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'IACTb I. 3KOHOMM'IECKASI TEOPMSI - HAYKA 0 TOM;

KAK nlOAM PEWAIOT npO&nEMY AECSMUMTA

DIaaa 1. nO'IeMY CJIe):Q'eT H3yw1aTb 3KOHOMft1leCK)'IO TOOPHIO
ThaBa 2. IIapo:lKHoe HJIH M~poJKeHoe? H3yw1eHHe noope6HTeJlbCKoro Bbl60pa
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21

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'IACTb II. MAKP03KOHOMMKA - HAYKA 0& 3KOHOMM'IECKOM

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67

DIua 4. MaKpo3KOHOMft1leCKHe nOKa3aTeJIII: KaK 3KOHOMHCTbI CJIe,IUlT 38 aceM

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24

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30

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31

31

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113

114

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119

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230
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253
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16

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26

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27

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28

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34

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36

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37

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npe,ll,rrOJIOJKHM, ~o BbI paCCM:aTPHBaere nnB.. F,lI,e ,lI,BYMH BH,lI,aMH rrpoH:)Be,ll,eHHhIX TOBapOB ..
RBJIRIOTCR CTaJIb H rrlIIeHHua. YcoBepWeHCTBOBaHHe rrpouecca H3roTOBJIeHHR CTaJIH 06R3a
reJIbHO rr03BOJIHT BaM BhIpa60TaTb 60JIbWe CTaJIH H3 BaIIIHX orpaH~eHHbIXpecypcoB, HO HH
KaK He Ol'paJHTCR Ha BblpamHBaHHH rrlIIeHHUhI.

54

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55

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Te IIIIB 06meCTBa B IIeJIOM, -

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56

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57

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npeiJ6apUmeJlbHO 3HaKOMHJIHCb C BBI1. Tenepb npH

IIIJIO BpeMH)I,JIH BaC n0.llPYXHTbCH C BBI1, qTQ6bI Bbl MOrJIH nOHHTb Bce MaJIeHbKHe ceKpeTbI
3TOro nOKaJaTeJIH -

B qaCTHocm, ero COCTaBJIHIOllJ;He qacm H TO, KaK OHH pa6oTaIOT. AHaJIH3,

npe,llCTaBJIeH~B 3TOM pa3,lleJIe, HHTepeCeH H caM no ce6e, HO OH B,llBoitHe nOJIe3eH, nOTOMy

qTQ ,IleJIaeT CTaH,llapTH)'IO KeliHCHaHCKYIO MO,lleJIb MaJq>03KOHOMHKH (0 KOTOPOH H paCCKa3bI

HalO B rJIaDe

6)

nOIDITRee, K TOMy xe BbI HayqHTeCb C Heli npaBHJIbHO 06pamaTbCH.

KeHHCHaHCKaH MO,lleJIb 6bma pa3pa60TaHa B

1936

ro,lly 3KOHOMHCTOM H3 KeM6pH.llXa

)lxOHOM MeHHap)l,OM KeHHcoM, KOTOPYIO OH npe,llCTaBHJI B CBOeli KHHre

mocmu, npol{eHma u oeHet!. 3Ta KHHI'a HMeJIa OrpoMHoe BJIHHHHe -

06w,Q.H meopUR 3aHR

HaCTOJIbKO orpoMHoe, ~O

c.n:eJIaJIa MaKp03KOHOMHKY OT,IleJIbHOA 06JIaCTblO HCCJIe,llOBaHHH.

76

&facrb

II.

