(vi) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 2cosA cosB cosC

(vii) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

(viii) cotB cotC + cotC cotA + cotA cotB = 1
(ix) tan A/2 tan B/2 = 1

(x) cot A cot B =1

(xi) cot A/2 = cot A/2

11. Some useful series:

(i)

n 1 n
sin
sin
2 2

sin + sin ( + ) + sin( + 2) + + to nterms =

, 2 n

sin
2

(ii)

n
n 1
cos
sin
2
2

cos + cos( + ) + cos( + 2) + . + to nterms =

2 n

sin
2

(iii) cos. Cos2. Cos22 . Cos(2n1 ) =

sin 2 n
2 n sin

, n

= 1, = 2 k
= 1, = (2k + 1)

Trigonometric Equation
1.

General solution of the equations of the form

sin = 0

= n,

nI

(ii) cos = 0 = (2n +1) /2, n I

(iii) tan = 0

= n,

nI

(iv) sin = 1 = 2n +

(v) sin = 1

= 2n,

(iv) sin = 1

= n

(vii) cos = 1

= (2n +1),

= n +

(i)

(ix) cos = tan

2

(xi) sin = sin

2

2.

or 2n +

nI

3
2

= n +(1)n

(viii) sin = sin

(x) tan = tan

2

= n

= n +

(xii) cos = cos = n

(xiii) tan = tan

= n
For general solution of the equation of the form:
a

acos + bsin = c, where c a 2 b 2 , divide both side by a 2 b 2 and put

a b

Thus the equation reduces to form cos ( ) =

3.

,
2

c
2

a b2

cos,

b
2

a b2

= cos (say)

now solve using above formula.

Some important points:
(i) If while solving an equation, we have to square it, then the roots found after squaring must be checked wheather
they satisfy the original equation or not.
(ii) If two equations are given then find the common values of between 0 & 2 and then add 2n to
this common solution (value).

Inverse Trigonometric Function

1.

If y = sin x, then x = sin1 y, similarly for other inverse T- functions

2.

Domain and Range of Inverse T- Function:

Function

Domain (D)

Range (R)

16

3.

2
2

sin1x

1 x 1

cos1x

1 x 1

tan1x

< x <

cot1x

< x <

sec1x

x 1, x 1

0 ,

cosec 1x

x 1, x 1

2
2

,0
2
2

Properties of Inverse T- Functions:

(i)

sin1 (sin ) = provided

cos1 (cos ) = provided

tan1 (tan ) = provided

<<
2
2

cot1 (cot ) = provided 0 < <

sec1 (sec ) = provided 0 <

cosec1 (cosec ) = provided

or

<

<0
2

or 0 <

(ii) sin (sin1 x) = x provided 1 x 1 cos (cos1 x) = x provided 1 x 1

tan (tan1 x) = x provided < x <

cot(cot1 x) = x provided < x <

sec (sec1 x) = x provided < x 1 or 1 x <

cosec (cosec1 x) = x provided < x 1 or 1 x <
(iii) sin1 ( x) = sin1 x,
cot1 ( x) = cot1 x

tan1 ( x) = tan1 x

cosec1 ( x) = cosec1 x

sec1 ( x) = sec1 x

, x [ 1, 1]
2

(iv) sin1 x + cos1 x =

sec1 x + cosec1 x =
4.

cos1 ( x) = cos1 x

tan1 x + cot1 x =

,xR
2

, x ( , 1] [1, )
2

Value of one inverse function in terms of another inverse function :

(i)

sin1 x = cos1 1 x 2 tan 1

x
1 x

(ii) cos1 x = sin1 1 x 2 tan 1

(iii) tan1 x = sin1

x
1 x2

= cos1

cot 1

1 x2
= sec1
x

1
1 x

= cosec1

1
,0 x 1
x

1 x 2
x
1
1
cot 1
= sec1 = cosec1
,0 x 1
2
x
x
1 x
1 x2
1
1 x2

= cot1

1
x

= sec1 1 x 2 = cosec1

1 x2
,x0
x

1
x

(iv) sin1 = cosec1 x, x ( , 1] [1, )

1
x

(v) cos1 = sec1 x, x ( , 1] [1, )

1
x

cot 1 x
for x 0
1
cot x for x 0

(vi) tan1
5.

