIIICHHR np06JICMbI XCCTKOCTH IICH nyreM nOBbllllCHHR COBOteynHoro
cnpoca. CCH'lac $I xoqy 06pHCOBaTb BKpamc, KaK 3T0 npOHCXOJJ;HT.
IIpeJJ;cTaBbTe, 'ITO nOCJIe TOro, KaK H306paxCHHbIH Ha pHC.
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ADo-
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npaBHTeJIbCTBO HC. BMcIIIHBaeTcR? B TaKHX CJIyqaRX IICHbI co BpeMCHCM naJJ;aIOT, nOToMy 'ITO
3aTpaTbI Ha npOH3BOJJ;CTBO TOxe CO BpeMCHCM CHJt)I{aIOTCR.
KaK
B,
3apa6OT
HaR ITJIaTIl CO BpCMCHCM CHJt)I{aCTCR H3-3a 6oJIblllOro 'IHCJla 6c3pa60THbIX. HeKOTopble IPHPMbl
HaHHMaIOT 6c3pa6OTHblx Ha 60JICC HH3KyIO 3apnrraTY, 'ITO COKpamaCT paCXOJJ;bI IPHPMbI; 3TO
3HaqHT, 'ITO OHH MOryr npOJJ;aBaTb CBOH TOBapbIltJIH ycJIyrH JJ;cIIICBJIe JJ;PyrltX IPHpM, KOTOpbIC
yJJ;Cp)l{JtBaIOT ypoBCHb 3apa60THOH ITJIaTbI CBOHX pa60'lltx Ha npeXHeM ypOBHC. Co BpCMCHeM
nOJJ;06HaR CHTYaultR npHBOJJ;HT K TOMY, 'ITO BCC IPHPMbl cOKpaIIIaIOT 3apa60~ ITJIary.
,[(pyrltC paCXOJJ;bI TaKXC COKpamaIOTCR. 3'1'0 npOHCXOJJ;HT nOTOMY, ~O BO BpeMR KpH3HCa,
Kor.n:a 06beM npOH3BCJJ;CHHOro npo.lJYKTa OqCHb CltJIbHO YMCHblllaCTCR, MHorHe cpeJJ;CTBa npo
H3BOJJ;CTBa HC HCnOJIb3yIOTCR. IIpOCTIlHBaIOT 3aBOJJ;bI H rpY30BbIC aBToIPyproHbI, BarOHbI It KO
paMH. ECTh 60JIbllloe KOJImCCTBO HCHCnOJIb3YCMbIX JICCOMarepHaJIOB, XCJIe3HOH PYJJ;bI,
HCl1>~
reM, qT06bl nOCTapaTbCR n06blCTpCC npoJJ;aTb HX. IIoCKOJIbtey UCHbl naJJ;aIOT, 3aTpaTbI IPHPM
120
Ifacrb II.
MaKp03KOHOMHKB - HayKa
TO)Ke YMeHbllIaIOTCR, H TaKJfM 06pa30M <l>HpMbI CHIDKalOT npO)).a)KHbIe ueHbl Ha CBOI{ TOBap.
11,
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qaTJIeHHe, qTO H)l.eH, H3JlO)KeHHble B HeM, He 6bIJIH, TaK CKa3aTb, peBOJIIOUHOHHbIMH, HO rrOBepbTe MHe: npOHHuaTeJIbHOCTb Kel{HCa COBepllIeHHO H3MeHHJIa no)l.Xo)).
K H3yqeHHIO 3KOHOMHKlf.
BeAu/UlJl iJenpeccUJI -
CKOJIbKO nJIOXO IlIJIH Tor,n:a )).eJIa B 3KOHOMHKe. ,[J;aBal{Te cpaBHHM. HOPMaJIbHbIl{ 3KOHOMH
qeCKJf1:l: crra)]. Ha3bIBaeTCR pe~eccueu. DoJIee fJIy60KJfl{ H cepbe3HbII{ crra)]. Ha3bIBaeTCR
cueu.
iJenpec
Ho TO, qro npOHCXO)).HJIO B Coe)).HHeHHbIx IIITaTax B 30-e ro)).bI rrpoIIIJIoro BeKa, 6bIJIO
BeJ/uKou iJenpeccueu,
qT06bI caMO
,[(mI:
C )l.pyrHMH rrepHo)).aMH crra)].a, B3rJIRHHTe Ha Ta6JI. 6.1, KOropWl co)).ep:lKHT )).aHHble 0 KaX<:)l.OI{
H3 ceMH peueCCHI{, HcrrbITaHHbIX ~llIA HaqHHWI C 1960 ro)).a, a Ha rrepBOM MeCTe -
)).aHHbIe,
Ha... ano
KOHel.l
AnMTenbHQCTb
(B MecRI.I8X)
M3MeHeHMR
DpeanbHoM BBn (%)
ABrycr 1929
Mapr 1933
43
24,9
-28,8
Anpenb 1960
C1>eBpanb 1961
10
6,7
2,3
AeK86pb 1969
Hml6pb 1970
11
5,9
0,1
H01l6pb 1973
Mapr 1975
16
8,5
1,1
~HBaPb 1980
I1101lb 1980
7,6
-0,3
I1IOHb 1981
H01l6pb 1982
16
9,7
-2,1
I1IOHb 1990
Mapr 1991
7,5
-0,9
Mapr 2001
H01l6pb 2001
6,0
0,5
121
B Ha'l8J1e
Ha Ta6n.