MalCp03KOHOMMK8 - H8yK8

06 3KOHOMM'I8CKOM pocre M CTa6MRbHOCTJt

KHHra Ket%.Hca 6h1JIa peaKI.J;Het%. Ha BenHKyIO ,nenpeCCHIO 1930-x rO,nOB. llOCKOJIbKY OH

qyBCTBOBaJI, 'ITO nOJIHTHKa npaBHTeJIbCTBa, HanpaBJIeHHlUI Ha npeO,nOJIeHHe noro 3KOHOMH
'1ecKOro cna.n;a, ,nOJDKHa 6hITb HaueJIeHa Ha YBeJIH'leHHe paCXO,nOB Ha TOBaP~ H YCJIYfH. Ket%.Hc
Ha'IaJI C03,lJ;aBaTb CBOIO MO,neJIb, HCnOJIMYJI ypaBHeHHe, KOTOpOe n03BOJUlJIO paCC'IHTaTb BBll
nyreM CJIOXeHIDl paCXO,nOB.
B pa3,lJ;eJIe "qTO yqHTbIBaeTCH B BBll" BbIllie B 3TOt%. maBe, H 06'bHCHHIO, 'ITO BbI MOXe
re paCC'IHTaTb BBll KaK nyTeM CJIOXeHHH BCeX paCXO,nOB, nOTPa'IeHHbIX a npH06pereHHe
TOBapOB H

ycnyr,

YaK H CJIOXeHHeM BCeX ,nOXO,nOB, KOTOpble nOJIyqaIOTCH B pe3YJIbTare npO

H3BO,nCTBa TOBapoB H ycnyr. 06a pe3YJIbTaYa ,nOJIXHbI 6bITb paBHbIMH. TaKHM 06paJOM, 3TO
nepeKJIIO'IeHHe Ha MeTO,n no,nC'IeTa paCXO,nOB ,ZJ;JIH BbI'IHCJIeHHH BBll nOJIHOCTbIO onpaB,ZJ;aHo.

(3To

TaKXe OTJIH'lHlUI B03MOXHOCTb,ll)lH BaC nOHHTb 3KOHOMHKY C n03HUHt%. TOro, KTO TPaTHT

,neHbrH, a He TOro, KTO HX 3apa6aTbIBaeT.)

QT06bI nocTpoHTb ypaBHeHHe BBll C TO'IKH 3peHHH paCXO,nOB, He06xo,nHMO CJIOXHTb '1e
Tblpe TPa.n;HUHOHHbIe rpynnbI pacxo,nOB HbIe pacxo,nbI

(G)

noopeMeHHe

H 'IHCTbItt 06'beM 3KcnOPTa

(NX) -

(C),

HHBeCTHIJ;HH

(1),

rocy,napCTBeH

H npHpaBHHTb nOJIyqeHHYIO CYMMY K

CTOHMOCm(B TOH BaJIIOre, KOTOplUl,neHCTByeT B onpe,neJIeHHOH CTPaHe) BCex TOBapoB H

Ore'leCTBeHHoro npoH3Bo,nCTBa B ,naHHbIH nepHO,n, HJIH BBll

(Y).

ycnyr

B aJIre6paH'leCKOt%. lPopMe

paBeHCTBO BbIrJIH,ZJ;HT CJIe.nyIOIIJ;HM 06PaJOM;

Y=C+I+G+NX
XOTH CJIe.nyIOIIJ;He pa3,neJIbI co,nepxaT 60JIee ,neTaJIbHOe onHcaHHe, H npe,nOCTaBJIlO BaM
B03MOXHOCTb KOpoTKO 03HaKOMHTbCH C 'IeTbIpbMH BH,naMH pacxo,nOB, KOTOpble CYMMHpyIOTCH
BBBn.

./ C

OlBa..aeT pacxo~ Ba narpeC)JleHHe, npOH3Be,neHHbIe ,nOMOx03HHCTBaMH Ha

TOaapbI H

./ I

YCJIYI'H KaK ore'leCTBeHHoro,

T~ H~Py6eXHOronpoH3BO,LlCTBa

Olaa..aeT IIIIBeC'I'ImHOllIlhle pacxo~, c,nenaHHbIe qmpMaMH C IJ;eJIbIO npH06

pereHHH HOBbIX 06'beKTOB KanH1'aJIa, BKJIIO'IlUI nOCTpoHKH, 3aBO,nbI H 060py

,nOBaHHe.

