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Z0e

10

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ajymonhftwGuf nGefYwifrSm kyf&SifodkY vdkuf&jyefav\/
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Z0e

11

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Z0e

12

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Z0e

13

]tck rnGefYwifwdkY atmhzf&ovm;} [k ]atmhzfyD;&D;,'f} ac: pmoif&efr&dSojzifh tm;vyfaom

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Z0e

14

uAsmvuFm? arwmpmtkyfrsm;udk ab;wGifcs aumif;Ekd;&m&m aumufEkwfxnfhoGif;um ESpfOD;om;

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Z0e

15

]ay;awmh
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apayghAsm} [k qdkum vufzuf&nfqdkifodkY xGufoGm;Muav\/
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ausmfjrifh\pmudk ,lvkduf&aomfvnf; rdrdvufxJodkY a&mufaejyefaomtcg vTifhypf&efvnf;pdwfudkrEkdif?
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Z0e

16

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Z0e

17

owd&onfh[efjzihf ][kwfuJh? tefrwef

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Z0e

18

ay:vmaomfvnf; Kd;i,faom rsufESmESifh uydkudk0wfpm;um 0ifvmaom

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Z0e

19

],Hkw,fyJxm;ygawmh nGefY&,f? 'Dvdkqdk&if rnGefYwifu jyefNyD;awmh udkausmfjrifhu cspfovdk

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Z0e

20

]tppfyJ? tJ'grsKd;usaevdkY uRefawmfjzifh aocsifvSNyD} [k ajymaomaMumifh ]raocsifprf;ygeJYAsm?

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Z0e

21

rD;&xm;xGuf&ef
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Z0e

22

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Z0e

23

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Z0e

24

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Z0e

25

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Z0e

26

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Z0e

27

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oli,fcsif; vSxl;udkyJMunfhygav? uRefawmfESifh ol wuodkvfrSm twlwlaeMuonf/ toufvnf;
twlwl? rdbrsKd;dk;ESifh Opm"e tajccHcsif;vnf; twlwlyg/ 'gayr,fh oluEGm;vdk tefrwefxlwJh?
twJhtaumif/ vluawmh vlaumif;wpfa,mufygyJ? 'gayr,fh olYacgif;xJrS bmrSr&dSbl;/ vluvnf;
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28

]zGwfcsD;rSyJ? igu om;arG;csifvdkY rufwmewDukwftusawmifhwaewmr[kwfygbl;uGm? ig0wfcsifwm

om;arG;avmif;ukwftusuG}
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awmh\/
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awmhbl;uG? 'DacwfxJrSm om;arG;tus? avmif;ukwftus0wfwJholawG[m Zmwfrif;om;eJY? tnmom;
awGyJ &dSawmhw,f? wuodkvfausmif;om; avmif;ukwftus0wfw,fqdkwm bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxufu
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avQmufw,f? udkAdkau tkyfaygif;aygif;vdkY wkwfwpfacsmif;eJY vrf;udkavQmufw,f? acgif;aygif;p
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aumvdyfausmif;om;&,f? ae&Sife,f ausmif;om;&,fvdkYav . . }
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29

av;? acR;uvJ wNydKufNydKufeJY? eHvkdufrSmvJ rajymeJY? acR;uvJeH? tarG;uvnf;eH? tem;uyfrd&if

wd&pmefHkxJu 0uf0Htem;uyf&ovdk jzpfaerSmaygh}
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]'grsKd;awmh a0;ygao;&JY}
uRefawmfu opmpum;udk qdkvkdufonf/
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]tckae om;arG;avmif;ukwftuswpfxnf &r,fqdk&if bmrqdk vkdcsifwmay;r,f? vdkcsifwmomajym}
csufqdk tuGufjrifwwfaom uRefawmf\OD;aESmufonf zswfceJ rD;yGifhvmNyD; vDAmtukefwifum
tvkyfvkyfygavawmhonf/
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olYpum;xJwGif tcdkiftrmajymonfhavoH ysH0Jvsuf&dSaeayonf/
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pOf;pm;vkduf&mwGif b,frSm om;arG;avmif;ukwftus&Edkifrnfudk uRefawmf\mPf0wGif rSefjyovkd
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30

a&S;OD;pGm uRefawmhftaMumif;udk ajym&rnfqkdaomf uRefawmfonf Oaya'wef;wGif wufa&mufoifMum;

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tzdkY Muifazmfvdkvmrnf/ xdkMuifazmfonf rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;jzpf&rnfenf;/
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ZeD;rsm;onf >cif;csufr&dS ajym&avmufatmif vSyacsmarmMuonf/ ,Ofaus;odrfarGYa`E&Sifrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ todynmESifh jynfhpHkMuonfudkawGY&ayonf/ oufoufcdkifonf t&nftcsif;rsm;
tm;vHk;ESifh jynfh0onf[k qdkEkdifyg\/ odkYaomf >cif;csufwpfckawmh xm;&OD;rnf/ oufoufcdkifonf
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]igodwmawmh wpfa,mufrS r&dSbl;? aeygOD;? 'DtaMumif;bmjzpfvkdYar;wmvJ}

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ajymvdkufNyD;

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avonf/
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rsufESmvTJ&mwGif pdwfxJu wif;rmrI wpfpxufwpfp aysmhnHhvm\/
aemufqHk;tacgufwGif olonf vHk;vkH;rsufESmvTJroGm;awmhbJ pyg;BuD;a>r tdKYcH&onfhacsoli,fuJhodkY
rvIyfr,Suf? rufrufarmarm rsufaMumrjywf Munfhaerdavawmh\/
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33

xdkYaemuf olYyg;pyfrS vnfacsmif;arS;uyfaeonfhtoHrsKd; xGufay:vmavonf/

]oufoufcdkifudk ighpdwfxJrSm cspfaewm [kwfcsifrS[kwfrSmygav? wu,fawmhigwdkYvJ twnftwHh
oGm;vmaeMu? [kd'if;? 'D'if;vkyfaeMuwmrS r[kwfbJ[m}
]at;aygh? 'grsKd;yJ jzpfrSmaygh}
uRefawmfu tqif;wGef;vdkufavonf/
]wu,fawmh oufoufcdkif[m ightzdkYbmvJ? iguawmh olYtzdkYbmvJ? bmrSrvJbl;? bmrSr[kwfbl;
[kwfvm;? wu,fawmh 'gawG[m oGm;&if; rawmfwq0ifNyD; cvkwfwdkufrdwmrsKd;yg? NyD;awmhvJ
NyD;wmygyJ}
][m . . 'godyfrSefwmaygh}
uRefawmfu olYudkaxmufcHNyD; ]'DukwftusvJ 0wfMunfhprf;ygOD; oli,fcsif;&m} [k qdkum tusudk
vSrf;ay;vdkuf\/
vSxl;onf [efvkyfraebJ aumufNyD;pGyfvdkuf\/ ukwftusonf tay:ydkif;u em;&Gufaemufa&muf
onfhtxd ukyfydk;axmufaeNyD; atmufydkif;u ajczsm;xd aeavonf/ olYudkMunfh&onfrSm 0efBuD;
tus0wfxm;aom vljyufESifhwlaeonf/
oluawmh ausauseyfeyfBuD;NyHK;um ]wdkif;&ufwJh . . yuvm . . rdk;&GmwmeJY toifhqdkovdk
ighudk,feJYawmh zpfzpfazmf . . azmfazmfzpf aewmyJ} [k qdk\/
onfwGif uRefawmf ukvm;xdkifay:rS xvdkufonf/ NyD;vQif uRefawmhvufudk qefYwef;ay;um
]'Dvdkqdk&if tay;t,lwnfhNyDaygh} [k ajymMunfhonf/
olu wHawG;udk tEkdifEkdifrsKdum ]tay;t,lwnfhNyD} [k qdkvsuf uRefawmfhvufudkqGJqkyfudkifNyD;
vIyfvkdufonf/ aemufaeYwGif uRefawmfESifhoufoufcdkifwdkY pHkwGJckwfMu&avonf/ xdkodkY olESifh
yxrqHk;awGYqHkjcif;rSm olYudkavhvm&efESifh tuJcwf&ef oufoufrQomjzpfygonf/ uRefawmfonf olYudk
uRefawmfvkdcsifonfh tqifhtwef;odkYa&mufatmif rnfrQBudK;yrf;&rnfudk od&efvdkonf r[kwfygavm/
yxrOD;qHk;olYudk [dkw,fwpfckwGif aeYv,fpmpm;&ef ac:oGm;ygonf/ [dkw,futxGufwGif olu
]'D[dkw,frSmpm;&wm odyfaumif;? t&rf;aumif;} [k qdkonf/ onfhaemuf kyf&SifodkYac:oGm;onf/
kyf&SifHkutxGufwGif olu ]'DHkuawmh 'dyfyJ? *&dwfyJ} [kcsD;usL;avonf/ xdkYaemuf
olYudktrsKd;orD;aqmifodkY ta&mufvkdufNyD;ydkYvkdufonf/ uRefawmfuolYudkEIwfqufNyD; jyefrnftjyKwGif
olu ]'DaeYawmh tm;BuD;aysmf? trsm;BuD;aysmf} [k ol\cHpm;rIudk xkwfazmfajymygonf/
xdkYaemufuRefawmfonf pdwfav;av;jzifh uRefawmhftcef;odkYjyefvmcJh\/ uRefawmfhtzdkYrSm txifESifh
tjrifvGJaeavNyD/ uRefawmfxrf;&Guf&rnfh wm0ef\yrmPESifhBuD;av;rIudk uRefawmfavQmhNyD; wGufcJhrd
onf/ olESifh ,ckvdk ezl;awGY'l;awGY awGY&awmhrSyif ol\todynmacgif;yg;rIESifh aygh&Twf&Twfajymqdk
wwfonfh 0oDygaeNcif;udk tHhMoavmufatmif awGY&ayawmhonf/
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onftwdkif;qdkvQif olYudk todynmA[kokw jynhf0atmif jyKvkyfay;&HkESifh NyD;rnfr[kwf/ tjrif

us,fatmif? awG;wwfatmifac:wwfatmif t&ifOD;pGm oifay;&efvdkavonf/ wm0efrSm rao;i,f?
rEkdifreif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpBuD;wpfck jzpfaeav&m yxraomf uRefawmfonf olYudkvSxl;vufodkY
jyeftyfcsifpdwfjzpfrdonf/ odkYaomf ol\jzLjzLazG;azG; a&aq;ig;ozG,f t,faeaom udk,fum,
tvSESifh [eftrlt&mwdkYu olYudkpdwfrysufEkdifatmif uRefawmfhtm; zrf;pm;xm;av&m olYudk uRefawmf
vkdcsifovdk rjzpfjzpfatmif yHkoGif;&ef pdwfESvHk;udk 'kef;'kef;csvdkufrdygawmhonf/
onfawmh uRefawmfbmvkyf&rnfenf;/ uRefawmfonf udpudk tEkvHky#dvHk pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg
]tvdrmpmrSm&dSonf} qdkaom pum;onf uRefawmf\acgif;xJwGif ay:vmavonf/ uRefawmfonf
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oya'ynmudkoif,laeoljzpfaomfvnf; pmay? uAsm? tvuFmwGif rsm;pGm
0goemxkHol wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ausmif;r*Zif;ESifheH&Huyfpmapmifrsm;wGif uAsmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; 0ifa&muf
a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf/ uAsLya'ownf; [laom uAsmenf;? qef;enf;wdkYudkvnf; tawmfuav;
ESYHESHYpyfpyf wD;rd? acgufrd&dSygonf/
odkYjzpf&m oufoufcdkiftaMumif;udk pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg uAsmwGifa'gownf;[laom tjypftqmrsm;
&dSovdk vlwdkYwGifvnf; tjypftqmrsm; &dSwwfMuonfudk EIdif;,SOfMunfhrdavonf/ uAsmwGif
a'gouif;vQif *kPf&oajrmufovdk vlwGifvnf; tjypftqmuif;vQif aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESihf
jynfhpHkavonf/ xdkaMumifh oufoufcdkiftm; tvdrmynm wdk;wufvmatmif uAsm? vuFmenf;jzifh
jyKjyif,l&ef uRefawmf qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/
aemufwpfBudrf oufoufcdkifESifhcsdef;&mwGif ]'Dnae oufoufeJYudk,feJY uefapmif;oGm;NyD; pum;ajymMu
&atmifvm;} [k tqdkjyKvkduf&\/
]tdk . . oufoufwkdYu uefapmif;qdk&if tBudKufAvdkufaygh}
oufoufcdkifESifhywfoufvdkY uRefawmfajymvdkwm wpfck&dSyg\/ onf[muawmh olYvdkazmfa&Gonfh
rdef;uav;rsKd;udk urmukefus,foa&GY &SmvdkYjzifh rawGYEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf/
naebufwGif olESifhuRefawmf tif;vsm;uefapmif;rSm awGYMuygonf/ ]oufoufwkdY bmtaMumif;
ajymMurvdkYvJ} oluar;onf/ ]a'gotaMumif;} [k uRefawmfhtajzaMumihf olrsufvHk;jyL;oGm;onf/
]udk,fuvJuG,f bkef;BuD;vJr[kwfbJeJY? bmjyKvdkY a'goarm[taMumif;ajymcsif&wmvJ? ysif;p&mBuD;}
]r[kwfygbl;? udk,fajymcsifwJh a'gou uAsm? vuFmxJrSmygwJha'gotaMumif;yg? tJ'DtaMumif;udk
em;vnfxm;&if uAsmudkydkifydkifEkdifEkdifpyfwwfw,f? pma&;wJhtcgrSm pmacsmw,f? pum;ajym&rSmvnf;
ajyjypfw,f? tESpfom&ygw,f}
oufoufcdkifonf wpfrdepfavmuf pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf\/
]atmdkuf oabmBudKuf}
]uJ . . em;axmif}

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uRefawmfuvnf; acsmif;udk wpfcsuf[efYU&Sif;NyD; pum;pygawmhonf/

]uAsm? vuFmrSm ravsmfwJhpum;vHk;? roHk;tyfwJhpmom;? rrSm;tyfwJh tzGJYtEGJYawGudk a&;om;oHk;EIef;
zGJYEGJYrdvdkY&dS&if a'gooifhw,f vdkYqdkw,f? tJ'DtjypftemtqmawGuif;&if *kPfajrmufw,f?
&oajrmufw,f}
}*kPfqdkwm aiGudkac:w,f [kwfvm;}
]r[kwfbl; . . r[kwfbl;? *kPfqkdwm wifhw,favsmufywfaumif;jrwfwJhoabm? &oqdkwm tESpfom&eJY
jynfh0wJhoabmudk qdkwm? a'gooifh&if raumif;bl;? tESpfom& rjynfhpHkbl;rSwf&r,f? a'gorSm
y'a'go&Spfyg;? 0gusa'goudk;yg;? 0guswa'goajcmufyg;&,fvdkY &dSygw,f}
]rsm;vScsnfvm; q&mBuD;&JY? wxdkifwnf;eJY tm;vHk;ajymvdkY rSwfrdyghrvm;}
]wxdkifeJY tjywfrajymygbl;? ta&;BuD;wmavmuf a&G;NyD; wpfaeYenf;enf;? wpfaeYenf;enf; ajymjy
yghr,f? yxrOD;qHk; {uw a'goudkajymr,f? tJ'D{uw a'goqdkwm teuft"dym,fwlwJhpum;jzpfjzpf?
0gusjzpfjzpf xyfwvJvJqdkwmrsKd;? Oyrm . . 'dyfyJ . . *&dwfyJ qdkwmaygh? 'Dpum;ESpfvHk;[m ukvm;BuD;eJY
t&mBuD;vkd teuf"dym,ftwlwlrdkY xyfNyD;qdkwm tydkpum;jzpfraebl;vm;}
]tdk . . 'Dvdkvm;? aemufudk 'Dvdka'gooifhwJh pum;awG oufoufrajymawmhygbl;aemf . . aemf}
]aemufNyD;awmh a,bk,stm;jzifh odrf;usKH;NyD;ajymwJhpum;&Sdao;w,f? Oyrm . . udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;
avhusifhjcif;onf aumif;\/ xdkaMumifh vlwdkif;udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhoifh\ qdkwmrsKd;}
]'Dtqkdudk oufouftrsm;BuD;axmufcHw,f? ukd,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhw,fqdkwm usef;rma&;twGuf
odyfaumif;wmyJ[m}
]tJ'gu 'Dvdk&dSw,fav? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhjcif;[m aumif;wmrSefygw,f? 'gayr,fh vlwdkif;
twGuf aumif;wmr[kwfbl;? ESvHk;a&m*g&dSwJhvl? tdyf&mxJu rxEkdifwJhvltwGuf aumif;w,fvdkY
qdkEkdifyghrvm;?
rqdkEkdifbl;?
q&m0efrsm;uawmif
wcsKdYvlawGudk
NidrfNidrfoufoufaezdkY
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'gaMumifhoHk;oyfcsufwpfckckudk
vkyfwJhtcg
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wdusrSefuefrI&dS&w,f? udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;avhusifhrIeJYywfoufvdkYajym&&if 'g[m rsm;aomtm;jzifh
olwdkYtzdkYaumif;\/ odkYr[kwf rsm;pGmaom olwdkYtzdkYaumif;\/ tJ'Dvdk ajym&&if? 'Dvkdr[kwf&if
rjywfom;wJhtwGuf oHo,a'gooifhw,fr[kwfvm;}
][kwfNyD . . [kwfNyD? tJav? bGm . . bGm? [if tJovdk ajymwm {uwa'go oifhrsm;aeovm;}
][ifhtif; . . tJ'Dvdkajymwmusawmh a'goroifhbl;? tmar!dwf&SpfrsKd;xJu
csD;rGef;wJhpum;jzpfvdkY a'goroifhwJhtjyif av;eufwJhoabmudkaqmifw,f}

yoHoqdkwJh

]tdk . . odyfNyD; pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wmyJaemf? qufNyD; ajymygOD;}

]ajymyghr,f? 'gayr,fh tusudkawmh aqmifhaqmihfNyD; rqGJygeJYuG,f}

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olutuspudkvTwfvdkufawmhrS uRefawmfu pum;quf&jyefav\/