6.1,
1960),
peanbHbI~
BBn
NBER
K ow,yw,eHI1IO TOro,
I13BOACTsa He n8A8eT.
3a~AI1Te Ha Web-ca'1T
IOTCR pelleCCHRMI1?
MHorl1e c!>aKTOpbl BXOART B onpeAeneHl1e
NBER no SAPecy
TaM HaxOAI1TCR 60nbWe
'IeCKI1X I1ccne.o.osaHI1~
T1eHHH pelleCCI1I1.
(NBER) B KeM6PHAlKe,
NBER 06bRBnReT 0
Hacryn
KaK BhI MOXere BH,D;eTb, BeJIHKaJI .llenpeCCIDI 6h1JIa HaMHOro, HaMHOro xyxe mo6oA .llpyroA
06bNHOA peueCCHH. npHMepHO
25%
Haqll.!lbHhlA cnll.ll npoH3BO.llCTBa .llJlHJICg npHMepHO B qeThIPe pa3B .llOJIbWe, qeM 1O,7-MecK<I
Hhle (B cpe.llHeM)peueCCHH, B03HHKaBWHe B
Bpe~
5)
BBll -
BBll.
2-3%.
npo.!lYKTB.
28,8%!
KOro 9KOHOMHlIeCKoro Cnll.llB H Y3HaTh OTBeT Ha Bonpoc: 'ITO MOrJIO 6h1 npe.llYIlpe.llHTb no.ll06
Hoe onyCTOweHHe?
122
. 'Iacn. II.
AfalCp03lCOHoMlflCa - HaylCs
cTa61U1ltHOCTH
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H qTO OHO -
MHOIO B )J;aHHoii KHHre, cnopOB He Bbl3blBaeT. IT03HaKoMHBIIIHCb C HeIO, Bbl noiiMeTe, KaK
3KOHOMHKa npHXO,llHT Kpa6H06ecUiO -
6.4.
Yo)J;o
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Yj,
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CJIYXGITb CHrHaJIOM
K )J;eiiCTBHIO.
ECJIH 6bI ueHbl nO,llHHMaJIHCb, <pHpMa 3HaJIa 6bI, 'ITO ee llpo)J;YKUHH nonyJIHp
Ha H qTO HYXHO YBeJI~Tb 06'beM np0!'l3BO)J;CTBa
./
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CnpOCOM, n03TOMY HYXHO cOKpaTHTb 06'beM npOH3BO)J;CTBa (a MoxeT, H 0006
me nepeiiTH Ha )J;pyroii BH,ll )J;eHTeJIbHOCTH!).
O)J;HaKo B CHTYaUHH HaJI~HH B 3KOHOMHKe xeCTKHX ueH <pHpMaM H)')KeH KaKoii-TO )J;py
roii cnoc06 peIIIeHHH, yaeJIHqHBaTb HJIH COKpamaTb npoH3Bo)J;CTBO. KeiiHc nepBblM nOHHJI,
qro PYKOBOlUlIUHMH CHJIaMH B )J;aHHOM cnyqae 6y.llYT H3MeHeHHH 3anaCOB MarepHaJIbHbIX 060
pOTHbIX Cpe)J;CTB.
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HanpHMep, eCJIH HOBbIii 061>eM npOH3BO.llCTBa paBeH ypoBHIO HOBbIX npO)J;ax, ypOBeHb 3ana
COB MarepHaJIbHbIX o60pOTHbIX cpe)J;cTB OCTaeTCH npeXHHM. ECJIH HOBbIii o6'beM npOH3BO)J;CT
Ba npeBbIIIIaeT ypoBeHb HOBbIX npO)J;ax, ypoBeHb MaTepHaJIbHbIX 3anaCOB nOBbIIIIaeTCH.
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Y=C+I+G+NX
4):
(6.2)
125
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126
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45
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129
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HanpHMep, eCJIH H MOry npo,ll;aTb Jl6JIOKH no J ,lI;OJIJI. 3a IlITyKy H npO.lIaJI B 06IlleD CYMMe
37 H6JIOK, MoD COBOKYITHbIit ,noxo,ll; cocTa.BIDIeT,37 ,lI;OJIJI.
Ho 3aMeTl>Te, 'ITO nOCKOJIbKy ueHa, no KoropoD H MOry np0.lIaTb
npOH3BO.n;HTb.
BOJIbWHHCTBO nOCJIe.nyIOIllHX pa3,ll;eJIOB 3ToD rnaBbI nOCBHmeHo ,lI;eMoHcTP~HH TOro, 'Iro
cOBoJCYIIHbIe H3,lI;ep)({KH lPHpMbI,
Te,
q.
Ho HHTepeCHO :meCb
q,
1.
_ no ueHe 1 ,nOJIJI. 3a IlITYKy. CTOHMOCTb npoH3Bo,nCTBa nepBoro H6JIOKa COCTaBJIH
~.
