Basic Rules:

There are four basics rules which are important and many devieces are
based on them

A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.

A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it
passes through that coil (this is the basis of transformer action)
A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force
induced on it.(this is the basis of motor action)
A moving wire in the presence of a magantic field has a voltage induced
in it.(this is the basis of generator action)

Generation:
In Power plants generator is basic part to generate in electric energy we
can use different resource to move the prime mover.

Steam Turbine: it use the steam to run the turbine of the generator

Gas Turbine: it use the hot gases to run the turbine of the generator.

Combine Cycle: In combine cycle we use both GT and ST in the form of

a cycle to enhance the efficiency of GT. We can

Generator:
A device which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy is
called generator.

Construction:
It consists of following basic parts.

Frame:
Metal casing that houses the magnetic field.

Prime mover:
Rod that is rotated by the steam in steam turbine and connected rotor ,
turbine blades all together.

Stator:
It is stationary part. And its core consists of armature winding from which
we can get the out power which is induced in its winding by the principle
of electromagnetic induction.
Rotor:
In alternator it is rotating part which consists of field winding excited by
dc source and rotated it with the help of turbine using different energy
resources.
Collector rings:
Insulated conductor collars that are connected to the coil of the field; they
gather the induced alternating electric current.

Brushes:
Conductive parts that rub against the collector rings and transmit the
current produced by the alternator to an outside circuit.

Field winding:
Conductive wire on the cylinder rotor; when exposed to an excitation
current, it creates a magnetic field.

Armature core:
Fixed cylinder with a winding; the rotor turns within it to produce the electric
current.

Claw-pole rotor:
Moving cylindrical part made up of a field winding between two pole
shoes; it creates the rotating magnetic field required to operate the
alternator.
Armature winding:
Conductive wire on the armature; the rotor moves in front of it to produce
an alternating current.
Fan wheel:
Device with blades that circulates air to cool the alternator.
Generator operation:
A generator consists of a number of conducting coils and a magnetic
field. The coils are called the armature. Relative motion between the coils
and magnetic field induces voltage in the coils. This action is called
EMF. An AC generator needs a separate DC source to feed the magnetic
field. The required DC is provided by an external source called an exciter.
Usually, the exciter is a small DC generator that is driven by the
generator rotor. The exciter may be mounted on the rotor shaft or rotated
by belt-drive. Some generating systems use a static, solid-state exciter to
provide DC. A voltage regulator controls the induced voltage by
regulating the strength of the EM field established by the exciter.
Frequency is controlled by the speed at which the prime mover rotates the
rotor.

Generator types:
Depending on the type of generating equipment employed, the electrical
energy produced is either DC or AC.

a. AC generators:
AC generators are considered either brush or brushle ss, based on the
method used to transfer DC exciting current to the generator field. In
addition, AC generators are classified as salientpole or nonsalient-pole
depending on the configuration of the field poles. Projecting field
poles are salientpole units and turbo-type (slotted) field poles are
nonsalient-pole units.
 b. DC generators:
DC generators are classified as shunt, series, or compound wound.
Most DC generators are the compound wound type. Shunt generators
are usually used as battery chargers and as exciters for AC generators.
Series generators are sometimes used for street lights. The EMF
induced in a DC generator coil is alternating. Rectification is needed
to direct the flow of current in one direction. The generator rotating
commutator provides the rectifying action.