TaIOKe BKJIIO'IaeT H3MeHeHHe 3anaCOB MaTepHaJIbHhIX 060POTHbIX

cpe,nCTB, nOCKOJlbKY BCHKHH npoH3Be,neHHbIH, HO He npo,naHHbIt%. B re'IeHHe

onpe,neneHHoro BpeMeHH TOBap ,nOJDKeH BOHTH B COCTaB MarepHaJIbHbIX JaIIa
COB lPHpM H C'IHTaTbCH BJIOXeHHeM KanHTaJIa B 3anaCbI MarepHaJIbHbIX 060
poTHbIX cpe,nCTB. \

./ G 03B.".eT I'OC)'AllpcTBellllWe 3axynn TOBapoB H ycJIYI'

./ NX OlHaUeT 'IIICTYit OOLeM 3K:CnopTa,

KOTOPblt%. onpe,neneH KaK Bce BH.LlI>I TO

(EX) MHHYC Bce ToaapbI, KOTOpbIe

1M. EX - 3TO CTOHMOCTb OTe'Ie
HHOCTPaHIJ;aMH. 1M - 3TO CTOHMOCTb HHO

aapOB, nOCbIJIaeMbIX Ha 3KCnOPT CTPaHot%.

OHa HMnopmpyeT "(1M), HJIH

NX

CTBeHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIDeHHbIX

= EX -

CTPaHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIJIeHHbIX BHYTPH CTPaHbI.

3TH

'IeTbIpe BH,na pacxo,nOB COCTaBJIHIOT BBn, nOTOMY'ITO Bce BMecre OHH OruIa'lHBaIOT

BCe -,no nOCJIe,nHero KYCO'IKa! -

npoH3Be,neHHble B ,naHHOt%. CTPaHe TOBapbI 3a onpe,LleJIeH

HbIt%. nepHO,n BpeMeHH.

C-

nOTpe6MTenbCKMe paCXOAbi

PaCXO,LlbI Ha nOTPe6JIeHHe ,n0r-tOX03Ht%.CTB COCTaBJIHIOT npHMepHO 70% OT 06meH CYMMbI

BBn -

HaMHoro 60JIbllle, 'IeM OCTaBlllHeCH TPH COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;He, B3HTbIe BMecre. MHorHe

rnasa 4. MaKP03KOHo.....,eclCtfe nOlCu8Ten.....

77

laKTOphl BJIIDIIOT Ha TO, KaKYIO 'IaCTb CBOHX .rlOXO,D;OB ,D;OMOX03JIitCTBa peWalOT nOTpaTHTb Ha
nOTpe6JIeHHe H CKOJIbKO OHH peWaT COXPaHHTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.
CneU;HaJIHCThI no MHKp03KOHOMHKe npOBOMT Maccy BpeMeHH, }J3yqasI pa3Ho06pa3Hhle
laKTOphl, BJIIDIlOwHe Ha nO,D;06Hhle peweHIDI. Cpe,nH TaKHX laKTOpOB eCTb, HanpHMep, OXCH
,D;aHIDI OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6Y.lJYIIl:ero COCTOHHIDI 3KOHOMHKH HJIH HOpMhI ,D;OXO.rlHciCTH c6epexeHHit

III

(CM. tIaCTb

,D;aHHoit KHHrH, TaM BhI H~eTe Bce, 'ITO HYXHO 3HaTb 0 MHKp03KOHOMHKe).

