Lilian Chao

Chapter 7: The Jeffersonian Era

Study Questions:
How and why did Jefferson attempt to minimize the differences between the two political parties?
Jefferson began his time as president by stating, We are all republicans, we are all federalists. He
would prove this right by following what he thought was right for the country rather than the ideals of
the separate parties, whose bitterness towards each other had been forged during the campaigns.
How did Jefferson continue his duties as president and as party leader in his efforts to govern the
country? Jefferson would do all he could to eliminate the aura of majesty that was associated with
presidency, while working to influence and instruct his party in quiet and devious means. He used his
powers as an effective political weapon; ensuring most of the government jobs were handled by loyal
Republicans.
What did people say and think about Jefferson as president and how was he as a politician? He was
known as the peoples president, doing all he could to remove the aura of supremacy that
surrounded the president. He walked and acted like a normal citizen, as he was a farmer standing up
for the agrarian vision. As a politician, he did all he could to minimize the differences between the two
parties, and yet still managed to influence and command the Republicans.
What was the Jeffersonian vision? Jefferson believed the power was in the people, as in the vote and
elections. He saw a frugal and simple government running the country, with an agrarian economy. He
believed that the nation would contribute in international commerce, in contrast to Hamiltons vision,
where the nations economy would flourish on a national debt.
Why did nothing work as planned? His views were largely ironic: his ideals did not fit women and
children who were in poverty or would be in poverty as wage/factory workers. Natives were also not
seen as part of his plans, and the white supremacy allowed him to justify his views on slaves not
being equal to the average person.
Explain how education practice varied and improved in the time of Thomas Jefferson: The
Republicans believed in the establishment a national public school system for the young boys of
America to ensure the future voters were well educated. However, education was not a free public
service at the time, and there were no laws to ensure the development of a comprehensive public
school system. Schools were open to rich people who could pay for it, and in many states, schools
were either private or run by religious groups. Female education was still unavailable, except when it
came to training women to be the perfect housewife, or republican mother.
What was Indian education? Indian education was created as a form of assimilation, to reform the
backwards Indians. Americans believed they could uplift the noble savages and convert them to
Christianity and teach them the way of the superior race whites.
Describe the development of higher education: Jefferson believed there should be a wider dispersion
of advanced knowledge, and created the university of Virginia as a result. Religious groups originally
ran many institutes of higher education, and they focused on classics and theology. The only field of
work that required education was that of the clergy and lawyer.
Prepare a written description on the development of medicine and science: As education improved,
so did knowledge about medicine and science. Awareness was spread about sanitation and the
anatomy, and yet useless, dangerous treatments such as bleeding and purging were spread.

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Why was there a decline in midwifery? Physicians demanded restrictions on midwifery as medicine
expanded to take over roles that were not traditionally related to that particular field.
What steps were put in place for the development of a national culture? Literature played a huge role
in creating a national culture. Americans believed their literary and artistic life would surpass the
achievements of Europe, as well as becoming the final stage of civilization. An Americanized and
simplified system of spelling was created by Webster, who is known for his dictionary. History was
used as well in literature to instil a sense of nationalism, whether it was true or not. The religious
foundation of the nation was also shaken as churches were detached from the government with only
10% of the population as members of formal churches. Deism rose from Enlightenment philosophers
in France, accepting the existence of God but seeing him as remote. Calvinism was rejected, as was
most forms of traditional religious practice.
What was the Second Great Awakening? Following the prominent rift between the church and
Americans forming after the revolution, conservative theologians attempted to revitalize the church.
Multiple denominations of the church were working apart to evangelize, and together, they created
the greatest surge of evangelism since the Great Awakening 60 years ago. It accelerated the growth
of different branches of the church, also reminding individuals to readmit God and Christ into their
daily lives.
What was the message of the Great Awakening? Because the forces of the Great Awakening were
so spread apart and not entirely working together, its message was not entirely consistent. However,
most were working for the same cause to evangelize and allow the individual to readmit God into
their lives.
Explain how the stirrings of industrialization were occurring in the US: The arrival of the new
technology into the US was not entirely legal, as many factory mechanisms had been memorized and
imported by Samuel Slater. Jefferson wanted machinery to assist farmers in the agrarian economy.
The steam engine was improved on, as were the spinning jenny and other European inventions.
However, America had its own inventors, such as Oliver Evans, who created an automated flourmill
and card making machine. More importantly was Eli Whitneys invention of the Cotton Gin.
Explain a) what was the Cotton Ginny and b) how it had such an impact on the industrialization of
America: The cotton gin was short for the cotton engine, and it worked to clean the cotton fibres of its
seeds, which were plentiful. As the textiles industry grew in Britain, and the crops originally grew in
the South became less popular, plantation owners needed a new crop to grow. They turned to cotton,
whose only problem was the abundance of seeds. This was solved by Whitneys invention, and it, in
turn, pushed for a greater textiles industry in America as well.
Outline the development of cities: At the time, cities were associated with cultural sophistication as
centres of commerce and learning. The economy was still generally agrarian, but people in cities
sought an elegant and refined life.
Give examples of industrial development and advances in transportation: Mills and factories were
prominent features of mid-19th century New England, and most people began working for wages. The
cotton gin was an important invention as it improved and expanded the textiles industry in America.
Transportation such as the steamboat were imported, and along with it, the canal. The canal would
cause many main cities to flourish alongside them. The railway was another example of
transportation, after oil and coal deposits were discovered in Appalachian Mountains.
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Why was there a reduction in the armed forces under Jeffersons administration? Jefferson believed
the army was an unnecessary drain of resources and that the country could be protected with militia
alone.
What issues faced both Jefferson and Napoleon? They both faced the issue of slave revolts: for
Napoleon it was the slaves in the West Indies, and for Jefferson, it was the slaves escaping the south
into Florida and revolting against their plantation owners.
Explain the deal surrounding the Louisiana Purchase that Jefferson and Napoleon arranged. Give
specific details. The territory west of the Mississippi river had been ceded to Spain by France
following the French and Indian war. However, in a secret treaty in 1800, Louisiana was returned to
Napoleons France, who wished to revive the French influence in the western hemisphere. However,
there were many slave revolts happening in the West Indies at the time, and when Napoleon sent his
soldiers to crush it, more problems arose. New Orleans was a trading post where many American
ships would dock at, but as it was part of the Louisiana territory, it jeopardized Americas trade
overseas. As a result, Jefferson sought to purchase New Orleans from the French, sending
Livingston to negotiate a deal for him. However, Livingston saw this as an opportunity to gain the
entirety of the territory, and made a deal with Napoleon to purchase the entire Louisiana territory. As
there was a war on the rise, Napoleon saw that he would have no time or resources to manage the
large territory, and sold the land to Jefferson.
Who was Toussaint LOuverture? Toussaint LOuverture was an important leader in the West Indie
slave revolts as a leader. He also helped form the republic as a remarkable leader.
How did Britains problems with France and Napoleon impact America? It was because of the rising
war with Britain that Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana to Jefferson. As the Napoleonic wars
escalated, so did the conflicts on the sea. Napoleon issued a series of decrees barring British and
neutral ships from British ships from landing at any French port in all of Europe. American ships were
caught in between this as they would be either captured by the American navy or seized by the
French. This was a direct violation of American neutrality, and moreover, the British were attacking on
American ships on the seas, seizing sailors for their own navy, where the French could only seize the
French at a port.
What was the Burr Conspiracy? The Burr conspiracy occurred when the Vice President Aaron Burr
ran for governor of New York, with claims of him agreeing to the Federalist secession plans. He was
also accused of treason by Burr, who he then challenged in a duel. He fled New York, finding new
outlets for his ambitions in the West, hoping to lead an expedition to capture Mexico from the Spanish
to create a little empire.
What problems faced the US and Britain and why did these issues lead to war? Britain was already
involved in a war with France, and had involved the US in it despite the neutrality laws already in
place. The US was involved as its ships were being seized by the British (or the France, if they
landed at a port) and crew members were being impressed into joining the British navy. The
impressed soldiers would escape onto American merchant ships, and these would be searched by
the British, claiming that they could take the Americans born on British soil. Following the
Chesapeake-Leopard affair, the British refused to renounce impressment. The war revived the
conflict between Natives and White Americans, as well, and the Americans were forcing more and
more Natives further west. The British assumed the Americans would soon invade Canada, and they