c. AC generators Classifications:
AC generators are classified as single -phase or polyphase. Variations
include three-phase generators used as single -phase units by
insulating and not using one phase lead. Since the lead is unused, it is
not brought out to a terminal. The kilowatt rating is reduced from that
of the three-phase unit as limited by the amount of current carried by a
coil. A generator designed only for single -phase operation usually
does not have coils in all of the armature slots because end coils
contribute little to the output voltage and increase the coil impedance
in the same proportion as any other coil.
d. Single-phase generators:
A single-phase generator is usually limited to 25 kW or less and
generates AC power at a specific utilization voltage. Single -phase
alternators are usually used in smaller systems. Terminal voltage is
usually 120 volts. A variation is the three wire, single -phase alternator
has three power terminals; one from each end of the armature coil and
one from the neutral. Terminal voltage is usually 120 volts from the
midpoint to either end of the armature coil and 240 volts between the
two ends. The load is connected between the two outside wires or
between either outside wire and neutral,depending upon the voltage
required by the load.
e. Polyphase generators:
Polyphase generators produce two or more alternating voltages
(usually two, three, or six phases). Two-phase power is used in only a
few localities. Six phase is primarily used for operation of rotary
converters or large rectifiers. Three-phase alternators are the most
widely used for power production. Polyphase alternators have
capacities from 3 kW to 250,000 kW and voltage from 110 V to
13,800 V. Two general types of three-phase alternator windings are
the delta winding used in three wire, three-phase alternators, and the
star or wye winding used in four wire, three-phase types.
f. Induction generators.
A three-phase induction machine is similar to a synchronous machine,
but the former has a much simpler rotor circuit. A typical design of the
rotor is the squirrel-cage structure, where conducting bars are
embedded in the rotor body and shorted out at the ends. When a set of
threephase currents (waveforms of equal amplitude, displaced in time
by one-third of a period) is applied to the stator winding, a rotating
magnetic field is produced. Currents are therefore induced in the bars,
and their resulting magnetic field interacts with the stator field to
make the rotor rotate in the same direction. In this case, the machine
acts as a motor since, in order for the rotor to rotate, energy is drawn
from the electric power source.
1. Machine acts as a motor:
When the machine acts as a motor, its rotor can never achieve the
same speed as the rotating field (this is the synchronous speed) for that
would imply no induced currents in the rotor bars. If an external
mechanical torque is applied to the rotor to drive it beyond the
synchronous speed, however, then electric energy is pumped to the
power grid, and the machine will act as a generator.
g. Synchronous generators:
AC generators that operate at a speed that is exactly proportional to the
frequency of the output voltage are synchronous generators. Synchronous
generators are usually called alternators. Today, most electric power is
produced by synchronous generators. Synchronous generators rotate at a
constant speed, called synchronous speed. This speed is dictated by the
operating frequency of the system and the machine structure. There are
also AC generators that do not necessarily rotate at a fixed speed such as
those found in windmills (induction generators); these generators,
however, account for only a very small percentage of today’s generated
power.
Rotor:
The rotor consists of a winding wrapped around a steel body. A DC
current is made to flow in the rotor winding (or field winding), and this
results in a magnetic field (rotor field). When the rotor is made to rotate
at a constant speed, the three stationary windings experience a
periodically varying magnetic field. Thus, EMF is induced across these
windings. This EMF is AC and periodic; each period corresponds to one
revolution of the rotor. Thus, for 50-Hz electricity, the rotor has to rotate
at 3000 revolutions per minute (rpm); this is the synchronous speed of the
given machine. Because the windings
are displaced equally in space from each other (by 120 degrees), the EMF
waveform is displaced in time by 1/3 of a period. The machine is
therefore capable of generating three-phase electricity. The machine has
two poles since its rotor field resembles that of a bar magnet with a north
pole and a south pole.

Stator:
When the stator windings are connected to an external (electrical) system
to form a closed circuit, the steady-state currents in these windings are
also periodic. These currents create magnetic fields of their own. Each of
these fields is pulsating with time because the associated current is AC;
however, the combination of the three fields is a revolving field. This
revolving field arises from the space displacements of the windings and
the phase differences of their currents. This combined magnetic field has
two poles and rotates at the same speed and direction as the rotor. In
summary, for a loaded synchronous (AC) generator operating in a steady
state, there are two fields rotating at the same speed:one is due to the
rotor winding and the other due to the stator windings.

Poles for Steam turbine:

Steam turbines operate best at a high speed; thus, two- or four-pole
machines are suitable. Machines driven by hydro turbines usually have
more poles. Usually, the stator windings are arranged so that the resulting
armature field has the same number of poles as the rotor field. In practice,
there are many possible ways to arrange these windings. Geometry
suggests that, at any time instant, equal EMFs are induced across the
windings of the same phase. If the individual windings are connected in
series, their EMFs add up to form the phase voltage.
Auxiliary devices.
 In addition to the basic components of a synchronous generator (rotor,
stator, and their windings), there are auxiliary devices which help
maintain the machine’s operation within acceptable limits. Three such
devices are mentioned here:
1. Governor
2. damper windings
3. excitation