Formulae for sum and difference of inverse trigonometric function :

(i)

xy
; if x > 0, y > 0, xy < 1
1 xy

tan1x + tan1y = tan1

xy
; if x > 0, y > 0, xy > 1
1 xy

(ii) tan1x + tan1y = + tan1

17

 xy
; if xy > 1
1 xy

(iii) tan1x tan1y = tan1

xy
; if x > 0, y < 0, xy < 1
1 xy

(iv) tan1x tan1y = + tan1

x y z xyz

1 xy yz zx

(v) tan1x + tan1y + tan1z = tan1

(vi) sin1x sin1y = sin1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ; if x,y 0 & x2 + y2 1

(vii) sin1x sin1y = sin1 x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ; if x,y 0 & x2 + y2 > 1

(viii) cos1x cos1 y = cos1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ; if x,y > 0 & x2 + y2 1

(ix) cos1x cos1 y = cos1 xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 ; if x,y > 0 & x2 + y2 > 1

6.

Inverse trigonometric ratios of multiple angles

(i)

2sin1x = sin1(2x 1 x 2 ), if 1 x 1
2x

(ii) 2cos1x = cos1(2x2 1), if 1 x 1

2x
1
= cos
1 x 2

(iii) 2tan1x = tan1 1 x 2 = sin1

1 x 2

1 x 2

(iv) 3sin1x = sin1(3x 4x3)

(v) 3cos1x = cos1(4x3 3x)

3x x 3

2
1 3x

(vi) 3tan1x = tan1

PROPERTIES & SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

Properties of triangle:
1.

A triangle has three sides and three angles. In any ABC, we write BC = a, AB = c, AC = b
A

B
a

B
and BAC = A, ABC = B, ACB = C
2.

In ABC :

3.

(i) A + B + C =
(iii) a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
Sine formula:

(ii)

a
b
c

= k (say)
sin A sin B sin C

4.

6.

a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b

or

sin A sin B sin C

= k (say)
a
b
c

Cosine formula:
cos A =

5.

b2 c2 a 2
2 bc

Projection formula:
A = b cos C + c cos B
Napiers Analogies:

cos B =

c2 a 2 b2
2ac

b = c cos A + a cos C

cos C =

a 2 b2 c2
2ab

c = a cos B + b cos A

18

tan
7.

BC bc
A

cot
2
bc
2

tan

sin

A
(s b)(s c)

2
bc

sin

C
(s a )(s b)

where 2s = a + b + c
2
bc

sin

CA ca
B

cot
2
ca
2

B
(s c)(s a )

2
ca

(b) cos

A
s(s a )

2
bc

cos

(c)

A
(s b)(s c)

2
s(s a )

tan

B
(s c)(s a )

2
s ( s b)

tan

s(s b )
ca

cos

s(s c)
ab

tan

C
(s b )(s a )

2
s(s c)

,Area of triangle :
(i)

9.

tan

Half angled formula In any ABC:

(a)

8.

AB ab
C

cot
2
ab
2

tan

1
1
1
ab sin C =
bc sin A = ca sin B
2
2
2

A
B sc
tan

2
2
s

(ii) =

B
C sa
tan

2
2
s

tan

tan

s(s a ) (s b ) (s c)

C
A sb
tan

2
2
s

10. Circumcircle of triangle and its radius :

(i)

a
b
c

2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C

R=

(ii) R =

abc
4

Where R is circumradius

11. Incircle of a triangle and its radius :

(iii) r =

(iv) r = (s a) tan

(v) r = 4R sin

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

A
B
C
= (s b) tan = (s c) tan
2
2
2
r
R

(vi) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +

B
C
A
C
B
A
sin
b sin sin
c sin sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
cos
cos
cos
2
2
2

a sin

(vii) r =

12. The radii of the escribed circles are given by :

(i)

, r2 =
, r3 =
sa
sb
sc

r1 =

(iii) r1 = 4R sin

A
B
C
cos
cos ,
2
2
2

(ii) r1 = s tan
r2 = 4R cos

A
B
C
sin
cos ,
2
2
2

(iv) r1 + r2 + r3 r = 4R
(vi)

1
r1

1
r2

1
r3

1
r

a 2 b2 c2
2

(viii) r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2 (ix)

A
B
C
, r2 = s tan , r3 = s tan
2
2
2

r3 = 4R cos

(v)

1 1 1 1

r1 r2 r3 r

(vii)

1
1
1
1

bc ca ab 2 Rr

= 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = 4Rr cos

A
B
C
cos
sin
2
2
2

A
B
C
cos
cos
2
2
2

B
C
C
A
A
B
cos
b cos cos
c cos cos
2
2 ,r
2
2 ,r
2
2
2
3
A
B
C
cos
cos
cos
2
2
2

a cos

(x) r1 =

HEIGHT AND DISTANCE

1.