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soon came to support the Natives. Many wanted Madison to declare war on Britain for Canada, and
he eventually did.
Explain the circumstances of the war of 1812 and its outcome. The war went rather badly for
Americans, but it was settled in 1814 with a treaty that was favourable to the US. During the war, the
British invaded Washington after the Americans burned the Canadian capital at York. In New
Orleans, British veterans prepared to advance north up the Mississippi. New England also revolted,
with the Federalists supporting the British victories.
Vocab:
Marbury V. Madison Where William Marbury had been promised commission by Adams. Madison,
the secretary of state, who would later become president, refused to hand over the commission, and
it was brought to the court. They found that Marbury had a right to his commission, but they could not
force Madison to give it.
John Marshall John Marshall was the chief justice of the US at the time of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
He was a towering figure in the history of American law as a leading Federalist and prominent
Virginian lawyer. He had also been the secretary of state.
Samuel Chase Another Justice, a highly partisan Federalist. The republicans at Jeffersons urging
impeached him, and his acquittal established that impeachment would not become a routine political
weapon.
Lewis and Clark A pair of explorers, both experienced in dealing with Indians. They were hired by
Jefferson and led expeditions into the West with a company of four dozen men. Starting in 1804, they
were led by Sacajawea across the Rocky Mountains, descended the Snake and Columbia Rivers,
and in 1805 camped on the Pacific coast. They returned to St. Louis by September 1806.
Essex Junto The most extreme Federalists seeking to separate New England from the union to
form a Northern Confederacy. It would have included New York and New Jersey as well.
Hamilton vs. Burr Even as the epitome of Federalism, Hamilton refused to support the secessionist
scheme of the Essex Junto. He believed it would have been a clear sacrifice of great positive
advantages, and so the Federalists in New York turned to his greatest political rival, Aaron Burr, the
Vice President. Hamilton accused Burr of treason, calling him a despicable character, and the latter
challenged him to a duel. Hamilton would die of wounds.
Notes:
Nationalism and Education
Textbooks were written with a new American, simplified system of spelling. Webster would
create a spelling book and a dictionary.
Literature would be used as a tool of nationalism, retelling history as a story rather than facts.
Traditional forms of worship were weakened by the Revolution, and many Americans turned
away from the church. Instead they embraced Deism, which accepted the existence of a God
but saw him as a remote being.
There was no public school system in any state as late as 1815. Education was offered to
those who could afford it.
Republicans believed education was important for white males, as they would be the nations
next voters. It would later on be offered to women as well, to create the Republican mother as
a womans main function was to raise enlightened children.
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Women were thought to have no need for advanced education, as they were only receiving it
to become better mothers. Therefore, although there was a spread of universities and colleges
throughout this time, none of them offered education to females.
People thought Natives could be reformed to behave like the superior whites, and therefore
Indian Education was promoted by missionaries and mission schools.
African Americans were not offered any education, as most were slaves. Slaves were
prevented from learning to read as it would lead to the possibility of them being unhappy with
their condition.
Science and medicine expanded as new methods were introduced. The concept of sanitation
was spread, but so were dangerous and useless treatments such as purging. Midwives were
pushed out of their own field as physicians took over, putting restrictions on what the women
could do.

The Second Great Awakening

Because of Nationalism, many Americans believed it was the end for traditional, evangelistic
religion in their nation. However, the only issue was that they were no longer organizing
churches and denominations, which were considered too traditional.
In an attempt to revive the organizations, many evangelists set out to convince people to
readmit God into their lives. It was not a collective force, but rather separate forces all working
towards a basic, common idea.
The result was more women joining the church, as it was a foundation on which they could
build their lives. Industrial work was more common, and robbed older women of their social
roles where they could work from home, and they flocked to the churches as well.
African Americans also embraced religion, saying that salvation was available to all.
The Indians, too, were struck by this movement, bringing Native American a vision of a
personal God. As a result of restoration of religion among the Natives, for example, Iroquois
men became farmers rather than hunters, forcing women out of their traditional roles.
Freethinkers, who had helped produce the revivals, did not disappear, but their influence
instead declined.
Industrialism
Technology was heavily imported into the US from Britain, despite Britains protection against
their machinery leaving the country.
Samuel Slater used knowledge he acquired in England to build a mill in RI for Moses Brown,
which became the first modern factory in America.
American technology included: an automated flourmill, card making machine and the cotton
gin. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, which functioned to clear the cotton of its numerous
seeds.
The cotton gin would advance both Southern agriculture (and slavery) and the Northern
textiles industry.
Transportation and shipping was improved with the help of steamboats and canals, railways,
improved roads and the usage of trails across the Midwest to Spanish California and the
Oregon country.
Cities would rise and expand around Canals; already large cities would become centres of
commerce and learning.
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Jefferson and Expansion

Jefferson became known as the Peoples president, diminishing the aura of superiority
around the president. As a farmer himself, his ideals surrounded an agrarian economy, and did
not make much room for overseas commerce
He did as much as he could to minimize the differences between the two parties.
Jefferson was still a shrewd politician, and used his powers to appoint Republicans to most
government jobs.
He moved deliberately to reverse the trend of federal expenditures and remove taxes. The
armed forces were scaled down, as was the navy.
The Republican government sought to change the judicial system, as the Federalist
government had maintained that the Supreme Court could nullify acts of Congress.
Napoleon wanted to bring French influence and culture back to North America, and secretly
regained the Louisiana Territory from Spain. He had hold of the West Indies already, where the
slaves there were revolting and creating a republic of their own.
American ships had sailed the Mississippi River and deposited their cargoes in New Orleans
for oceangoing vessels, but the lower Mississippi was closed and now Americans wanted it to
reopen.
As a result, Jefferson sought to buy New Orleans from France, and Livingston proposed
France sell the US all of Louisiana. France agreed, as Napoleon was preparing for a renewed
war in Europe and would not have enough resources to secure an American Empire. America
paid $15 million to France for the territory and granted exclusive commercial privileges to
France in New Orleans.
Lewis and Clark were hired to explore the West with a company of four dozen men, led by
Sacajawea. Zebulon Pike led an expedition from St. Louis into the upper Mississippi valley,
and then again a year later, up the valley of the Arkansas River into present-day Colorado.
Federalists of New England were enraged by the territorial gain, and the most extreme of them
concluded that they must secede from the Union to form a separate Northern Confederacy.
Despite being the epitome of Federalism, Hamilton did not support them, and the Essex Junto
looked to his greatest political rival, Aaron Burr.
After events consisting of one being accused of treason, the latter challenged the former
secretary of state to a duel and Hamilton died. Burr tried to flee to Mexico and form his own
empire ruled by him, but was arrested and tried for treason.
Conflicts
Britain was in a war with France, and often captured sailors of American ships and forced them
into joining their army. This was known as Impressment.
James Madison would replace Jefferson as president in 1808.
By 1807, Indians would have been kicked off of their land in eastern Michigan, southern
Indiana and most of Illinois. Tribes in Georgia, Tennessee and Mississippi were also kicked out
of their land, as part of Americas manifest dynasty. The Natives were forced to move or
assimilate.
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) united tribes of the Mississippi valley to halt white
expansion. To destroy their growing influence, Governor Harrison led white forces in the 1811
Battle of Tippecanoe. To keep the West safe for Americans, the white residents of the region

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concluded that they had to drive the British out of Canada and take the province for
themselves.
War Hawks, those who were thirsty for war with Britain, pressured Madison into declaring war
against Britain.
The war of 1812 began with American forces invading Canada through Detroit. They lost and
retreated back to Detroit. The Natives allied themselves with the British. The Americans
burned York, the Canadian capital.
Once again, America was ill prepared for a war against the British. They captured Washington,
DC, and set the White House on fire. However, most battles were fought to a stalemate: once
English-French hostilities ended, most of the problems leading to the war had evaporated and
the British signed the Treaty of Ghent.
Unaware that the war was over, Andrew Jackson fought and won the Battle of New Orleans,
which led to national euphoria. The popularity of the war destroyed the Federalists.