Governor:
A governor is to control the mechanical power input Pin . The control is
via a feedback loop where the speed of the rotor is constantly monitored.
For instance, if this speed falls behind the synchronous speed, the input is
insufficient and has to be increased. This is done by opening up the valve
to increase the steam for turbogenerators or the flow of water through the
penstock for hydrogenerators.
Governors are mechanical systems and therefore have some significant
time lags (many seconds) compared to other EM phenomena associated
with the machine. If the time duration of interest is short, the effect of
governor can be ignored in the study; that is, Pin is treated as a constant.
Excitation systems:
Modern excitation systems are very fast and quite efficient. An excitation
control system is a feedback loop that aims at keeping the voltage at
machine terminals at a set level. From a system viewpoint, the two
controllers of excitation and governor action rely on local information
(machine’s terminal voltage and rotor speed). In other words, they are
decentralized controls. For large-scale systems, such designs do not
always guarantee a desired stable behavior since the effect of
interconnection is not taken into account in detail.

Pilot Exciter:
To make the excitation of generator completely independent of any
external power sources a small pilot exciter is ofeten included in
the system. A pilot exciter is a small ac generator with permanent
magnets mounted on the rotor shaft and a three phase winding on
the stator. It produce the power for the field circuit of the exciter
which in turn controls the field circuit on the main machine. If a
pilot exciter is included on the generator shaft then no external
electric power is required to run the generator
Many synchronous generator that included brushless exciters also have
slip rings and brushes so that an auxiliary source of dc field
current is available in emergencies.
Parallel Operation of AC Generator:
In today’s world an isolated synchronous generator supplying its own
load independently of the other generator is very rare. Such a
situation is found in case of emergency.

Need of Synchronous generator in Parallel:

There are following advantages for such a operation

Several generator can supply a bigger load than one machine by itself.
Having many generators increase the reliability of the power system since
the failure of any one of them does not cause a total power loss to
the load.
Having many generator operating in parallel allows one or more of them
to be removed for shutdown and maintenance.
If only one generator is used and it is not operating at near full load then
it will be relatively inefficient. With several smaller machines in
parallel. It is possible to operate only a fraction of them near full
load.
Condition for Paralleling:
The following condition should be meet before connecting a generator in
parallel to the others.
The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.
The two generators must have the same phase sequence.
The phase angle of the two phases must be equal.
The frequency of the new generator called the oncoming generator must
be slightly higher than the frequency of the running system.

The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators:

Terminal Voltage:
First the field current of the oncoming generator is adjusted until its
terminal voltage is equal to the line voltage of the running system.

Phase Sequence:
There are number of ways to check the phase sequence of the running
system.

Induction Motor:
Alternatively connect a small induction motor to the terminal of each of
the tow generators. If motor rotates in the same direction each
time then the phase sequence is same for both generators.

Three Light Bulb Method:

Three bulbs stretched across the open sequences across the open terminal
of the switch connecting the generator to the system. If all three
bulb get bright and dark together then the system have the same
phase sequence. If the bulbs brighten in succession then the
systems have the opposite phase sequence.
Frequency:
The oncoming generator is adjusted at a higher frequency so that when it
is connected it will come on the line supplying power as a
generator instead of consuming it as a motor

Phase Angle:
When the three bulbs all go out then the system is in phase but this
technique is not very much accurate.

Synchroscope:
A synchroscope is a meter that measures the difference in phase angle
between the phases of two systems. If the oncoming generator
faster then the running system then the synchroscope needle
rotates clockwise if oncoming machine is slower then needle
rotates counter-clockwise. When the synchroscope needle in
vertical position then voltages are in phase.

Cooling of Alternator:
Hydrogen:
Hydrogen is often used as the cooling agent for largest electrical
machines. It has a thermal conductivity approx. seven times that
of air and because of low density requires only one-tenth the
amount of energy to blow it through machine. It is used for rotor
cooling.

DEMI Water:
Demineralized water is used for cooling of
1-Stator of generator
2-Thyristor
3-To form the steam
Demineralization mean to remove the mineral .Demineralized water has
no salts. If the salts are not remove from water then layer of salts
in the boiler tube are blocked , so efficiency decreases.