10
lJ,eHTOB, BTOporo -
20
lJ,eHTOB, TPeTbero -
30 ueHTOB H T.,n.
DOTOMY,
B 3TOM
cJIY'lae
'Iro 3a KaJK,lJ,oe
H3 nepBbIX ,lI;eBHTH H6JIOK H nonyqy npH6hIJIb, a H6JIOKO HOMep .n;eCHTb (npOH3BO,nCTBO KOTOporo 060~eTCH B
1 ,nOJIJI.)
Ka. ECJIH H npoH3Be.ny eme 3HHoe XOJIHHeCTBO H6JIOK, TO Ha'IHy TepneTb y6bITKH.
(Ce6ecTOHMOCTb H6JIOKa HOMep
11,
K npHMepy, COCTaBHT
1,10
,nOJIJI., HO eCJIH H
TR,
TaK H
TC
B ypaBHeHHH npH
E,nHHcTBeHHo, 'ITO OCTaJIOCb onpe,neJIHTb, 3TO TO'IHaH BeJIWUma q,nJIH MaKCHMH3aUHH npH
6hIJIH. OKa3bIBaeTcH, eCTb ,no CMeWHoro npOCTaH lPoPMYJIa, C nOMoIllbIO KOTOpoD BbI CMoxe
Te.npHHHTb npaBHJIbHOe peweHHe. By,nbTe BHHMaTeJIbHbI, nOTOMY'ITO BbI MoxeTe nOJIytIHTb
npH6hIJIb... OT tITeHIDI 3ToD rJIaBhl!
Ho nepe,n TeM, KaK H npe,nCTaBJIIO 3Ty lPOPMYJIY, Hy)KH0 npOHCHHTb rnaBHbIH HCTO'IHHK
OWH6KH, BbI3bIBaeMo}l TeM lPaKTOM, 'ITO Kor,na 3KOHOMHCThI npOH3HOCHT CJIOBO
npu6bU1b, OHH
nO,lJ;pa3YMeBaIOT no,n 3THM He'ITO HeMHoro OTJIHtIHOe OT Toro, 'ITO no,npa3YMeBaIOT no,n 3THM
06hI'IHbIe JIIO.n;H.
3KOHOMHCTa TepMHHbI
npu6bU1b
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6H3Heca 60JIbIlIe HJIH MeHbIlIe, 'IeM npOH3Be,neHHbIe 3aTPaTbI. ECJIH ,nOXO,nbI npeBbICHJIH 3a
207
1paThl, roBOpHT 0 nOllJ"leHUU npu6blJlu, TOfna KaK eCJrn paCXO,llhI rrpeBhICKJIH ,llOXO,llbI, pe'lb H,lleT
o HeCeHUU y6blmIC08. ECJIH ,llOXO,llhI paBHhI 3aTPaTaM, 3'1'0 roBOpHT 06 Yp08He 6e3y6blmO'lHOcmu.
O,llHaKO ,llaJIbilie Bce YCJIO)K}{HeTCH, rrOCKOJIbKY 6yxraJITephI H 3KOHOMHCThI, ,llOfOBOpHB
IIIHCb 0 TOM, 'ITO cqHTaTh ,llOXO,llaMH, KaP,llHHaJIbHO paCXtl,llHTCH B OlleHKaX 3a1paT.
9 ThIC.
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C,lleJIaeT BhIBO,ll, qTO lPHpMa rrOJIY'lHJIa npH6hIJIb B 1000 ,llOJIJl. 3Ta IlHlPpa
6yxeQ./lmepclCaR npU6b1Jlb o~eTax H
faJeTHbIX CTIlThHX
2,
CTOHMOCTh B03MO:lKHOCTH -
JaTbCH C TeM, qT06hI 'ITO-TO C,lleJIaTh. BCrrOMHHTe 0 npe,llrrpHHHMaTeJIe, KOTOPbIH HaqaJI 3TOT
JIHMOHa,llHhIH 6H3Hec. IlocJIe OIVIaThI ChIpbH H BbIIIJIaThI JapIIJIaThI pa60qHM ero 6yxraJITep
CKajI rrpH6bIDb COCTaBHJIa 1000 ,llOJIJI. Ho TIlK Jrn 3TO XOPOiliO B ,lleHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH?
Ilpe,llrroJIO)I{HM, qTO 3TOT qeJIOBeK OCTaBHJI pa60-ry rrporpaMMHCTa )llliI TOro, qT06hI Ha
qaTh JIHMOHa,llHhIH 6H3Hec, H 3a TO BpeMH, KOTOpoe ymJIO Y Hero Ha rrOJIY'IeHHe rrpH6bIJIH B
1000,llOJIJI. B JIHMOHa,llHOM 6H3Hece, OH 6hI rrOJIY'lHJI 10 TbIC. ,llOJIJI. B BH,lle 3apIIJIaThI, eCJIH
6hI OCTaJICH Ha cTapoH pa60Te. 3TO 3HaQHT, qTO OH OTKa3aJICH OT B03MO:lKHOCTH 3apa60TIlTh
10 ThlC. ,llOJIJI. B BH,lle JapIIJIaTbl )lJIH TOro, QT06hI JaHHTbCH 6H3HecoM, rrpHHocHuJ;HM eMY Bee
ro JIHilib 1000 ,llOJIJI. 6yxranrepCKOH rrpH6hIJIH, B ,lleil:CTBHTeJIbHOCTH OH rrOHec 3ICOHOMUlteCICUe
y6blmICU B cyMMe
208
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Ill.
yBH,D,eJIH npH6LIJIb HJIH y6bITOK, C'lHTam-e, 'ITO 3TO 3KOHOMH1IeCKaH npH6bIJIb HJIH 3KOHOMH
tIeCKHH yfibITOK -
'ITO-TO JJ;enaTb.