]aemufwpfcku twd0k'a'go? tJ'gu pum;wpfckudk vGefvGefusL;usL;csJYum;NyD;ajymwm? Oyrm . .
tmumudkvTmyHkjyKygvdkY? ar,kudkwJh pkwfwHcsDqdkwmvdk rjzpfEkdifwmawG csJYum;NyD;ajymwmrsKd;}
]odyfaumif;wJhpum;awGyJ udk&,f? aemufxyfa'goawGbmawG&dSao;vJ? ajymygOD;? em;axmif&wm
aumif;vGef;vdkY odyfaysmfwmyJ}
onfpum;Mum;vkduf&ojzifh uRefawmftawmfuav; pdwfysufrdonf/ wu,fawmh olbmrQ
oabmaygufyHkr&ao;/ odkYaomf uRefawmfvufavQmhvdkufvQif bmr[kwfonfhvlwpfa,muf uRefawmf
jzpfoGm;rnf/ odkYtwGuf uRefawmfquf&jyefonf/
]tckajymrSmu twa'go? tJ'gu xkdufwefwmxuf vGefuJNyD;csD;usL;wm? yHkpHjy&&if vrif;xufom?
xGef;vif;jzmvsuf? a&mif0guGefYjrL;? ydk;pkef;MuL; . . qdkwmrsKd;}
][kwfvkdufwmudk&,f? oufoufav . . 'Dpum;rsKd; b,fawmhrS rajymrdatmif owdxm;ygr,f}
]aemufNyD;awmh Mopdws[deqdkwm &dSao;w,f/ tJ'gu a&SYpum;eJY aemufpum;rnDwm? EIwftrlt&m
udk,ftrlt&m rwlwm? Oyrm jy&&if ]aorSmudk armifraMumufygbl;? oufaysmuf&if armifwpfudk,frdkY?
vif;wtdk zifudkEdIufrSm pdk;vdkufygbd} qdkwmrsKd;aygh? olYpum;u aorSmudkawmh raMumufbl;? vif;w
qGJrSm aMumufw,fqdkawmh a&SYpum;eJY aemufpum;rnD? a&SYuBuD;us,fNyD; aemufu avQmf&Twf&Twf
vkyfvkdufawmh ayghroGm;bl;vm;}
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]'gudk oufouf ydkNyD;em;&Sif;atmif Oyrmwpfckay;OD;r,f? xm0&bk&m;ocif[m bmrqdkzefqif;Ekdif&if
olrcsDrEkdifwJh ausmufwHk;BuD;wpfckudk olzefqif;Ekdifrvm;}
]zefqif;Ekdifwmaygh}
]b,f[kwfyghrvJ? bmrqdk olzefqif;Ekdif&ifb,favmufav;wJh ausmufwHk;BuD;yJjzpfjzpf ol rEkdif&rSm
r[kwfvm;}
][kwfawmh [kwfw,f? 'gayr,fh olrEkdifwJhausmufwHk;udkyJ olzefqif;Ekdifr,f? ol rcsDEkdif rrEkdifwJh
ausmufwHk;udk rzefqif;Ekdifbl;vdkYxifw,f}
]ol bmrqkdzefqif;EkdifwmyJ[m}
oufoufu olYacgif;udkukwf pOf;pm;Munfhonf/ olacgif;rSm vSyoavmuf acgif;xJrSmbmrSr&dS?
odkYjzpf ]oufoufawmh acgif;IyfoGm;NyD} [k dk;om;pGm 0efcH&Smav\/
]Iyfp&myJaygh? ckcHwm;qD;vdkYr&EkdifwJh tiftm;BuD;wpfck&dS&if ra&GY&Sm;EkdifwJh t&m0wKr&dSEkdifbl;? a&GY&Sm;
atmifvkyfvdkYr&EdkifwJh t&m0wK&dS&if ckcHwm;qD;vdkYr&EkdifwJhtiftm;r&dSvdkYyJ? wpfckeJYwpfck qefYusifwm

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37

r&dS&if tjiif;yGm;p&mr&dSovdkbJ? tJ'gaMumifh a&SYpum;aemufpum; rnD&if? EIwftrlt&m? udk,ftrlt&m

qefYusifae&if tJ'grsKd;udk Mopdws[dea'gooifhw,fvdkY qdkw,f}
]'Dxuf vG,fvG,feJYem;vnfEkdifwJh a'gowpfrsKd;udkajymjyOD;}
uRefawmfu vufywfem&DudkMunfhvkdufonf/
]tcsdefr&dSawmhbl;? 'DaeYtzdkY awmfMuOD;pdkY? tckoufoufudk taqmifjyefydkYay;r,f? [dkusawmhrS
udk,fajymwmawGudk ausvnfatmifjyefNyD;pOf;pm;? usefwmawG reufjzefusrS qufajymr,f}
xdkYaemuf uRefawmfonf olYudk trsKd;orD;aqmifodkYjyefydkYcJhNyD; acgif;IyfIyfjzifh uRefawmfhtcef;odkY
jyefvmcJhavonf/ tcef;xJodkY a&mufaomtcg om;arG;ukwftusBuD;udk0wfNyD; 0uf0HBuD;vdk
ckwifay:wGifvJavsmif;um ZdrfESifhrSdef;aeaom vSxl;ukdawGY&avonf/ w'*Ftm;jzifh uRefawmhfpdwfxJwGif
olYtqufuav;udk olYtm;jyefay;tyf&ef tBuHjzpfrdonf/ oufoufcdkifonf rnfonfhtodw&m;rQ
olYOD;aESmufwGif;odkY azmufxGif;r0ifa&mufEkdifatmif oHrPdjzifhtvHkumxm;onfh OD;acgif;&dSolwpfa,muf
jzpfaeav&m uRefawmf\pDrHudef;rSm cRwfacsmfysufjym;zdkY&ef aocsmoavmuf jzpfaeay\/
odkYaomf uRefawmf\tBuHudk uRefawmfjyefpOf;pm;vdkuf\/ uRefawmfonf wpfaeYw&uf tv[
jzKef;wD;NyD;rSawmh aemufwpf&ufxyfjzKef;&vdkY xl;NyD; qHk;IH;p&mr&dS/ olonf rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfaumif;
jzpfrnf/ xdkrD;cJrS jymrsm;udk rIwfxkwfay;vdkufvQif rD;&J&Jawmufvmp&m&dS\/ odkYjzpf aemufwpfBudrf
prf;oyf&ef uRefawmfqHk;jzwfrdavonf/ odkYESifh aemufwpfaeYwGif uefapmif; uRefawmfwdkY
awGYMujyefonf/
]raeYwkef;u aemufqHk;ajymwJhtaMumif;u Mopdws[dea'go? tJ'gu a&SYeJYaemufeJYrnDwm? tck
ajymrSmu 0da&m"da'go? tJ'gu trSefjzpfwmeJY qefYusifbufjzpfwm? awmifxdyfMumayguf?
taemufaexGuf? uGJtufjrif;rdk&f? rD;udkryl qdkwmrsKd;jzpfw,f . .}
]rjzpfEdkifwJh [mawGyJaemf . .}
]tJ . . oufouf awmfawmfuav;oabmaygufvmNyD? aemufwpfckajym&OD;r,f? tJ'gu t"dym,fr&dSbJ
pum;ydkawGxnfhajymwJh[m? tJ'gudk tewua'govdkYac:w,f? bdk;pOfabmifquf bdk;vufxuf
qdkwJhpum;xJrSm abmifqdkwJhpum;vHk;[m tydkoufouf t"dym,fr&dSbJ pum;awGtydkrsm;wm?
ydkNyD;em;&Sif;atmifajym&&if vlwpfa,mufu tvkyfavQmufwJhtcg tvkyf&Sifu olY&JYt&nftcsif;awG
ar;wmudk vdk&if;rajymbJ olYrSm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJY uav;ajcmufa,muf&dSygw,f? olYrdef;ruvJ
rD;,yfydef? rD;,yfajcmufa&m*geJY csnfhcsnfheJYeJYjzpfaeygw,f? uav;awGrSmvJ pm;p&mr&dS? 0wfp&mr&dS?
aqmif;wGif;rSm NcHKp&mqdkvdkY *kefeDpkwfawmifr&dS? tdyfawmhvJ blrdurvm ajrtdyf&m? rdk;&Gm&iftpdk?
aeyl&iftajcmuf}
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NzdKifNzdKifusqif;aeonfudk awGY&awmh\/
]odyfNyD;qif;&J&Smw,faemf? oem;p&mygyJ . .}

Z0e

38

]tif; . . oem;awmhoem;p&mayghav? 'gayr,fh 'Dvdkajymwm[m ar;cGef;eJYbmrSrqdkifbJ

pum;tydkawGoufoufjzpfaew,f? avm*spfvdkawmh ]tufrZaum'D,ef;} vdkYac:w,f? rsuf&nfcsLwJh
pum;awG? tJ'Dvdk pum;rsKd;udkvJ tewua'gooifhw,fvdkY qdkEkdifw,f}
oufoufcdkifonf wIyfIyfvkyfaeojzifh uRefawmfu vufudkify0gxkwfay;vkduf&onf/
]aemufwpfckajymOD;r,f? tJ'gu 'k|mvuFm&a'go? 'gu vdifrwl? 0k'frwlwJhta&;tom;rsKd;?
tajymtqdkrsKd; OyrmeJY Oyrnf;,s? vdifrwlwmcsif;wGJwm? Oyrmtay;vGJwm? ,kwfwm? vGefwm?
xyfwm? rEIdif;,SOfoifhwm EIdif;,SOfwmrsKd;? ,keftdrfpef;v . . [oFmrodkY qdkovdk vdifrwlwmrsKd;udk
pyfwm? [yfwm? tJ'gawGu tvuFmudkzsuf&ma&mufwJhtwGuf 'k|mvuFm&vkdYac:w,f? em;xJrSm
Mum;vkdYraumif;wmrsKd;aygh}
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aemufxyfajymygOD; . . ajymygOD;}
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ajymwJhtwGuf *gra'gooifhw,fvkdYqdkw,f? Oyrm . . r,fhudkvIdufvIduf? cspfcgBudKufvdkY?
ayGYydkufESpfudk,f? aygif;zufvdk\ vdkY wJhwkd;BuD;ajymwmrsKd;}
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'&,fEkdifwmuawmh [kwfygNyD? zGwf? ykwwf Ekdifw,fqdkawmh csD;rGef;&mra&mufbJ csKd;ESdrf&m
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tqdyfcwfw,fvdkYqdkw,f}
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vIdif;tduav;rsm;uJhodkY tvdyfvdyfjzpfatmif wGefYIHYum pl;pl;pdkufpkduf pOf;pm;aeonfudkawGY&av\/
cPrSmyif olYrsufvHk;uav;rsm;onf MunfvifawmufyvmNyD; todmPftvif;a&mif0ifvmonfudk
azmfjyaeay\/

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]'DvdkajymwmrsKd;[m b,fw&m;rvJaemf? wpfzufom;u xNyD;pum;rSrajym&ao;cifu ESmjzwfwJhoabm

rsKd;vkyfwm odyfqdk;wmaygh? 'gudka&wGif;xJtqdyfcyfw,fvdkY ac:w,f[kwfvm;? NyD;awmh 'DvdkoabmrsKd;
ygwmudk uAsm? vuFmenf;rSm [dewua'govdkY qdkw,fvm;}
uRefawmfay;onfh OyrmyHkpHrsm;rSm rSefwmvnf;wcsKdY&dSrnf/ wdwdususrSefonf[k rqdkEkdifwmvnf;
&dSrnf/ rnfodkYyif&dSap/ oufoufcdkifoabmaygufzdkYu ta&;BuD;ojzifh olem;vnfvG,fatmif yHkaqmif
&jcif;jzpfavonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf oloabmaygufonfudk awGY&ojzifhuRefawmfhrSm 0rf;omrqHk;jzpf&onf/
odkYjzifh uRefawmfonf pdwfavQmhawmhrnfjyKcJh&mujyef tm;wufvmum ajym&m? qdk&m? a&;om;&mwGif
rSm;wwfonfht&mrsm;? tjypftqmrsm;udk trsKd;rsKd;yHkaqmifum qufvufNyD; oifcef;pmrsm; ydkYcsay;&
avonf/
uRefawmfhtjzpfrSm OrifvdkPfacgif;wl&onfESifh wlvSonf/ yxraomf arSmifxJwGifrjrifrprf;ESifh
acR;wvHk;vHk;jzifhtvkyfvkyf&onf/ xdkodkYvkyfudkif&if; vkdPfacgif;BuD;udkNyD;atmifwl;Ekdifyghrnfvm;?
wl;jzpfOD;awmh b,faomftcgrS wpfzufudkazmufxGif;NyD; tvif;a&mifjrif&ygrnfenf;[k pOf;pm;
r&cJhay/ ,ckrl tvif;a&mifudkjrif&onfhtufaMumif;uav;ay:vmonfudk awGYae&NyD/ a&SYquf
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oGm;awmhrnf/
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uRefawmfhb0c&D;wGif vufwGJavQmufEkdifonfh t&nftao;Gjynfh0oluav;jzpfvmavNyD/ olvnf;
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aumif;pGmarG;auR; oGefoifyJhjyifqHk;rEkdifonfhom;aumif;rdciftjzpfESifhxdkufwef aeNyDjzpfonf/
odkYqkdvkdufjcif;jzifh uRefawmfonf uRefawmf\tdrfaxmifa&;om,m ajzmifhwef;rIwpfckwnf;om
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xm;onfh ola,mifr,fudkESpfoufpHkrufovdk uRefawmfvnf; oufoufudkcspfaeygonf/ odkYjzpf
aemufwpfBudrfolESifhcsdef;csufawGYqHk&mwGif uRefawmf\pdwfxJ jzpfay:cHpm;rIudk xkwfazmfajymjy&ef
qHk;jzwfvkdufonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf todpcef;rStonf;pcef;odkY ul;ajymif;qufqHzdkY&ef tcsdefwefaeNyD/
xkdaMumifh aemufwpfBudrf uefapmif;&dS uepdk;yifBuD;atmufwGif ESpfa,mufom; csdef;qdkawGYMu&mwGif
uRefawmfu ]'DaeYawmh oufoufeJYudk,feJY a'gotaMumif;awG? avm*spftaMumif;awG raqG;aEG;
awmhbl;} [k pum;pvkdufavonf/
]tifh. .[if. .}
oufoufcdkifu pdwfysuf[efjzifhajymojzifh uRefawmfu rsufESmcsKdaoG;NyD;jyefajym&avonf/

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]udk,fwdkYtwlwl awGYMuqHkMuwmig;cg&dSNyD? awGYMuwJhtcgwdkif;rSmvJ wpfOD;eJYwpfOD; MunfMunfjzLjzL

pdwfwloabmwl&dSMuw,f? tJ'gaMumifh udk,fwdkYESpfa,muf[m a&SYoGm;aemufvdkufnDw,f? ewfzufw,f
qdkwm xif&Sm;wmaygh}
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oifhw,fvdkY}
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oifhw,f r[kwfaybl;vm;vdkY? qEapmvGef;wmaygh}
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uRefawmfajymonfh awG;ac:ajrmfjrifa&;oabmawGudk aemausaeavNyD[kawG;rdum NyHK;rdavonf/
]oufoufpOf;pm;Munfhav? ig;cgqdkwm em&DawG? rdepfawG? puefYawGajrmufvkduf&if enf;wJhtcsdef
umvawGrSm r[kwfbJ? aemufqHk;rSmawmh MuufoGeftaMumif; wpfawmif;vHk;pm;MunhfrS od&wm
r[kwfygbl;? wpfwufpm;vJMuufoGef? ESpfwufpm;vJMuufoGef}
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udk,f&JYpMu0VmBuD;[m uG,faysmuf&rSmyg}
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apmihfpm;&if; vufydkufxm;vkdufonf/
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]rsm;vScsnfvm; udk,f&,f}
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BwduwawmifjzpfaeNyD? NyD;awmh tcspfprf;NyD; pufcef;rSmaysmfcsifw,fqdkawmh *gra'goawmif
oifhaeygayghvm;udk,f&,f? rtdyfEkdifrpm;Ekdif tonf;aqG;&ao&r,fqkdwm tewua'gooifhw,fvdkY
rqdkawmif udkcspfaxG;ajymwJh tufrZ&D aum'D,ef;qdkwJh rsuf&nfcsLwm jzpfraebl;vm;? pOf;pm;ygOD;}
uRefawmftHBudwfvdkufrdonf/ uRefawmftoufoGif;xm;ol? zefqif;xm;oluav;rSm ola,mifr,f
r[kwfbJ uRefawmfuarSmfq&m? oufoufu uRefawmfarG;xm;onfh zkwfo&J? uRefawmfhukyfudkcJrnfh
emembm0jzpfaeonfudk awGY&avawmhonf/ odkYaomf onf*gxmrpkwf? oHAka'r&GwfbJ kwfw&uf
wkefvIyfrIudk tNyHK;jzifhzHk;0Suf&vdkufavonf/ NyD;rS . .
]oufouf u a'goawGudk awmfawmfausnufaerSyJ}
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'gawGudk b,fenf;eJYrS odEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;}
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ausmif;rSoif&wmawG[m tppt&m&m b0eJY[yfvdkYr&bl;}
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uRefawmfpdwfr&SnfEkdifawmhojzifh qwfceJrwfwyf&yfum cyfrmrmar;vdkuf&awmhonf/
]uJ . . oufoufwpfcGef;xJyJajym? udk,feJY tNrJwGJrvm;? rwGJbl;vm;}

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]rwGJbl;}
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vlaumuf? vlnm? r[macG;olcdk;}
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pEmr*Zif;? rwfv? 1976

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aa&&ppu
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uRefawmf\wpfoufwmwGif xdkwdkifikwfBuD;udk b,fcgrQarhEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfyg/

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vltajymrsm;ojzifh ntcsdef xdkwdkifikwfBuD;teD;tem;rS jzwfoef;oGm;0Hhol tvGefenf;yg;vSay\/
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pdefuwHk;trJajcmufzkwf uonfhtujzifh ujywwf Muufvdkvnf; wGefjywwfonf/ okdYr[kwfygu
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xdkwdkifikwfBuD;rSm azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; uRefawmfausmif;oGm;&mvrf;ab;wGif&dSae&m xdyfeDBuD;\ qdk;oGrf;

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Muapumrl xdkae&modkYa&mufwdkif; MuufoD;xrdayawmh\/ odkYjzpfapumrl xdkvrf;onf ausmif;odkY
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xdkwdkifikwfBuD; tem;odkYa&mufwkdif; MuufoD;xaMumif;ajymjyygonf/
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MuufoD;xrd&mu wpfa,muf rsufESmwpfa,mufMunfhNyD; ESpfa,mufpvHk; vefYaeMujcif;udk &dyfrdMuum
zaemifhESifhwifyg; wom;wnf;usatmif aqmifhuef ajy;vmcJhMuav\/
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ESpfaumif? bmvefYNyD; ajy;vmMuwmvJ} [k ar;&if;jref;&if; uRefawmfwkdYESpfa,mufpvHk;udk zrf;
qGJxm;vkdufav\/
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][kwfw,fAs? o&J&dSwJhae&mwdkY? o&J&dSwJh opfyifatmufwkdYa7muf&if MuufoD;xw,fvdkY vlBuD;awGu

ajymxm;w,f} [k uRefawmfu rmrufudkaxmufcHum 0iftajzay;vdkufavonf/
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uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;rSm &,f&TifzGufjyufvHk;rsm;udk
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Mum;vdkuf&bdouJhodkY