Angle of elevation and depression :

If an observer is at O and object is at P than XOP is called angle of elevation of P as seen from O.

19

Horizontal line
Angle of depration

Angle of elevation

X
Horizontal line
If an observer is at P and object is at O, then QPO is called angle of depression of O as seen from P.
O

2.

Some useful result:

(i)

In any triangle ABC if AD : DB = m : n ACD = , BCD = & BDC =

C

b

B
B
n
m
B
D
A
then (m + n) cot = m cot = ncot = ncotA mcotB [m n Theorem]
(ii) d = h (cot cot )

POINT
1.

Distance formula:
Distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) is given by d(P, Q) = PQ = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2
=
Note:(i)

(Difference of x coordinate ) 2 ( Difference of y coordinate ) 2

d(p, Q) 0

(iii) d(P, Q) = d(Q, P)

2.

(ii) d(P,Q) = 0 P = Q
(iv) Distance of a point (x, y) from origin (0, 0) =

x 2 y2

Use of Distance Formula :

(a) In Triangle: Calculate AB, BC, CA
(i)

If AB = BC = CA, then is equilateral.

(ii) If any two sides are equal then is isosceles.

(iii) If sum of square of any two sides is equal to the third, then is right triangle.
(iv) Sum of any two equal to left third they do not form a triangle i.e. AB = BC + CA or BC = AC + AB or AC = AB
+ BC. Here points are collinear.
(b) In Parallelogram :
Calculate AB, BC, CD and AD.
(i) If AB = CD, AD = BC, then ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) If AB = CD, AD = BC and AC = BD, then ABCD is a rectangle.
(iii) If AB = BC = CD = AD, then ABCD is a rhombus.
(iv) If AB = BC = CD = AD and AC = BD, then ABCD
(c) For circumcentre of a triangle :
Circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from vertices i.e. PA = PB = PC.
Here P is circumcentre and PA is radius.
(i) Circumcentre of an acute angled triangle is inside the triangle.
(ii) Circumcentre of a right triangle is mid point of the hypotenuse.

20

3.

(iii) Circumcentre of an obtuse angled triangle is outside the triangle.

Section formula:
(i) Internally :
AP m
= , Here > 0

BP n

n
B (x1,y1) P mx 2 nx1 , my 2 ny1

A (x1,y1)

mn

mn

(ii) Externally :
m
n
AP m
= ,

BP n

P
B (x1,y1) P mx 2 nx1 , my 2 ny1

A (x1,y1)

mn

mn

x1 x 2 y1 y 2
,

2
2

(iii) Coordinates of mid point of PQ are

(iv) The line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the points

(x1,y1) & (x2, y2) in the ratio =

(ax1 by c)
(ax 2 by 2 c)

(v) For parallelogram midpoint diagonal AC = mid point of diagonal BD

x1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y 3
,

3
3

(vi) Coordinates of centroid G

ax1 bx 2 cx 3 ay1 by 2 cy 3
,

a bc
a bc

(vii) Coordinates of incentre I

4.

(viii) Coordinates of orthocenter are obtained by solving the equation of any two altitudes.
Area of Triangle:
The area of triangle ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C(x3, y3).
x1
1
= x2
2
x3

1
2

y1 1
y 2 1 (Determinant method)
y3 1

x1

y1

x2

y2

x3

y3

x1

y1

1
[x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y1 x2y1 x3y2 x1y3]
2

[Stair Method]
Note:
(i) Three points A, B, C are collinear if area of triangle is zero.
5.