CaMoe rJIClImoe B 3Toit KOHuenu:HH -
3KOHOMHtIeCKHM yfibITKaM,
AJtQ.,i,U3
)J,JI.lI Toro 'IT06bI yBH,D,eTb, KaK B3aHMOJJ;eHCTByIOT 3aTpaTbI H JJ;OXOJJ;bI JJ;JI.lI onpeJJ;eJIeHH.lI
3KOHOMH'IeCKOH npH6LIJIH HJIH y6b1TKOB, 3KOHOMHCTbI paJ6HBaIOT COBOKYIIHbI~ H3JJ;ep)I{KH
npeMPH.llTH.ll Ha JJ;Be nOJJ;KareropHH
./ IIepeMeHHble U30epJICKU -
npo
TC=Fe
@j
Fe,
a nepeMeHHble -
+ VC.
(10.3),
KaK
l'C.
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(10.3)
209
i
j
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~M~
B Ha'laJIe
3a 100 )];OJIJI. ..
B nepBoD KO
npeOeJlbHblU npooYKm
BTOpOro pa60'le
Teneph paCCMOTPHM 3TH <paKThl B nepec'IeTe Ha pacxo.nhl H .nOXO)J;bI. ECJIH KIDK,nOMY pa60
'1eMY HYlKHo fiJIaTHTh O)];HHaKoBYIO 3apfiJIaTy no 80.noJIJI. B .neHb (10 .nOJIJI. B'IaC 3a 8 '1aCOB .
pa60ThI), Bhl .nOJDKHhl CMHpHThCH C TeM, 'ITO nepBhID pa60'lHi{ npoH3Bo.nHT 50 6yrhIJIOK 3a
80 )];OJIJI. B .neHh, a BTOpoi{ -
'
Y8eJlU'teHUeM omiJa'tu,
nOClCOJIbKY KO
JI~eCTBO )];oxo.na, no.rryqeHHoro BaMH OT .naHHoD CYMMhI BJIO.>ICeHHD (eme O.nHH pa60'lHH),
YBeJQRHBaeTCH C .n06aBJIeHHeM cJIe,lJ,YJOmeD e.nHHHn;hl BJIO.>ICeHHD. Ho eCJIH BbI BHHMaTeJIbHO
npOCMOTpHTe Bee )];aHHhIe BTOpoD KOJIOHKH, TO 06HapY.>KHTe,'1TO nOCToHHHOro YBeJI~eHIDI
)];OXO)];OB He npOHcxo.nHT.
B HCCJIe.nyeMoM
LemonAid YBeJI~eHHe
OT.na'lH npeKPama
eTCH nO'lTH Cpa3y xe. AaBaDTe nOCMOTPHM, 'ITO npOH30Dil:eT C npO)lyKTOM, KOr)];a BhI HaD
MeTe TPeThero pa60'lero. 06'heM npOH3BO.nHMOD npo.nyKn:HH YBeJIH'lHTCH, HO Bcero JIHWb Ha
80 e,llHHHn;: OT 140 6yrhIJIOK.n0 220 6yrhIJIOK.
11
.neTe HaHHMaTh, TeM xyxe 6yil:YT 06CTORTb )];eJIa. A06aBJIeHHe '1eTBeproro pa60'lero YBeJI~HT
npo):(yKT Bcero Ha
JIHIIIb 60 6yThIJIKaMH.
210
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III.
;;;
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:::a
ClMKCMp088HHble
M3AepDM
BCP8AHeM
nepeMeHHble
M3AeplKKM
nepeMeHHble
M3AepDM
BCpeAHeM
CoBCJKYIIHb18
If3AePllJOll
100
100
50
100
2,00
80
1,60
140
100
0,71
160
220
100
0,45
290
100
Ii
a
I
350
400
440
470
~
Col
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&
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pafiooln
npo.qJItT
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np8Ae1111H1118
BCpe,qHeM
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180
3,60
1,60
1,14
260
1,86
0,89
240
1,09
340
1,55
1,00
0,34
320
1,10
420
1,45
1,14
100
0,29
400
1,14
500
1,43
1,33
100
0,25
480
1,20
580
1,45
1,60
100 .
0,23
560
1,27
660
1,50
2,00
100
0,21
640
1,36
740
1,57
2,67
.lJ.;uI
3,
HO cejiqac H BKpaT
6oJIbIlle,
qeM B,llBOe, rrpeBblCHTb H3HaqaJIbHbie 50, KOTopble CMoxeT npOH3BeCTH O,llHH pa60qHH, eCJIH
6Y,lleT TPYll.HTbCH B O,llHHOqKY.