NydKifwl&,frdMurS

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bmrSrjzpfap&bl;? wpfckck jzpf&if ighwm0efxm;vdkuf}
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avawmh\/
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]uJ . . rif;wkdY MuufoD;xMuao;ovm;}

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uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; NyHK;&,fMuvsuf acgif;cgjyvkdufMuav\/

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rif;wkdYBuD;vm&if csrf;omatmif o&JawGu vkdufMunfhvdrfhr,f? em;vnf&JYvm;? tck'Dwpfcg yef;wmeJY
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apmifhMunhfaer,f}
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uRefawmfonf xdkwdkifikwfBuD;tem;odkY a&mufonfhtcgwdkif; uRefawmfrSm qD;&Tif0rf;EIwfaq; pm;xm;
rdouJhodkY wm;qD; r&Ekdifawmhyg/ uRefawmfESifh xdkwdkifikwfBuD;rSm acG;ESifhyifpdrf;yifuJhodkY tNrJqufqHrd
Muygawmhonf/
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ajcaxmufrsm;uyif tvdkvdkodum xdkqdkifbufodkY ajcqGJoGm;avh&dSygonf/ xkdtwkdif;aygufaeusae&mudk
awGY&onfhtcgwdkif; uRefawmfhrSm rayguf& raeEdkifyg/ aemufqHk;ydwf pwdjzpfjzpf npfxkwfcJhrd
ygao;onf/
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xkdwkdifikwfBuD;tem;odkY a&mufonfhtcg ayghpGefYvTwfvdkaompdwf jzpfay:vmwwfum a&SYaemuf0J,m
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uRefawmf tpdk;&q,fwef;pmar;yGJ 0ifa&mufajzqdkatmifjrifNyD; &efukefwuodkvfodkY ul;ajymif;
ynmqufvufoifMum;ae&mu ppf&dyfppfaiGYrsm; oef;vmojzifh pmoifysufum ae&yfodkY jyefvmcJh&NyD;
aemufwGif tvkyfr&dStudkifr&dS? rdb\&SmazGauR;arG;orQudk rvkyfrudkif xkdifumpm;aeaom vlydk
wpfa,muftjzpfodkY a&muf&dSaecJhay\/
xdktcsdefwGif acwfysufyGJpm;rsm; pD;yGm;vrf; ajzmifhaeMuonfudk awGY& xdktvkyfudk vkyfudkifprf;oyf
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rdojzifh tIyft&Sif;jzpfcJh&m *syefvufonf;cGmrcH&atmif tawmfBudK;pm; tvGwfHk;cJh&awmh\/

xdktcsdeftcgrSp acwfysufyGJpm;tvkyfudk pufqkyfaMumuf&GYHoGm;NyD; bmrQrvkyfudkifawmhbJ tdrfrSm
tacsmiform;tjzpfjzifhyif tacsmifpm;aecJh&jyefav\/
xdkuJhodkY uRefawmfonf tacsmifpm;vkduf? aomufvkduf? oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh aysmfvkdufyg;vkdufjzifh
tcsdefukefcJh&mu uRefawmfhtm; rsufpdpyg;arG;pl;pjyKvmaom uRefawmf\zcifu uRefawmfhtm; ac:um
]a[h . . atmif'if? rif;tcktwkdif;om MumMumae&ifawmh rif;ysufpD;vdrfhr,f? rif;ynmqufoif
csifvJoif? tvkyfwpfckck vkyf&ifvJvkyf? 'grSr[kwf rif;ppfxJ0if? 'DoHk;ck rif;BudKuf&ma&G;ayawmh} [k
pD&ifcsuf csufvkdufavawmh\/
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tajzray;Ekdifao;&if pOf;pm;zdkY oHk;&uftcGifhay;r,f} [k ajymojzifh ][kwfuJhtaz} [k tmrcHvkduf
&av\/
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awmhay/ tvkyfvkyfzdkY qdkonfrSmvnf; jrif;vSnf;orm;u &mZ0wftkyfjzpfae 0efaxmufu
vufzuf&nfqdkif zGifhae&aom uarmufuracwfwGif vcpm;tvkyfudk&zdkYrvG,ful? udk,fydkiftvkyfvnf;
rvkyfwwfaom uRefawmftzdkY bmvkyf&rnfudk rqHk;jzwfwwfay/ ppfwyfxJodkY 0ifa&muf&efudkomvQif
qHk;jzwfcsuf csvkduf&avawmhonf/
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pnfNzKd;wkef;jzpfonfhtjyif ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifhvnf; q,fwef;atmifjrifonf[laom axmufcH
csufwdkYonf uRefawmfhtm; bD'Datppfom;wpfa,muf tjzpfodkY vG,fvifhwulyif ydkYaqmifvkduf
ayawmh\/
uRefawmfrSm omrefppfom;uav; wpfa,mufyifjzpfaomfvnf; ]Adkvfatmif'if} acwfaumif;aeonfh
tcsdefwGif uRefawmfhudk uRefawmf Adkvf . . wyfac:xm;aomtrnfESifhyif t&yfxJwGif AdkvfBuD; . .
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ajymvm;ESifh uRefawmfhudk rsufpduspjyKvmMuav\/
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jyKonfhtjzpfodkYyif a&mufcJhay\/
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jyKMuojzifh Mu,fwpfyGifhu . . ESpfyGifh? wjznf;jznf;tqifhtwef;wdk;vsuf uRefawmfhycHk;wGif Mu,fawG
vkdif;awGESifh jzpfvmav\/

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]Adkvfatmif'if} [laom trnfrSm rdef;rysKduav;rsm;&yfuGufwGif tawmfacwfpm;vmavav?

uRefawmf\zcifBuD;rSm uRefawmfhtwGuf tm;&0rf;ajrmufavavjzpf&mu wpfaeYwGif uRefawmfonf
ppfwyfxJrS tm;vyfcGifh& tdrfodkYjyef&mwGif ]a[h . . atmif'if? rif;udk ta&;BuD;wJhpum;wpfck
wdkifyifp&m&dSw,f} [k qD; EdkYwpfay;av\/
]b,fvkdudpvJ? taz}
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cifvS&ifqdkwJhaumifreJY bmvdkvdk jzpfaew,fMum;w,f? 'DaumifreJYawmh igenf;enf;rS oabmrwl
Ekdifbl;? aumifru cyfIyfIyf&,f? wpfckvyfvJ jzpfwJhtjyif rif;xufvJ toufBuD;w,f}
]r[kwfygbl; taz&m? vlrsm;u xifaMu;eJYajymaeMuwmyg}
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Mum;wmeJY olodyfoabmusNyD; olYudk,fu 'Dpum;ukdpwm? rif;udkvJ olodyfawGYcsif&Smw,f? 'DuaeYawmh

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aeMuwm MumNyD? rif;udkvJ odyfawGYcsifaewm? orufavmif;vJjrif&atmif? olYorD;udkvJjy&atmif
rif;udktvnftywf vTwfvdkufzdkYawmif rSmoGm;ao;w,f}
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rodapeJY}
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tck uRefawmfwdkYwawG *syefudk jyefNyD;cscsif cs&vdrfhr,f? odyfawmhrMumawmhbl;? tckuwnf;u
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tazajymwJhudpudk jzpfajrmufatmifvkyfzdkY&dSwmyJ}
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a&SYa&;udkawG;awm ai;pdkufaeavawmh\/ uRefawmfvnf; tbdk;BuD;xHrSaemufxyf bmpum;Mum;

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&rnfvJ[k apmifhpm;aeNyD;? bmrQajymvkdaom trlt&mudkrawGYonfESifh ]taz uRefawmfjyefOD;r,f?

ppfrxGufcif wpfacgufawmh vmOD;r,f} [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifhyif xvdkufav\/
]tcktwdkif;qdkawmh rif;udpu ydkNyD;ta&;BuD;aeayoaygh? at; . . at; . . oGm;OD; . . oGm;OD;? rif;wkdY
awmfvSefa&;udpBuD;acsmacsm armarmeJY atmifjrifygapuGm}
uRefawmhfrSm odef;xDBuD;aygufNyD;umrS aiGxkwf&ufra&mufrD BudK;rdefYay;cH&oluJhodkY zl;pmzuf
ay:vmumrS awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfxGuf&rnfhta&;udkawG;um avmuBuD;\oa&mfcsuf'Pfudk
rcsifhr&JcHpm;&if; tbdk;BuD;xHrS xGufvmcJhayawmhonf/
odkYaomf uRefawmfonf rwkwf? cifcifwkwf? 00wkwfwkwfuav;\ta&;udk qufvufrawG;tm;?
awmfvSefa&;udptwGufom tmHkpdwfapmaeum trdefYusvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ppfxGuf&efudkom
toifhjyifxm;ae&av\/
tcspfZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;aeaom zl;pma&;ewfum; uRefawmfESifhrwkwfwdkYudk eD;pyfap&ef rsm;pGmvdkvm;
aeyHk&ayonf/ taMumif;rlum; ppfxGuf&ef trdefYusvm&mwGif uRefawmfhtm; 0ufxD;uefe,fbufodkY
ppfxGuf&rnf[k od&aomtcg wu,frS[kwf&JYvm;? tdyfrufaeava&mhovm; [lyif kwfw&uf
r,HkMunfEkdifatmif jzpfrdav\/
trdefYrSm MumMumqdkif;ae&bJ nwGif;csif;yifkyfazsmufxGuf&ef nTefMum;csufyg&dSav&m uRefawmfvnf;
tenf;i,frQ tcsdef&oavmufuav;twGif; zcifBuD;xJodkY tjrefxGufcJh&av\/
]taz . . [efusNyD? uRefawmfwdkY tcknyJ xGuf&awmhr,f}
uRefawmf\pum;rSm rjynfhpHkvSojzifh tbdk;BuD;rSm em;rvnfEdkifbJ ]ppfxGufwmeJY bm[efusovJuG} [k
uRefawmfhtm; ar;awmhrS/
]tck uRefawmfoGm;&r,fhae&m[m 0ufxD;uefe,fbufusaew,f? tJ'Dawmh [efwmayghtaz&?
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tHudkufaewmyJ}
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tjreftvnfvTwfvkdufzdkY rSmvdkufwmeJY rif;uvJ tJ'DoGm;zdkY &dSaewmeJYawmh udkufaewmayghuGm}
]uJ . . taz? uRefawmfvJ odyfMumMumpum;ajymaezdkY tcsdefr&bl;? tazhvufa&;eJY OD;pHrif;xHudk
pmwpfapmif cyfjrefjrefuav;yJ aumufjcpfvkdufygawmh}
tbdk;BuD;vnf; uRefawmfhtm; OD;pHrif;xH rdwfqufpmudk a&;ay;av\/ uRefawmfvnf; pmudk,lvkdufNyD;
zcifBuD;udk uefawmh&m cgwdkif;uJhodkY rdbtm;uefawmh&jcif;wGif r,m;&Smay;aom aus;Zl;&SifBuD;taeyif
ydktm;&yg;&BuD; uefawmh wyfodkYjyefvmcJhav\/
uRefawmfwdkY\tpDtpOfrSm awme,frsm;odkYjzefY xGufMuNyD;vQif &Gmol&Gmom;tMum;wGif kyfazsmuf
aeMuum tcgqdkonfESifh toifhxGufay:vmMu&efyifjzpfayonf/ uRefawmfwdkY\awmfvSefa&;
Z0e

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vkyfief;ESifh ywfouf rQxuf ydkrdkazmfjy&efyifvkdrnfrxifyg/ uRefawmfudk,fwkdifyifvQif awmfvSefa&;

udpBuD;udk ,cifuavmuf pdwfr0ifpm;awmhbJ rcifwkwfuav;rSm jzLovm;? rnf;ovm;? vSovm;?
oGm;acgvm; ponfwdkYudkom odvkdaom aZmxufoefvsuf tjrefqHk;awGYvkdaom qEjyif;jyvsuf
&dSonfhtwkdif; nwGif;csif;yif c&D;jyif; csDwufcJhMuygawmhonf/
uRefawmfwdkY 0ufxD;uef&GmBuD;teD;odkY a&muf&dSaomtcgwGif a0vDa0vif;tkPfusif;NyD;jzpfay\/
xdktcsdefwGif uRefawmfwdkY wyfpkwyfom;rsm;tm;vHk;yif t&yf0wft&yfpm;rsm;ESifh kyfajymif;xm;NyD;MuNyD
jzpfavonf/ ae&mwGifrS uRefawmfwdkYonf tcsif;csif;EIwfquf vlpkcGJMuavawmhonf/ &GmxJodkY
uRefawmf0ifa&mufrdaomtcgwGif wpf&GmvHk;rSm Ekd;Mum;vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmp jyKaeonfudkawGY&av\/
odkYjzpf uRefawmfhrSm OD;pHrif;\tdrf b,frSm&dSonfudk ar;jref;pHkprf;&eftwGuf apmifhpm;ae&jcif;
r&dSawmhbJ vrf;qHk rkefYaMumfaeonfhrdef;rBuD;wpfOD;xHrS tvG,fwulod&dSum xdkrdef;rBuD; nTefjy&m
bufodkY a&mufcJhav\/
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csOf;uyfrdaomtcgwGif NcHxJrS a&T'*Fg;yef;rsm;udk bk&m;wif&efcl;aeaom wkwfwkwf00rdef;r cyf&G,f&G,f
wpfa,mufudkaemufbufrSjrif&um 'Dtdrfawmh OD;pHrif;tdrfyJ? rwkwfqdkwm 'DieJrrsm;jzpfaea&mhrvm;[k
awG;rdum ayghyg;&Tifysaom pdwfuif;rJhpGmjzifh ]OD;pHrif;tdrf . . 'Dtdrfvm;} [k vSrf; ar;vkduf\/
yef;cl;aeolonf olYtvkyfudkoltmHkpdkufvGef;aeyHk&dSvm;rod? vloHMum;onfESifhvefYoGm;yHk&um uRefawmfh
tm;vSnfhMunfhum uRefawmhfudkjrifumrS xyfvefYonfhtrlt&mudk jyefjyefav\/ pifppftm;jzifhqdkaomf
olu uRefawmfhudk vefY&efr&dSay/ uRefawmfuom olYukdvefYzdkY&ef&dSayonf/ taMumif;rlum; oluRefawmfh
bufodkYvSnfhvkdufrS rsufESmudktaotcsmawGY&&m tom;rnf;&onfhtxJwGif rsufpdESpfvHk;pvHk;rSm
ESmacgif;bufodkY vSnfhapmif;aeNyd; tay:EIwfcrf;uGJESifh oGm;wpfacsmif; ay:aeonf udk awGY&avawmh\/
xdkyHkqdk;BuD;udk jrifvkduf&aom uRefawmfhrSm igawmhjzifh aomufusKd;enf;wmyJ[k pdwftysufBuD;ysufvsuf
jyefvSnfhcsifaom pdwfay:vmcdkuf ryHkqdk;u ]b,folYar;wmvJ} [k uRefawmfhtm;ar;&m uRefawmfhrSm
vefYrckefrdatmiftawmfyif owdxm;vkduf&av\/ taMumif;rlum; ryHkqdk;\toHrSm usD;uef;ESifh
awmufwJh pyfusaom ow0gwpfrsKd;\toHvm;[k xifrSm;&avmufatmif uRefawmfhtm; ausmxJu
,m;oGm;apygawmh\/
]OD;pHrif; tdrfudk ar;ygw,f}
][kwfuJh? 'DtdrfygyJ}
aemufxyfxGufvmonfhtoHrSm pmuav; aMumifckyfoHuJhodkY usDvDvdvdjrnf xGufvmav\/
oHpHkxdk;onfh ryHkqdk;onf [kwfuJh[kajzHkrSwpfyg; uRefawmfhtm; 0ifygvnf;rac:? oGm;ygvnf;rESifbJ
tdrfxJodkY cyfokwfokwfjyef 0ifajy;av&m uRefawmfhrSm 0ifvdkufoGm;&rnfvm;? olYtareJYaemf . .
arG;wwfyav? ightazeJYaemf . . a&G;wwfyav[k idkcsif;csum jyefvSnfhxGufcJh&aumif;rvm;[k
pOf;pm;a0cGJr&atmif tlaMumifaMumifESifh &yfusef&pfav\/
watmifhrQtMumwGif tdrfa&SYodkYvlBuD;wpfa,muf xGufvmav\/ xdkvlBuD;\ kyf&nfvuPmudk
Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh OD;pHrif;jzpfrnf[k wpfxpfcs,lqEkdifay\/ OD;pHrif;rSm cPrQjrifHkESifhyif pdwfESvHk;
aumif;aom vlBuD;wpfa,mufjzpfrnfudk kyf&nfESifhyif tuJjzwfEkdifavonf/
Z0e