(ii) If in a triangle point arrange in anticlockwise then value of be +ve and if in clockwise then will be ve.
Area of Polygon:
Area of polygon having vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), x3, y3) .(xn, yn) is given by area

x1
x2
1 x
=
3
2 ...
xn
x1
6.

y1
y2
y3 . Points must be taken in order.
..
.
yn
y1

Rotational Transformation:
If coordinates of any point P(x, y) with reference to new axis will be (x, y) then

21

x
x ' cos
y' sin

7.

y
sin
cos

Some important points:

(i) Three pts. A, B, C are collinear, if area of triangle is zero
(ii) Centroid G of ABC divides the median AD or BE or CF in the ratio 2 : 1
(iii) In an equilateral triangle, orthocenter, centroid, circumcentre, incentre coincide.
(iv) Orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are always collinear and centroid divides the line joining orthocenter and
circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1
(v) Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes & the line ax + by + c = 0 is

c2
.
2ab

STRAIGHT LINE
1.

Slope of a line:
The tangent of the angle that a line makes with +ve direction of the x-axis in the anticlockwise sense is called slope or
gradient of the line and is generally denoted by m. Thus m = tan .
(i)

Slope of line || to x-axis is m = 0

(ii) Slope of line || to y-axis is m = (not defined)

(iii) Slope of the line equally inclined with the axes is 1 or 1
(iv) Slope of the line through the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is
(v) Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, b 0 is

y 2 y1
.
x 2 x1

a
b

(vi) Slope of two parallel lines are equal.

2.

(vii) If m1 & m2 are slopes of two lines then m1m2 = 1.

Standard form of the equation of a line :
(i) Equation of x-axis is y = 0
(ii) Equation of y-axis is x = 0
(iii) Equation of a straight line || to x-axis at a distance b from it is y = b
(iv) Equation of a straight line || to y-axis at a distance a from it is x = a
(v) Slope form : Equation of a line through the origin and having slope m is y = mx.
(vi) Slope Intercept form : Equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on the y-axis is
c.
(vii) Point slope form : Equation of a line with slope m and passing through the point (x1, y1) is
m(x x1)
(viii) Two points form : Equation of a line passing through the points (x1, y1)&(x2, y2)is

y = mx +
y y1 =

y y1
x x1

y 2 y1 x 2 x 1

(ix) Intercept form: Equation of a line making intercepts a and b respectively on x-axis and y-axis is

x y
1.
a b

(x) Parametric or distance or symmetrical form of the line: Equation of a line passing through

(x1, y1) and

making an angle , 0 ,

x x1 y y1
with the +ve direction of x-axis is

=r
2
cos
sin

x = x1 + r cos , y = y1 + r sin where r is the distance of any points P(x, y) on the line from the point (x1, y1)
(xi) Normal or perpendicular form : Equation of a line such that the length of the perpendicular from the origin on it
3.

is p and the angle which the perpendicular makes with the +ve direction of x-axis is , is x cos + y sin = p.
Angle between two lines:
(i) Two lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
(a)

Parallel if

a1 b1 c1

a 2 b2 c2

(b) Perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0

22

(c)

Identical or coincident if

a1 b1 c1

a 2 b2 c2

(ii) Two lines y = m1x + c and y = m2x + c are

(a) Parallel if m1 = m2
(c)

If not above two, then = tan1

(d) If not above three, then = tan1

a 2 b l a 1b 2
a 1a 2 b1b 2

(b) Perpendicular if m1m2 = 1

m1 m 2
1 m1m 2

4.

Position of a point with respect to a straight line :

The line L(xi, yi) i = 1, 2 will be of same sign or of opposite sign according to the point A(x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) lie on
same side or on opposite side of L (x, y) respectively.

5.

Equation of a line parallel (or perpendicular) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + c = 0 (or bx ay + = 0)

6.

Equation of st. lines through (x1,y1) making an angle with y = mx + c is y y1 =

7.

length of perpendicular from (x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0 is

8.

Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + ci = 0, i =1,2 is

9.