Reflection:
In the late 19th century, there werent many jobs for women aside from the factory worker, or a
hired girl in a hotel, or a seamstress. Another choice for young, unmarried women was to earn a
teachers certificate and teach school a very important concept to the Republicans. Education would
enlighten the nations future voters in making the best decisions for their country, and as a student
herself, the author agrees that this was a very important part of societal development. However, as
late as 1815, there were no laws concerning a national public school system.
Women were, frankly, not welcome in schools. At least in the earlier part of the century, men
believed women to only have the capability of serving as a mother, working domestic jobs around the
house. Boys work farmers work was to be done exclusively by those the name implied it to be
done by. Girls work was to raise children, do the housework, and be a pretty lady for a man to show
off hence the finishing schools that were created in larger cities.
Aside from these jobs, women were also working as midwives. It made sense, of course who
knew a womans birthing pains better than another woman? Who else would have been better suited
for the job except for, in the minds of male physicians, themselves! The frail masculinity would strike
again, limiting more of womens jobs, cutting them out of the medical field until female nurses would
be sexualized. Imagine if midwifery hadnt disappeared after the 1800s how many more women
would be involved in medicine?
A physician did not only destroy the prospect of women in medicinal fields. They were smart
enough to realize sanitation counted for something, but were also ridiculous enough to support
purging a useless method for removing illness. The prairie cure was also made popular during
this time, supporting migration into the west, even for a short amount of time. Some would love it so
much out there that they would move there permanently, like so many other farmers and fur trappers
at the time.
Westward migration was also caused, in part, by the Industrial Revolution happening in New
England. The technological advancements of the time caused many to work in American
manufacturing as wage workers, where they were controlled by the clock. This is opposed to working
as a farmer, where all work done was to buy seeds for the next years crop, and of course, survival.
Food would come out of the crops that were grown and the animals that were raised.

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This philosophy was the one the third president believed in. Thomas Jefferson was a peoples
president, and was popular because of it he did all he could to abolish the differences between the
two parties at the time, and, like todays president, he made the presidency seem like nothing more
than a simple politician. He was a good president in the things he did territorial gains, making
people rush pell-mell for their seats at dinner parties (to remove the aura of supremacy, of course),
reducing the size of the army and even supporting technology but only if it assisted farming.
Thomas Jefferson is seen as one of the worlds most influential people, even today. He pushed
the education system beyond its assumed capabilities at the time. Although he was responsible for
the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, he was more proud for founding the University of Virginia,
and was an active supporter of higher education. He also believed in Indian reform that the Natives
could be enlightened and redeemed. It was partially because of this that so much assimilation
happened because they could be assimilated. Indians were forced to migrate otherwise, and many
went north into Canada.
Prior to the War of 1812, two Native men by the names of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
convinced many tribes to join them in a confederacy to resist the Indian removal that was happening
at the time. They would come to ally themselves with the British subjects in Canada during the war
itself, but they would still have lost their land. Tribal lands were no longer to be sacred to a certain
native group, but instead handed over to the whites for more territorial gain.
Jefferson, aside from being the third president of the United States, was also the author of the
Declaration of Independence. Inspired by the Iroquois Confederacy, he stated that All men [were]
created equal, except for, of course slaves. He was the man who banned slave trade, but he
perpetrated the act of slavery his entire life, having owned two plantations and 135 slaves. All
freemen are created equal, would have been a more appropriate wording for the Declaration. He
was proslavery for most of his presidency, although he did free a couple of slaves after his death, and
supported his views with pseudoscience. Slavery meant money and status, and thus, he advocated
harsh treatment to his slaves.
Jefferson was a good president. For a third president, he was quite far-sighted and
revolutionary: it was he who advanced the college and education system, as well as farming. He had
been responsible for territorial gain both through Indian Removal and the Louisiana Purchase.
However, he had not quite considered importance of technological advancement in manufacturing;
having been a plantation owner, he was more of a farmer and slave owner himself. Despite his
morally incorrect actions, he was a good president.

Chapter 8: Varieties of American Nationalism

SQ:
Explain the development of the American economy in post war (1812) society: The war spurred
American Manufacturing, as the states became more self-sufficient following the cut-off of trade with
Europe. Additionally, improved technology allowed for the American textiles industry to flourish.
What new developments in transportation were there at this time? In 1807, Albert Gallatin, the
secretary of the Treasury, approved of the construction of roads. As a result, the National Road was
created, improving transportation especially of textiles goods. Steamboats were welcomed in 1816
and improved transportation of cargo up and down the Mississippi River, and eventually led to the
construction of canals.

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What led to great migrations westward? Westward migration was due to population pressures in the
North as well as territorial gain following Jeffersons presidency.
Explain the establishment of John Jacob Astors fur trading company: This was established before the
war of 1812 at the mouth of Columbia River. It was sold to the Northwest Fur Company during the
war, and John Jacob Astor would create a new company centered on the Great Lakes, extending
west to the Rockies.
What was the era of good feelings? The era of good feelings was due to nationalism after the war,
as domestic affairs began to take over international relations in terms of importance. Monroe set on a
goodwill tour, and was well liked by everyone. With the economic expansion that was taking place,
the nation was truly united as a one party state.
Explain in detail the Missouri Compromise: Because each slave state had a free state to counter it,
when Missouri applied to join the union as a slave state, it needed a free state to balance it. Slavery
was already too present in the state to have it removed, and it was proposed that Maine be created
as a free state. This provoked a two-year controversy, however, the compromise was that anything
past the Missouri border would be slave free.
Who was John Marshall and what was his legacy for the US court system? John Marshall was the
chief Justice in the Supreme Court for 35 years, having had a great influence on it. He increased the
powers shared between the federal government and the judicial system, having had very strong
opinions about a strong federal government.
What was the Monroe Doctrine? Give specific details: The Monroe Doctrine was written by James
Monroe to assert US independence from the European foreign policy. It asserted that the political
system in the Western Hemisphere was different from European politics, and that there would be no
more colonial ventures from Europe in this hemisphere. In exchange, the US would not involve itself
in European affairs.
Explain the new opposition that occurred at this time: The new opposition that arose from the existing
Republican party was the National Republicans and the Democratic Republicans, because of the
Corrupt Bargain.
Explain the second John Quincy Adams into the White House: John Quincy Adams had been handed
the presidency following an election in which no one won the majority; the Speaker of the House,
Henry Clay, was also named state secretary and therefore heir apparent.
Explain the effects of the War of 1812 on the banking, shipping, farming, industry and transportation
of America: The war of 1812 had limited trading with Europe, and from necessity, American
Manufacturing was increased. With the growing manufacturing industry as well, farmers were having
their land taken away in the North, and were generally pushed into the mid-west. A second bank of
America was created to solve currency issues, and with advanced technology, shipping began to rely
on steamboats on the Mississippi, and later, canals. Railways and highways also served as forms of
transportation.
How did the Marshall Court change the status of the federal judiciary and how the courts decisions
altered relationships between the Federal government and the states and the Federal government
and business? Marshall had been a proponent of a strong central government and against state laws.
He supported business enterprise as an economic nationalist, and his opinions affected the choices
made in the Supreme Court.
Why did President James Monroe announce his doctrine in 1823 and explain its impact on
international relations at the time? Following the gain of Spanish Florida as American territory, Spain
began to lose the other areas they had claims over, signalling the end of the Spanish Empire in the
Western Hemisphere. Ultimately, Monroe and Adams came to recognize the new nations, deciding
America should assert its authority over the Western Hemisphere the Monroe Doctrine. It was a
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policy of non-interference, stating that Europe would have to butt out. In return, America would stay
out of European affairs.
Explain reasons why Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828 and give the significance of his victory:
Andrew Jacksons democratic views ushered in the age of Jacksonian democracy, which replaced
the Jeffersonian republicanism. Jackson had won the election by being a common man with common
man interests and the West. As he had also won the Battle of New Orleans, he had much respect
from the Republicans, who had supported the war. He had ensured a network of wide popular
support through a coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers and other
community leaders.
Vocab:
Second Bank of the United States created to deal with the issue of the variety of notes with varying
values that was circulating during the time. Since the charter for the first bank of America had ended
in 1811, Congress founded this one; the only difference between the two was that the second one
had more capital than the first.
Protective Tariff Created to limit competition from abroad on a wide range of items, especially
cotton cloth.
National Road Formally known as the Cumberland Road. Construction began in 1811, and this
would be the first highway, running from the Potomac River to the Ohio River.
Steamboats perfected by Robert Fulton, responsible for carrying more cargo on the Mississippi than
all other forms of river transport combined. They stimulated the agricultural economy of the West and
the South, as it was cheaper shipping.
Turnpikes also known as toll roads, where travellers were barred from advancing further until they
paid a toll.
James Monroe The fifth American president, author of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that Europe
was to stay out of the Western hemisphere, as it was the American purview. He did a Goodwill Tour,
unlike other presidents, and led the era of good feelings. He was re-elected in 1820 without
opposition.
Election of 1824 a major turning point in presidential elections. Prior to 1824, the electors had been
chosen by state legislatures.
The Corrupt Bargain During the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received the greatest number
of votes, both popular and electoral, but not the majority. The Speaker of the House (Clay) handed
Adams the victory, and Clay was appointed secretary of state. Previously, the secretary of state had
become president every time, and the other electoral candidates saw this as a corrupt bargain.
Henry Clay Speaker of the House, the man who handed the victory of the election of 1824 to
Adams. He had turned down the position of Secretary of War under Monroe, but was appointed
Secretary of State for Adams; this almost guaranteed him position as president in 1828, as the
previous presidents had all served as Secretary of State before.
John Quincy Adams the son of the second president, one of Americas best diplomats in history,
even before becoming secretary of state. He resolved the disputes about Florida and gained the
entire territory for the US.
Election of 1828 by this time, a new two-party system began to emerge out of the divisions within
the Republican Party. One side was the National Republicans, who were supporters of John Quincy
Adams. The other consisted of supporters of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic Republicans.