Accidental loss of Field Excitation:

Accidental loss of field excitation supplied to a synchronous machine in
parallel with other machines will cause the affected unit to pull
out of synchronism. The resultant reduction in its load will cause
its prime mover to accelerate and drive the alternator as an
induction generator. The effect will be rapid overheating of the
rotor forging by eddy currents with the possible damage to the
rotor wedges that hold the rotor and turns in place.
If protective equipment such as loss-of-field relay does not respond
to trip the generator breaker and the field excitation cannot be
immediacy restored the generator breaker must be tripped by the
operator.
Furthermore the large amount of reactive power drawn by affected
machine as it operates asynchronously will cause overheating of
the stator windings. On complete loss of excitation the rotor may
overheat in as little as 10 sec.

Motoring of Alternator:
When the energy input to the prime mover of an alternator is insufficient
to drive it at synchronous speed. It will not only lose its load but
will be driven by the other alternator on the bus at synchronous
speed of the system.
Such a” motoring” is automatically detected by a reverse-power
relay also called power-directional relay which trip s the circuit
breaker of the affected machine. Magnetic damping action on a
rotating disk provides a time delay to prevent a transient load
 swing from tripping the generator breaker. Sustained motoring
will trip the breaker however after expiration of the time delay.
The only other indication of the motoring is the backward
deflection of the wattmeter pointer. If observed early enough the
operator may correct the condition by admitting more energy to
the prime mover of the motorized machine. Sustained motoring
is undesirable because it results in a useless expenditure of
energy. Furthermore in case of steam turbines wind-age losses
during motorization can overheat the turbine blades.

EFFECT OF CHANGES ON SYSTEM

Effect of Change in Excitation:
When two parallel alternators are identical i.e. each alternator supplies
one half of the active load (kw) and one half of the reactive load
(kvar). In other words both active and reactive power are divided
equally
Now let the excitation of alternator No. 1 be increased so that E 1
becomes greater than E 2 the difference between two e.m.fs sets
up a circulating current which is confined to the local path
through the armatures and round the bus-bar. This current
superimposed on the original current. The circulating current is
added to the load current I 1 and I 2 at respective power factor of
cosα1 and cosα2. These changes in load current lead to changes in
power factor such that cosα1 is reduced whereas cosα2 is
increased However effect on the Kw loading of the two alternator
is neligible but Kvar supplied by alternator No.1 is increased
whereas Kvar supplied by alternator No. 2 is correspondingly
decreased.

Effect of Change in Steam Supply:

The excitation of the two alternators are kept the same but the steam
supply to alternator No. 1 is increased i.e power input to its prime
mover is increased Since the speeds of the two machines are tied
together by their synchronous bond. Machine No. 1 cannot
overrun machine No. 2 Alternatively it utilizes its increased
power input for carrying more load than No. 2. This occurs when
rotor No. 1 is advances its angular position with respect to No.2.
Division of reactive power will remain same but it increases the
active power output of the alternator No. 1 and decreases that of
No. 2 Load division.
3. How a Generator generates Electricity:
The generator is connected to the gas turbine shaft. Generator converts
the mechanical output power of the gas turbine into electricity.
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction “if there is a
relative motion between conductor and magnetic field then EMF
will be induced into the conductor”. To create this relative
movement, it does not

matter whether the magnet is stationary with conductor rotating or

whether the conductor is stationary with the magnet rotating.
When rotor rotates in the stator, there is a relative motion between
conductor and rotor’s magnetic field. Voltage is induced by this
relative motion into the three coils of stator winding. When north
and south pole of rotor magnetic field passes before a stator
winding then an alternating current of sinusoidal (~) wave shape
is produced. In this way three phases of stator winding produce
three phase current as shown.
The generator generates output at 15.75KV. It is stepped up by main
transformer to 220 KV and sent to WAPDA via transmission
lines.

SPECIFICATION OF GENERATOR
There are three generators in phase 1 which are producing the 15.75kv
each.