Condition of concurrency for three straight lines Li ai x + bi y + ci = 0, i = 1, 2, 3 is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0

m tan
(x x1)
1 m tan

| ax1 by1 c
a 2 b2
| c1 c 2 |
a 2 b2
a1
a3

b1
b3

c1
c3

10. Equation of bisectors of angles between two lines:

a 1x b1 y c1
a12

b12

a 2 x b2 y c2
a 22 b 22

11. Family of straight lines :

The general equation of family of straight line will be written in one parameter
The equation of straight line which passes through point of intersection of two given lines L1 and L2 can be taken as
L1 + L2= 0
12. Homogenous equation: If y = m1x and y = m2x be the two equations represented by
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 =, 0 then m1+ m2 = 2h/b and m1m2 = a/b
13. General equation of second degree:
a

h g

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight line if = h b f = 0

g

If y = m1x + c & y = m2x + c represents two straight lines then m1+ m2 =

2h
a
, m1m2 = .
b
b

14. Angle between pair of straight lines:

The angle between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 or ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is tan =
2 h 2 ab
(a b)

The two lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are

(a) Parallel and coincident iff h2 ab = 0
(b) Perpendicular iff a + b = 0
2
2
(ii) The two line given by ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are
(a) Parallel if h2 ab = 0 & af2 = bg2(b)
Perpendicular iff a + b = 0
(c) Coincident iff g2 ac = 0
13. Combined equation of angle bisector of the angle between the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
(i)

x 2 y 2 xy

a b
h

Circle
1.

General equation of a circle: x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 where g, f and c are constants

23

(i)

1
2

Centre of the circle is (g, f) i. e coeff . of x,

coeff . of y
2

(ii) Radius is g 2 f 2 c
2.

3.
4.

Central (Centre radius) form of a circle:

(i) (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 , where (h, k)is circle centre and r is the radius
(ii) x2 + y2 = r2 , where (0 ,0) origin is circle centre and r is the radius
Diameter form : If (x1,y1) and (x2, y2) are end pts. Of a diameter of a circle, then its equation is
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0
Parametric equation :
(i)

The parametric equation of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 are x = r cos , y = rsin,

where point (r cos, r sin )

(ii) The parametric equations of the circle (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 are x = h + rcos, y = k + rsin
(iii) The parametric equation of the circle x2 +y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are x = g + g 2 f 2 c cos ,
y = f + g 2 f 2 c sin
(iv) For circle x2 + y2 = a2 = a2, equation of chord joining 1& 2 is x cos
= r cos
5.
6.

1 2

+ y sin 1 2
2
2

1 2
2

Concentric circles: Two circles having same centre C (h,k) but different radii r1 & r2 respectively are called concentric
circles.
Position of a point w.r.t. a circle: A point (x1,y1) lies outside, on or inside a circle
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 according as
S1 x12 y12 2gx1 2fy1 c is +ve, zero or ve

7.

Chord length (length of intercept) = 2 r 2 p 2

8.

Intercepts made on coordinate axes by the circle:

(i)

9.

x axis = 2 g 2 c

(ii) y axis = 2 f 2 c

Length of tangent = S1

10. Length of the intercept made by line: y = mx + c with the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is

2

a 2 (1 m 2 ) c 2
1 m

or (1 + m2 ) | x1 x2|

where | x1 x2| = difference of roots i.e.

D
.
a

11. Condition of Tangency: Circle x2 + y2 = a2 will touch the line y = mx + c if c = a 1 m 2 .

12. Equation of tangent, T = 0:
(i) Equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x1, y1) is
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f( y + y1) + c = 0
(ii) Equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at any point (x1, y1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2
(iii) In slope form : From the condition of tangency for every value of m.
The line y = mx a 1 m 2 is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and its point of contact is
am
a

2
1 m2
1 m

(iv) Equation of tangent at (a cos , a sin ) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is x cos + y sin = a.

13. Equation of normal :
(i) Equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point P(x1, y1) is
y y1=

y1 f
(x x1)
x1 g

24

(ii) Equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at any point (x1,y1) is xy1 x1y = 0
14. Equation of pair of tangents SS1 = T2:
15. The point of intersection of tangents drawn to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 at point 1 & 2 is given as
2
2

r cos 1
r cos 1
2 ,
2

1 2
1 2

cos
cos
2
2

16. Equation of the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from point P outside the circle is T = 0
17. Equation of a chord whose middle pt. is given by T = S1
18. Director circle : Equation of director circle for x2 + y2 = a2 is x2 + y2 = 2a2. Director circle is a concentric circle whose
radius is 2 times the radius of the given circle.
19. Equation of polar of point(x1,y1) w.r.t. the circle S = 0 is T = 0
a 2l a 2 m

20. Coordinates of pole : Coordinates of pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = a2 are
,

21. Family of circles:

(i)