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]armif&if . . b,fuvJ? 0ifcJhav}

uRefawmfvnf; ac:onfhtwdkif;yif NcHxJodkY0ifoGm; tem;odkYa&mufonfESifh ]uRefawmf jynfNrdKYu
OD;bdk;pH&JYom;yg? tazu pmay;vdkufygw,f} [k ajymonfwGif OD;pHrif;rSm wpfrsufESmvHk; NyHK;csKdoGm;um
]vm . . vm . . tdrfay:wufygwufyg OD;wdkYvJ arQmfaeMuw,f} [k ajym&if; uRefawmf\
txkyftydk;rsm;udk vSrf;,lrnfjyKojzifh ]aeygap OD;&,f? uRefawmf ryifyef;ygbl;} qdkum tdrfay:odkY
wufcJhav\/
uRefawmftdrfxJodkY a&mufonfESifh wpftdrfvHk;rSm *kPfoa&&dStxl;{nfhonfawmfBuD;wpfOD; a&mufvm
ouJhodkY vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfoGm;um OD;pHrif;\ZeD;onfrSmvnf; ysmysmovJjzpfaeonfudk awGY&ay\/
uRefawmfonf cif;ay;xm;aom oifjzL;ay:wGif txkyftydk;rsm;udkcs OD;pHrif;xHodkY zcifa&;ay;
vdkufaom pmudkxkwf,laepOf OD;pHrif;u ]rwkwfa& . . aumfzDazsmfa[h . . aumufif;xkyfawG?
rkefYvufaumufawG vkyfraeeJY? NrdKYom;awGu rpm;wwfbl;? aygifrkefYuif axmywfokwf?
bDpuGwfuav; bmav;&&ifvJxnfhcJh} [k tdrfxJodkYrSmMum;ae&m OD;pHrif;\ rodkr0Suf
a[ma[m'dkif;'kdif;&dSyHkudk ESpfoufrdaomfvnf; rwkwf[laomtrnfudk Mum;vkduf&onfwGif ausmxJu
pdrfhoGm;rdawmh\/
]a[m'DrSm OD;qDudk tazu ay;vdkufwJhpm}
OD;pHrif;onf uRefawmf\vufxJrSpmudk vSrf;,l ]a[h . . rzGm;ouf? usKyfrsufrSef ,lcJhprf;ygOD;} [k
ol\ZeD;tm; vSrf;ajymvdkuf\/
a':zGm;oufonf OD;pHrif;\ rsufrSefudk vdkuf&SmazGae&m awmfawmfESifh rawGYEkdif&dSaeaomaMumifh
pmudkzwfvkdvSNyDjzpfaom OD;pHrif; rSm apmifhqdkif;raeEdkifawmhbJ ]orD;a& cPvmygOD;? a[m'Dpmuav;
tazhudk wpfqdwfavmuf zwfjyvSnfhprf;yg} [k ac:vkdufav\/
uRefawmfhrSm yHkqdk;r\rsufESmBuD;udk &ifrqdkif0Hhovdk&dSum uRefawmfhtxkyftydk;rsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;
ovkdvdk tvkyfrsm;[efvkyf aevkdufav\/ pifppftm;jzifh OD;pHrif;onf pmudkod&dSvdkonfh tcsufwpfck
omru ]'gOD;orD;aygh} [k aMumfjimarmif;cwfvdkonfh tcsufyg wpfcsufckwfESpfcsufjywf kwfw&uf
zefwD;vkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf[k uRefawmhfpdwfwGif awG;rdayonf/
]uJ . . zwfprf;ygOD;? orD;&,f . .} [laompum;t& OD;pHrif;\tem;odkY rwkwfa&muf&dSaeNyD;
rwkwfvufxJ pma&mufoGm;NyDudk pdwfxJu rSef;jrifum ,cktBudrfwGif ]'D . . 'D . .} [laom
pum;xuf bufx&D[Gef;EdSyfoHrsKd; oHpHkxdk;aeOD;rSmvm;[k em;ESpfzufudk vufESifh rydwfaomfvnf;
pdwfjzifhydwf aevkdufav\/
]pma&;taMumif;Mum;vdkufygonf}
uRefawmfhrSm rMum;csifr&ay/ odkYaomf uRefawmfMum;&onfhtoHrSm uRefawmfarQmfvifhaeaom
ckESpfaxGoHpHkr[kwfbJ tawmfyif Munfvifjywfom; em;xJcsKdat;ESpfodrfh? &ifzdkpdrfhoGm;onfhtwGuf
acgif;iJh Munfhvdkufrd&mwGif yHkqdk;rBuD;r[kwfonfudkawGY& Munfh&if;Munfh&if; &ifxJ zdk;BudKif;wkwf
jzpfvmrdav\/
Z0e

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ae&mwGif uRefawmf\trlt&mudk waphwapmif;acsmif;ajrmif;tuJcwfaeonfh wpfOD;wpfa,muf

&dSygvQif uRefawmfhtm; ac:awmfao 0ifpm;olvm;[k txifrSm;rnfrSm rvGJay? taMumif;rlum;
uRefawmfonf tajctaeudkyifowdvpfum rwkwf pmzwfNyD;onftxd awmufavQmufyif ai;pdkuf
aerday\/ xdkodkY ai;pdkufMunfhaerdrSef;udkyif udk,fhudk,fudkowdr&ao;? rwkwfonf pmzwfNyD;
onfhaemuf pmxJygaom uRefawmfhkyfudk tuJcwf&ef vSnfhtMunhfESifh qHkrdrS uRefawmf\rsufESmudk
rodrom vTJvdkuf&awmh\/
odkY rsufpdcsif;qHkrd&mwGif rwkwf\pdwfxJwGif rnfodkYjzpfoGm;rnfudkrod? uRefawmf\ pdwfxJ?
tonf;xJum; ol&d,0pomudk jrifvkduf&aom yOoDcewfom;\ apmif;oHyrm 'def;wyfwyf'def;jrnf
aeonf[k xifrdawmh\/
rwkwfrSm toHom,moavmuf kyf&nfrSm tacsmBuD;tvSBuD;[k rqdk&apumrl? dk;dk;,Of,OfESifh
tcsKd;tqpf ajyjypfoluav;jzpf vsuf tysKd&nf? tysKdaoG;wufMuG aumif;wkef;t&G,fjzpfav&m
uRefawmhftzdkYrSm &Srf;BudKufonfh EGm;uJhodkY tacsmBuD;acsm aeayawmhonf/ odkYjzpfonfhtavsmuf
apmapmu yHkqdk;rBuD;udk jrif&pOfu igawmh uHqdk;wmyJ[k xifrdoavmuf ,ckrl auseyf&Tifvef;
rqHk;Ekdifatmif&Sdum ]avmuBuD;um; om,mvSygbdawmif;} [k pdwfxJ uAsmqefqef usL;&ifh
rdavawmh\/
]uJ . . armifatmif'if vmygOD;uGJY? xdkifygOD;? at;at;vlvl pum;uav;ajym&atmif aemufawmhrS
t0wftpm;? jyifp&mqifp&m awG&dSwm jznf;jznf;vkyfwmaygh}
OD;pHrif;u
ac:vdkufojzifh
uRefawmfvnf;
olYtwkdif;xm;ypfcJhNyD; OD;pHrif;tem;odkY xcJhav\/

jyifqif[efaqmifaeaom

txkyftydk;rsm;udk

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uRefawmfvnf; OD;pHrif;teD;&dS ukvm;xdkifvGwfwpfvHk;wGif 0ifxkdif&if; teD;rS a&GYvsm;xGufcGmoGm;aom
rwkwfudk waphwapmif;Munfhvkduf&m oGm;[ef? vm[efuav;udkyif eef;qefvSonf[lyif taumif;
ay:wGif taumif;ydvsuf taumif;csnf;om pdwfxJtxifa&mufrdayawmh\/
]armifatmif'if . . OD;wkdYqDrSm tawmfMumMumuav; aeOD;r,f r[kwfvm;}
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umuG,fzdkYyJ}

Z0e

54

]aMomf . . ppftajctaeu tawmfqdk;aerSudk;}

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wpfcsufckwf? ESpfcsufjywftaeeJY vmjcif;jzpfwmrdkY ppfom;wpfa,muf vmNyD;aewJhtaersKd;
vlrodapcsifbl;cifAs? aemufNyD; uRefawmfhtrnfudkvJ armifatmif'ifvdkY rac:bJ MuGufeDvdkY ac:apcsif
ygw,f}
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ouFmuif;aeNyD jzpfay\/
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jzpfaeava&mhovm;? apmapmuorD;udk pmzwf&efac:pOfu rwkwf[l xnfhNyD; ac:rSac:ava&mhvm;?
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[k tlaMumifaMumifjzpfaerdum OD;pHrif;rsufESmudk Munfhvkduf? yHkqdk;rBuD;rsufESmudk MunfhvdkufESifh
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oabmxm;NyD; pm;p&m&dSwmpm;? aomufp&m&dSwmaomuf a[m'DrkefYuav;,lvkdufygOD;} [k
ajymajymqdkqkd pm;yGJwGif 0ifxdkifNyD; bDpuGwfxnfhxm;aom yef;uefudk vSrf; ay;vkdufav\/
uRefawmfrSm awGY&cgprSmyif rQ uRefawmfhtay: pdwfapwemaumif;vSaom tbkd;BuD;ESifh
tr,fBuD;udk a,murawmf&ef toifh&dSaomfvnf; yHkqdk;rBuD;ESifhpyf awmf&rnfudkrl 0efav;aerday\/
xdktcdkufwGuf yHkqdk;rBuD;jyef 0ifvmNyD; aemufxyf,lvmaom rkefYrsm;udk csay;av\/
]orD;wdkYaum vufzuf&nfaomufNyD;NyDvm;} [k ar;av\/
][kwfuJh . . uRefrwdkY aemufaz;rSmyJ aomufaeMuw,f}
Z0e

55

,cktBudrfwGif ryHkqdk;\toHrSm Muufvnfvdrf jzpfpfxkwf&onfh toHrsKd;xGufvmav\/

ryHkqdk;xGufoGm;onfhtcgrS a':zGm;oufu ]ta':wdkYrSm orD;ESpfa,muf&dSw,f? orD;qdkayr,fhvJ
wpfa,mufu wlr? wpfa,mufu orD;? ESpfa,mufpvHk;udkorD;&if;vkdyJ cspfae&w,f} [k ajympum;
rqHk;rDyif ][kwfygNyD? tckrs ydkNyD;aocsmaeygNyD? 'gBuD;rS orD;tppfygyJ} [k pdwfESvHk;udk 'Hk;'Hk;csvdkufrd
av\/
]wlruav;u taztar r&dS&SmvdkY ta':wdkYuyJ i,fi,fuwnf;u MunhfIvmcJh&w,f? rwkwfqdkwmu
ta':horD;t&if;? wlr trnfuawmh r0ufwJh}
wGif uRefawmfhrSm jyemwpfck wdk;vmjyefavawmhonf/ xdkjyemum; r0ufESifhrwkwf[laom
pum;ESpfvHk;t& (0uf) ESifh (wkwf) b,foif;u ydkNyD;0aom t"dym,f&dSoenf;[laom jyemyif
jzpfay\/
uRefawmf\OD;aESmufrSm ajcmufuyfaeNyDjzpf&m b,folu rwkwf? b,folu r0uf[l rqHk;jzwf
EdkifawmhbJ ]tckvmwmu} [k tqHk;rowfaompum;jzifh ar;cGef;aMumif;ar;vkdufum w&m;olBuD;\
trdefYudkapmifhaeaom vlowfrIw&m;cH\ rsufESmrsKd;jzifh r0ufjzpfygap? r0ufjzpfygapbk&m;[k
qkawmif;&if; a':zGm;ouf\ pum;udkem;axmifav&m ]tJ'gu . . ta':wlruG} [k
Mum;vkduf&onfwGif xDaygufaMumif; a&'D,dku toHvTifhcsufMum;&aomfvnf; kwfw&uf
r,HkEkdifouJhodkY&dSum ]r0ufqdkwmvm;} [k xyfar; [kwfaMumif;odumrS xrckefrdatmif
renf;[efaqmif&NyD;vQif ][kwfom;yJ? ighudk,fu twm? 0ufqdkwm ydkNyD;0 ydkNyD;kyfqdk;wmaygh? tvum;
tajcmufwdkuf ighpdwfxJu ylaewm} [k awG;NyD;? pdwfxJrSmyif NyHK;ae&av\/ rwkwfESifhr0uftwGuf
pdwfxJrSmyl&jcif;udk rQavmufdk;r,fzGJYae&jcif;rSm uRefawmfESifh r0ufwdkY\ a&pufqHkMuzdkYta&;wGif
tjcm;cspfolrsm;uJhodkY toufpGefY&jcif;? ylaqG;& ESdyfpufaESmuf,SufcH&jcif;rsKd;r&dSbJ ylyifaomuqdk
rQavmufom tckduftwefYuav;twGif; jzpfvkduf&jcif;udkyif xif&Sm;apvdkjzpfay\/ uRefawmf\
tcspfZmwftdrfZmwfuGufudk jyefajymif;MunfhvkdufrnfqdkvQif rwkwfudk &&eftwGuf uRefawmfhrSm
ukorif;uJhodkYvnf; qif;&JcHrydk;cJh&? rmw*FuJhodkYvnf; r,foHkaygufpD oDcsif;jzifh ajcqif;
xdkifoydwf? vufeufrqifh? yOoDcuJhodkYvnf; aAvk0apmif;ukdif ra*:cJh&bJ zcifBuD;uyif
vrf;jzL;atmif tqifoifh yGJawmfcif;xm;onfvnf; wpfcsuf . . /
awmfvSefa&; ppfxGuf&rnfhtwGuf a&pufqHkzdkYta&; c&D;uGma0;OD;rnf[k rSef;qae&onfhtxJrSmyif
zl;pma&;ewfuyif tvdkwltvdkygjzpfum rwkwfESifh reD; eD;&atmif ae&modkY ydkYaqmifcJhonfvnf;
wpfzHk . . /
a,muravmif;ESpfOD;uvnf; vlrjrifcifuxuf vludkjrifrS omvkdvm;aeonfudk awGY&jcif;uvnf;
wpfenf; . . /
rwkwfudk jrifvkduf&onfESifhyif ol\trlt&muav;udku uRefawmfhtay:wGif vmyg . . vmyg
rMunf&JY oDcsif;ESifh ac:ae ouJhodkY wpfoG,f . . /
uRefawmf\ta&;rSm vufaq; yGJawmftkyfEdIufHkrQ vG,fvG,fululacsmacsmarmarm tqifajyNyD;
jzpfaeav&m r0ufESifhrwkwf pdwfIyfvdkuf&onfh tuGufuav;wpfuGufrQomvQif ylyifaomu

Z0e

56

jzpf&onfrSvGJ uRefawmf\tcspfZmwfvrf;pOfrSm
pHwifavmufp&mjzpfayawmh\/

tvGefw&m

acsmarmvSygayonf[k

urmrS

rwkwftay:wGif uRefawmf\cspftifudk txl;0dwm tus,fcsJYjyae&efrvdkawmhay/ uRefawmhfbufu

wpf0ufaocsmoavmuf rwkwfbufuvnf; uRefawmfhrsufESmuav;MunfhMunhfNyD; NyHK;pdNyHK;pdESifh
EHk;csnfhcsnfh jzpfaeonfudk txift&Sm;awGYae&ayonf/
eHeufa&csKd;rnfqdkvQif rwkwfudk,fwkdif a&arT;qyfjym? rsufESmokwfy0gwdkYudk tqifoifh,lvmay;NyD;
olYrsufESmuav;rSmvnf; csKdomaeawmhonf/
eHeufpm pm;csdefwGuf a,muravmif;BuD;ESpfa,muf? orD;ESpfa,muf? uRefawmfwdkY ig;OD;om;
rsufESmpHknD pm;aeMuonfhtxJu tbdk;BuD;? tr,fBuD;awG avmuGufaumif;ovdk rwkwfuvnf;
]udkatmif'if pm;av . . tm;remygeJY} [k uRefawmf &Sufudk;&Sufuef; jzpfrae&atmif oluyif pwif
pum;ajymygonf/
uRefawmfhtm; ukdatmif'ifvdkY ac:vkdufonfudk OD;pHrif;Mum;vQif ]orD;? aemufudk udkatmif'ifvkdYrac:eJY}
[k qdkvkdufojzifh udkudk vdkY tac:cdkif;rvm;[k uRefawmfhpdwfwGif xifrdNyD; rwkwfuvnf;
tbdk;BuD;oifjyay;rnfh ac:yHkac:enf;udk iHharQmfaepOf OD;pHrif;u qufvuf . .
]udkMuGufeDvdkYac:} [k ajymvdkufrS uRefawmfhrSm uRefawmfajymxm;onfh pum;udkowd&NyD;
txiftjrifvGJrdonfudk &,fcsifrdonfxuf yHkqdk;r r0ufrSm tdtd . . tdtd ESifh 0ufoHxGufaeatmif
&,fvsuf rwkwfrl NyHK;aeonfudk awGY&av\/
]r0ufuawmh 'DvdkyJuGJY? tifrweft&,foefw,f? armifatmif'if&JY}
]aMomf . . rzGm;oufES,f . . ? armifMuGufeDac:ygvdkY tckyJ usKyfajymaew,f}
]bmjzpfvkdY udkMuGufeDjzpf&wmvJ
ar;vdkufav\/

taz&JY?

aA'ift&vm;}

[k

rwkwfu

NyHK;NyHK;uav;vkyf

]MuGufreufvdkY MuGufeDaygh orD;&,f . . ? tJ'gyJ rSwfxm;yg? ar;raeygeJY}

]udkMuGufeD pdwfqdk;aeygOD;r,f}
]pdwfrqdk;ygbl; rcifwkwf&JY? tJ'gi,femrnfrdkY ydkNyD;oabmusygw,f} [k uRefawmfu 0ifajymvkduf&m
rcifwkwfu rsufvHk;uav; rcdkYwdkYapmif;iJhMunfhNyD; ]BuHBuHzefzef udkatmif . . MuGuf . . tJav . .
udkMuGufeD&,f} [k ajym&if; [uf[ufyufyuf &,fav\/
xdkodkY [uf[ufyufyuf &,foHuav;udku uRefawmhftzdkYrSm rcifwkwfudk cspfNyD;&if;cspfp&muav;
jzpfaeayawmh\/
odkYvQif aysmfvkdYrqHk;? a*:vdkYrqHk;aom aeYuav;onf wpfaeukefcJhNyD; nbufodkY ul;ajymif;
vmcJhav\/

