COMBUSTION

MAE-4301-008
ME-5325-001
AE-5325-001

CLASS 2
Brian T. Van Lear, PhD
Aug 21 - Dec 3 2014

Class Setup
Would like to lecture more on Thursdays and
review homework on Tuesdays
Tuesdays would be a problem solving day
Your thoughts.

State Functions
Point functions = State functions
Not seen in any of my textbooks
Briefly mentioned in my old notes

For simple, compressible substance only 2

independent state functions are needed to
describe its thermodynamic state
State functions only depend on beginning and end
states, such as T, V, U (or E), H, S etc.

First Law
dE = Q + W
Change in internal energy = heat absorbed + work
done on system
Work and Heat are path functions, not a property
Path functions are not exact differentials
Hence the as opposed to d for Path
Functions
E = U, just a matter of notation

First Law (Continued)

No K.E., P.E. or work beyond flow work
Control Mass (Lagrange) or closed system
As opposed to an open volume of flow (Euler)
Work
done on
system

Heat
dE

Work
Doing work on a control mass requires
changing volume compressing for most of
our problems PV work
This means that V2 < V1, hence the - sign in
the first law equation for the work term when
referring to PV type of work
W = -PdV
Constant pressure with a change in volume

PV Work
Sand in a Chamber

P, T, V
U, H, S

Examples considered
reversible
Constant T
Constant P if mass is removed/
added in increments
Grains of sand added/ removed

Maximum Work = PdV

Discuss more later w/ S

More Terms
Adiabatic = no heat transfer
Reversible = no energy losses from a process
Isentropic dS = 0
If a process is reversible and adiabatic it is
isentropic

Isothermal dT = 0
Isobaric dP = 0
Isometric dV = 0

Terms Continued
Extensive Properties depends on the
magnitude of the system i.e. Volume, Mass
Intensive Properties does not depend on size
T, P or Specific volume (V/mass), etc.

First Law and Chemical Reaction

Q = H, heat added is equal to the increase of
enthalpy of the system
No Work or KE, PE energy transfers
Constant Pressure
Heat added = gain in enthalpy

Q = E
Constant Volume

Enthalpy
H = H2 H1
State 1 to 2, where 2 is the final state
Enthalpy H = E + PV, internal energy +
(Pressure) (Volume)
Sign convention can be confusing if working in
Heat Transfer Heat added in our class is
positive
h = cpT perfect gas

Standards for Enthalpy

Enthalpy of formation = enthalpy change when
chemical compound is formed isothermally to
form stable elements at constant pressure
All stable elements at 1 atm, 25C (298K) are zero,
O2, H2, N2, C (solid) to name a few
JANAF Tables
Joint Army Navy Air force

NIST-JANAF
http://kinetics.nist.gov/janaf/

Hesss Law
Algebraically add/ subtract chemical equations
to get heats of formation and other items of
interest
Law of Heat Summation in Book
Can perform a series of steps (chemical
reactions) to get to a desired state

A Side Note
More Practical Method for Combustion gas
composition determination for boiler heaters
and similar equipment

Combustion Gas
Measurements to get gas
composition
Gas analyzer
http://www.grainger.com
About $1000
Specs to follow
Typically have to replace chemicals
used for the sensors

Technical Specs

Item Combustion Flue Gas Analyzer

Combustion Efficency0 to 100%
Oxygen Concentration0 to 25%
Carbon Dioxide Concentration0 to 25%
Carbon Monoxide Measurement Range0 to 10,000 ppm
Primary/Ambient Air Temp.-58 to 1832 Degrees F (-50 to
1000 Degrees C)
Stack Temp.-58 to 1832 Degrees F (-50 to 1000 Degrees C)
Pressure/Draft-120 to 120 In. WC
Display LCD
Battery Type Rechargeable Ni-MH

Flue Gases
Typically this type of instrument would be
used to examine flue gases (exhaust)
Find combustion efficiency
Boiler heater, gas furnaces as well as other
uses
There is also heat transfer efficiencies for
conducting heat to the working fluid, sensible
heat through air flow is one major factor
A Heat Transfer subject..

Hess Continued
Can get to an end state with simplified equations
that can be added/ subtracted to get a complex
equation
Hesss Law applied to a process to determine a
heat of formation
Example to follow
Super script o refers to the reference pressure
typically 1 atm
Subscript refers condition

Example
Formulas (Kcal = 4.1868 KJ) Data from Appendix
and Table1.1 and Web for Acetic Acid
What is (g) vs. (l) and why does (l) require more
heat absorption?

Enthalpy of Formation of Acetic Acid

Moving from a liquid to a gaseous product
will require more energy than from a gas to a
gas
4 to 8% Vinegar content is Acetic Acid
Find the Enthalpy of Formation for Acetic
Acid (a liquid)

Equation to be solved using Algebra

Solve

Solution
To Find Enthalpy of Formation for Acetic Acid
you can use Algebra
Trick
EQ(1) x 2 + EQ(2) x 2 EQ(3)
2H1 + 2H2 H3 = H

Answer

for Acetic Acid

Considered a reaction with determined

coefficients, reaction has gone to completion
Later we will need to use entropy, mainly with
the Gibbs function to determine coefficients

Adiabatic Flame Temperatures

No Heat or Work Transfer
Change of Enthalpy of Products = Change of
Enthalpy of Reactants

Useful for maximum temperature determination

for heat considerations
Remember Products minus Reactants and
Products divided by Reactants later

Fuel to Air Ratio

F/A Stoichiometric vs. Actual
=Equivalence Ratio = (F/A)Actual/ (F/A)Stoic
Measurement of
Lean: fuel lean - excessive air
Rich: fuel rich - not enough air
Leads to lower combustion heat

Charts in Textbook.
H/C ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon in fuel w/ heats
of formation vs. Adiabatic Flame Temperature

A2 Tables in Book
Look up O2, N2, CO2, H2O, and CH4 values in
Table A2
Enthalpy at 25C, Enthalpy of Formation
Note values at higher temperatures
From KJ/mole how do you get to KJ/g?
See Book Appendix

Another Problem - Methane

Find the Heating value, or Heat of combustion

Assume all of the heat is draw out at 25C and water
remains in a vapor
Temperatures from state 1, 25C to state 2, 25C

What Equation do we use?

What Values do we need?

Visit to the Appendix

Various data in the appendix
Enthalpy
Gibbs Functions and more