,llOCTaBKa H MaHHnyAAUHH -
yxe
nOll.eJIeHbl. B ~IlleM c~ae OHCMoxeT nOMOqb ,llB)'M rrepBbIM pa60qHM BbInOJIHHTb HX 06H
3aHHOCTH HeMHoro 6blCTPee. 31'0 CnpaBeAlIHBO H .llJIH Qcex ,llPYJ'HX, HaHHTbIX B ,llaJIbHeallieM
pa60qHX: OHH nOJIe3Hbl, HO KroK.llblit H3 HHX ,ll06aBHT K rrp0.llYKTY MeHbIlle, qeM rrpe,llbI.llYIUHH,
rrOCKOJIbKY pa60qHX CTaHeT CJIHIIIKOM MHOro H BeKOpe .llJIH ,llaJIbHeHIllero COBepIlleHCTBOBaHHH
rrpOH3BOll.CTBa rrOqTH He OCTaHeTCH MeCTa.
LemonAid
Ka)I{,lloro pa6oqero B 80 ,llOJIJI. B ,lleHb. BbI Moxere BH,lleTb B03PacTaHHe 3THX nepeMeHHbIX H3
,llepXeK, eCJIH H3yqHTe ,llaHHble IIHTOH KOJIOHKH Ta6JIHUbl.
~
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nepeMeHHble H3,llepXKH y,llBaHBaIOTCH (OT 80,lloJIJI. ,ll0 160), HO rrpo,llyKT B03pacTaeT 60JIee,
QeM B.llBa pa3a (OT 50 6yrblJIOK,ll0 140).
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B03paCTaTb -
Bbl MoxeTe BH,lleTb 3TO, rrpOCMOTPeB ,llaHHble H3 IllecToit KOJIOHKH Ta6JI. 10.1.
212
HblX 6yTbInOK nHMOHa,ua, TaK qTO CpeilHHe rrepeMeHHbIe H3,ll.ep:lKKH Ha npOH3BOilCTBO OilHOH
. HMeTb orpOMHoe BJIIDIHHe Ha TO, CKonbKO 6yTbInOK 3aXOTHT rrpOH3BeCTH MeHe,lOKepbI 4lHpMbi
C reM, qT06b1 MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb rrpH6bInb CBoeH 4lHpMbI.
4,00
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3,00
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2,00
1,50
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1,00 '
100
0,50 ]
0,00
200
300
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AFC
400
500
6yn.lJ1ICM
P~C.
10.1.
Cpe,qH~e
~3,qep)f(K~
~ cpe,qH~e
(AFt')
B pe3ynbTaTe,
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2 ilOM. 3a 6YTblJIKY
npH rrpOH3BO)lCTBe 50 6yTbInOK C HCrrOnb30BaHHeM TpYJlll O)lHOro pa60'Iero - ilO 0,21 ilOM. 3a
6YTbIJIKY rrpH npOH3BO)lCTBe 470 6yTbInOK C HCrr01lb30BaHHeM Tpy)la BOCbMH pa60'IHX.
:nOH rrpH'IHHe CHIDKaeTCH
OT
e~H'IeHHeM
AFC.. 3arrOMHHTe
10.1, TO nonyqn
213
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(10.3), npHBe.n;eHHOMy
(10.3) Ha q, ro nO~Hre
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BbI MoxeTe
a
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= FC/q + VC/q.
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ynPOCTHTb paBeHCTBO (1004), eCJIH npe.n;CTaBHTe, qro ATC = TC/q, AFC = FC/q,
(10.5)
,/lml roro
10.1,
AVC. BepmKaJIbHoe paccroj{HHe Mexmy
HHMH Ha KaX,lJ;OM OT.n;eJIbHOM ypoBHe npo.n;YKTa paBHO AFC Ha 3TOM ypOBHe npo,lJ;YK'fa. Kor.n;a
BbI nepelt.n;ere OT 60JIee HH3KHX ypoBHell: np0,Il.YKTa ,Il.O 60JIee BblCOKHX, KpHBbIe ATC H AVC
colI:.n;yTcj{, nOCKOJIbKY AFC 6Y,Il.eT CTaHOBHTbCj{ Bce MeHblUe H MeHblUe. ()J.pyrHMH CJIOBaMH,
BepTHKaJlbHOe paccroj{HHe Mexmy KPHBblMH ATC H AVC TaKXe 6Y,Il.eT YMeHblUaTbCj{.)
,/lml Toro qTo6bI YBH,lJ;eTb CnpaBe,Il.JIHBOCTb Broporo YTBepx.n;eHHH, ,Il.aBaHTe CHOBa nOCMOT
pHM Ha m6JI. 10.1. BbI YBH,lJ;HTe, qro Cpe,Il.HHe nepeMeHHble H3,lJ;epXKH ,Il.OCTHraIOT CBOell: MH
qro6bI y6e.n;HTbCj{ B HCTHHHOCTH nepBOro YTBepx.n;eHHH, B3rJIHHHTe Ha pHC.
Ha KOTOpoM KPHBaH
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Ha,lJ; KPHBOII:
pa60qHX H npOH3BO,!J.HTCj{
rutm pa60qHX,
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350 6YTbIJIOK.