C ,D;pyroit CTOpOHhI, 3KOHOMHCThI, CneU;HaJIH3pYlOWJJeCH Ha MaIqJ03KOHOMHKe, "OTCTYITaIOT"

OT 3THX laKTOpOB, noTOMY 'ITO npH H3yqeHHH 3KOHOMHKH B u;eJIOM HMeeT 3HatIeHHe 06wasI
CYMMa nOTpe6JIeHIDI, a He OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, nO'IeMY .rlOMOx03HitCTBa Bhl6paJIH HMeHHO 3TOT
ypOBeHb.
CneU;HaJIHCThI no MaKp03KOHOMHKe npe.rlCTaBJIHIOT nOTpe6JIeHHe O'IeHb npOCTO, KaK
lYHKijHIO pacnOJIaraeMoro (HMelOwerOCH B pacnopHXeHHH nOCJIe ynJIaThl HaJIOroB) ,D;OXO.rla.
BhI MoxeTe paCC'IHTaTb pacnOJIaraeMhlit ,D;OXO,D; C nOMOWblO aJIre6paH'IeCKHX BhI'IHCJIeHHit,
n0JIb3YHCb CJIe.rlYlOwHM Y.rl06HbIM TpeXCTYITeH'IaThlM cnoc060M.

@j
IlT

l.HaQHHTe C

Y,

06~ero ,D;OXOAA B 3KOBOMHe. B ypaBHeHHH KeitHca

Y paBHH~TCH

CYMMe paCXO.rlOB, HO nOCKOJIbKY .rlOXO,D;hI paBHhI paCXO.rlaM, BhI MoxeTe HCnOJIbJO

BaTb ero H .nIDI .rlOXO.rlOB. IIoMHHTe, 'ITO Bce ,D;eHbrH, KOTophle nOTpatIeHhI BaMH,
HBJIHIOTCH ,D;OXO,D;OM .nIDI KorO-TO ,D;pyroro.

2. BIII'IHCJlHTe,

CKOJIbKO H8JlOroB ,D;OJDKIIW 3aIlJlaTHTb JIIO,IUI.

nOJIOXCHM, tITO e,D;HHCTBeHHhlH cyw:ecTBYIOInHit HaJIOr -

no nO,D;OXO.rlHhlH H 'ITO

t = 0,25, tITO 3Ha'IHT:

25% OT BCei%: CYMMbI ,D;OXO.rlOB. CJIe,D;OBareJIbHO, 06W;asI
CYMMa ynJIa'IeHHbIX HaJIOroB, T, 6y,D;eT npe,D;CTaBJIeHa KaK T = t '" Y.
3. BlII'ITHTe HaJIOra (1), ynJIaQeHHWe rp~8MH, H3 ax ,D;OXOJl,OB (l') ,lI,IUI BbI'IIICJIeBBJI
ax pacOOJIaraeMOro Jl,OXOAA. 3KOHOMHCThI 0603HatIalOT pacnoAazaeMblU ooxoi) B aJI
CTaBKa nO.rlOXO,D;HOrO fIaJIOra BhlpaxeHa 'Iepe3

t.

,n;m ynpoweHHH npe,D;

Hl).IIpHMep,

CTaBKa HaJIOra cocTawrneT

re6paHtIeCKOH l0PMYJIe

YD'

BbPIHTaHHe HaJIOroB H3 ,D;OXO,D;OB BhITJIH,D;HT TaK:

YD = Y - T= Y - t"'Y= (1 - t)"'Y.
nOCJIe ~ro KaK nOJIyqHJIH pacnOJIaraeMhlH ,D;OXO.rl, BbI HCnOJIb3yere O'IeHb npocTYIO MO,D;eJIb
)J,IDI BbI'IHCJIeHIDI nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX paCXO.rlOB ,D;OMOX03Hi%:CTB. MO,D;eJIb nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTpe6

JIeHHe,

C, -

no lYHKUIDI pacnOJIaraeMoro ,D;OXO,D;a H naphl ,lJ;pyrHX nepeMeHHbIX,

Co H

c:

C =Co + c"'YD ,
r.rle c -

3TO

npeOeJlbHaR CK./lOHHOCmb" nompe6.lleHulO, HJIH MPC (marginal ptopensity to consume).