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57

uRefawmfESifh a,muravmif;BuD;wdkYonf nOD; axG&mav;yg; pum;vufqHkusaeMu&mu teD;odkY

rcifwkwfa&mufvmNyD;vQif ]tdyf&m jyifNyD;NyD? tar . .} [k taMumif;Mum;av\/
]uJ . . armifatmif? tJav . . armifMuGufeDvJ c&D;yef;vmwmrdkY apmapmtdyfayawmh}
][kwfuJh . . uRefawmfh tdyf&mvdyfuav;ygygw,f}
]armifMuGufeD tdyf&mvdyfudk aeygap? ta':wdkY tay:xyfrSm arGY&mjcifaxmif tm;vkH;toifhjyifxm;w,f?
tdyfHkyJ}
uRefawmhftzdkYrSm a,murtdrfwuf om;rufozG,f rsufESmi,fqdkonfhpum;rSm rrSefawmhbJ
{&mrrsufESmBuD;aeonfudk awGY&ojzifh ]w,fvJ[kwfvdkufyguvm;} [k auseyfNyD;&if;auseyfjcif;
jzpfrdum yxraeY\tjzpf tcef;wpfudk Zmwfodrf;&ef tdyfcef;&dS&modkY xvmcJh&av\/
tdyf&mxJodkY 0ifrnfjyKNyD;rS a,muravmif;BuD;rsm; uRefawmfhtm; cspfNyD;&if; wdk;cspfaprnfhtBuHwpfck&dS
toHus,fus,fjzifh ]Moumo . . Moumo} [k [efvkyfNyD; bk&m;&dScdk;arwmawG tpGrf;ukef
ydkYypfvdkufawmh\/ xkdaemufrS tdyf&mxJodkY a&muf&dScJhav\/
tdyf&mrSm jcifaxmif? tdyf&mcif;? acgif;pGyfrSp tm;vHk; 'dkbDusp topfpufpufjzpfav&m
vwfqwfoefY&Sif;aom oif;&eHYuav;rSm cif;jyefYwGif uvdvsuf&dSaomaMumifh ]tdpufnufanmwJh
zJarGY&may:0,f} [laom oDcsif;udk pdwfwGif;uqdkrd yDwdBuD;jzpfvsuf ]aMomf . . rcifwkwf . . rcifwkwf
. . ? olYvufuav;awGeJY cif;xm;wJh tdyf&may:wGiftawG;vHk;jzifh NyHK;NyHK;BuD; tdyfaysmfrdavawmhownf;/
aeYcif; pdwfxJwpfpHkwpf&m pGJvrf;rI&dSvQif ntdyf&mxJwGif tdyfrufwwfonf[k avmu
"mwfq&mBuD;rsm; ajymavh&dSonfh pum;omrSefcJhvQif xdknu uRefawmfhtzdkYrSm rcifwkwfESifh a&TvnfETJ
tcspfyGJcif;onfh r*Fvmtdyfrufaumif;udk ruf&rnftrSefyifjzpfayonf/ xdkodkYrufvkduf&vQif
wlESpfudk,feD;&onfh t&omuav;udk vufawGYr[kwfapumrl ]wu,fvdkyJuG} [k ajymMuovdk
yPmrtcspf t&omuav;udk cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/ xdkodkYrufvkdufvQif aumif;avpG/ odkYaomf xdktdyfrufrsKd;
rruf&ay/
uRefawmfhrSm wpfaeYvHk; pdwfMunfvifaysmf&TifaecJhonfhtwGuf pdwfESvHk;EkysKdvsuf&dS&m pdwfysKdudk,fEk
qdkaom pum;ESifhtnD tdyfrufxJrSmyif wpfudk,fvHk;EkysKdoGm;um ]a[mvD;a'; . . a[mvD;a';} [l
0rf;ajrmuf&Tifvef;pGm [pfatmfvsuf oDwif;uRwf ausmif;ydwfvkdufonfhtwGuf uRefawmfESifh
rmrufvwpf ac: armifarmif0if;wkdYvnfyif;zuf aysmf&TifpGm ausmif;ay:rSm qif;ajy;vmMuonfudk
jyeftdyfrufrufrdav\/
tdyfrufrSm wu,fyif ,kwd&dSae&um; rEkd;Mum;aomuRefawmf\pdwfxJwGif uRefawmfhudk,fudk wu,fyif
ausmif;om;uav;jzpfae onf[k xifrdawmhonf/
uRefawmfESifhrmrufwdkYonf pmtkyfvG,ftdwfrsm;udk ezl;csdwf ausmay:rSqGJum vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;udk
abmvHk;tjzpfuef&if; tdrfodkY jyefvmcJhMuav\/
xdkodkY uef&if;uef&if;yif tdrfjyefvrf;&dS bk&m;ysufBuD;udk ausmfvGefvmNyD; xdyfeDo&JBuD;pdk;pHonfh
wkdifikwfBuD;teD;odkY a&mufvmMuav\/
Z0e

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]a[h . . wpfcsDyef;MuOD;pdkY}
rmrufonf ajymajymqdkqdk a&SYut&ifoGm;NyD; wdkifikwfBuD;udk a&zsef;r*Fvmobif qif,ifavawmh\/
tpueOD;wGif ed'gef;ysKd;cJhonfhtwdkif; uRefawmfwdkYrSm wdkifikwfBuD;udk awGY&vQif xHk;pHtwdkif;
EIwfrquf&raeEkdifatmif
]a&puf}
ygvmMuonfhtwdkif;
uRefawmfvnf;
rqdkif;rwG
rmruf\vrf;pOfvdkufum yef;yifpdkufovdk a&Trdk;aiGrdk; oGef;NzKd;vdkufpOfyif . .
tdyfaysmfaeaom uRefawmf\ aygifay:wGif a&aEG;ylavmif;vkdufovdk ylceJ? &dSrf;ceJjzpfum
tdyf&mrSvefYEkd;NyD; uav;rsm;tdyf&mxJ ao;ygovdk BuD;awmif;BuD;rjzpfumrS tdyfrufESifha&mNyD;
wu,fhudkyif r*Fvma&T>yefrS a&oGefrd&ufom; jzpfaeonfudk wpfydkif;wpfpBuD;ESifh awGYae&um
tajctaea&mufcgrS wpfydkif;wpfpjzwfxm; r&Ekdifatmif wm;r&? qD;r&jzpfvsuf rcifwkwf
vufuav;ESifh cif;xm;aom jzLazG;ysHYoif;aeonfhtdyf&may:wGif Mumyl? MumnD? Mumig;rnfa&mpyfaom
taemwwftdkifBuD; ay:xGef;oGm;avawmh\/
aygifay: &Sdrf;ceJjzpfoGm;aom tylonf em;xifem;&if;udk wufvmNyD; ][dkuf . . aomufusKd;awmh
enf;NyD} [k awG;rdum rsufvHk;jyL; rdav\/
cufNyD? reufus&if rcifwkwftdyf&mudk vm&Sif;vQif xif;ceJaeaom ao;uGufBuD;udk awGYoGm;
awmhrnf/ tdyf&mxJ ao;ygaom owdkYom;udk b,ftysKd? b,funmu arwmawmfrQEkdifyghrnfenf;/
tdyf&may:rS trSwftom;BuD;aysmufatmif tb,fyHk azsmufzsuf&ygrnfenf;/
ae&mwGif uRefawmfonf ]BuHKao;w,f . . yHkaqG;AsmxkMuG,f . . b,fa&S;uH . . pDrHzefvmw,f . .}
[k [pfatmfom idkcsifrdygawmhonf/
wkdifikwf? xdkwdkifikwf? xdyfeD;pdk;pHonfhwdkifikwf? uRefawmfwdkYi,fi,fuESdyfpufcJhorQ ,cktcsufaumif;
uscgrS uvJhpm;acs wdkifikwf/
uRefawmfhrSm tpdkudkajcmufatmif vkyfzkdYudk tBuHxkwf&awmh\/ eHeufrdk;vif;rS rajcmufvQif
wpftdrfom;vHk;tm; uRefawmf\rsufESmudkjy0Hhrnfr[kwfawmhay/ txl;ojzifh rcifwkwfudk ydk&ifrqdkif0Hh
jzpf&avawmhrnf/ uRefawmf\tcspfZmwfvrf;rSmvnf; &yfwef;odkYa&muf&awmhrnf/
odkYjzpf uRefawmfhrSm udk,hftrIudk udk,fr&GHEkdifbJ tdyf&mcif;udkcGm pdk&TJaeonfhtpdwftydkif;udk vufESifh
udkif tkef;EkdYnpfouJhodkY npfcsvkduf&m arGY&mrSmrl xyfpdk&TJoGm;vsuf tdyf&mcif;rSmrl pdkNrJpdkaeav&m
,yfcyfay;vQif ajcmufoGm;aumif;oGm;rnfvm;[k cg;rS vHkcsnfudkcRwfum vHkcsnfjzifh ,yfcwfay;&
jyefav\/ wpfcef;vHk; arSmifrnf;aeomvQif uRefawmfhrSm uJhodkY vkyf0Hhayawmhonf/ rD;vif;
aecJhygrl pGyfus,ftus0wfvsuf atmufydkif;wGifAvmjzpfNyD; ezl;rSaZmacR;jyefum ikwfwkwfxdkifNyD;
,yfcwfaeaom uRefawmf\ jzpftifrSm idktm;xuf &,ftm;oefp&mBuD;yif/
uRefawmhfrSm vufyef;usatmif ,yfcwfygaomfvnf; tenf;i,fajcmufaoGYHkrQom ajcmuf cyfxyfxyf?
cyfxdkif;xkdif;jzpfaeao;onfudk awGY&onfjyif arGY&mudkprf;vkdufaomtcg ao;uGufrSm at;pufpufBuD;
jzpfvsuf b,fenf;ESifhrS ajcmufaoGYatmifvkyf r&onfudk awGY&dS&um; wGifrS pdwftysufBuD;ysufum
arGY&may:wGif vHkcsnfrygbJ arsmufxkdif xdkifvsuf ypfrdIifrdavawmh\/
Z0e

59

odkYaomf uJhodkY aerjzpfao;? rdk;vif;bufodkY ul;vmNyDjzpf&um; wpfpHkwpfckudk jyKvkyfzdkY&ef tjrefqHk;

qHk;jzwf&awmhrnfjzpfay\/ wGif tBuHwpfck&vmjyefum vHkcsnfudkjyef0wfNyD; jcifaxmifxJrSxGuf
acgif;&if;em;xm;aom uRefawmf\ppfvG,ftdwfudk arSmifxJprf; &Sm&jyef\/
vG,ftdwfxJwGif a&arT;wpfykvif;aqmif,lvmcJh&m arGY&may:wGif a&arT;ykvif;zdwfouJhodkY wpfykvif;vHk;
avmif;csvdkufvQif tpdkcsif;wl a&arT;aMumifhpdkonf[lvnf; xifrSwf&rnfhjyif usifi,feYHudk a&arT;eHY
vTr;fzHk;oGm;rnf[k awG;rdonfhtavsmuf vG,ftdwfxJrS a&arT;ykvif;EdIuf? tdyf&mjyefcif;? pdkaeonfh
tuGufudk vufESifhprf;NyD;xdkae&mwpf0dkufudk a&arT;wpfykvif;vHk; arSmufoGefum zsef;vdkufav\/
xdkodkYjyKvkyf&mwGif uRefawmfxifouJhodkY usifi,feHYudk a&arT;eHYESifhrzHk;bJ teHYESpfrsKd;pvHk;a&mrdum
uRefawmf\wpfoufwGif wpfcgrQ rawGYbl;aom pl;0g;nDarT;onfh teYHqdk;BuD;wpfrsKd; xGufay:vmvsuf
tjcm;olrsm;um; rnfodkYjzpfrnfrod uRefawmfyifvQif atmf*vDqefum ysKdYtefcsifvmavawmh\/
uRefawmhfrSm wpfudk,fvHk;xlylvsuf ezl;rSmaZmacR;rsm;onf qD;uif;avmufBuD;rm;pGm wNzdKifNzdKif
,dkpD;aeMuawmh\/ uRefawmhftzdkYrSm tjcm;enf;vrf;BuH&mr&awmhNyD/ eHeufrdk;rvif;rD rnfolrQrodatmif
xdktdrfrSvpf ajy;&efomvQif wpfvrf;wnf;om&dSawmh\/
odkYESifh uRefawmfvnf; uRefawmf\ypnf;rsm;udk arSmifxJprf;oyfxkwfydk;um &Sm&av\/
wpfcgrQra&mufbl;aomtdrfwGif arSmifxJrSef;vrf;avQmuf&onfrSm rvG,fulvSay/ ajcuvnf;
prf;prf;? vufuvnf;prf;prf;jzifh rSef;rSef;NyD;avQmufcJh&m uRefawmf\aemufem;rS cRwfceJtoH
Mum;vdkuf&ojzifh em;xifem;&if;BuD;oGm;um tom&yfaevkduf&avao;\/
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zrf;qGJvkdufNyD; pl;0g;aomtoHjzifh ]olcdk;ygawmh} [k [pfvdkufav\/

uRefawmf\vHkcsnfudk

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uRefawmfhrS vdyfjymvGifhpifoGm;rwwfjzpfrdawmh\/ atmfvdkufonfhtoHrSm r0uf\toHjzpfae&um;

vlrdvefY&onfhtxJwGif ol\ toHaMumifh ydkvefYrdav\/
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. olcdk;wJh . . b,frvJ "m; . . "m; . . rD;cGufxGef; . . rD;cGufxGef;} paom toHrsm; qlnHoGm;NyD;aemuf
rD;rsm;vif; vlrsm;0dkif;vmum uRefawmfESifh uRefawmfhvHkcsnfqGJxm;aom r0ufwdkYudkawGY& tm;vHk;
tHhtm;oifhaeMuav\/
][Jh . . b,fES,f . . bmjzpfMuwmwkef;}
]uRefr vloHMum;vdkY zrf;qGJvdkufwmyJ? udkMuGufeD wydkwyg;oGm;rvdkY qif;rSef;rodbJ}
]jzpfrSjzpf&avw,f? armifMuGufeDuvJ xr,fqdk&if toHuav; bmuav; jyKa&maygh? aeygOD;?
armifMuGufeDu txkyftydk;awG bmawG vG,fvdkYyguvm;? b,fvkdvJuGJY}

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60

]uRef . . uRefawmf . . OD;udkajymwJh awmfvSefa&;udpeJY ta&;wBuD; pcef;wpfae&m oGm;p&mudkarhNyD;

wa&;Ekd;rS owd&vdkY OD;wkdYudkvJ tdyfa&;ysufaerSmpdk;vdkY rEdI;awmhbJ xGufoGm;rvdkYyg} [k kwfw&uf
tBuH& ajzvdkufav\/
]olajymwm bmudpvJ udkpHrif;&JY}
]olYudpudkawmh usKyfodygw,fav? 'gudkxm;ygOD;? armifMuGufeDuvJ bmtm;emp&m&dSvJuG,f? EId;a&maygh?
oGm;p&m&dSwmvJ oGm;ayghuG,f? ajymxm;&if tazmfuav;ac:oGm;zdkY pDpOfay;&raygh}
wGif uRefawmf\ tcspfZmwfvrf;um; qHk;cef;odkY
rcifwkwfwdkY\ezl;pmum; rQom uHqHkayawmhonf/

a&mufcJhygawmhonf/

uRefawmfESifh

xdktcsdefrSp uRefawmfvnf; rcifwkwfudk ,aeYtxd rawGY&awmhay/ tjzpfuav;omvQif

uRefawmhftzdkY awG;awG;NyD; aqG;p&mjzpfawmhonf/ odkYaqG;&onfxuf rcifwkwfpdwfxJwGif
uRefawmfhtm; Adkvfatmif'if[lwpfrsKd;? udkMuGufeD[lwpfrsKd;? awmfvSefa&;ol&Jaumif;BuD; Adkvfao;yef;
[l wpfrsKd; trsKd;rsKd;rarhEkdifjzpfaernfudk awG;rdwkdif; i,fpOfu uRefawmfausmif;oGm;&m vrf;ab;&dS
wdkifikwfBuD;udk pdwftemBuD; emrdawmhownf;/
/
aMu;rHkr*Zif;? Ekd0ifbm? 1951/

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aav
vSu
Summ;;BBu
uD;D;jjrreefjfjrreefafax
xmmiif f

awmuf . . awmuf . . awmuf . . [k cGmaqmifheif;vmaom av'DcifSL;zdeyfoHudkMum;&ojzifh

OD;dk;azonf zwfaeaomowif;pmudk zwfMunfhvdkuf&m ausmif;rSjyefvmaomarMunfudk awGY&av\/
arMunfonf cHkjrifhzdeyfuav;udk cyfrSefrSefeif;um tdrftwGif;odkY0ifoGm;av&m OD;dk;azonf arMunf\
oGm;vmyHkESifhwuG t0wftpm;udk ajcqHk;acgif;qHk;MunfhNyD;vQif wpfpHkwpf&m pdwftdkufaom trlt&mjzifh
oufjyif;SLdIufrdav\/
OD;dk;azonf acwfopfBuD;xJwGif arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;vmaom orD;ysKdwpfa,mufudk t*FvdyfpmoifBum;
ay;&onfhtwGuf ausmif;p&dwf? t0wftpm;p&dwf? auR;arG;&onfhp&dwf? toHk;tjzKef;p&dwfwdkYrSm
rdrd\yifpifvcudk 0g;rsKdaeonfhtwGuf pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfrdum xdkwm0efBuD;onf tb,ftcgrS
at;ygrnfenf;[k awG;Munfhrdav\/ xdkodkYawG;vdkuf&mwGif orD;jzpfolvif&rS rdrd\vufxJu
uRwfvGwfum wm0efNidrf;awmhrSmyJ[k ESvHk;jyKrdayawmh\/
odkYjzpfonfh tm;avsmfnDpGm orD;jzpfoltm; a,musfm;jrefjref&ygapawmh[k pdwfxJuqkawmif;rdvsuf
acwfumv ynmwwfuav;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;aomxHk;pHt& arMunfESifhtwl tdrfodkYrMumcPvdkufyg
vmwwfMuaom a,musfm;ysKduav;rsm;udk OD;dk;azonf rnfonfhtcgrQ rESpfoufaomtrlt&mudk
rjyacs/ rdrdwm0efudk xrf;&GufMurnfh omoemh0efxrf;yk*dKvfuav;rsm;[k todtrSwfjyKcJhav\/
odkY&mwGif rdrdarQmfvifhaomtajctaeodkYra&mufrDuyif arMunfonf wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf cGmNyJypf
vkdufojzifh OD;dk;azrS tawmfpdwfysufrday\/ odkYaomfNim;vnf; arMunfrSm ydk;yef;rnfholr&Sm;bJ
wpfa,mufESifhcGmNyJvQif aemufwpfa,mufay:vmojzifh OD;dk;azrSm arQmfvifhcsufrukefbJ &dSav
ao;awmh\/
wwd,rd . . oHk;a,mufajrmufaom &nf;pm;ESifh cGmNyJNyD;onfhaemuf? wpfaeYaomnaewGif arMunfonf
pwkwajrmuf&nf;pm; wpfa,mufESifh tdrfa&SYcef;wGif pum;ajymvsuf&dSonfudk OD;dk;az awGY&dS&av\/
OD;dk;azonf rdrd\orufavmif;\ toGiftjyif? t*Fgkyftqif;udkMunfhrd&mwGif rdrd\orD;ESifh
a&SYoGm;aemufvdkufnDrnfhol jzpfonf[k qHk;jzwfrdav\/ xdka,musfm;ysKduav;rSm kyf&nfoefYjyefYvsuf
aumif;rGefpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifNyD;vQif w0if;0if;ajymifvufaeaom pdefvufpGyf0wfqifxmm;onfudk
awGY&aomaMumifh if;ESifh&vQif rdrd\orD;rSm at;at;csrf;csrf;ae&ayvdrfhrnf[k awG;awm0rf;ajrmuf&if;
tdrfa&SYcef;odkY xGufvmav\/
]azaz . . a[m'DrSm? uRefrrdwfaqG udkwifjrifhqdkwm} [k arMunfuajymojzifh OD;dk;azu
orufavmif;udkMunfh NyHK;um wifjrifhuvnf; a,muravmif;udk NyHK;Munfhav\/
OD;dk;azrSm orufavmif;udk txl;oabmusum &J&Jwif;wif;aexdkifajymqdk0Hhap&ef acwrQ &if;&if;EDS;EDS;
pum;ajymqdkNyD;aemuf rdrd\aiGpD;u&ufbl;udk xkwfwnfav\/
xkdaemuf OD;dk;az xoGm;aomtcg arMunfu . .
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]udkudkYudk 'DaiGpD;u&ufbl;wnfwm udkudkYtay:rSm azaz tefrwefta&;,laMumif; jywmyJ? azaz[m . .