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Seminole War In order to cease raids on American territory by the Seminole Indians in Florida,
Andrew Jackson invaded Florida and seized Spanish forts. The government was told to assume
responsibility for it.
Andrew Jackson A democratic-republican, voted into office in 1828. He was truly a president of the
people, and they saw him as a common man. He was the first president not from Virginia, and
believed in the strength of the Union and supremacy of the federal government over the state
government.
Adams-Ons Treaty of 1819 Upon realizing that the Spanish stood no chance against the
Americans if they wished to take Florida by force, the Spanish minister ceded all of Florida to the US,
as well as its claim to territory north of the 42 nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. The American
government gave up its claim to Texas.
The Panic of 1819 an economic panic caused by extensive speculation and the decline of
European demand for American goods. It was known as the end of the era of good feelings.
Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state. It also allowed Maine to
enter as a free state, prohibiting slavery north of the 36 th latitude 30 feet within the Louisiana Territory.
The Monroe Doctrine - written by James Monroe to assert US independence from the European
foreign policy. It asserted that the political system in the Western Hemisphere was different from
European politics, and that there would be no more colonial ventures from Europe in this hemisphere.
In exchange, the US would not involve itself in European affairs.
Notes:
The Growing Economy
The war of 1812 spurred American manufacturing on, as there was a decrease in overseas
trade. Because of necessity, the US became self-sufficient, with New England as Americas
manufacturing centre.
The Second Bank of the United States was created to deal with a currency problem of the time
varying notes in circulation that caused confusion and counterfeiting. It had more capital than
its predecessor.
With the importation of various textiles technology and the factory, the textiles industry
flourished. In Northern states especially, the economy turned from agrarian to businessoriented.
A protective tariff was put in place to limit overseas competition for goods.
The government funded roads, and the first highway, the National Road, would be built in
1811. Over these, covered wagons, stagecoaches, droves of cattle and other forms of
transportation would travel further than before, and for cheaper.
The steamboat, perfected by Robert Fulton, would introduce canals, which would stimulate the
agricultural economy of both the West and South, providing readier access to markets at
reduced costs.
However, there were still problems involving traffic with the closure of Atlantic shipping
coastal roads were used for north-south traffic. Goods that were normally imported from
overseas were in shortages, and prices rose to new heights due to difficulty of transportation.
In order to improve transportation issues, Calhoun proposed a bill to create a perfect system
of roads and canals, vetoed by Madison because Congress lacked the authority to fund
improvements without a constitutional amendment.
Westward Migration
Although the West sought to stay out of issues with slavery, having banned it, it became one of
the major factors for the Civil War. It thrust people of different cultures and traditions into
disastrous associations with one another
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Pressures drove white Americans out of the east due to increase of population. American
farmers moved into the west due to the growing manufacturing community in the North.
Native American opposition had been diminished in the War of 1812, and opened up the west
to settlement. The factor system supplied tribes of Native Americans with goods at a low cosy,
making the Natives easier to control.
In the Southwest, the market of cotton continued to grow, with more and more ambitious
farmers seeking fresh soil for the crop. This meant a spreading of cotton, plantations and
slavery.
Four new states would be admitted after the War of 1812: Indiana (1816), Mississippi (1817),
Illinois (1818) and Alabama (1819).
Fur traders populated the far west, while Mexico controlled Texas, California and the
Southwest, having won independence from Spain in 1821. Trade was opened up with the US
during this time over the Santa Fe and Oregon trails. Fur traders would marry Hispanic or
Indian women, although relations with Indians were not always good.
Explorers were dispatched by the American government to chart the territories they visited. Not
many knew what the West looked like otherwise.

The Era of Good Feelings

End of first party system would end with the inauguration of James Monroe, again, from
Virginia. Many were angered about the Virginia Dynasty, but Republicans did not lack
support. Instead, the Federalist Party declined, and Monroe took it upon himself to execute
partisan divisions.
Monroe, as president, chose John Quincy Adams as his secretary of State to end the Virginia
Dynasty, as he was heir apparent. He departed on a Goodwill Tour of the country, marking the
era of good feelings and the Federalist Party ceased to exist.
John Quincy Adams, the secretary of state, began negotiations in 1817 to gain all of Spanish
Florida. He would prove through the Seminole war that America could easily take Florida by
force, coercing the Spanish Minister into ceding all of Florida to the US as well as its claim to
territory in the Pacific Northwest.
The Panic of 1819 would occur after a period of high foreign demand for American farm goods.
Six years of depression would follow, eventually making the Banks existence one of the
nations most pressing political issues.
Sectionalism and Nationalism
The Missouri Compromise not only admitted Missouri and Maine as states, but also proposed
an amendment prohibiting Slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the Southern boundary of
Missouri.
John Marshall believed in a strong central government and opposed states rights, as shown
during the Dartmouth College v. Woodward case. During the Marbury v. Madison case of
1803, he established the principle of judicial review, the authority to declare acts of Congress
unconstitutional. Marshall was also a supporter of business enterprise, as shown in McCulloch
v. Maryland.
In 1831, the Cherokees differed from other Natives and tried to mount a court challenge to a
removal order. In the case of Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court upheld the rights of the
Cherokee tribe to their tribal lands.
The Latin American Revolution occurred following the War of 1812, and the formerly Spanish
provinces (Texas, California and New Mexico) were freed.
President James Monroe announced the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.
Revival of Opposition

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Democratic Republicans were supporters of Andrew Jackson, with the other half being
supporters of John Quincy Adams they had started to resemble the early Federalists with
their promotion of economic growth and centralization.
The election of 1824 and The Corrupt Bargain resulted in John Quincy Adams being handed
the presidency and Henry Clay becoming the state secretary and heir apparent to the
presidency.
The Jacksonian Era began in 1828, when Andrew Jackson became president. This victory
marked the new era of democracy and the age of the common man.

Reflection:
The end of the War of 1812 marked true American independence. Trade with Europe was no
longer an option, and thus, America became self-sufficient. The European Industrial Revolution
contributed to American manufacturing advancements, but American inventions were what truly
advanced the country as an economic power especially the cotton gin. Transportation was also an
important advancement railways and steamboats were used to transport goods and supplies to
farmers in the south and even the west.
It could also be because of this that society is so dependent on technology today. It simply
makes life easier, and work can be done more efficiently. However, the society peeled away, almost
all at once, from the rural lifestyle that had been in place so firmly since the beginning of human
society. The dependency on technology can be seen everywhere even in the 19 th century There
would be no more coal or kerosene and no meat until a train could come, a quote from Laura Ingalls
Wilders The Long Winter, illustrating the life of the Ingalls family during the latter part of the century,
shows this.
The Ingalls family settled in current day De Smet, North Dakota. Although not further west, it
was still west. Much like many other families, they were restless and therefore moved into the new
land, betting with Uncle Sam for a homestead just north of the growing town. The Midwest would be
heavily populated with farmers and fur trappers, known as the Mountain Men, with the farmers
moving west because of both restlessness and lack of farming land in the North, which had been
taken over by the manufacturing industry.
Also in the west, especially the far west, were the Spanish. Following the loss of Florida, the
Spanish empire would continue to diminish, until Spanish California and Texas won independence in
the Latin American Revolution. They would join the union in 1848 and the Oregon country in 1846.
With these territorial gains, it would mark the outline of the current American borders. These
provinces had been added to the Union because of its importance in trade through the Santa Fe Trail
and Oregon trails, and many Yankees had settled on the Pacific coast also to raise cattle.
On the opposite side of the coast, however, the North was moving significantly closer to a
manufacturing industry. Also in the North was the development of the second bank of America, and
as a result, a stable currency. More importantly, James Monroe took place as the president.
The inauguration of James Monroe marked the end of the party system. As the Republics
became more popular, support for the Federalists diminished, and Monroe used this to abolish the
two party system that had been in place since the creation of the union. Monroe was a good
president, and his presidency was known as the era of good feelings. He also wrote the Monroe
Doctrine, which would come to affect all of Americas international relations.