Main Generator Parameters

Electrical

Real power 210MW

Apparent power 247MVA
Power Factor 0.85
Stator voltage 15.75kV
Stator current 9056A
Rotor voltage 303V (DC)
Rotor current 2330A
Insulation class F
Efficiency 98.56%
Stator winding phase connection double star
Frequency 50Hz

Hydrogen Gas in stator casing

Hydrogen pressure 4kg/cm2

Max pressure 4.5kg/cm2
Rated temp of cold gas 39 C
Min temp of cold gas 20 C
Purity of gas 98%
No. of gas coolers 04

Distillate water in stator winding

Rated pressure at inlet of winding 2.75kg/cm2

Max permissible pressure 3.55kg/cm2
Rated temp of cold distillate 40 C
Rated flow rate 30m3/h
Rate distillate Resistivity 200kΩ.cm
No. of heat exchangers 2

Exciter generator parameters

Real power 1010 kW

Stator voltage 520 V
Stator current 2400 A
Power factor 0.45
Rotor voltage 216 V(DC)
Rotor current 154 A
Speed 3000 rpm
Nominal cooling air temp 40 C
Nominal cooling water temp 33 C
Water pressure on air cooler 3 kg/cm2
Permissible temp of winding
& stator iron 120 C
Permissible temp of hot air 75 C
Steam Cycle:
Transformer
Generally following type of transformers are used in our power house.

• Unit transformer
• Start up transformer
• Auxiliary transformer

Unit transformer

Data sheet

Rating 250Mva unit step up transformer

Type of transformer Three phase, core type, oil
immersed power transformer
Type of cooling OFAF
Frequency 50 Hz
Winding Primary Secondary
• Rated voltage 15.75kv 220Kv

• Tape changer type On load

• Connection Star Delta

• Vector group YNd11

(primary to secondary)
Our unit transformer consist of following parts.
1. Power fans
2. Condenser type bushing
3. Oil conservator
4. Bucholz relay
5. Winding temperature controller
6. Thermostat and thermometer
7. Current transformers
8. Tap changer
9. Earthing tower
10.Fire protection cooling system
11.Automatic voltage regulator

(1) Power Fans:

The natural cooling of the transformer can be increased by the
addition of power fans placed at the base or along the side of radiators,
whether they are fitted directly to the tank or groups in outside gangs.
The fans are of helical type and are of capable of generating an air
flow. The motor designed for an absorbed power .25 ÷1 HP is closed, self
cooling, with cage rotor and mounted on bearing.
Normally the fans are controlled automatically through a
thermostate. In addition to make manual operation possible as well, a
preselector is often built into the system, allowing operation by means of
push buttons on the protection and control cover.
When forced cooling is provided the power fans unit is split into
two units each controlled through it’s own switch by same thermal relay.

(2) Condenser type Bushing:

The bushing are packaged in cases, generally in the vertical

position. Packing is provide to protect the bushing from blows and
moisture during transients. Moreover, the part of each bushing normally
immersed in oil is protected from moisture by a cup shaped metal or
plastic covering directly fitted to the bushing flange.
On spare bushing, not used for transformer testing, a water proof
film may be found for some construction type on the surface of resin
paper. Before using the bushing this film should be removed with a blunt
tool, so as not to damage the surface underneath.
The bushing should be stored in dry place, always in the vertical
position, even for short period.

(3) Atmoseal Type air-cell oil conservator:

 For air cell coservator the contact between oil and ouside air is
prevented. Moreover the pressure on the oil surface remains constant and
equal to the atmosphere pressure.
When transformer is running, it requires a very small
maintenance limited to routine inspection.
In conservator an oil resistant, flexible, rubber oil-cell is
arranged in communication with the outside through a dreir that prevents
condensation in the cell.
The air cell gets bigger or smaller so as to compensate oil
volume variations and to keep pressure an oil surface at the atmospheric
valve.
The working condition of the Buchols relays installed on the
tank to conservator pipe are not out all affected by the air cell.

(4) Buchholz type gas accumulation relay:

This relay is provided for transformer protection when electrical

breakdown occurs between the live parts, or in the event of fault to
ground, short circuits between turns, phase interruptions, burning of core,
oil leakage in the tank or in the oil cooling system.
This relay will operate on the occurrence of gas formation or
on sudden variations of oil level resulting from abnormal transformer
conditions by actuating an alarm signal and if the fault is serious or
persistent, by putting the transformer out of service.
The Buchholz relay is installed directly on the oil pipe
connecting the tank to the conservator and is normally flooded with oil, in
which it’s inner armature is permanently immersed with the actuating
device.
The upper contact for signalling purpose is closed by
operation of pertaining float, when due to an inflow of gas to the relay or
the other reason, the oil level contained in the upper part of the relay is
lowered.
The lower contact which controls the tripping circuit, is
operated by the corresponding float when the oil level reaches the lower
part of the relay.
Whenever the Buchholz relay operates the alarm and the tripping
circuit, it is necessary to open the gas drawing cock and to make sure that
gas is released.