awmfHkwefHkta&;pdkuf&rnfhvlavmufjzihf b,fawmhrS 'DpD;u&ufbl;eJYrwnfbl;} [k wifjrifhtm;
ajymjyav\/
wifjrifhonf tvGefauseyfoGm;um pD;u&ufwpfvdyfdS aomufav\/ pD;u&ufrSm tvGefaomuf
aumif;ojzifh aemufxyfwpfvdyfdSaomufav\/ pD;u&ufav;vdyfavmufukefaomtcg OD;dk;azonf
ESajrmvmav\/ ]'Dtaumif . . ighaq;vdyfudkaomufaumif;vdkYyJ rxwmvm;? pum;ajymvdkYyJ
rukefEkdifwJhtwGuf rxao;wmvm;} [k OD;dk;az\pdwfwGifawG;rdNyD;rS ][,f'Daumif ighorD;r&cif
vmufom ighpD;u&ufawGaomuf&rSmyg? ighorD;,lNyD;wJhaemuf ighwm0efat;awmhraygh? 'gaemufqHk;
ukef&wmyJ? ukefygap} [k apwemjy|mef;vdkufav\/
odkYtm;jzihf wifjrifhonf OD;dk;az\pD;u&ufrsm;udk naewdkif;tm;&yg;& rSefrSefBuD;wG,fae&av\/
pD;u&ufrsm;udk arMunfudk,fwdkif,lay;? arMunfudk,fwdkif rD;dSay;ojzifh wifjrifhrSm tvGefpnf;pdrf
awGYaeavawmh\/ OD;dk;azonf rdrd\pD;u&ufrsm;udk wGefYwdkvmaomfvnf; ]wifjrifhrSm arMunfudk
pGJonfxuf pD;u&ufrsm;udk pGJruf vmaeava&mhovm;} [k atmufarhum pD;u&ufrsm;udk
0Sufxm;vQif aemifudkrvmbJae orD;ESifhvrf;jywfoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drfum wifjrifh\pD;u&ufzdk;udk
rdrdtukefcH ae&avawmh\/
xdkodkYvQif pD;u&ufESpfq,fhav;bl; ukefajrmufonfhaeYodkYa&mufonfhwkdifatmif wifjrifhonf rdrdtm;
arMunfudk awmif;&rf;,lygrnf[laom pum;udkvnf;rajymao;? arMunfuvnf; wifjrifhESifh
vufxyfzdkY&ef rylqmao;bJ&Sdonfhjyif wifjrifhonf pD;u&ufESifhyifrNyD;awmhbJ naewdkif; tjyef
rdk;csKyfum wpfcgwpf&H rdrdESifhtwlxrif;pm;yGJwGif 0ifEIdufaeonfudk awGY&jyefav\/ odkYjzpf
OD;dk;azonf wifjrifhudkMunfh&onfrSm a&S;uESifhrwlbJ uRJaygufuav;vdk0NzdK;vmonf[k xifjrifrd
aomfvnf; orufavmif;wpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwGuf apwemrysufEkdifbJ arMunfu wifjrifhtm;
naewkdif; xrif;pm;&efac:jcif;udk rwm;jrpfbJ &dSacsawmh\/
wifjrifhonf rdk;csKyfatmifaeHkrQru nOfheufatmifaeaomtajctaeodkY qdkufa&mufvmNyD;vQif vQyfppf
"mwfrD;rDwmudk nwdkif;jzKef;aeavawmh\/ OD;dk;azrS cgwdkif;rDwmc vpOf 3d-*JcefY ay;aecJh&mrS ,ckrl
7d-12J9ydkif;ay;&aomaMumifh pdwfwdkvmav\/
OD;dk;az\pdwfxJwGif acwfumvom;orD;udk t*Fvdyfpmoif&jcif;rSm ausmif;aep&dwf? t0wftpm;p&dwf?
auR;arG;p&dwf? toHk;p&dwfomru &nf;pm;p&dwfygaxmufyHhae&onfudk awGY&aomaMumifh jrefjref
udpwHk;atmif rnfodkYvkyf&ygrnfenf;[k tBuHxkwfav\/ xdkodkYtBuHxkwfae&mwGif arMunfESifh
wifjrifhwkdY jrefjrefnm;ap&ef jyKvkyfjcif;rSwpfyg;? tjcm;pdwful;r&bJ&dSojzifh jrefjrefnm;ap&ef
tb,fvkyf&ygrnfenf;[k enf;vrf;&Sm&jyefav\/
xdkodkYpdwful;rdojzifh twif; orufzrf;&aumif;rnfvm;[k pOf;pm;rdNyD;rS tu,f orufzrf;rdvQif
ususeevufxyfay;OD;rSjzpfrnfjzpfav&m vufxyfrnfhtwGuf ukefus&rnfudk awG;rdaomaMumifh
aiGukefenf;rnfhenf;udk pdwful;av\/ xdkodkYpdwful;&wGif acwfumvtavsmuf cdk;&mvdkufajy;
Mujcif;onf aiGukefoufomaom enf;vrf;yifjzpfonfudk tBuH&ojzifh if;wdkYESpfa,muf cdk;&m
vkdufajy;atmif rnfuJhodkY vIHYaqmf&ygrnfenf;[k pdwful;xkwf&jyefav\/

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wpfnwGif tdrfa&SYvrf;ay:rS uav;rsm; oDcsif;qdkoGm;MuoHudkMum; em;pkdufaxmifvdkuf&m ]OD;dk;az . .

[dk;[kd;[dk; . . rdk;xdatmif avSum;BuD;jrefjrefaxmif} [lMum;vkduf&ojzifh rdrdtwGufjzpfay:vmaom
twdwfwabmif[k ESvHk;jyKum 0rf;omrdNyD;vQif arMunftdyfaom tcef;jywif;aygufudk avSum;axmif
ay;vdkufvQif b,fenf;ESifhrqdk wifjrifhonfcdk;ajy;awmhrnf[k ,lqNyD;vQif aemufwpfaeYwGif
tdrfeD;csif;bk&m;vlBuD;wpfOD;tdrfrS avSum;BuD;udk oGm;iSm;av\/
]bmrsm;ta&;odyfBuD;vdkY avSum;vmNyD; iSm;&wmvJAs? OD;dk;az} [k ar;onfudk OD;dk;azrSm tajz&cuf
ojzihf ]ajymrjzpfwJhudp &dSaevdkYAsm? aemufawmh od&ygapr,f} [k ajymav\/
]usKyfavSum;awmh rusKd;apeJYaemf . . usKd;&ifavsmf&r,f}
]pdwfcsyg? rusKd;ap&ygbl;? usKd;&ifavsmfyghr,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif OD;dk;azonf avSum;BuD;udk udk,fwdkif
xrf;,lvmNyD;vQif arMunftdyfaomtcef;\tjyifjywif;aygufwnfhwnfhwGif axmifxm; vkdufav\/
]azaz 'DavSum;BuD; b,fuiSm;vmovJ}
][dkbuftdrfu OD;bdk;aomifqDu}
]bmvkyfzdkYvJ azaz&JY}
]avSum;qdkwm ta&;udp&dS&if wuf&qif;&wmaygh}
]tck bmudprSr&dSbJ bmvkyfzdkYvJ}
]tckudpr&dSayr,fh? vdkvdkr,fr,f aemifudkudp&dS&if oHk;zdkYaygh} [kajymvdkufojzifh arMunfrSm awG;r&bJ
NyHK;rdav\/
OD;dk;az avSum;iSm;vmonfrSm ckESpf&ufajrmufaomaeYodkY a&mufvmonfhwdkifatmif arMunfESifh
wifjrifhwdkYonf xdkavSum;udktoHk;rjyKojzifh OD;dk;azrSm 'gavmufawmift&ovm;[k ESpfa,mufpvHk;
tay:wGif a'goxGufrdum if;wdkYtwGuf tb,fyHkBuH&rnfenf; [k rdIifawGcsrdav\/
xdktcgrS OD;dk;azonf rdrdwpfa,mufwnf;BuHrjzpfEdkif? bk&m;vlBuD;OD;bdk;aomifudk tusKd;taMumif;
zGifh[ajymqdk wdkifyifrSjzpfawmhrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfum OD;bdk;aomiftm; wdkifyifav\/
]aMomf . . cifAsm;avSum;iSm;wm? 'DtwGufudk; [m; . . [m; . . [m; . .[m; . . orD;
vifhaemufvdkufajy;atmif vkyfzdkY[m ckacwfrSm omNyD;vG,faeao;w,f? cifAsm;orD;udkvmNyD;
aemufydk;aewJh oli,fudk tckvdk MunfMunfjzLjzL vufoifhcHaeorQ vmNyD; cifAsm;pD;u&ufawG?
xrif;awG? "mwfrD;tm;awG oHk;jzKef;aerSmyJ? tckvdkvGwfvGwfvyfvyfcspfae&wJhaemuf? bmvkyfzdkY
vdkao;vJ? b,fawmhrS cdk;zdkYpdwful;MurSmr[kwfbl;? tckae wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rawGY&atmif
Muyfrwfxm;NyD; [dkoli,fvJ tdrfrvm&atmif vkyfvdkuf&if wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,mufrawGY&wJhtwGuf
raeEdkifbJ awGYEdkifwJh enf;vrf;udk&SmMuawmhrSmyJ? 'Denf;[m cdk;&mvdkufajy;apwJhenf;yJ} [k ajymjyvdkuf&m
OD;dk;azrSm rsm;pGmauseyfNyD; jyefvmum tdrfodkYa&mufaomtcg orD;udkqlylav\/

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]eifwdkY acwfumvom;orD;awG[m rdbudktifrweft&SufcGJw,f? a,musfm;uav;eJY yl;wGJNyD;

oGm;[,fvm[,feJYwif tm;r&ao;bl;? tdrfwdkif&ma&muf ac:vmvdkufao;w,f? tckMunfhprf;?
tdrfeD;yg;csif;awG ar;aighukefNyD? igodyf&Sufw,f? eifeJYvdkufvmwJhtaumifawGuvJ tdrfOD;cef;u
pwdkifeJYxdkifNyD; aeHkruao;bl;? ighpD;u&ufawGvJaomuf xrif;pm;yGJvJ0ifEIduf? "mwfrD;vJjzKef;
vdkufao;w,f? 'DrsufESmawG igrMunfhcsifbl;? 'DtaumifrsLd;awG b,fawmhrS ac:rvmeJY? aemifudkawGY&if
tukefowfypfr,f? apmfapmfum;um; tdrfudkrsm; vmNyD; . . [if; . . } tp&dSojzifh wpfnaevHk;
qlylBudrf;armif;aepOf wifjrifha&mufvmNyD; tdrfay:odkYwufrnftjyKwGif qlyloHudkMum;&ojzifh jyef
vSnfhoGm;av\/
xkdaeYrSp wifjrifhonftdrfodkYa&mufrvmawmhbJ&dSacs\/ arMunfrSmvnf; cspfolESifhrawGY&ojzifh
wydefydefjzpfaeum rIdifaeonfudkawGY&av\/
oHk;av;&ufcefYMumaomtcg OD;dk;azrSm pdwfylyefrdjyefav\/ rdrd\qlylwm;jrpfjcif;aMumifh wifjrifhrvm
awmhbJ rdrdajymqdkrdorQpum;awGom tzwfwif aeava&mhovm;[k awG;awmum OD;bdk;aomifESifh
wdkifyifrdonfrSm vlaygif;rSm;aeNyD[k pdwfnpfrdavawmh\/
odkY&mwGif ajcmuf&ufajrmufaomnwGif orD;tcef;rS wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfajymoHMum;&ojzifh tompdkuf
em;axmifvdkuf&m wifjrifha&mufaeonfudkMum;od&ojzifh xvufcarmif;cwfcsif rdavawmh\/
]uJ . . MunfMunf? jrefjrefvkyfyg? MunfMunfwdkYazazEkd;awmhr,f? Ekd;&if cufukefawmhrSmyJ?
'DavSum;uyJqif;yg} [k ajymoHMum;&ojzifh OD;dk;azonf tvGef0rf;om;um acsmacsmarmarmatmufodkY
a&mufMuygap[k ESvHk;jyKvsuf avSum;usKd;rusygapeJYvkdY qkawmif;rdav\/
twefMumvQif OD;dk;azonf rdrdjywif;aygufrSuJMunfhvkduf&m avSum;ay:rSqif;oGm;Muaom
arMunfESifhwifjrifhwkdYudk awGY&ojzifh rdrd0#fuRwfNyD[k 0rf;omrdpOf avSum;&if;odkY a&mufMuonfwGif
0kef;ceJavSum;BuD;vJusav\/ arMunfESifhwifjrifhwdkYonf vl;vJ xNyD;ajy;Muav\/
OD;dk;azonf tdrfay:rS ajy;qif;um vJoGm;aomavSum;udk MunfhNyD;aemuf arMunfESifhwifjrifhwkdY
aemufodkY ajy;vkdufum ][Jh rajy;MueJY? aeOD; . . aeOD;} [k atmfav\/ arMunfESifhwifjrifhwdkYrSm
aemufrSvdkufvmonffudkawGY& aMumuftm;vefYtm;ajy;Mu&m arMunfrSm ajy;&if;cvkwfwdkuf
vJojzifh OD;dk;azrDvmav\/
arMunfonf uref;uwef;xum wifjrifhtm;zufxm;NyD; ]csrf;omay;yg azaz&JY? uRefrwdkY
cspfvGef;vdkYyg? uRefrwdkY tcspfudk rcGJygeJY} [k ajymNyD; wifjrifhtm; ]udkukd&JY? uRefrudkzufxm;yg udkudk&JY?
uRefrudkrvTwfygeJY} [k idkajymav\/
OD;dk;azonf ESpfa,mufpvHk;udk pdkufMunfhNyD;vQif ]rif;wdkYcdk;ajy;wmudk igruefYuGufygbl;?
0rf;omygw,f? EkdYaywJh rif;wdkYqif;zdkY igiSm;vmwJhavSum;usLd;oGm;NyD? rif;wkdYtwGuf igpdkufNyD;
ravsmfEkdifbl;?igukef&wmrsm;NyD} [kajymvdkuf&m ESpfa,mufom;tHhtm;oifhaeMuNyD;wifjrifhonf aiGpuL
wpf&Guf xkwfay;vkdufNyD;vQif auseyfpGmjyefoGm;aoma,murBuD;udk ai;Munfhvsuf usef&pfav
awmh\/
jrefrmhkyf&Sif? atmufwkdbm? 1937/

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o
orru
ufafav
vmmiif;f;

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tdrf&maxmif&ef pdwfrul;bJ OD;rif;armif pkaqmif;&SmazGxm;&pfcJhaom tdrf&mNcHajr? a&TaiG? ypnf;rsm;udk
ruGJrysufap&atmif acRacRwmwmoHk;pGJvsuf OD;rif;armif\ vufikwfvuf&if;jzpfaom tvkyfudk
wwfEkdiforQ qufvufvkyfudkifvmum orD;jzpfolvS&Dudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufvmcJhonfrSm q,fESpf
ausmfcJhNyD jzpfay\/
OD;rif;armif rsufpdESpfvHk; rdSwfoGm;pOfu vS&DrSmq,fhwpfESpft&G,fwGif usef&pfcJh&m ,cktcgwGif
vS&DrSm tysKdBuD;vHk;vHk;jzpfaevsuf tcsdefweft&G,fa&muf vmNyDjzpfaeojzifh a':jrarrSm orD;twGuf
pdwfat;&vQif tvkyfqufvufrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;tm;xkwf v,faxmufc&orQuav;ESifhyif
wif;wdrfa&mifh&J aeygawmhrnf[k ESvHk;ydkufrdonfhtwdkif; vS&Dtm; jrefjrefae&musEdkifap&ef
qkawmif;vsuf xdkufwefrnfhom;rufavmif;udk &SmazGMunfhIcJhav\/
vS&Donfvnf; tcsdefweft&G,fa&mufvm cspf&? BudKuf&rSef;oduwnf;u rdrd\rdcifjzpfol\pdwf
om;rufavmif; tvkd&dSaeonf? r&dSonfudkrodbJ rdrdpdwftvdktavsmuf rdciftwGuf om;rufavmif;udk
&SmcJhav\/ xdkokdYorD;a&m? ratyg om;rufavmif;&SmMu&mwGif ESpfOD;vHk; om;rufavmif; awGY&dS
Muav\/ odkY&mwGif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muftBudKufcsif;rwlMuojzihf om;rufavmif;rSm wpfa,muf
wnf;r[kwfbJ ESpfa,mufjzpf aeavawmh\/
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a':jraronf oN*K[fq&m\trnfudk Mum;NyD;aemuf Z&yftpfrbufodkYvSnfhum ]'Duausmif;tpfrBuD;eJY

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bDatatmifNyD;aemuf bDt,fvfudk0ifajzNyD;awmh a&SYaevkyfaew,f? aumvdyfwkef;u or*toif;awG?