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The Monroe Doctrine said, essentially, Europe, butt out. It barred Europe from meddling with
North and South American affairs, including future colonial ventures. In return, America would stay
out of Europes conflicts something that would have been useful before the Napoleonic wars. The
Doctrine would eventually come back during the Spanish-American war in 1898, and even the Cold
War.
James Monroe was overall a very well liked president. Since there were no more political
parties, just about everyone agreed on his presidency, which is something that hasnt happened
since. However, when the election of 1828 rolled around, the Republican party was being split into
two: John Quincy Adams and Henry Clays supporters would be the Republican party, which had
adopted more Federalist views, and Andrew Jacksons supporters would become the Democratic
Republicans, supporting voting rights to be distributed to anyone who owned land.
The large rivalry between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams stemmed from the
election of 1824, where Jackson received the largest number of votes but not the majority. Henry
Clay handed the presidency over to John Quincy Adams and named Clay State Secretary and
therefore heir apparent. However, he did not win; Andrew Jackson was seen as a representation of a
common mans interests, including those concerning the west.
During this time, the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of America was John Marshall. He
was very persuasive and helped establish the Supreme Court as the final authority on the meaning of
the Constitution. Although he was an extremely influential man in the Court, the author believes he
had let his personal opinions influence it too much; just as the church was separate from the state,
shouldnt it also be that personal morals were too? His opinions concerning the powers that a federal
and state government possessed were reflected heavily on his work as a judge.
The author believes that although this was a seemingly dull chapter to read in a textbook, it
was also an exciting time to live during. With the development of new technology happening
everywhere in the nation, and the era of good feelings rising, the growing country of America could
only improve. America prospered during this time, and so did its politics.

Chapter 9: Jacksonian America

SQ:
Explain the development of mass politics: The development of mass politics coincided with the
Industrial Revolution in the West during Jacksons time as President. It developed as the emergence
of mass political parties rose.
What was the plan to expand the US electorate? Rules were expanded to include the common white
man, as long as they owned land. The loss of a population in the North caused a democratic
electorate to prevent any more migrations and also to include the new Western states.
Explain the features of the Dorr Rebellion: In response to Rhode Islands conservative legislatures
blocking all attempts at reforming voting regulations, Thomas W. Dorr formed an activist party. The
Peoples Party, as it was known, drafted a constitution that was approved of by the people, and both
this government and the old one claimed legitimacy. Although Dorr failed, it still pressured the old
government to draft a new constitution expanding suffrage.
Explain how Jackson became the president of the common man: Jackson believed in a very simple
theory: that every (white, male) person should receive equal protection and equal benefits without
favour over region or class. These were a common mans interests, as well as westward migration.
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Jacksons policies, however, were careful in keeping subjugation for blacks, Indians, and for different
reasons, women.
Explain John C. Calhoun and nullification: John C. Calhoun was the vice president. He had created a
controversial constitutional theory involving nullification, which allowed states to challenge the federal
law. If their arguments were effective, the laws would be declared void within that one state. Jackson
objected to this, and nullification supporters were known as traitors to near violent suppression.
Who was Martin van Buren and what were his political objectives? Van Buren would become
Jacksons successor after also having been state secretary. He had been the leader of the Albany
Regency in the 1820s, and had helped create one of the first modern parties in the US. His political
objectives were to bring party politics to the national level, which he succeeded in. Later, as
president, his administration would strongly oppose government intervention in the economy during
the Panic of 1837. However, he did succeed in establishing a ten-hour workday.
What was the Webster-Hayne Debate all about? The Nullification crisis continued into the WebsterHayne debate, where Webster, a Whig, challenged the integrity of the Union. It was more than just
nullification at this point, and came to include State vs. Federal power. Webster forcefully rejected
nullification, concluding with, Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Describe in detail the manner in which the White Americans dealt with the Native Americans: Since
the beginning of European settlement in America, Indians had been seen as noble savages
people without a civilization but with the potential for one. As the 19 th century came about, this
attitude changed, particularly among the whites Jackson represented. Native Americans were simply
savages after this. As a result, they subjected Indians to removal or assimilation.
What was the impact and legacy of Removal? As Indians were in possession of valuable lands that
Jackson wanted to use for white settlement, removal seemed to be the only solution. Many conflicts
arose from this, including the Black Hawk war between the white settlers in Illinois and the Sauk and
Fox Indians. The Cherokee people had protested as well, appealing to the Supreme Court. However,
Jackson refused to be thwarted, and forced them out of their homes at bayonet point. One quarter of
the Cherokee people died on the Trail of Tears.
Describe the changing face of US politics: Jacksons democratic views came to replace Jeffersons
republicanism. During Monroes presidency, he had abolished the two-party system, joining the nation
under a single party. However, with Jackson, a new opposition rose competition between the
Democratic Republicans and the National Republicans.
What was the panic of 1837 that Van Buren faced? The Panic of 1837 lasted for five years during the
Van Buren presidency. It was caused by a disruption of the Treasury surplus and weakening state
banks on the part of Whigs. Jackson had openly opposed the BUS, a national bank, and supported
hard currency. Europe, also facing financial downfalls, caused investors to withdraw funds from
America. Van Buren made the situation worse by continuing the support of hard currency, which
meant money would be hard to come by. He was not re-elected as a result.
Describe the new style of electoral campaign: The new electoral campaigns used the popular new
penny press to carry news of the candidates to a larger audience. It illustrated the full concept of the
party system, using techniques of mass voter appeal and representation of simple, rustic values. The
philosophies did not matter so much as the ability to win votes at this point.

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What was Jacksons legacy? Jackson was an extremely influential man, having played a pivotal role
in nullification crisis, the bank war and the forced removal of Indians. His philosophies would last to
todays democratic voting system, and the impact of his Indian Removal policies would continue to
leave a mark on American History, especially from the point of view of the First Nations people.
What was Andrew Jacksons philosophy of government and its impact on the office of the
presidency? Jackson believed in a simple theory of democracy that it should offer equal protection
and equal benefits to all of its white male citizens. As a result, every white male citizen would be
seen the same, regardless of their class or hometown. He was seen as a common man, and was
popular among Americans. His views on government drastically changed the electoral system of the
time.
What were the reasons surrounding Jacksons war on the Bank of the United States? Jackson
believed banks were the reason for special privileges in the country. He thought of them as useless to
those who elected him, and supported the removal of federal deposits from the BUS.
Vocab:
Second Seminole war Indians were forced to relocate; only the Seminoles in Florida managed to
resist the governments demands. While most moved west, a group refused to leave and began an
uprising in 1835. This dragged on for years, until the government abandoned the war in 1842. Even
then, the relocation of the Seminoles was never complete.
Nicholas Biddle the president of the BUS from 1823 on. He had done all he could to put the
institution on a sound foundation.
Hard and soft money hard money was the usage of only gold and silver for currency. Their
supporters condemned all banks that issued bank notes, embracing older ideas of public virtue and
did not approve of expansion. Soft money was currency and bank notes, and advocates of this were
state bankers and their allies. They believed in rapid economic growth.
Egalitarianism the belief of equality among all people in a society.
Suffrage reforms democratic changes that were fought for during the Jacksonian era. They began
in Ohio and spread to other states to allow all white males to vote and be allowed to hold office.
Dorr rebellions In response to Rhode Islands conservative legislatures blocking all attempts at
reforming voting regulations, Thomas W. Dorr formed an activist party. The Peoples Party, as it was
known, drafted a constitution that was approved of by the people, and both this government and the
old one claimed legitimacy. Although Dorr failed, it still pressured the old government to draft a new
constitution expanding suffrage.
Spoils system Jacksons patronage system, allowing men to buy their way into office. This resulted
in a very corrupt government.
Nullification crisis In response to the tariff of abominations, which North Carolinians believed was
responsible for their failing economy, many were ready to consider secession. However, Calhoun
developed a theory to protect his future in politics, and that was nullification. He argued that a state
could argue against an unconstitutional law and declare the federal law null within the state. Many
influential figures of the time opposed this, such as Jackson, Van Buren and Daniel Webster.