(5) Winding temperature controller

 A thermal image device is used to detect the “Hot Spot”
temperature in the winding of a power transformer.
A coil is immersed in the hottest oil layer of the transformer,
transmits through the capillary tube, the temperature variation to the
temperature indicator. A heater coil is placed around the thermometer
bulb and is supplied by the secondary of main current transformer. The
current in the heater is proportional to that is flowing in the winding. The
heater is designed to obtain a temperature rise and a thermal inertia equal
to those of transformer winding.
It should be noted that the temperature values read on the
indicator are “Hot Spot” values. i.e. maximum local winding temperature.
Therefore, when the transformer operates at full load, the reading may
exceed the temperature limit by the standards for the average winding
temperature.

(6)Temperature indicator:

The indicator is sealed in the tank, it is a potentiometer for remote

indication and is mounted at man’s height at the tank of the transformer.
The thermometer bulb located in the prob, is connected through the
capillary tube to the actuating bellows of the instruments. A second
capillary tube runs parallel to the preceding one and is connected to the
compensating bellows to cancel the influence of the ambient temperature.
The system is filled with a special stable and non corrosive liquid.
The instrument dial is graduated from 0 to 150 C over an arc of
270. The index 7 is actuated through a sector gear, the latter is also
operates the lever , moving the slider of potentiometer if required and the
lever which controls the fixed differential switch and the variable
differential switch. The device is fitted with a maximum index that can be
reset to zero. The switches and the potentiometer are connected to
terminal boards and the potentiometer has fine and zero adjustments.

(7) Thermostat and thermometer

This device is used for the temperature control and consist of a

bulb at the top part of the transformer tank and connected through the
capillary tube to a dial indicator.
Besides indicating the temperature, this instrument closed a
circuit connected to an alarm device and subsequently a second circuit
directly connected to the main breaker and capable to cause the
detatchment of the transformer from the line. The measurement system
can be of liquid thermometer type. The scale is not linear but
approximately logrethmic expandable with the temperatur
Start up transformer
If the system of the power house tripped and there is no
generation, then we take the supply from the reserve bus bar by using the
start up transformer. It is a step down transformer and its specification is

In put voltage 220KV

Output voltage 6.6KV
Capacity 40 MVA
Connection Y/∆

Auxiliary transformer
It is also a step down transformer. It is used for auxiliary used with in the
power house. In phase-I there are three auxiliary transformer and it’s
specification is

In put voltage 15.75KV

Output voltage 6.6KV
Capacity 25MVA
Connection Y/∆

PROTECTION SECTION
 Boiler protection
 Turbine protection
 Generator protection
 Unit protection
 Heavy motor protection
 Transformer protection

BOILER PROTECTION:

 Fuel protection
 Gas pressure protection
 Diesel oil protection
 Furnace oil protection
 FD fan trip
 ID fan trip
 Regenerative air pre heater trip
 Drum level high
 Drum low level
 Reheat steam pressure drop
  Furnace pressure low
 Furnace flame out
 Natural gas pressure high

TURBINE PROTECTION:

 Lube oil pressure (low and high)

 Vacuum drop
 Live steam temperature drop
 Axial shift displacement
 Gas cooling pump tripping
 HP heater level high
 All FW pump trip high vibration tipping
 Trip unit by switch/emergency.