220
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tITO BCer,na CTPeMHTCH Y3HaTb MeHe,lOKep <pHPMbI, TaK 3TO KOJ!HqeCTBO,
q,
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H3,nepXKax.
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180 ,nOM. BO BTOPOH, TOr,na KaK rrpo,nYKT YBeJIHqHJICH OT 0 ,nO 50 6yTbillOK, Kor,na <pHpMa
HaJUlJIa rrepBoro pa60qero. LJ;pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, H3.IJ;ep)l(KH B03pOCJIH Ha 80 ,nOM., TOr,na KaK
Ta6JI.
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50 6yTbIJIOK.
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MC,
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(H3MeHeHHe
npeoMb
q).
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BH,neTb, qTO rrpe,neJIbHbIe H3,nepJKKH BHaqaJIe CHH)I(aIOTCH, a BrrOCJIe,nCTBHH pac1)T. 3TO eme
LemonAid ,neMoHcTPH
(ATe)
10.2,
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MC rrpOXO,nHT CKB03b
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2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
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o
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
&yrwnKM
6 ,ZJ;IOHMOB.
./
./
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AmI
e,ZJ;HHHU npo
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MC
npe:llCHHM.
10.2.
140 6YTb1J10K. Ha 3TOM ypoBHe npo)]yKTa MC
MeHbwe, qeM An:' H AVC, a 3TO 3Ha'IHT - An:' H AVC
Bi.I MO)fCeTe YBH,ZJ;eTb Bee 3TH 3lPlPeKTb! B BH,ZJ;e rpalPHKoB, eCJIH nOCMQTPHTe Ha pHC.
Bo-nepBbIX, rorJIHHHTe Ha ypOBeHb npo)]yKTa B
npoH3Be,ZJ;eHHoit CJIe,ZJ;yIOIlleit 6yrblJIKH
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10.2,
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B HH)KHeH 'Iac
MC 60JIbUIe
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6 )J,lOilMOB,
5 <PYTOB
5 <PYTOB 6 ,lUOHMOB,
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BCer)J,a rro.rryqaTb rrpH6"mb. 3To rrpoHCXO)J,HT rro rrpH'IHHe TOro, qyO B cymecT
Be.n;eHO. Kor)J,a TaKoe c.rryqaeTCH, TO .rryqUIee, qTO MoX<eT C)J,eJIaTb <pHpMa, 3TO MH
HHMH3HPOBaTb COOH yfihITKH H Ha,lI,eRTbCH Ha H3MeHeHHe ueHbI. ECJIH ueHa yuana
)J,OCTaTO'lHO HH3KO, .rryqUIe" BCero HeMe,lI)IeHHO 33KpbITb rrpOH3BO)J,CTBO, rrOCKOJIbKY B
nOM c.rryqae <pHpMa_rrOTepHeT TOJIbKO CBOH <pHKCHpoBaHHhIe H3)J,epX<KH. (Pa3HHuY
Me)K)J.y <pHKCHpOBaHHblMH H rrepeMeHHhIMH H3.n;epX<KaMH H 06bHCHHIO B paJ.n;eJIe
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qaJIe paCCMOTpHM 60JIee Y,D;aqHhIlt ~alt -
KaK
MoxeT 3HaqHTb', a MoxeT H He 3HaqHTb, 'ITO <PHPMa nOJIY'IaeT npH6bIJ1b, HO ,D;axe BO BTOpOM
c.rryqae ee y6bITKH He HaCTOJIbKO BeJIHKH, 'lT06hI OCTaHOBHTb npOH3BO,D;CTBO.
cJIytIae, KOr,D;a PbIHOqHlUI ueHa ,D;OCTaTO'lHO BhICOKa AJUI TOro, qT06bI <PHPMa
"
I
q,
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HhIlt ,D;OXO,D; paseH npe,D;eJIbHbIM H3,!l;ep::KKaM
npoI13OO,D;CTBO, rrpH KOTOPOM
MR
(MR
= Me).
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"
.,
MR H MG,
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npeOeAbHblU iJoxoiJ
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C ,D;pyroit
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MC
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B3rJIHHHTe Ha KOJIH'lecTBO
TaJILHOA JIHHHH
P = MR
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= 2 ,D;OJIJI.
H KPHBOA
MC.
q' = 440
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4,00
3,50
3,00
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2,50
&:
2,00 I
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p=MR=2
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1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00 I
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100
,
200
,
300
i '
&'fT1oInKM
500
400
q' =440
TO 'IKe
nepeCe'leHHR Me H MR
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11.1 MO:lKer CKaJaTb BaM TOqHO, KaKoe KOJIH'leCTBO (q) rrpo.nyKTa ,nOJI:lKHO 6bITb rrpo
3To rrOTOMY, qro KPHBbIe crrpoca H rrpe)l)lO:lKeHIDI rr03BOJIHT BaM 6bICTpo CpaBHHTb
H3Be,neHO.
q < 4,
,nOXO
'" ,ll,mI
q = 4 ,nOXO.llbl paBHbI
JaTPaTaM.
q> 4,
3aTPaTbI rrpeBbI
WaIOT ,nOXO,nbl.