S + S = 0 represents a family of circles passing through the pts. of intersection of

S=0

& S = 0 if 1
(ii) S + L = 0 represents a family of circles passing through the point of intersection of

S=0

&L=0
(iii) Equation of circle which touches the given straight line L = 0 at the given point (x1, y1) is given as (x x1)2 + (y
y1)2 + L = 0.
(iv) Equation of circle passing through two points A(x1,y1) & B(x2, y2) is given as
x

(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) + x1

x2

y 1
y1 1 0.
y2 1

22. Equation of Common Chord is S S1 = 0.

23. The angle of intersection of two circles with centres C1 & C2 and radii r1 & r2 is given by

cos =

r12 r12 d 2
, where d = C1C2
2 r1r2

24. Position of two circles : Let two circle with centres C1, C2 and radii r1, r2.
Then following cases arise as
(i)

C1C2 > r2 + r2 do not intersect or one outside the other, 4 common tangents.

(ii) C1C2 = r1 + r2 Circles touch externally, 3 common tangents.

(iii) | r1 r2| < C1 C2 < r1 + r2 Intersection at two real points, 2 common tangents.
(iv) C1 C2 = |r1 r2| internal touch, 1 common tangent.
(v) C1 C2 < |r1 + r2| one inside the other, no tangent.
Note:Point of contact divides C1 C2 in the ratio r1 : r2 internally or externally as the case may be
25. Equation of tangent at point of contact of circle is S1 S2 = 0
26. Radical axis and radical centre :
(i) Equation of radical axis is S S1 = 0
(ii) The point of concurrency of the three radical axis of three circles taken in pairs is called radical centre of three
circles.
27. Orthogonality condition:
If two circles S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 intersect each other orthogonally,
then 2gg + 2ff = c + c.

PARABOLA
25

Standard Parabola :
Imp. Terms

y2 = 4ax

y2 = 4ax

x2 = 4ay

x2 = 4ay

Vertex (v)

(0, 0)

(0, 0)

(0, 0)

(0, 0)

Focus (f)

(a, 0)

(a, 0)

(0, a)

(0, a)

Directrix (D)

x=a

x=a

y=a

y=a

Axis

y=0

y=0

x=0

x=0

L.R.

4a

4a

4a

4a

Focal

x+a

ax

y+a

ay

(at2, 2at)

( at2, 2at)

(2at, at2)

(2at, at2)

Parametric

x = at2

x = at2

x = 2at

x = 2at

Equations

y = 2at

y = 2at

y = 2at2

y = at2

Distance
Parametric
Coordinates

x= a

1.

Directrix

Tangent at the vertex

(a,2a)
Latus Rectum
Focus
x
S(a,0)

axis of the
Vertex (0,0)L (a,2a) parabola i.e. y =0
y2 = 4ax

(a,2a)
L
(a,0)
S

Directrix
A
x=a

axis of the L(a,2a)

parabola
Latus Rectum
y2 = ax

Y
Latus Rectum
(a,2a)
L

Focus
S
(0,a)

L (a,2a)

x
Tangent at
(0,b)the vertex
y=a
i.e. y =0

26

x2 = 4ay

y=a
A

x
(a 2a)

(a,2a) L

L (a 2a)

Latus Rectum
Y
x2 = 4ay
2.

Special form of Parabola

Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum and axis parallel to x-axis is (y k)2 = (x h)

axis is x = h and focus at h, k

Equation of the form ax + bx + c = y represents parabola.

i.e. y

3.

Parabola which has vertex at (h, k), latus rectum and axis parallel to y-axis is (x h)2 = (y k)

axis is y = k and focus at h , k

2
b 4ac b 2
4ac b 2
b

a x ,with vertex ,
2a
4a
2a
4a

and axes parallel to y-axis

Note : Parametric equation of parabola (y k)2 = 4a(x h) are x = h + at2, y = k + 2at

Position of a point (x1, y1) and a line w.r.t. parabola y2 = 4ax.

The point (x1, y1) lies outside, on or inside the parabola y2 = 4ax according as y12 4ax1 >, = or < 0

The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, intersect a parabola y2 = 4ax according as
c
> = < a/m
Note:
Condition of tangency for parabola y2 = 4ax, we have c = a/m and for other parabolas check disc.D = 0.
Equations of tangent in different forms:
(i) Point form / Parametric form Equations of tangent of all other standard parabolas at (x1, y1) / at t (parameter)

4.