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Martin Van Buren An established member of Jacksons cabinet and political allies. He supported
the idea of political parties, as they were the only way to ensure genuine democracy to him. He
created the system of party governments and was Jacksons successor.
Webster-Hayne debate Series of debates between Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster concerning
states rights and national power.
John Tyler - The successor and running mate of Harrison. He was a former democrat, and showed it;
he also refused to re-charter the national bank and was eventually kicked from the Whig party.
Whigs Essentially, this was the anti-Jackson party. They were disorganized and were split between
three figures: Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and John Calhoun.
Clays American System Henry Clays program for economic development. It included internal
improvements (transportation projects like roads and canals), which would promote trade and unite
the country. Tariffs were used to protect domestic industries and fund internal improvements.
However, because of the dependence on agricultural plantations and slave labour, the South did not
benefit from it.
The Caroline Affair when an American steamship was seized by Canadians in a rebellion against
Britain. British authorities burned the Caroline, killing an American. A Canadian was arrested and
charged for the murder of the American.
Aroostook War the boundary dispute between America and Canada. It took place near the
Aroostook River, where Canadian lumberjacks worked. Residents of Maine tried to eject them. It was
solved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 The treaty that established the boundary between the US and
Canada. It followed the Aroostook War.
Trail of Tears Beginning in 1838, this was the trail thousands of Indians were forced to walk to
Indian Territory in Oklahoma when Jackson forced the Cherokees west.
Treaty of Wang Hya A treaty granting America equal privileges in trade with China as the English. It
also granted Americans accused of crimes in China the right to be tried by American officials rather
than Chinese officials.
Anti Masons a movement launched by the Whigs in the 1820s in response against the secret and
exclusive, supposedly undemocratic, Society of Freemasons.
Notes:
The Rise of Mass Politics
Jacksons policy supported expansion of the electoral group from a small, state-selected
caucus to the entire white, male, land-owning population. There was resistance, of course, but
most state reforms were peaceful.
The Dorr rebellion occurred when Rhode Islands original constitution barred half the adult
males from voting and stuck to it. Thomas W. Dorr essentially caused a revolution, which
failed, but still pushed a new draft of the constitution.
The Federalists ceased to exist when Monroe was president. However, a fully formed 2 party
system began to operate on the national level by 1830: The Whigs and the Democrats
Jackson as president
Aside from having democratic values and common man interests, Jackson was also known
for his spoils system, which supported patronage.
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Jackson was also known for his presence during the Nullification crisis, which involved John C.
Calhoun, his own vice president. Jackson viewed nullification as a dangerous constitutional
theory. He believed nullification would come between the Union remaining a union.
The Webster-Hayne debate of January 1830 stemmed from the Nullification crisis, but
ultimately came to be between state and federal powers.
Jacksons Bank War was a reflection of his opposition to federal power and aristocratic
privilege. He was opposed to banks, and had vetoed Nicholas Biddles bill to re-charter the
Second BUS.
Jackson favoured hard money, as he had previously experienced bankruptcy and was
suspicious of banks and paper currency because of it.
Jackson also supported the removal of federal deposits from the BUS to weaken it before its
expiration. He caused an expansion of credit, and increased the number of state banks issuing
its own paper currency.

Indian Removal
Attitudes changed between seeing Indians as redeemable to complete savages. Whites also
believed contact with the Indians would produce more violence and conflicts; they supported
removal because of this. They also wanted their land.
The Black Hawk War occurred in 1831-1832, between the white settlers in Illinois and an
alliance of the Sauk and Fox Indians under Black Hawk.
The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw peoples were all seen as civilized,
having given up many of their traditional ways.
The original negotiations between tribes and the government did not proceed fast enough to
satisfy the whites. In 1830, the Removal Act was passed with Jacksons approval and tribes
were paid to move west.
The Cherokees, however, resisted. In the Worcester v. Georgia case of 1832, the Supreme
Court upheld the rights of the Cherokee tribe to their lands. However, Jackson was set on
removing the Cherokee, and forced them to move west at bayonet point.
The Seminole fought back, but only a minority under the chieftain Osceola. In 1835, runaway
black slaves who had been living with the tribe joined them in a war against Jacksons troops.
Their relocation was never quite complete.
The Trail of Tears is the name for the route Natives took when they were relocated to the
Indian Territory of Oklahoma.
Indian reserves were guarded by US military forts to keep them on the land and to keep whites
out.
Alternatives did not exist in Jacksons mind; he saw Native Americans as immoral, stupid and
uncivilized, despite how much they assimilated into white culture.
Changing American Politics
John Marshall died in 1835 and a new Chief Justice was appointed: Roger Taney. He helped
modify Marshalls vigorous nationalism, supported private property, economic expansion
opportunities and allowed state legislatures to regulate activities of corporations.
Democrats envisioned a future of steadily expanding economic and political opportunities for
white males. They believed obstacles should be removed if they were in the way of
opportunities. This meant defending the Union and attacking centres of corrupt privilege.
German and Irish Catholics, the countrys largest recent immigrant groups, supported the
Democrats for shared their aversions to commercial and entrepreneurial progress.
Whigs, on the other hand, favoured expanding the power of the federal government and
encouraging industrial and commercial development in an economic union. Whigs were
popular among merchants and manufacturers in the North.

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The Election of 1836 was between Andrew Jacksons nominee, Van Buren, and several Whig
candidates. They had hoped their three candidates would prevent Van Buren from getting a
majority, where a repeat of the Election of 1824 could happen.
New techniques of political campaigning were used in the Election of 1840. Both sides used
techniques of mass voter appeal and representation of simple, rustic values. The philosophies
did not matter so much as the ability to win votes at this point.
After Harrison triumphed over Van Buren, he died. Vice President John Tyler took over.
Although he had broken his ties from the Democratic Party, there were still signs of his former
loyalties embedded in his work. The Whigs broke ties with Tyler, and he re-joined the
Democrats.
Aroostook war occurred after tensions since 1783. In 1838, a violent brawl between Americans
and Canadian lumberjacks ensued along the Aroostook River. The Webster-Ashburton treaty
of 1842 settled the boundary dispute.

Economic Boom
Van Buren won the election due to a nationwide economic boom that climaxed during 1836.
Canals and railroads were at a peak of activity. Money was plentiful and banks increased their
loans and notes. The national debt was steadily reduced and from 1835 to 1837, there was no
national debt, with a substantial surplus.
The Distribution Act was created in 1836. It funded states with the excess money, encouraging
the economic boom.
The Panic of 1837 occurred during Van Burens presidency. However, his government did not
do much to help the economic depression.
The Independent Treasury system would be accepted in both houses of Congress in 1840.
The Treaty of Wang Hya was established in 1844, securing equal trading privileges with China
as the ones the English had.
Reflection:
The Jacksonian era was a time during which politics completely changed in the US. Instead of
national unity over one party, there developed a second. Jackson brought democratic views to the
White House. His presidency birthed the second party system; his opponents formed the party of the
Whigs.
Jacksons theory, that each and every man should be equal and treated so, did not apply to
Blacks and Natives. In fact, he was completely against Natives living on his land, and as president,
did all he could to remove them. He viewed the former treaties his predecessors had made with the
Indians to be completely absurd, and did not have any mercy towards them. Even when the
Cherokee people appealed to keep their tribal lands, Jackson vetoed the decision of the Court, and
sent them on the Trail of Tears with the other civilized tribes he had taken land from. A quarter of
the Cherokee people died on the trail, and the white people did not do much against it. As a result,
the traditionally spiritual lands were opened up for settlement.
Despite his harsh treatment towards Natives and African Americans, however, Jackson was
viewed as the common mans president as he had interests similar to those of a common mans. He
was very popular and well liked, as he served for 2 terms. However, that is not to say he didnt have
and opposition.
The party that was against Jackson were known as the Whigs. The author would like to note
that already, they sound like a very unpleasant group of people. They were named, however, to echo
the American Whigs of 1776, who were opposed to tyranny. They were integral to the two-party
system that rose from their opposition to Jacksons democratic party. In the election of 1840, their
candidate won over Jacksons own choice, Martin Van Buren. Their candidate, Harrison, died in office