OHa BCer,D;a paBHHeTcH 'IHCJIY, HaxoMweMYCH MeX<,lly

0 H 1,

H OTPaxaeT npou;eHT ,D;oxp,D;a, KO

TOPbIH BhI C06paJIHCb nOTpaTHTb, a He coxpaHHTb. HanpHMep, eCJIH c =

0,9,

3TO 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO

H3 Kax.nO~ .rlOJIJIapa 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a, KOTOPblit y Bac OCTaeTCH nOCJIe ynJIaThI HaJIOrOB, BbI
TpaTHTe

90 IIeHTOB.

(OCTaJIbHhle ,D;eCHTb IIeHTOB BhI OTKJIa,llhlBaeTe Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.)

.neitcTBHTeJIbHasI BeJIH'IHHa npe.rleJIbHOH CKJIOHHOCTH K nOTpe6JIeHHIO, c, onpe,D;eJIHeTCH

HH,[l}JBJJ,D;yaJIbHO, y pa3HbIX JIIO,D;eH OHa pa3HasI, H HaxO,D;HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, CKOJIbKO
'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a HM HPaBHTCH OTKJIa,llbIBaTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee. Ho 'ITO 03Ha'iaeT

Co? 3To

roBOpHT 0

TOM, CKOJIbKO JIIO,D;H nOTpe6JIHIOT, ,D;axe eCJIH B 3TOM ro,D;y OHH HMelOT HYJIeBOH pacnOJIarae

~ ,D;OXO.ll. (ECJIH BhI npe,D;nOJIOXHTe, tITO

CTBO COKpawaeTCH.110

C = Co.)

YD = 0 B

ypaBHeHHH

C = Co + c"'YD ,

TO 3TO paBeH

Ho oTKY,D;a nocTYIUJT .lleHbrH.nIDI TOro, 'lT06bI ITJIaTHTb 3a

Co>

eCJIH y Bac HYJIeBoi%: pacnOJIaraeMbIit .llOXO.ll? OHH nocTYITHT H3 BawHX JIHtIHbIX c6epexeHHit,
KOTophle BhI C06paJIH B TeqeHHe npe,D;bI,D;yw:HX JIeT.

78

'ISCT" II. MsKposKoHoMHKs -

HSyKS

06 SKOHOMHtfeCICOM poeTe H CTs6HR"HOCTH

/I
\

C = Co C*YD 03HaqaeT, 'ITO o6maH CYMMa BaUIHX paCXO,IIOB B

3KOHOMHKe 6Y,lIeT 03HaqaTb BaW xpHmecJOdt ypOBeHb norpe6JIeHHH CO(COOTBeT

B :QeJIOM paBeHCTBO

cTByIDmHA HYJIeBOMy ,lIOXO,IIy) nJIIOC qaCTb BaWerO qHCTOrO ,IIOXO,IIa, BbIpaxeHHYJO

B BH,lIe C*YD.

B OCTaBWeAcR qaCTH 3ToA KHHrH $I npe,IInOJIaraIO, 'ITO paBeHCTBO C = Co

C*YD - ,lIOC
TaTOqHO XOpOWaH MO,IIeJJb TOro, KaK B 3KOHOMlfKe Onpe,IIeJIRIOTCH paCXO,IIbI Ha norpe6JIeHHe
.OHa He TO~O OTPaJKaeT ,lIeACTBHTeJIbHOCTb, HO nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTPe6JIeHHe coxpamaeTCH
H3-3a BbICOIOfX HaJIOrOBbIX CTaBOK H H3-3a TOro, 'ITO JIIO,lIH npHHHMaIOT pa3HbIe peweHHH 0
TOM, CKOJIbKO pacnOJIaraeMOro ,lIOXO,IIa COXpaHHTb HJIH nOTPaTHTb. 31'0 paBeHCTBO n03BOJIR
eT MHe aHaJIH3HpOBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI nOJIHTHKH, MeHHIOmeA HaJIOrOBbIe CTaBIOf, H pe3YJIbTa
TbI ,lIpyrHX nOJIHTHK, noompHIOmHX JIIO,lIeA TPaTlfTb 60JIbWyIO HJIH MeHbWYIO qaCTb CBOHX
,lIOXO,IIOB.