Equation of
parabola

Tangent at (x1, y1)

Parametric
coordinates t

Tangent of t

y2 = 4ax

yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

(at2, 2at)

ty = x + at2

y2 = 4ax

yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

( at2, 2at)

ty = x + at2

x2 = 4ay

xx1 = 2a(y + y1)

(2at, at2)

tx = y + at2

x2 = 4ay

xx1 = 2a(y + y1)

(2at, at2)

tx = y + at2

(ii) Slope form Equations of tangent of all other parabolas in slope form
Equation of
parabolas

Point of contact in
terms of slops(m)

Equations of tangent in
terms of slope (m)

Condition of
Tangency

y2 = 4ax

a 2a
2 '
m m

y = mx +

a
m

c=

y2 = 4ax

a 2a
2 ' m
m

y = mx

a
m

c=

x2 = 4ay

(2am, am2)

y = mx am2

a
m
a
m

c = am2

27

x2 = 4ay
5.
6.
7.

(2am, am2)

y = mx + am2

c + am2

Point of intersection of tangents at any two points P(at12, 2at1) and Q(at22, 2at2) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is (at1t2, a(t1 +
t2)) i.e. (a(G.M.)2, a(2A.M.))
Combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn from a point to a parabola is SS = T2, where S = y2 4ax, S = y12
4ax1 and T = yy1 2a(x + x1)
Equations of normal in different forms
(i) Point form / Parametric form Equations of normals of all other standard parabolas at (x1, y1) / at t (parameter)
Equation of
parabola
y2 = 4ax
y2 = 4ax
x2 = 4ay

Normal at
(x1, y1)

Normals
at t

y y=

y1
(x x1)
2a

(at2, 2at)

y + tx = 2at + at3

y y =

y1
(x x1)
2a

(at2, 2at)

y-tx = 2at + at3

(2at, at2)

x + ty = 2at + at3

(2at, at2)

x ty = 2at + at3

y y=

x2 = 4ay

Point t

y y =

2a
(x x1)
x1

2a
(x x1)
x1

(ii) Slope form Equations of normal, point of contact, and condition of normality in terms of slope (m)
Equation of
parabola

Point of
contact

Equations of normal

Condition of
Normality

y2 = 4ax

(am2, 2am)

y = mx 2am am3

c = 2am am3

y2 = 4ax

(am2, 2am)

y = mx + 2am +am3

c = am + am3

x2 = 4ay

2a a
m , 2
m

y = mx + 2a +

2a a
m , 2
m

y = mx 2a

x2 = 4ay

c = 2a +

m2
a

c = 2a

m2

a
m2
a
m2

Note:

8.

(i) In circle normal is radius itself.

(ii) Sum of ordinates (y coordinate) of foot of normals through a point is zero.
(iii) The centroid of the triangle formed by taking the foot of normals as a vertices of concurrent normals of y2 = 4ax
lies on x-axis.
Condition for three normals from a point (h, 0) on x-axis to parabola y2 = 4ax
(i)

We get 3 normals if h > 2a

(ii) We get one normal if h 2a.

(iii) If point lies on x-axis, then one normal will be x-axis itself.
9.

(i)

If normal of y2 = 4ax at t1 meet the parabola again at t2 then t2 = t1

2
t1

(ii) The normals to y2 = 4ax at t1 and t2 intersect each other at the same parabola at t3, then
and t3 = t1 t2
10. (i)

Equation of focal chord of parabola y2 = 4ax at t1 is y =

2 t1
t12 1

t1t2 = 2

(x a)

If focal chord of y2 = 4ax cut (intersect) at t1 and t2 then t1t2 = 1 (t1 must not be zero)
(ii) Angle formed by focal chord at vertex of parabola is tan =

2
|t2 t1|
3

(iii) Intersecting point of normals at t1 and t2 on the parabola y2 = 4ax is

(2a + a(t12 + t22 +t1t2), at1t2 (t1 + t2))
11. Equation of chord of parabola y2 = 4ax which is bisected at (x1, y1) is given by T = S1

28

12. The locus of the mid point of a system of parallel chords of a parabola is called its diameter. Its equation is y =

2a
m

.
13. Equation of polar at the point (x1, y1) with respect to parabola y2 = 4ax is same as chord of contact and is given by T =
n 2am