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and was replaced with John Tyler, whose democratic past caught up with him and he was removed
from the party.
Part of the reason Harrison had won instead of Van Buren was because of the latters lack of
action during the Panic of 1837. Hundreds of banks and businesses failed and unemployment grew.
Prices, especially that of land, fell significantly, and it proved to be a lasting catastrophe for the
Democrats. On one hand, the Whigs had been responsible for the distribution of the Treasury
surplus, therefore weakening state banks, but the Democrats paid the price for it. They opposed
government intervention in the economy and only made things worse by borrowing money to pay
government debts.
Van Buren was not a bad president, either. He had managed to establish the 10-hour workday
during his presidency, as well as the independent treasury, which was in effect in the last year of his
presidency, and lasted until 1921. It retained government funds in the US Treasury and sub
treasuries, and although it did some good, it also posed new economic problems. The important thing
was, however, that the government was separate from the bank.
This proposal actually reversed Jacksons decision to split the federal funds into state banks,
and many democrats were opposed to it. Jackson had done so as he did not trust banks, at least not
big ones. He had refused to re-charter the National Bank in his presidency, and the Whigs argued
that the nation required a powerful institution to manage the economy. His opposition to federal power
was reflected in his choosing of state banks over a national bank and had even attempted to weaken
the National Bank before its expiration. This was all known as the Bank War.
Jackson had also been known for his stance during the Nullification Crisis. Boiled down to the
basics, nullification was seen as something that would bring the union apart. If only one state did not
obey a particular law, they would be set apart from the rest of the states, and the union would not be
a union. This escalated in the Webster-Hayne debate into state power vs. federal power.
The author finds this to be an interesting topic, seeing as some laws today are not applicable
in some states. These laws are obviously state laws, but the whole point of keeping a nation as a
single, united force should include the same overall laws; for example, the same-sex marriage laws.
The author was taught at a young age by her fifth grade teacher (who was awful, but had the right
attitude towards things, and is part of the reason social justice is so ingrained in the authors head)
that man, meant human this was again, reinforced by her seventh grade teacher. All men are
created equal, the Declaration of Independence stated. Arguably, this was written for the white man,
and times have changed since then. This has come to include people of all races, except for those
who do not fit into the heteronormative standards of society, those who are not male identifying /and
or biologically male, and in certain cases, African American. And although women are seen as
equals now, and no longer a mans object by law, they are still objectified by men through media
and even some state laws, where they are still seen as walking wombs in the case of abortion they
are expected to keep the baby, even if they do not have the means to keep it. However, the author
also feels that if federal law covered these things, and the government flipped between republican
and democratic every few years, anything done by the other party would be cancelled out.
The author remembers the last federal election, which she spent refreshing the elections
website and scrolling through commentary from her American friends on social media sites. This goes
to show how much politics has come to effect everyone, from the original, white, male voters to even
the American youth who cannot vote just yet. The audience for the presidential election is growing,
and the author feels that more and more people get invested in the nations politics (mostly social
justice warriors and feminists) with every reblog of a post on Tumblr. This is in part, due to the
injustice the youth feels towards their identity groups a majority of them are floating along the
gender spectrum and have sexualities that are not simply heterosexual. They feel the Democrats
are a better choice for them, although most of the elections are between capitalism and more

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capitalism but its not the Democrats passing laws in Texas banning a woman from control over her
own body, is it?
However, During the time of Van Burens presidency, the electoral campaigns were changing
from really seeing the parties for what they stood for into who had the best publicity. Instead of
looking at a partys ideals, they voted for the person they liked better and how they were portrayed in
media. The author enjoys seeing the politics warp back to voting for the party rather than the person,
but it may still be a long time until everyone has what they need.

Chapter 10: Americas Economic Revolution

SQ:
What was the market revolution? This was process directly impacted by the Industrial revolution that
was happening in Europe at the time. The development of railroads and the steamship contributed to
improved transportation of goods. More importantly, the manufacturing industry expanded even
further with the inventions of the factory and mill. This meant that mass production was a possibility,
making it easier for entrepreneurs to earn money.
What were the regional differences? The Norths economy previously based on trade and shipping,
began to develop into a wage-working industry. Much of it was based on manufacturing and factories.
In the South, the economy was still very plantation based, and therefore relied on slaves. In the
Midwest, the original settlers had been fur trappers, but later on, developed into farming lands for the
farmers pushed out of the North.
Describe the growth and development of the American population: Much of the population growth in
America during this time was due to increased immigration. Many immigrants came from Europe,
specifically, Germany and Ireland, mostly because of the potato famine. The addition of California
and Texas would also contribute to the population growth, as their additions would include the
existing population of the new states. There was an abundance of land for settlement now, following
the Louisiana Purchase (1803) and Indian removal (1830-1838).
Describe the growth of urban areas: Urban areas grew significantly with the development of the
steamship. Since most small trading towns had sprung up on the Mississippi, the technological
advances in transportation made them very strategic locations for economic expansion. New York in
particular grew due to its natural harbour and the Erie Canal.
Describe the rise of nativism: Nativism, despite what the name suggests, did not have to do with the
Native Americans. Instead, it had to do with native Americans native born Americans in protest
towards the immigrants that were arriving in America. They called the immigrants an alien menace,
viewing them with the same contempt they viewed African Americans and Indians. They would
eventually come to form the Native American Association, banning Catholics from holding public
office, making naturalization laws and literacy tests.
Who were the know-nothings? The Know Nothings were a nativist party condemning Catholics and
foreigners. They were named for their secret code, I know nothing, and they eventually formed a
new political organization. They had an astonishing success in the elections of 1854, and although
they declined after this, they had a lasting impact on the collapse of the existing party system
between the Whigs and Democrats.
Describe the development of canals that would be called canal age: With the perfection of the
steamboat in 1816, they became much more common forms of transportation. They provided an
economic advantage as they were cheaper transport than man-powered transportation, and allowed
farmers in the Midwest to bring their goods to cities and urban hubs much quicker. The construction