GENERATOR PROTECTION
 Gas cooling pump trip
 Trip of all shift seal pump
 Drop of stator cooling water flow
 Damper tank level low
 Generator overload, over current, over voltage.
 Short circuit generator/earth fault
 CB fault
 Unbalanced load differential protection of excitor
 Negative sequence current protection

HEAVY MOTOR PROTECTION:

 Short protection
 Overload protection
 Instantaneous protection
 Earth/fault protection

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
 Differential current protection of unit t/f
 Gas protection of unit transformer
 Gas protection of on-load tap changer section
 Remote protection at 6kv side
 Current different of working and standby power supply
6kv section
  Over current protection against over-loading of 6kv
winding
 Arc protection at 6kv side/winding

UNIT PROTECTION:
 Inner damage of generator, transformer and block.
 Loop wire pressure drop
 Vacuum drop protection
 Axial shift of turbine rotor

Inside the switch yard

Mainly there are different but most important things for the protection,
measurement, metering and for the other purposes

• Circuit Breaker
• Isolator
• Insulator
• Insulator strings
• Bus Bar
• Current transformer (C.T.)
• Potential transformer (P.T.)
• Conductor
• Control Switch
• Relays
• Power Line communication box

(1) Circuit Breaker

This is the basic and the most important part of the switchyard.
Isolators are used for it’s protection because the minimum cost of the
circuit breaker which has been installed in KAPCO is of 10 million
rupees. So, we are required to provide protection to it to avoid the
burning and the familiar of the breaker.
Objective

This is installed to protect or making some disconnection or

connection part, So that there can be a bridge between the two parts.
This is an automatic device which opens and closes by sensing the
characteristics defined by the designer. Suppose if we want to work on
the transmission line going to any other region, then we make open the
connections of the circuit breaker.
 On the other hand, if any fault occurs on any side of the breaker, then
current transformer which is certainly installed with a breaker, senses
the abnormal current and sends information to the central control
room and also perform some action to protect the system from any
accident.
Any of the line is no longer in contact with the generator, all lines
are coming out from the bus bar and there is a circuit breaker in
between the line and the bus bar. So, by chance, if there occurs a fault
in transmission line then we can easily recover it by opening the
breaker. Similarly the line from the step-up transformer to the bus bar
is also protected by a circuit breaker.
So, this circuit breaker is a kind of connection and disconnection
between the generator, bus bar and the transmission line. So, by this
way, the transmission line or substation or bus bar itself and also
generator are protected from any kind of small or big accidents.

THE NECESSARY CAPABILITIES OF BREAKER:

1. It should be capable of extinguishing the arc without undue delay

2. It should withstand the transient voltage that appears across the
contacts immediately after the current flow ceases. So it should provide
sufficient dielectric strength immediately after the rupture of current .

Components of the circuit breaker

1. Auxiliary switch
This is only for the purpose of the taking information about the
working of the C.B. e.g. it consists of PLC’s which take information that
whether the breaker is open or close. The information about the opening
and the closing of the breaker is taken by such a way that there are some
Normally open and Normally closed contacts in auxiliary switch. So, if
the breaker is closed then information from the Normally closed contacts
is sent to C.C.R. (Central Control Room) and a light is made ON there
showing that Breaker is in closed condition. Similarly is the breaker is
open, then Normally open contacts are closed and in the similar fashion
described above, light is made ON in C.C.R. showing that breaker is in
open condition.
(a) Mechanical switching
This process is done with help of the oil pressure. A certain oil
pressure is obtained and then according to the information supplied by the
manufacturer, opening and closing of the breaker is done at some
pressure defined. i.e. if pressure goes less than 273 bars than breaker is
opened and then does not close itself until it is done manually.
(c)Inside protection
As because of the opening and closing of contacts os by some other
reasons , archs are produced inside the breaker which are dangerous for
the life and the characteristics of the breaker. So, these archs must be
quenched.
There are many methods for quenching these archs. e.g.
• Air quenching
• Gas quenching
• Vacuum quenching
Now a days, most commonly used methods for quenching these archs is
the use of the SF6 gas which is very much efficient for doing this task.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

They can be classified w.r.t. two criteria

1. w.r.t. arc quenching media

2. w.r.t. construction

w.r.t. arc quenching media , we have most used types listed below

• The oil circuit breakers

• The air circuit breakers
• The SF6 circuit breakers
• The vacuum type

OIL TYPE:
In the oil type ckt breaker, the arc is produced in the oil thus oil
decomposes and replaced by the surrounding oil thus provides both
cooling and give proper dielectric strength. Such an arrangement can
work for breaking duty not exceeding 150MVA.
Addition can be done to increase the rating by providing pressure pot
and externally generated pressure to extinguish the arc by pushing it and
also by dividing it into sections by means of insulators .By these means, a
rating of 7500MVA at 132 kV is possible. Also low oil content breaker
can be used to decrease the size and increase the life and performance of
oil.
AIR TYPE:
Axial, radial or cross blast is used in these breakers to extinguish arc
and also insulators can be added to increase the dielectric strength.
VACUUM TYPE:
In this type, the vacuum is created at the contact position. When the
contacts open, the resistance become very high since no ionization in the
medium occurs only source of electrons is thermionic emission through
the surfaces. So no chance of re-striking arc after it is once extinguished.
Current transformers :