0 i.e. yy1 = 2a (x + x1) Coordinates of pole of the line x + my + n = 0 w.r.t. the parabola y2 = 4ax is ,

14. Diameter : It is locus of mid point of set of parallel chords and equation is given by T = S1
15. Important results for Tangent :
(i) Angle made by focal radius of a point will be twice the angle made by tangent of the point with axis of parabola
(ii) The locus of foot of perpendicular drop from focus to any tangent will be tangent at vertex.
(iii) If tangents drawn at ends point of a focal chord are mutually perpendicular then their point of intersection will lie
on directrix.
(iv) Any light ray traveling parallel to axis of the parabola will pass through focus after reflection through parabola.
(v) Angle included between focal radius of a point and perpendicular from a point to directrix will be bisected of
tangent at that point also the external angle will be bisected by normal.
(vi) Intercepted portion of a tangent between the point of tangency and directrix will make right angle at focus.
(vii) Circle drawn on any focal radius as diameter will touch tangent at vertex.
(viii) Circle drawn on any focal chord as diameter will touch directrix.

ELLIPSE
1.

Standard Ellipse (e < 1)

x 2 y 2

2 2 1
a

Ellipse Imp.terms
For a > b

For b > a

Centre

(0,0)

(0,0)

Vertices

( a,0)

(0, b)

Length of major axis

2a

2b

Length of minor axis

2b

2a

Foci

(ae, 0)

(0, be)

Equation of directrices

x = a/e
2

y b/e

Relation in a, b and c

b = a (1 a )

a2 = b2 (1 e2 )

Length of latus rectum

2b2/a

2a2/b

Ends of latus rectum

ae, b

Parametric coordinates

(a cos , b sin)

a2

, be
b

( acos , b sin)
0 < 2

Focal radii
Sum of focal radii

SP = a ax1

SP = b ey1

SP = a + ex1

SP = b + ey1

SP + SP =

2a 2b

Distance bt foci

2ae

2be

Distance btn directrices

2a/e

2b/e

Tangent at the vertices

x = a, x = a

y = b, y = b

Note: If P is any point on ellipse and length of perpendiculars from to minor axis and major axis are p1 & p2, then |xp|
= p1, |yp| = p2

p12
a

p 22
b2

=1

29

p(x,y)

(0,b)

Z
C
A S(ae,0) S (ae,0)
(a,0)
(0,b) B

A
(a,0)

x= a/e

Directrix

Directrix

x=a/e

a>b

y =b/c

B
(a,0)

(0,be)

S
X

Z
A(0,b)

C (0,0) B
(a,0)
S
A(0, b)
Z

2.

Special form of ellipse:

If the centre of an ellipse is at point (h, k) and the directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes, then its
equation is

3.

(x h ) 2
a2

(y k)2
b2

1.

Auxillary Circle: The circle described by taking centre of an ellipse as centre and major axis as a diameter is called an
auxillary circle of the ellipse. If

x2
a

y2
b2

= 1 is an ellipse then its auxillary circle is x2 + y2 = a2.

Note: Ellipse is locus of a point which moves in such a way that it divides the normal of a point on diameter of a point of
circle in fixed ratio.
4. Position of a point and a line w.r.t. an ellipse:

5.

The point lies outside, on or inside the ellipse if S1 =

x12

a2

y12
b2

1 >, = or < 0

The line y = mx + c does not intersect, touches, intersect, the ellipse if a2m2 + b2 < = > c2
Equation of tangent in different forms :
(i)

Point form : The equation of the tangent to the ellipse

x2
a

(ii) Slope form : If the line y = mx + c touches the ellipse

x2
a

y2
b2
y2
b2

= 1 at the point (x1, y1) is

xx1
a2

yy1
b2

1.

= 1, then c2 = a2m2 + b2. Hence, the straight line y

= mx a 2 m 2 b 2 always represents the tangents to the ellipse.

Point of contact :
Line y = mx a 2 m 2 b 2 touches the ellipse

x2
a2

y2
b2

= 1 at

a 2m

2 2
2
a m b

a 2m2 b2

(iii) Parametric form : The equation of tangent at any point (a cos , b sin ) is

b2

x
y
cos + sin = 1.
a
b

30