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of the Erie Canal contributed to New Yorks urbanization, as it was both a natural port and now a
canal port.
Describe the development of a railroad system: The groundwork for a railroad system was already in
place from the 1820s and 1830s. However, technology and entrepreneurial motivations pushed the
development of this form of transportation along, and with the invention of tracks and steam-powered
locomotives in England, railroads became a huge success. However, most tracks were different sizes
and did not allow two railroads to merge. Despite this, they were still used for transportation and
shipping, and they eventually replaced the canal system.
Outline the development of the factory for the industrial revolution processes: With Samuel Slaters
first water powered mill in Rhode Island, many more New England states would come to do the same.
Factories took over the manufacturing industry, replacing the home-based system of spinning thread
and cloth. Interchangeable parts, Eli Whitneys invention, would also contribute to mass production.
What kind of technical innovations were present at this time? The telegraph improved communication,
and the railway and canals improved transportation. In the South, the cotton gin took over, and
sewing machines were invented. Similarly, the spinning jenny and looms were more common in
households, as well as the stove. Plows and similar farming machinery took over the agriculture
community in the Midwest especially.
Men and women were at work. Describe the events of pages 274-277: Although most men still
worked on farms or as artisans in the city, they also worked in construction or sailing in the urban
cities. In MA, factories took on mostly unmarried women. The women would work, earn money and
save it up, then get married and have kids. However, they had few other job options, and the living
and working conditions were very good; the workers were well fed and housed, on the contrary to
those working in factories in Lowell, England. As the industry expanded, wages declined and
work/living conditions lowered.
Explain the impact of the immigrants on the work force. Where did most of the immigrants come
from? The immigrants had mostly arrived from Germany and Ireland. Irish women often arrived in the
US with no money and were looking for domestic work in factories. Irish men worked mostly on
turnpikes, canals and railroads. The Irish work force in New England, however, deteriorated work
conditions, as many Americans did not like the Irish.
Explain the development of national trade unions: National trade unions were created by artisans who
were very rapidly losing work due to the manufacturing industry. Craft societies combined on a
citywide basis.
Explain the development of female protective unions: The national trade unions, although created for
artisans, did not include women who were losing work as well. They made their own unions and those
became mutual aid societies.
Explain the prospects for social mobility at this time: Opportunities for social mobility were modest.
Very few families managed to move up the classes, but the ones who did managed to fuel the
dreams of others. Geographic mobility was more common, and those hoping to earn a large income
by farming would often move to wherever they thought they could grow a large crop.
Describe the middle class life and new household inventions: The middle class expanded very
quickly. Women remained at home, where new household inventions allowed them to perform
domestic tasks easier. The cast-iron stove was used for both cooking and heating. With food
preservation (the icebox, salting and curing), diets changed rapidly. Houses were a lot larger and
more lavish, and although parlours and dining rooms were once exclusively in houses of the rich, they
were now also present in the houses of the middle class.
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Outline the changes to the American family: The patriarchal traditions of the farming family
disappeared once they moved to towns. The income no longer came from working on the family farm,
where everyone had a specific role to perform. Women and children took on jobs to help the men
earn income for the family, and farmhands were more common.
Describe womens work and changing attitudes to work: In towns, unmarried women would usually
work in factories until they were married. However, their roles as mothers would be strengthened
once they were married; they would no longer contribute to the economy and instead stay at home to
perform domestic tasks and were responsible for raising the children.
Outline the changes to American forms of entertainment: Minstrel shows became very popular during
this time, as did theatres, circuses and museums. As female literacy went up, so did the market for
books for them. As a result, sentimental/romance novels were written to please the consumer
demands.
What were the changes that took place in the nations population growth, internal migration and
urbanization, as well as the impact of such changes? Immigration was very common during the early
19th century, and thus impacted the population growth. In addition to this, migration west was possible
due to the freed up land the Natives had previously been living on. Innovations such as the railroad
and canal allowed for easier transportation and decreased the amount of time spent travelling.
Urbanization meant a larger population of people in cities, most of them factory workers.
Why was the Erie Canal so important in developing the West and New York City? The Erie Canal
allowed New York City to become the gateway to the West. Goods and supplies were transported
through it to areas that did not have basic supplies quite yet, and New York was where most things
were manufactured due to the large factory system and industry present in the city.
Describe the changes that took place in transportation, business, labour, industry and commerce:
What were the vast changes taking place in the Northeast as agriculture declined while urbanization
and industrialization progressed at a rapid rate? Agriculture in the NE declined due to competition
with the NW and the Wests abundance of land and rich soil. However, the Northeasts economy
replaced its lost agriculture with the manufacturing industry that was growing rapidly. The urban
population soon completely consisted of industrial workers.
What were the issues surrounding the First Nations? (Nativism) Despite its name, Nativism did not
concern First Nations people. Instead, it was mostly between the American born whites and the
European immigrants that were taking over. As a result, the Natives were marginalized completely;
the ironic thing was that the Nativists overlooked their origins as immigrants as well. Instead, they
discriminated against the recent immigrants, who were stealing their jobs.
What was the Canal Age? The construction of the Erie Canal opened up unsettled northern regions of
Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Small industrial companies were opened up to fuel the construction and
operation of the canal.
Compare and contrast the canal systems vs. the emerging railway system: Railroads were originally
seen as lateral systems connection canals. Some railroads condensed journeys from city to city, but
since the canals were such a large part of powerful cities (such as New York), railroads were barred
from carrying freight.
Describe the development of business 1820-1840: The expansion of business, in part, was due to the
population growth and transportation. However, it was more because of the daring, imaginative and
ruthless new generation of entrepreneurs. The distribution of goods was becoming more and more
efficient. Specialty stores hardware, dry goods, and grocery began appearing, as did general
stores in smaller towns.
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What were the advantages of the corporation? By 1830, general corporation laws had been passed
and made it easier for people to make them. Instead of having to obtain a charter through state
legislature, all it took was buying one. There was also a system of limited liability in place, and instead
of limited partnerships or individuals running a business, there was a now much larger group of
people in the same company.
What were the challenges facing a) the native work force and b) the immigrant work force: a) The
native work force had started off very small as most Americans worked and lived on farms. The
people living in urban places were artisans and would not be likely to join a factory. However, as
farming began to be harder to manage in New England, entire families joined the work force.
However, the working conditions were not the best. b) The Immigrant work force consisted of people
with no marketable skills. They received wages so low that they could not support their families, and
most of them lived in flimsy shanties, as they had no money to build better ones. They were forced to
do the work that others rejected, and under intolerable working conditions.
Vocab:
Immigration mostly between two groups: the Germans and Irish. The Germans immigrated for
freedom or religion, and mostly economic reasons. The Irish were fleeing from the potato famine and
came to America also for religious and economic reasons. These peoples were those leaving their
country and moving to America.
Interchangeable parts this was a manufacturing system developed by Eli Whitney to make muskets
for the US government. Standardized parts would be all identical, which improved the previous
system where every device was made differently. If broken, the parts were easy to replace.
Urban growth rate of growth in an urban population. Its different from urbanization in which people
move from rural places to urban cities; instead, this relied on small villages and trading posts growing
into cities. Examples of these are St. Louis, Pittsburgh and Cincinnati.
Lowell mills and workers instead of entire families joining a factory/mill, these took only women.
They used young, unmarried women in the manufacturing, but their housing and food was good until
businesses started expanding and the expenses to keep the women well fed and housed became too
high.
Factory girls association in 1834, when Lowell mills lowered the wages and living standards, the
workers organized a union to protest the 25% wage cut. They struck again in 1836 to protest the
rising rent prices and once more in 1837, where their strikes nearly killed the organization. Their
strikes all failed.
Nativism when immigrants began arriving in America and taking over jobs, native-born Americans
saw this as competition. Although some moved west and saw immigration as an opportunity to
increase demand and population, most believed immigrants were socially unfit and that they would
steal their jobs.
Know-nothing a secret order turned political party (the American party) all formed by Nativists.
Trade unions in the 1820s and 1830s, craft societies began combining on a citywide basis to set
up these organizations. They were created to defend the artisans, who were rapidly losing their jobs
and market due to the manufacturing industry.
Turnpike era the period of time between the 1790s and 1820s. Roads were not adequate enough
for the nations needs, and many had tolls placed on them. During this time, water transportation
expanded when the Erie Canal was completed and also when Ohio and Indiana connected the Ohio
River and Lake Erie. White settlement in the west was also increased, and urbanization was on the
rise.
Erie Canal construction began in 1817 and opened in 1825. The tolls repaid construction costs and
gave New York a lot of power, as it had been a natural port before the canal was completed. It gave
access to the Great Lakes, Chicago and growing western markets, putting New York in competition
with New Orleans.
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New York City By 1810, New York City was the largest city in America. With the Erie Canal
opening, it was now also a contender with New Orleans for transporting goods.
The Middle Class the fastest growing group in the American middle class. Economic development
offered these people an opportunity to own and work business. Frozen assets were no longer the
only wealth anyone had, and this was the most influential cultural form of urban America.
Railroad consolidation After the 1840s, canals were replaced by railroads. Short lines became long
lines, connecting the Northeast with the Midwest, and from here, railroads traveled further into the
interior.
Associated Press an important technological development. These rotary presses allowed for rapid
and cheap printing of newspapers, and paired with the telegraph, news traveled fast.
Merchant capitalists + corporations while individual and small merchant capitalist companies
dominated, larger businesses gave way to corporations, which combined the resources of a large
number of shareholders. By the 1840s, corporations spread rapidly, especially in the textiles industry.
Factory system these displaced artisans, who were unable to compete for the efficient factory-made
goods made for much cheaper.
Notes:
Changing American Population
Population increase
Immigration
German/Irish immigrants
Urbanization
Nativism
Nativism in politics (Native American party)
Technological improvements
Canals
Railroads
Canals vs. railroads
Consolidation
Communication: telegraph + associated press
Household tech
Farming tech
Commerce
Impact of market economy
Corporations
Merchant capitalism
Factories
Interchangeable parts
Other tech
Men and Women at Work
Native work force
Women at work
Immigrant work force
Work conditions
Factories vs. artisans
Unions
Female protective unions
Patterns of Industrial Society
The role of women in America 1840-1860
Cult of domesticity
Rich and poor
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African American poverty

Social mobility
Middle class
Family economic roles and birth rates
Entertainment
Agricultural North
NE agriculture
Northwest
Ties between NE and NW, Southern isolation
Rural life and religion
Reflection:

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