1- MHBeCTMI.4MM B OCHOBHOM KanMTan

I1HBecTH:QHH XH3HeHHO He06xo,IIHMbI, nOTOMY 'ITO cnoc06HOCTb 3KOHOMHKH npOH3BO
,lIHTb 3aBHCHT OT TOro, KaKHM KanHTaJIOM pacnOJIaraIOT npOMbIWJIeHHHKH ,IIJIR TOro, qT06bI
npOH3BeCTH npO.IIYKUHIO. 3anac KanHTaJIa YBeJIlfqHBaeTCH, Kor,IIa <pHPMbI nOKYnaioT HOBbIe
HHCTPYMeHTbI, 3,IIaHHH, MaIIIHHbI, KOMnbIOTepbI H T.,II., ,IIJIR TOro qT06bI nOMOqb npOH3BO,IIHTb
nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHe TOBapbI. I1HBecTH:QHH -

3T0 nOTOK,

KOTOP~ YBeJIHqHBaeT

OCHOBHOH Ka

nHTaJI 3KOHOMHKH.
Ho, 6e3YCJIOBHO, Cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa H3HaWHBaIOTCH BO BpeMR HCnOJIb30BaHHH. qaCTb
HX nopTHTCH. qacTb JIOMaeTCH. qacTb BbI6paCbIBaeTCH 3a HeHa,lI06HOCTbIO, nOCKOJIbKY HeH3
6e)KH0 yCTapeBaeT. Bce 3TH npO:QeCCbI, KOTopble YMeHbwaIOT OCHOBHOit KanlITaJI, 3KOHOMH
CTbI Ha3b1BaIOT U3HOCOM OCH06HOZO KanUmaAa.
ECTeCTBeHHO, <pHPMbI ,lIOJDKHbl ,lIeJIaTb HeKOTopbIe HHBecm:QHH ,IIJIR Toro, qro6b1 33MeHHTb
H3HoweHHble cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa. Ho KaX,lIaH HHBecm:QHH CBepx H3Hoca npHBO,IIHT K 06
meMy YBeJIlfqeHHIO OCHOBHOro KanHTaJIa, C03,IIaBaH nOTeH:QHaJIbHyro B03MO)KHOCTb npoH3BO,II
CTBa 60JIbWerO KOJIlfqeCTBa nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX TOBapOB.

ITOTOK HHBecTH:QHit, H3pacx<5,IIOBaHHbIx B onpe,IIeJIeHHbIH npOMe:lKYTOK BpeMe- .

HH, 3aBHCHT OT COnOCTaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe <pHPMbI ,lIeJIaIOT Me:lK,lIy nOTeHUHaJIbHOH
BbIrO,IIOH H CTOHMOCTbIO npH06peTeHHOrO OCHOBHoro KanHTaJIa. IToTeH:QHaJIbHaH
BbIrO,IIa H3MepHeTcH B e,IIHHH:Qax nOTeHUHaJIbHOH npH6bIJ1H, a CTOHMOCTb npH06
peTeHHH H3MepHeTCH npOueHTHOH cTaBKoA, 6e3OTHOCHTeJIbHO Toro, 6paJIa HJIH He
6paJIa <PHPMa CCY.IIY ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa.