3KOHOMHCTbI, rrpoaHaJIH3HpoBaB 31'0, ,neJIaIOT BbIBO,n 0 TOM,qro COll,HaJIbHO OIITHMaJIbHbIH
ypOBeHb rrpo.nyKTa COCTaBJUleT
q = 4,
pacxo,nbl, H1IH rro KPaHHeH Mepe paBHbI HM. lIpoH3Be.wr rrepBble '1eTbIpe e,nHHHUbI rrpo.nyKTa,
06mecTBo rrOJIy'lHT BbIro,nbI H1IH XOTH 6b1 He rrOCTPa,n,aeT OT rrorepb.
@j
KaK BbI MO:lKere BH,neTb, COll,HMbHO OrrTHMMbHbIH YP0BeHb rrpo.nyKTa Bcer,na rro
pa3HTeJIbHO JIerKO orrpe,neJIHTb Ha BCHKOM rpa<l>HKe crrpoca H rrpe)l)lO:lKeHIDl.
3m
rnasa
pWHKIf If KOHqpeHqlf1O
\
233
COUHaJIbHO~OrrTHMaJIbHhI:R:
YPO
BeHb rrpo.uyKTa 6e3 TOro, 'IT06h1 KTO-TO orrpe,neJIeHHhI:R: pyx:OBOJl:HJI HMH, rro,nTaJIKH
BlUI K BepHhlM ,neHCTBIDlM.
llo,nTBep,nHTb 3mT <paKT MO:lKHO CaMhlM rrpOCTemnHM crroco6oM. Bce, 'ITO BaM H}')KHO c,ne
JIaTh, -
3m rrOCMOTpeTb Ha pHC.
11.1
T.e. TaKoe KOJIH'leCTBo, KOTOpoe rr0JIY'iaeTCH, Kor,na PhlHOqHlUI u;eH8 cB060,nHa .nJIH KoppeK
THpOBKH, TaK 'ITO KOJIH'IeCTBO, rrOCTllBJIeHHOe rrpo,naBUaMH, paBHO KOJIH'leCTBy, tpe6yeMOMY
rrOKyfIaTeJIHMH, -
3To
<PYJiKUHH Ha6mo~.
{~
\1.fbJ
HHX B OT,neJIbHOCTH, MhI COBMeCTHM HX, '1T06h1 paCCMOtpeTb rrOHHTHe COBOKyrrHOro H3JIHIIIKa.
(If
rrOJIyqHJIH KaK
3m TOBap, KO
1 MaIIIHHY HJIH
1 JIOIIIMb Him 13
eCJIH BaM OHM HY:lKHhI
57 MaIIIHH,
2,33
~MIf~
IlocMOtpHTe Ha pHC.
11.2,
llJ;e:R:cR KPHBO:R:. BMeCTO 3Toro BhI nOJIyqHTe TO, 'ITO B MaTeMaTHKe Ha3h1BaeTCH
cmyneHlfamou yHKu,ueu. llOHHMaTh ee HMO TaK, 'ITO 3a rrepBYIO KOpOBy JIIO,nH XoTRT lUIaTHTb
900 ,nOM.,
3a BropYIO -
800 ,nOM.,
3a 1peThIO -
700 ,n0JIJl.
H T.,n.
KlOK.UYIO
KOPOBY.
3a nepBYIO KOpOBy JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 900 ,ll.OJIJI. TIOCKOJIbKY PhIHO'lHaH ueHa O,ll.HOH KO
POBhI Bcero 500 ,ll.OJIJI., 3TH IlOKYIlaTeJIH OCTaHYTCR B BhIHrphIIIIe, nOCKOJIbKYOHH CIloc06HhI
npH06pecTH KOpoBy Ha 400 ,ll.0JIJI. ,ll.eIIIeBJIe, 'IeM OHH roTOBhI JaIIJIaTHTb. HrrH, KaK JII06RT 1'0
BOPHTb 3KOHOMHCThI,
3aTeM' Ilepeit.D.eM KO BTOPOH KOpoBe. JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 3a Hee 800 ,ll.OJIJI., HO IlOCKOJIbKY
PhIHO'lHaH ueHa COCTaBJIReT Bcero 500, 3a
900 Aonn.
800
700
~
600
lleHa =500 Aonn.
500
400
300
200
100
3
HOMep KOpOBbi
BbIX KOpOB. (3KOHOMHCThI BCer,ll.a C'IHTaIOT, 'ITO KOr,ll.a "P0,ll.axHaH ueHa paBHa TOH, KOTOPYIO
I'OTOBhI 3aIIJIaTHTb nOTpe6HTeJIH, TO Bce H;J;yT H IlOKYIlaIOT.)
.nmr Toro 'IT06hI BhI'lHCJIHTb H3JlHilieK IloTPe6HTeAA 3a IIITY'IHhIH TOBap THIla KOpoB, HaM
H}')KHO 061.e,ll.HHHTb Bce H3JIHIIIKH, KOTophIe JIIO,ll.H n0JIY'laIOT 3a Ka)({.lJ.YJO e,ll.HHHUY TOBapa,
KOTOpYJO OHH peIIIaIOT KYIlHTb.
nepBYJO KOpOBy, IlJIIOC 300 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a BTOPYJO KOpoBY, IIJIIOC 200 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a TPeTbIO KOpoBy, IlJIIOC
100 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a 'IeTBePTYIO KOpoBy, IIJIIOC 0,ll.0JIJI. 3a
JI
nOKa3hIBaIO
3TY
JIRTYIO KOpoBY).