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q&maza&muf&dS &ufowESpfywfrQ rMum&dSrDyif bodef;onf vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; wufa&muf&ef

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[k ajymvkdufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf bodef;rSm pdwfjref? vljrefwpfa,mufjzpfonfh tavsmuf 'dkifAifxdk;

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a&xJckefcswm Munfhygvm;? rl;&if ckefcsyghrvm;} [k rdrdajymcJhaom pum;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif

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zk| wpf&mhig;q,fcefY&dSvmaomtcg tenf;i,frsufvHk;rsm;zefvmav\/ zk| ESpf&mwpfq,fh

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tdyfaysmfavawmh\/
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]zk| avmu"ar[d} jzifh rdrdudk,fudk rdrdjyef odyf&av\/

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vSrf;qGJvkdufav\/ q&maz vufeufqGJonfudk awGY&vQif bodef;onf,refaeYnu vS&DrS rdrdtm;

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]&dS&dSorQvlawG tm;vHk;l;aeMua&mhvm;}
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ajy;jrifNyD; vS&D\pum;udk rajzao;bJ ]q&mBuD; b,foGm;r,fajymovJ} [k ar;vdkufav\/
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ajymvkdufonfwGif vS&DrSm 0rf;omvHk;qdkYoGm;um

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]arar . . vufzuf&nfaomufvkdufOD;av? at;ukefr,f? aygifrkefYaxmywf okwfvkduf&OD;rvm;} [k

ysmysmovJ ta&;pdkuf aeavawmh\/
/
'*kefr*Zif;? {NyD? 1938/

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[
[JhaJhaMMu
ummiif f aan
nmmiif f .. .. aan
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onf rnfonfhtcgrQ qif;&Jjcif;ESifhawGY&rnfr[kwfbJ armifolawmfqdkolonf raumif;rI'kpdkufwdkYrS
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pm;aomuf&vsuf armifolawmfemrnfESifh wHigvkyfpm;aeonfudkaxmufaomf ynwfoGm;&m emrnfESifh
usdef;ausaeMuonf[k qdkzG,f&m&dSay\/
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uHxl;\taMumif;rsKd;pHkudk ay:OD; wpfa,mufwnf;omaumif;pGmodol jzpfay\/ ay:OD;? tkef;oD;? aypdESifh
uHxl;wdkYonf eHeufwdkif; ]'dkYacwfwufvl} pmMunhfcef;wGif awGYpNrJjzpfay\/ uHxl;rSvGJ tjcm;
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teD;&dS pmtkyfwpftkyfudk qGJ aMumifuav;udk aygufvkdufNyD;vQif xdkif&mrSxav\/
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]w,f . . tpwkef;u 'Dtcef;[m wufvlawG NidrfNidrfqdrfqdrf at;at;aq;aq;pmMunfhzdkYvm;

rSwfygw,f? wd&pmefHkjzpfrSef;rod jzpfaeNyD? 'Dtoif;uxGufr,f} [k ajymNyD; uHxl;onf rD;owftoif;
ajcvSrf;jzifh abmufqwfabmufqwf eif;xGufoGm;&m omyif tHhMo&if;jzifh Munhfusef&pfMuav\/
aypdrSm Avao;oljzpf aoG;aMumifvefYjzefYum ykaeav\/ tkef;oD;rlum; axmifxNyD;vQif
]bmjzpfwmvJ} [k qdkum xdktoif;wdkufxJwGif rnfonfhtcgurQ xdkodkY a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif; jyKvkyfrIrsKd;
rjzpfcJhzl;aomaMumifh ]b,foleJY &efp&dSMuvdkYvJ} [k ar;av\/
ay:OD;onf bmrqdkolt&if odESifhNyD;oljzpfonftwdkif; xdktar;udk acgif;cgypfvkdufNyD;vQif ]b,foleJYrS
&efp&dSvdkY r[kwfygbl;? 'DaMumifuav;eJYvJ b,fwkef;urS zufNyD; rowfcJhygbl;? EkdYaywJh [dkt&ifwpfcg
]oef;wpfaxmiftdrf} udktvnfoGm;wkef;uwnf;u pNyD; oleJYaMumifeJY urm&efolBuD; jzpfMuNyD;
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]'Dvdkqdk&if ae&Sife,fa';vSnfhzdkY odyfaumif;rSmyJ} [k tkef;oD;u qdkav\/
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]'Dpum;udk ar;vdkY&dSrSajymvdkuf&OD;r,f? 'DvdkAs? rat;jrifhwdkY wpfaqGwpfrsKd;vHk;[m wd&pmefb0eJY

eD;vdkYvm;rodbl;? acG;awG? aMumifawG vufoyfarG;xm;vdkufwm wpftdrfvHk; wd&pmefHkusaewmyJ?
acG;oef;? aMumifoef;awGqdkwmjynfhvdkYyJ? olwdkYrdkYaeEdkifw,f? {nfhonfqdk&ifoef;udkufwmeJY MumMum
raeEkdifbl;wJh? 'gaMumifh oef;wpfaxmifvdkY ac:xm;Muwm? emrnftrSefyJvm; rajymwwfbl;? uHxl;ajym
wJhtwkdif; ajymjy&wmyJ? tdrfcef;wpf0dkuf rsufpdwpfqHk;Munfhvdkuf&if [dkae&mrSmvJ acG;eJY? 'Dae&mrSmvJ
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]rat;jrifheJY oleJY[m aumvdyfausmif;rSm twlwlaecJhMuzl;w,f? ieJu kyfacsm? jrmuswJh kyfrsKd;?
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ausmif;rSmcifcifrifrif&dScJhMuwJhtwkdif; aemufwpfa,mufeJYwpfa,mufuGJoGm;MuwJhtcg rat;jrifhwkdY
jynfrSmaeMuawmh jynfudktvnfvmzkdY ac:wmeJY olvJzdk;usKdif;wkwfusoGm;NyD; oef;wpfaxmiftdrfudk
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pyfMuwJhvlawGeJY wpfcgrStajymrwnfhao;bl;? vmNyD;pyfMuwJhvlawGuvJcGcsnf;yJ? udkxl;om azazeJY
rsufESmaMumwnfhatmif vkyfayawmh} [k qdkav\/
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]EkdYaywJh azazu vli,fqdk&if w,fNyD;oabmrusvSbl;}
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xGufvdkufNyD}
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]udkxl;u acsmwmudk;}
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rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;Muum a&ajrmif;xJodkY xdk;qif;vkqq
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vkdufMuav\/ xdkYaemufrS &,farmjcif;udk jyefqufMujyefav\/

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uHxl;onf rat;jrifhajymonfhpum;twkdif; ol\zcif oabmusatmifjyKrlzdkY&ef oEd|mefcsrSwf&if;

]oef;wpfaxmif} odkY vkdufygcJhav\/
uHxl;a&muf&dSvmonfhtcsdef rat;jrifh\zcif OD;bdk;ajAmhtjyifodkY xGufaecdkufjzpf olESifhrawGY&bJ
OD;bdk;ajAmh\ZeD; rif;uawmfBuD;ESifhBuD;BuD;? a':a': aqGrsKd;awmfol? uyf&yfpm;aomufum [dwf[efxkwf
aeMuonfh rdef;rom;wpfpkwdkYudk awGY&av\/ rat;jrifhu uHxl;\ tusKd;taMumif;udkajymjyojzifh
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; od&dSMuNyD;aemuf uHxl;aexdkif&eftcef;odkY uHxl;ygvmaom ypnf;rsm;udk ydkYapav\/
uHxl;rD;&xm;qdkufaomtcsdefrSm tawmfyifaESmifhaES;aeaomaMumifh npmpm;aomufMu&ef tcsdefeD;uyf
aeojzifh pum;pjrnfajymaezdkY tcsdefrsm;pGm r&dSawmhonfjzpf uHxl; a&csKd;&efxGufoGm;av\/
a&csKd;NyD; 0wfqif&eft0wftpm;rsm;udk toifhxkwfNyD;xm;cJhav&m uHxl;a&csKd;NyD; ol\tcef;xJodkY
0ifvmaomtcg &Syftusay:odkY tarG;zGm;zGm;ESifhaMumifxGm;BuD;wpfaumif wufaeonfudkawGY&av\/
uHxl;onf aumvdyfausmif;om;b0uwnf;upNyD; t0wftpm;ay:wGif tawmfyifta&;,lol
wpfa,mufjzpf&um; toifh0wf&efacgufxm;aom aumfacsmtajymifwdkuf yif;rif;jyef&Syftus &ifbwf
ay:wGif aMumifwufaeonfudkawGY&ojzifh a'gorTefaompdwfjzifh MuufaoaoaeNyD;rS ][Jh . .
aMumif} [k armif;vkdufav\/ odkY&mwGif xkdaMumifonf uHxl;\[pfatmfjcif;udk oDcsif;qdkjyonf[k
xifvm;rod? ]anmif . . anmif} [k atmfvdkufum tusay:wGif aA'ifwGufaeaomaMumifh
ydkrdka'gyGNyD;vsifjrefpGmajy;vmum aMumif\ukyfudk ta&jym;rSqGJqkyfudkifrvdkuf&m aMumifonf
rnfodkYrQratmfjrnf? rkef;uefbJ tusudkvufonf;ESifh ukwfxm;ojzifh tusygtay:odkY ygvmav\/
xdktcgrS uHxl;onf aMumif\ajcvufwdkYudk dkufykwfum tusudkvTwfapNyD;vQif oabFukefwifukefcs
armif;wufjzifhqGJovkd aMumifudktomqGJvmNyD; teD;&dSjywif;aygufrS tjyifodkYypfcsvdkufav\/
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avQmufvmaom cHhcHhnm;nm;&dSonfh vlBuD;wpfa,muf\ukyfay:odkY wnfhwnfhcsnf; usa&mufav\/
aMumifonf xdkvlBuD;tm; ukwfzJhum usDpm;vdkufava&mhovm;rod/ ][ . . [ . . eifhtaruvTm; . . }
[k vefYzswfa&&GwfaomtoHonf tdrfay:odkYysHwufNyD; uHxl;\em;xJodkYwpfvHk;csif; 0ifa&mufvm
av\/
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jyef0ifoGm;av\/

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uHxl;onf tbdk;BuD;auseyfoGm;atmif awmif;yefrSyJ[k ,lqum ]'DrSm} [k ac:vdkufav\/ OD;bdk;ajAmh

onf t&yfudk;rsufESmudk vSnfhywfMunfhNyD; ]b,frSmvJ[} [k ar; uHxl;u ]'DrSm} [k xyfrHqdkvkdufrS
uHxl;\rsufESmESifh qHkrdav\/
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OD;bdk;ajAmhtm;rdrdtay:wGif txiftjrifvGJonfukdajyaysmuf&ef pum;ajymrnfBuHygaomfvnf; ajymzdkY&ef

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trIrpdkufbJ rsufESmvGJ rdrdwdkYtmHkpl;pdkuf&mtvkyfudkvkyfaeonfudk awGY&aomaMumifh a&maESm

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acG;eufBuD;onf ADdkudkywwf&yfwuf&m rrDEdkifonfudkawGY&rS jyefav;zufaxmufNyD; aiGwdkufaSYwGif

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rdk;vif;&awmhrnf[k xifrdav\/
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aygufvkdufjcif;rSm ol\pdwfxJwGif aMumifudk rnfrQpufqkyf&GH&SmaMumif; t&dyft>rufxGufay:vmjcif;yif

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Z0e

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toufav;q,fausmfq&mrtysKdBuD;wkYd\ qlylwwfaom t*Fgt&nftcsif;wkdYESifh jynfhpHkolwpfa,muf

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rnGefYwifrSm a':at;cif xGufoGm;uwnf;u &ifxJ wxdwfxdwfjzpfaeum pdwfudkNidrfatmif

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95

nGefYwifonf buGef;Munfh&mbufodkYvdkufMunfh&mwGif a':at;cifESifh a,musfm;wpfa,muf 0ifa&muf

vmMuonfudk awGY&ojzifh ]udkbuGef;? jyefawmh . . jyefawmh? jrefjrefjyefyg? rdoGm;vdrfhr,f} [k
ajymvkdufNyD; buGef;bufodkY vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m rdrd\pum;rqHk;rDuyif buGef;onf ajy;ESifhNyD;
NcHpnf;dk;ay:rS ausmfxGufoGm;onfukd awGYvkduf&av\/
nGefYwifrSm a':at;cifESifhygvmolrSm rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkod&ef olwdkY\tem;odkY ra,mifrvnf
uyf oGm;&mwGif xdkolrSm apmapmu uefawmfBuD;cHkwef;vsm;ay:wGif a':at;cifESifhtwl awGYcJh&ol
jzpfNyD; if;\trnfrSm udkom'if[kac:onfudk od&av\/
udkom'ifonf a':at;cifESifhtwl tdrfwGif;tdrfjyifvkdufvHMunhfIum xdktdrfBuD;udktawmfyif oabmus
onfhtrlt&mudkjyvsuf ]'Dvdk tdrfBuD;tdrfaumif;? vlaumif;olaumif;awGeJY twlwl uRefawmfhwlrav;
ae&r,fqdkwm odyf0rf;omwmyJ} [k ajymav\/
]uav;rav;udk aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifae&atmif xm;yghr,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf ]wlruav;emrnfu
b,folwJhvJ} [k ar;av\/
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xkdodkYajymqdkoabmwlnDMuNyD;onfhaemuf ESpf&ufavmuf Mumaomtcg udkom'if\wlrawmfonfqdkok
pdefpdefonf a':at;ciftdrfodkY a&muf&dSvmav\/ pdefpdefrSm odkY uref;uwef; a&TYajymif;aexdkif&vdrfh
rnf[k rxifcJhojzifh t0wftpm;rsm;udkrodrf;qnf;&ao; om;a&tdwfBuD;wpfvHk;om yg&dSvmum
aemufwpf&ufMumrS tjcm;t0wftpm;aowmypnf;rsm; a&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k ajymjy a':at;cifvnf;
taMumif;udk od&av\/ odkYjzpf a':at;cifrSm pdefpdef\ypnf;rsm; ra&mufvmrD pdefpdefaexkdifzkdY&ef
tdyf&mcrf;em;rsm; xkwfay;&av\/
pdefpdefrSm toufESpfq,fhoHk;ESpfcefYrQ&dSNyD; ao;oG,foG,f? tom;vwfvwf wkwfpyfuav;ESifh
wlvSay\/ if;\&Jwif;pGm MunhfItuJcwfwwfaom rsufvHk;rsm;onf xl;jcm;aomtrlt&mukdjyum
a':at;cifxHwGif aexkdifcJhzl;olwdkYteuf txl;oGufvufyHk&ay\/ nGefYwifrSm pdefpdef\xl;jcm;aom
tjyKtrludk a0cGJr&&Smay/ odkY&mwGif nGefYwif\pdwfxJrlum; pdefpdeftm; cifrif ESpfoufrdav\/
nGefYwif\pdwfxJ pdefpdefa&muf&dSvmjcif;onf rdrdtm;tazmf&&dSapjcif;yifjzpf wpfcgwpf&H tjyifodkY
xGuf twlwlvnfywfEkdifcGifh&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh buGef;ESifh rMumrMumawGYEkdif&ef ewfwdkYzefwD;ay;
onf[k awG;awm0rf;ajrmufrdav\/
buGef;rSm nGefYwifESif acwcPuav;rQ pum;ajymcJh&onfudk rausreyfBuD;jzpfaeum aerxd
xdkifromjzpfaeNyD; nGefYwif\tdrfab;vrf;udk cgwdkif;uJhodkY wpfaeYwpfBudrfr[kwfbJ rMumcP
a&mufrdav\/ odkY&mwGif nGefYwifudkjrif&onfhtcgrSom jrif& xdkodkYjrif&jyefaomfvnf; b,ftcgrQ
nGefYwifwpfa,mufwnf; rawGY&ojzifh omyif BudwfrEkdifcJr& jzpfrdavawmh\/ buGef;\ pdwfxJwGif
a':at;cifESifh todzGYJvdkcsifpdwf tvGefyifyGm;rsm;rdaomfvnf; dk;dk;wef;wef;tm;jzifh todjzpfEkdif&ef
Z0e

96

taMumif;udkrjrif? wpfpHkwpf&m&r,f&Sm tdrftwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufEkdifcGifh&&ef BuHzeftaMumif;&SmzdkY

udkvnf; rnfodkYrQ pOf;pm; r&EkdifbJ &dSav\/
xkdodkY a':at;cifESifh todtuRrf;jzpfzkdYudk rqdkxm;bd? NcHpnf;dk;ab;wGif&yf nGefYwifESifh
pum;ajymcGifh&EdkifzdkYudkyif tawmfcufcJaeav&m nGefYwifrSmvnf; ESpfvMumvQif&dSawmhrnfr[kwf/
tcsdefqdkonfrSmvnf; tawmifaygufaeonfhtvm; vsifjrefpGm ysHoef;ul;ajymif;vG,fvSojzifh
tcsdefrvifhatmifvkyfrSyJ[k pdwful;rdaomfvnf; rnfodkYvkyf&rnfudk bmrQrBuHwwfrvkyfwwfbJ
&dS&Smavawmh\/
odkYtm;jzifh buGef;rSm rwwfomonfhtqHk; nGefYwifESifhawGYHkyifawGY&? nGefYwif\rsufESmuav;udk
jrifHkyifjrif&awmfvSNyD[k atmufarhum tcsdeftcgra&G; nGefYwif\tdrfeHab;odkY a&muf&dSvmavh&dSay\/
xdknwGif buGef;onf nq,fem&Domomtcsdef nGefYwiftm; awGYjrifEdkifzdkY arQmfvifhcsufr&dSonfudk
odvsufESifhyif nGefYwiftm; pGJvrf;aompdwf\ qGJiifjcif;tm;jzifh a':at;cif\ tdrfab;odkYa&muf&dS
vmav\/ buGef;onf NcHpnf;dk;eHab;wGif&yfum tdrfay:odkY arQmfMunfhvdkuf&m jywif;aygufwpfckwGif
rD;vif;aeonfudk awGY&aomaMumifh tu,f nGefYwifrtdyfao;u tcef;xJwGif avQmufoGm;vQif
t&dyfuav;udkyJjzpfjzpf jrif&ayvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhum xkdjywif;aygufqDodkY arQmfMunfhaerd\/
ZGJwumZGJwGif tcspfZGJrSm toefqHk;jzpfonfhtavsmuf buGef;onfwpfem&DrQMumatmif &yfapmifhae
aomfvnf; rnfonfht&dyfrQ rjrif&onfhwdkifatmif tenf;i,frQ pdwfysufjcif;r&dSbJ jcif?rSuf? ydk;rTm;
udkufcJjcif;udk pdwfrysufvufrysuf qufvuf apmifharQmfaeav\/
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oGm; NcHpnf;dk;em;wGif vluyfaeonfudk odoGm;vdrfhrnfudk rylyifEdkifawmhbJ rD;jcpfawmhrnftjyKwGif
tdrfxJrS wpfpHkwpfa,mufxGufvmonfudk awGY&ojzifh rdrdtm;awGYoGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfum xGufajy;awmh
rnfjyKNyD;rS o&JwapuJhodkY cyfrnf;rnf;t&mudkjrifolonf rsufESmvTJNyD;rS jyefMunfhwwfonfh
tMunhfrsKd;jzifh tdrfxJrSxGufvmoludk xyfrHMunfhrdonfwGif rdef;rysKduav;wpfa,mufjzpfaeonfudk
awGY&aomaMumifh buGef;onf 0rf;omvHk;qdkYoGm;um nGefYwifyifjzpfonf[k wxpfcspGJrSwfum
nGefYwifonfvnf; rdrduJhodkYyif rawGY&raeEdkifonfhtwGuf tdrfxJrScdk;xGufvmjcif;aywnf;[k awG;awm
auseyfvsuf&dSav\/
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rS xGufvmonfhrdef;uav;\o@mefonf rvIyfr&Sm;acw&yfoGm;NyD;rS rdrdzufodkY wnfhwnfhBuD;
avQmufvmonfudk awGY&av\/
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tdwfudk vSrf;ay;vdkuf&m buGef;rSm wpfcgwnf; rdrdESifhcdk;&mvkdufawmhrSmyguvm;[k awG;rdum
kwfw&ufaomf tHhtm;oifhoGm;um b,fqDb,ft&yfodkY cdk;ajy;&ygrnfenf;[k awG;awmai;arm
aepOfrSmyif rdef;rysKduav;u vufESpfzufudk vSrf;ay;vdkufrS NcHpnf;dk;tjyifodkY csDro,f,l&ef
owd&NyD; xdkrdef;rysKduav;tm;csKdif;atmufrS r,lvdkufav\/ xdkodkYr,lvdkufonfwGif buGef;\
pdwfxJ nGefYwiftm; tcsdefumvawGY& rMumrDuav; odkY ydkifydkifeif;eif;udkifwG,fvkduf
&jcif;aMumifh xl;jcm;aom tawGYjzifh ausmpdrfhoGm;av\/