IToqeMy npOueHTHaH CTaBKa TaK MHoro 3HaqHT? ECTeCTBeHHO, eCJIH q>HpMa Hy:lKLlaeTCH B
cCY,IIe ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHble CTaBKH ,lIeJIaIOT npouecc 33
HMCTBOBaHHH ,lIeHer MeHee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblM, nOToMy 'ITO BbIllJIaTbI no cCy,IIe 6y.IIYT O'leHb
BbICOKHMH. TeM He MeHee, ,lIaJKe eCJIH <pHpMa HMeeT Ha PYKax ,lIOCTaTOqHO HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH
nOKYllKH ,lIaHHOro cpe,IICTBa npOlf3BO,IICTBa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBIOf 33CTaBJIHIOT
<pHpMy BbI6HpaTb Me:lK,lIy HCnOJIb30BaHHeM 3THX HaJIHqHbIX ,lIJIH nOKYllKH 060pY,IIOBaHHH H
B03MO)KHOCTbIO HX O,IIOJlXHTb KOMy-TO. Cne,IIOBaTeJIbHO, 60JIee BbICOKHe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaB
KH npenHTCTByIDT HHBeCmUHRM, 6e30THOCHTeJIbHO TOro, ,lIOJI)KHbI <PHPMbI 33HHMaTb cpe,IICTBa

,IIJIR ,lIaHHbIX BJIO:lKeHHil: KanHTaJIa HJIH HeT. (eM. rnaBy

2,

OHa nOMoraeT nOHHTb, noqeMy 60JIee

BbICOIOfe np0:QeHTHbIe CTaBKH YBeJIlfqHBaIOT CTOHMOCTb B03MO)KHOCTH HHBecmpOBaHHH.)

rnasa 4. MaKp03KOHOltfH'IecKHe nOKa3arenH...

79

3KOHOMHCTbI npe,l(CTaBJUlIOT 06'beM HHBeCrnUHOHHbIX pacXO.n.OB, KOTOpbIe l>HpMbI cTPe

MHTClI c.n.eJIaTb,

I,

r,

KaK l>YHKUHIO npOueHTHOH cTaBKH,

KOTOPlUl BblpaJKeHa B npoueHTax.

PaBeHcTBo, KOTopoe H npHBoxy 3.n.eCb, 06menpHHHTo B yqe6HHKax. no MaKp03KoHoMHKe

(XOTlI 0603HaqeHHH B pa3HbIX KHHrax BaPbHPyJOTCH):

1= 10 - I,""r.
3To

paBeHCTBO, no cynt:, nOXO:lKe Ha paBeHCTBO nOTPe6JIeHHH, npHBe.n.eHHoe B npe.zu,my

meM pa3,ll.eJIe, 3a HCKJIlOqeHHeM 3HaKa "MHHYC", KOTOPbIH 03HaqaeT, 'ITO Kor.n.a npoueHTHlUI

I na.n.aeT.
I, nOKa3bIBaeT,

CTaBKa nOBbIwaeTCH,
Ko3l>l>HUHeHT

HaCKOJIbKO na.n.aeT

B cYIIIeCTByJOmeH 3KOHOMHKe B KaJK

.n.OM OT.n.eJIbHOM CJIyqae nOBbIweHHH npOueHTHOH CTaBKH. npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO

Ha O.n.HH "YHKT. eJIH

I"

CKaJKeM, paBeH

10 MJIP.n. .n.0JIJI.,

r nOBbICHJIaCb

BbI 3HaeTe, 'ITO KIDK,lI.bIH

"YHKT YBe

JIH'IeHHH npoueHTHbIX CTaBOK npHBe.n.eT K YMeHbweHHIO HHBeCTH:QHH Ha lOMJIP.n. .n.0JIJI.

napaMeTP

10 nOKa3bIBaeT,

CKOJIbKO HHBecrnUHH 6y.n.eT HMeTb MeCTO, eCJIH npoueHTHlUI

CTaBKa paBHa HYJIIO. no npaB.n.e roBOpH, npoueHTHble CTaBKH HHKor.n.a He OnycKalOTCH .n.o HY':'
JIeBOH OTMeTKH, HO npe.n.nOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO TaK npoH30illJIO. Tor.n.a BTOpoe 3HaqeHHe B ypaBHeHHH
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1= I{)o

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