Current transformers are used in power transformers as a source of

energy for operation of relays, to measure the equipment of a thermal
image plant, a line drop compensator and protection system etc.
The current transformers normally incorporated in power
transformers may be of bushing type with primary winding.
The primary is formed by connection which goes from the
winding of each individual phase of the transformer to the corresponding
insulator and which crosses the transformer centrally.
If the transformer ratio is very low and the accuracy is high, it is
advisable to use the type with the primary winding. As far as possible,
these current transformers are arranged on the machine in an easily
accessible position.

Foam station
The basic purpose of foam station is to provide the proection during the
firing condition .It consist of
 foam tank
 motor (6.6kv)
 motor power(18.5kw)
• power factor 0.9
• rpm 2900
 Tank capacity 6200liter
 Pressure In tank 5.5kg/cm2
 Fighting mixture 3% foam 97% H2 O

Type of foam
1. chemical foam
2. mechanical foam

The chemical foam has two charges .

 In A-charge Sodium carbonate
 In B-charge Aluminimium sulphate
While mechanical foam has
 protein which consists of blood of animal H2SO4
 fluro protein foam AFFF (Aqua film forming foam)
 Fuel Oil Facility
The FOF station consists of the following parts;

 De-kending area
 Fuel oil tanks
 First Lift pump
 Main Heaters
 Second Lift pump
 Diesel pumps
 Recirculation pumps
 Recirculation heaters
 Filters
 control Room

De-kending Area

The furnace oil that is used as a fuel in the burners of the boiler furnace to
produce the steam is transported to the TPS through two ways

 Oil Tankers
 train

For unloading of the fuel from oil tankers and train there is separate
unloading or dekending station for each. The unloaded fuel oil is initially
stored in the underground reservoir; from there it is filled in the main
storage tanks.

02 pumps are used to fill the main storage tanks from the oil tankers de-
kending area. One of them is active (on load) and other is standby.

Fuel Oil Tanks

From the de-kending area the furnace oil is filled in the storage tanks.
From there it is supplied to the burners of the boiler furnace after proper
heating.

Usually one storage tank is called service tank, from there furnace oil is
supplied to the units. The furnace oil is filled in the other tanks first and
then filled in the service tanks through recirculation pumps (RCP). The
oil in the tanks is kept heated at the temperature 75 C to 80 C
There are total 06 storage tanks for furnace oil each having a volume of
20,000 cubic meters hence each can store 2, 00,00,000 liters.

There are 2 diesel oil storage tanks each having capacity of 1000 ton.

First Lift Pump

First lift pump takes the furnace oil from the service tank and supplied to
the main heaters. There are total 04 first lift pumps which are operated
according to the unit load conditions.
The specification of fist lift pump motor is as under;
3 phase 50 Hz Induction Motor
Connection: Star
Power: 55KW
Power factor: 0.9
Efficiency: 90%
Voltage 230/400V
Speed 2950rpm
Current 177/102A

Main Heaters

There are 04 main heaters each is connected to the respective first lift
pump. The main heaters heat the furnace oil through the steam which
comes from the boiler. Steam is use to heat the oil in the recirculation
heaters.

The seam flows through the pipes which heats the oil outside the tube.
The temperature and pressure of the steam in the main heaters is
Temp 270 C
Pressure 11 to 13 kg/cm2

Second Lift Pump

Second lift pumps take the furnace oil from the main heaters and supplied
to boilers of the units. There are total 04 second lift pumps which are
operated according to the unit load conditions. The temperature of the oil
that is supplied to the boiler is 105 C to 120 C.
The specification of second lift pump motor is as under;
3 phase 50 Hz Induction Motor
Power: 250KW
Voltage 6.6kV
Speed 2950rpm
Current 252A