235
9OOAMJI.
800
700
"'600
500
400
300
200
100
2
HOMep KOpOBbl
goods),
nHTh ,n;ecsl'rylO (COTYIO H T.,n;.) qacTb e,n;HHHu. ,n;eJIHMoro TOBapa, HanpHMep 78,5 axpOB 3eMJIH
HJIH
KpHBble cnpoca .D;JISI ,n;eJIHMblX TOBapOB BblrJUl,lUlT HaMHoro JIY'lIIIe, qeM cTYTIeH'laTaSI
IPYHKI.J.HSI, KOTOPYIO BbI n0JIY'lHJIH ,lI,IDI IUTy'IHbIX TOBapOB. B CaMOM ,n;eJIe KPHBble cnpoca .D;JISI
,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapOB -
.D;JISI ,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapoB y BaC n0JIY'laeTCSI o6JIacTb B BH.D;e TpeyroJIbHHKa, KOTOPaSI pacnOJIa
raeTCSI no,n; KPHBOH cnpoca H Ha,D; PbIHOqHOH u.eHoH. 13bI MoxeTe YBH.D;CTb 3TOT "KJIHH" Ha
pHC.
11.4,
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1 TblC.
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0,5
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8
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II)
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3
2
1
1000
ran110HOB
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6bIJIH npHHHTh. Bbl MOJKeTe paccqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,zurreJlH H MH He,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB,
H MH ,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB -
nocMoTPHTe Ha pHC.
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PblH BaM HYJKHO 3anJIaTHTb nOCTaBIIJ;HKaM MH TOro, qro6bl OHH npe,LJ;OCTaBHJIH BaM COOTBeT
CTBYIOlIJ;ee KOJIH'lecTBO npO.uyJITa. CpaBHHBaH KaJK)J;oe MHHHMaJII>HOe 3HaqeHHe C 60JIee Bbl
COKOH PbIHOqHOH u;eHoit, KOTOPYIO npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJIII ,LJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO nOJl}"IHJIH, npO,LJ;aB CBOit
npo.uyJIT, Bbl MOJKeTe paCCqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJUl. (RaJIee nO,LJ;p06HaH HHPoPMau:HH
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5 ,LJ;OJIJI.
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KaITJIH H3
1 TbIC.
Ha TO, qTO roTOBbI npoH3BO,lIHTb ero Ja MeHblIIyIo CTOHMOCTh, C.JIYXGIT HCTOqHHKOM H3JlHWKa
npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJIH, KOTOPblit npe,LJ;CTaBJIeH ITJIOIIJ;a)J;bIO JaW1pHXoBaHi:lOro TpeyroJIbHHKa.
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10 Aonn.
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COCTaBJIHeT 16 ,llOM.
238
10 Aonn.
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H3nHW8K nOTpeOMT9nR
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e
5
4
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2
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.llmI rrOJIY'Ie
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239
Bce TO, 'ITO MeWaeT cnoc06HocTH phIHKa ,nOCTH'ib PhIHO'IHOro paBHOBeCIDI H npo
H3BeCTH PhIHO'IHOe KOJI~eCTBO, COJq>~aeT COBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK. 3KOHOMHCThI
HaJhIBalOT KOJIH'IeCTBO, Ha KOTOpoe COKPamaeTCR COBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK, nOJIb3Y
SlCb Jq>aCO'IHhIM repMHHOM
3TH
mOJlblCO rocy,napcTBeHHoit
nOJIHTHKoit. Bce, 'ITO cOJq>aw,aeT npo.nyKT, ,neJIaJI ero MeHbWe PhIHO'IHOro KOJI~eCTBa, npH
BO,D;HT K Heo6paTHMhIM norepJIM.
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npe,nCTaBJIeH rpa.pHtleCKH TpeyroJIhHHKOM, 0603Ha'lcHHblM TO'IKaMH
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6bIJIO ,no YCTaHOBJIeHHH ,naHHoro HaJIOra. nOCKOJIbKY Ka)l{AaH e,nHHHIJ.a, KOTOpaH 6bIJIa nDTPe6
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ee npOH3BO,nCTBO, cOKPameHHe npo.nyKTa, KOTOpoe nOCJle,nOBaJIO B pe3YJIbTaTe HaJIOra, 06H3a
TeJIbHO cOKPaTHT COBOKYUHbIA H3JlHWeK H npHBe,neT K He06paTHMbIM nOTepHM.
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no
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+ HaJl02,
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1 ,llOJIJI.
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Bce ewe H}')KHO
10 MJIH.
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JleHHOrO Ha rOBJI,llHHY
(l ,llOJlJl. 3a <l>YHT).
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6,00
5,50
5,00
4,50
10
rrepeMelll,aeTC.lI Ha BeJlH
B Ha KpHBOR S + HOJIOZ.
1 ,ll0JlJl. HaJIOra H
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11.8,
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242
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OHH npocro 6bIJIH nepe.llaHbI rocY.llapcTBy.
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246
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