Z0e

97

xdkYaemuf buGef;rSm rnfodkYrnfyHkvkyf&r,f? udkif&rnfrod jzpfaeNyD; pD;u&ufudk jyif;pGmzGmvkduf

onfwGif vif;oGm;aomrD;a&miftm;jzifh xdkrdef;uav;rsufESmudk taotcsmawGY&NyD; nGefYwifr[kwfonf
udk od&onfhjyif xdkrdef;uav;vnf; buGef;\rsufESmudkjrifvkduf&onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf vlrSm;aeonfudk
odum ]trav; . .} [k wpfcGef;rQomatmfNyD; om;a&tdwfudkyif ro,fEkdifbJ xGufajy;avawmh\/
buGef;rSm bkrodbrod tHhtm;oifhvsufaeum ajy;vdkufzdkYudk owdr&bJ xGufajy;onfh
rdef;uav;udkom Muufaoao pdkufMunfhaerdpOf NcHpnf;dk;wpfaxmifhrSm a,musfm;wpfa,mufvnf;
xdkrdef;uav;aemufodkYvkdufum xGufajy;oGm;onfh o@mefwpfckudkyg jrifvkduf&av\/
buGef;onf om;a&tdwfBuD;udkudkifum ai;armaeNyD; xdkom;a&tdwfBuD;udk tb,fyHkpD&if&ygrnfenf;[k
tBuHxkwf&mrS xGufajy;aomrdef;uav;onf a':at;cif\tdrfxJrS ypnf;rsm;cdk;,lvmoljzpf ol\
aemufodkYvkdufygoGm;olrSm
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pOf;pm;rdvQif
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todjzpfMuNyD; aemifwGif0ifEkdifxGufEkdifjzpfatmif ewfwdkYuzefwD;ay;onf[k awG;rd tvGeftrif;
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buGef;onf tdrfa&SYrS&yfum ]a':at;cif . . a':at;cif} [k atmfac:vdkufav\/
rMumrD tdrfa&SYwHcg;yGifhoGm;NyD; acgif;wpfckxGufvmum ]b,folvJ . . bmvkyfrvkdYvJ} [k
a':at;cif\ar;vkdufonfhtoH xGufvmav\/
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tvHk;pHkudk tus,fw0ifh ajymjyav&m wpftdrfom;vHk; tdrfxJwGif vkduf&SmMu&mwGif tvSwifxm;aom
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Z0e

98

a':at;cifu ajymNyD;aemuf ]'gxuf 'Dolcdk;rav;[m tdrfxJ0ifyHk qef;Mu,fvGef;vdkY b,fvdkvkyfNyD;

0ifovJrodbl;} [k qdkav\/
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pdefpdefwpfa,muf r&dSawmhzl;? olYtdyf&mxJvJ rtdyfzl;} [k ajymjyav\/
nGefYwif\pum;udkMum;&onfwGif tm;vHk;NidrfukefpOf;pm;aeMuNyD;rS a':at;cif\nDr a':at;&Sifu
]tppfygyJawmf? vufpowfusawmh a>rayG;cg;ydkuf ydkufrd&ufom;jzpfaerSudk;? udkom'ifu wlr
'DtdrfrSmxm;csifw,fqdkwm 'D,kefjrifvkdY 'DcsKHxGifwmyJ? olcdk;r tdrfay:wufrd&ufom;jzpfaew,f} [k
ajymav\/
xkdtcgrS a':at;cifu ]tif; . . vufpowfawmh NcHxJudk pmypfxnfhwm om'ifqdkwJhtaumifyJudk;?
oif; wrifmPfqifwmyJ} [kajymojzifh buGef;ESifhnGefYwifwdkYrSm r&,frdatmif tawmfyif
a`Eaqmif aevkdufMu&av\/
twefMumpum;ajymqkdaeMuNyD;rS buGef;onftvkdufodpGmjzifh ]uRefawmfjyefygOD;r,f} [k EIwfquf&m . .
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rdef;rom;csnf;yJrdkY armifbuGef;udkyJ tm;udk;&rSmyJ} [k ajymNyD;aemuf ]reufjzefnae vufzuf&nf
aomuf rvmEdkifbl;vm;} [k ar;onfwGif buGef;rSm a&iwfola&wGif;xJusonfhtvm; tMunfqdkuf
oGm;um a':at;cif\pum; qHk;onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf wpfpuefYrQrMumrDyif ][kwfuJh} [k
0rf;omtm;&ajymqdkum jyefvmcJhav\/
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qdkufqdkufBuD;a&mufvmavawmh\/

buGef;onf

a':at;cif\tdrfaygufodkY

xkdaeYrSp buGef;onf a':at;cif\tdrfodkY tcsdefrSefrSefvma&mufaom {nfhonfwpfa,muf

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tcspf\pdwfjzifh aysmfarGYaeavawmh\/
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aemufckESpf&ufavmuftMumwGif a':at;cifxHodkY pmwpfapmif a&mufvmav&m pmudkzGifhzwfvkduf
onfwGif ]q&mrMuD; oifhawmfonfxifvQif jiif;y,fp&mtaMumif;r&dSygbl;? q&mrBuD;udk tppt&m&m
vTJtyfxm;ygonf} [l yg&dSvmonfudkMum;Mu&aom nGefYwifESifh buGef;wdkYrSm xucsifavmufatmif
0rf;ajrmufoGm;Muav\/
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jrefrmhwm0efr*Zif;? ZGef? 1938/
Z0e

99

[
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100

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101

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Z0e

102

rdef;rysKdonf wifOD;tm; rouFmonfhtMunhfrsKd;jzifh Munfhav\/

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103

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104

&ufowywf vGefajrmufcJhayNyD/ wifOD;tm; ZGJravsmhacs/ tm;tm;&dSwdkif; jcHxJodkYqif;

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105

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106

]'gaemufqHk;ay: tar&duefavhusifhenf;yJ? reufvrf;avQmufwm[m tanmif;omajyw,f? opfyifwuf

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xdkYaemuf wpfeHeufvHk; wifOD;onf ieDBuD; opfyifay:odkYwufonfudk awGY&rnfvm;[k apmifhpm;ae

aomfvnf; ieDBuD;udk t&dyfta&mifrQyif rjrif&acs/
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awmhraebl;? qmOD;rSmyJ [laomtawG;jzifh wifOD;rSm pdwfajz&av\/
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AsKdif;wpftkyfusvmum udGuGduGuGESifh qlnHaeMuav\/ wifOD;pdwfxJwGif ig;aMumfudk AsKdif;rsm;
qdwfaygufpm;Mu ukefvQifjzifhcufawmhrSmyJ tenf;qHk;ig;eHYuav;&atmif oHdkufxm;onfhae&m&dS
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ojzihf tdyfidkufidkuf&dSum jcHxJ&dS yufvufukvm;xkdifwGifvSJ&if; arS;rdSef;aerdav\/
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wifOD;onf tem;rSAHk;ESifhaygufEId;vQif rEdk;[efaqmifaeaumif;aeayvdrfhrnf/ wifar&D\om,maom
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]uRefawmfhudk ac:ovm;}
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cuf&csnf&JY}

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wifOD;rSm rD;xdk;pufEId;ay;ae&ef rvdkawmhacs/ rdrdaxmifxm;onfhtaygufudk ieDBuD;0ifwkd;acsNyD[k

0rf;ajrmufpGmjzifh opfyifay: odkY zswfzswfvwfvwfwuf vkdufav\/ ieDBuD;rSm ig;teHY&xm;ojzihf
,cifwpfacgufuuJhodkY wifOD;aemufodkY tomwMunfrvkdufvdkbJ jiif;qeftmcHaeonfhtwGuf
wifOD;rSm tukwftzJhcHum r&t& Zdukyf zrf;NyD;ac:cJh&av\/
wifOD;onf wifar&DwdkY jcHbufodkYqif;NyD; 'kw,rd ieDBuD;udk qufo&jyefav\/
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wifOD;\vufudkMunfhrdum ][,f . . aoG;awGpdkYaeygvm;? odyfemoGm;ovm;[if} [k pdk;&drfwBuD;
ar;av\/
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wifar&Donf ysmysmovJ tdrfxJodkY0ifajy;oGm;NyD; ykwfqDESifh t0wfpnf;uav;wpfvdyf ,lvmav\/
]enf;enf;awmh pyfrSmyJ? pyfwmu ta&;rBuD;bl;? temusufzdkYvdkw,f} [k wifar&Duajymqdk&if;
wifOD;vufudk ykwfqDESifhodyfqkyfe,fum t0wfpnf;ay;av&m wifOD;rSm wifar&D\El;nHhaom
tawGYtxdcHpm;&onfudk yDwdjzpfvsuf ]ieDBuD;eJYaemf . . ighudk cyfrsm;rsm;uav; ukwfvkdufa&maygh} [k
awmifhwvdkufrdav\/
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rSm *kjyKrdyHkr&ojzifh rdrdtMuHudkr&dyfrd[k wifOD;awG;\/ ig;aMumf\wm0efrSm ausyGefaeNyDjzpf
AsKdif;pm;vdkY ukefcsifukefygap rvdkawmhbl;[k wifOD; pdwfwGif ylyifrI r&dSawmhacs/
xkdtcdkufwGuf zkwfceJ ig;aMumfBuD; jyKwfusvmav\/ wifar&Donf usvmaom t&m0wKudk
aumuf,lMunfhum tHhtm;oifhaom trlt&mjzifh ][if . . ig;aMumfBuD;ygvm;} [l yg;pyfrS
toHxGufoGm;rdav\/
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tif;xJtdkifxJu

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b,favmufyJa0;a0;

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wifOD;onf tlaMumifaMumifjzpfvsuf ]'guawmh tif; . . tJ . .} ESifh jzpfaeavawmh\/
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wufcsdwfwm r[kwfvm;? nmr,fvdkYawmhrMuHeJY? &Sifhcg;Mum;u wlBuD;udkjrifvkduf&uwnf;u
&Sifavhusifhcef;,laew,fqdkwmr[kwfrSef; uRefrodw,f? &Sif ieDBuD;udk opfyifay:rwuf? wufatmif
MuHwmr[kwfvm;}

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wifOD;rSm pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;vuf0,fodkY a&mufaeaom w&m;cHuJhodkY ajy;rvGwfrSef;odojzifh ]&D . .

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wifar&Dtm; tm;&yg;& &,f aeavawmhonf/
wifOD;rSm rpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfoGm;av\/ wifar&Du &,farm&if; ][dkrSmMunfhprf;} [k qdkojzifh
wifar&Djy&modkY Munhfvkduf&m rdrdwdkYtvpfwGif opfyifay:odkYwufajy;NyD; ig;Muif;wpfaumifudk udkuf
qif;vmaom ieDBuD;udkawGY&av\/ wifOD;rSm rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;av\/
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wifar&Donf toHrsm;xGufatmif &,fvkdufjyefav\/
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xdktcgrS wifOD;rSm bmaMumifheHeufapmapm wifar&D tdyf&mxESifhaeonfudk &dyfrdum . .
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yufyufBuD; &,farmvdkufavawmh ownf;/
/

wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f? Mo*kwf? 1951/

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v
vlplpGrGrf;f;aau
ummiif;f;

uefwdkrift&yf&dS us,f0ef;aom NcH0if;BuD;wpfckxJodkY wupDum;wpfpif;onf cyfrSefrSef armif;ESif

0ifa&mufoGm;um oyf&yfcHhnm;aom tdrfBuD;\qif0ifatmufwGif &yfvdkufav\/ um;xJwGif
vkdufygvmaom toufESpfq,fhig;ESpfcefY&dS a,musfm;ysKdonf rdrda&mufvmonfudk 0rf;omtm;&
BudKqdk&ef ajy;vmrnfavm[k wpfOD;wpfa,mufaomoludk arQmfvifhonfhtrlt&mjzifh tdrfwGif;odkY
vSrf;Munfhvkduf&m rdrdarQmfvifhol ay:rvmbJ tckdif;tapa,musfm;BuD;wpfa,mufxGufvmonfudk
awGY&ojzifh rsm;pGmpdwfysuftm;avsmhpGmESifh um;ay:rS qif;av\/
tapcHa,musfm;onf csKdNyHK;&TifysaomrsufESmxm;jzifh ]tvdk udkausmfpdefyguvm;} [k qdkNyD;rS uJhodkY
&if;ESD;pGm ta&mw0ifrac:tyfonf udk owd&[efjzifh ][m . . q&m . . b,fwkef;uvmovJ} [k
a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; ar;vdkufrdav\/
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ausmfpdef\om;a&tdwfudk qGJ,lvdkufav\/ ausmfpdefvnf; um;cay;cJhNyD;aemuf tapcHa,musfm;ESifh
twl,SOf tdrfxJodkY0ifcJhav\/
]aqGaqGwdkYaum r&dSMubl;vm;}
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rsufESmraumif;bJ

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[k ar;vdkufav\/
]rodbl;q&m? {nfhonfwpfa,mufyJ}

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]touf b,favmuf&dSNyDvJ}
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ausmfpdefrSm rsufvHk;NyL;oGm;av\/ taMumif;rlum; rdrda&muf&dSvmjcif;rSm cifaqGESifhawGY&ef tm;xm;
vmcJhjcif;jzpf&m cifaqGudk kwfw&ufrawGY&ojzifh tarmqdkYoGm;um a,musfm;wpfa,mufESifh xGufoGm;
onf[k od&jcif;jzifh tHhtm;oifhoGm;&mu xkda,musfm;rSm rdrdESifh &G,fwlwef;wljzpfonf[k od&jyefonfh
twGuf omyifrsufjzLqdkufoGm;NyD;vQif tdrfxJodkYa&mufonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf {nfhcef;wGif;&dSqdkzm
ay:wGif ajcypfvufypf zifaqmifhxdkifvkdufrdav\/
xdktcgrSm ausmfpdefonf rdrda&;vkdufonfhpmrsm;udk? cifaqGrjyefMum;bJaejcif;\ taMumif;t&if;udk
awG;rdum xdktaMumif;aMumifh blwmHkodkYBudKqdk&ef vlrvTwfjcif;jzpfonf[k pOf;pm;rdav\/ odkYjzpf
ausmfpdefonf pdwftysufBuD;ysufrdum vmrdwmyifrSm;avNyD[k atmufarhvsuf csufcsif;yif jyef
oGm;vdkaom pdwfrsm;ay:aygufvmNyD;vQif wupDjyefvTwfvkdufjcif;udkyif tvsifvdkvSonf[k xifjrifrd
av\/ xdkaemufrS a&mufvdkY&dSrSjzifh taMumif;pHkudkod&efpHkprf;OD;rnf/ rdrdta&;vnf; xdktaMumif;
aMumifh ratmifjrifEdkif[k rqdkEdkifao;[l ESvHk;jyKvdkufav\/
ausmfpdefESihfcifaqGrSm ausmif;aezufi,fcspfrsm;jzpfMuav\/ odkY&mwGif cifaqG\rdbrsm;rSm tpdk;&
tvkyftudkifaMumifh a&TY&ajymif;&ESifhuGJuGmaeMuum pmjzifhom awGYaeMu&av&m vlcsif;rSmrl vGefcJh
onfh ajcmufvcefYu aemufqHk;wpfBudrfawGYcJhMu&av\/ xdktcgu cifaqGonfausmfpdeftm; rdrdudk
awmif;&rf;zkdY a&vmajrmif;ay;pum;ajymcJhaomfvnf; ausmfpdefrSm tvkyftudkifr&dS? tajctaevnf;
r&dSonfhtwGuf xdktaMumif;ESifhywfouf t&dyft>rufrQyifrajymbJ pum;vTJypfcJhav\/
,ckrl rMumrDuuG,fvGefoGm;aom OD;av;jzpfolwpfa,muf\tarGtESpfudk wpfa,mufwnf; cHpm;&&dS
vsuf ydk;xnfvkyfief;ydkif&SifwpfOD;jzpfvmav&m ,cktcgrl rdrdwGifOpmtajctae&dSNyDjzpf xdktaMumif;
udkajymawmhrnf[lwpfaMumif;? rdrdaemufqHk;tBudrf cifaqGESifhawGY&NyD;onfhaemufrS a&;vkdufonfhpm
rsm;udk cifaqGxHrS bmrQjyefpmr&onfhwpfaMumif;aMumifh vdkufvmcJhjcif;jzpfav\/
xdkodkYvdkufvmcJh&mrS a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; pdwfysufpum;rsm;udk Mum;&NyD;aemuf qdkzmay:wGif pdwfysuf
vufysufxdkifrd&mrS tdrftay:xyfwufaomavSum;ESifh uyfaeonfheH&Hay:wGif csdwfqGJxm;aom
t&m0wKwpfckudk awGYjrif&ojzifh pdwfroufomonfhrsufESmxm;ESifh ]a[h . . bdk;uGef;? b,fhES,f
BuD;vJuG} [k ar;vkdufav\/
bdk;uGef;onf ausmfpdefMunfh&mbufodkY rsufESmvkdufMunfhum ][kwfyg&JYq&m . . ? b,fhES,f
[mBuD;rSef;vJ rodbl;} [k ajymav\/
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ow0gBuD;wpfaumif\ OD;acgif;jzpfav\/ xdkacgif;BuD;rSm 'dkif;yHko@mef&dSonfh ysOfjym;BuD;wpfck
y:wGif wyfqifxm;um tdrftvSqGJ&ef jyKvkyfxm;onfht&myifjzpfaomfvnf; ausmfpdef\pdwfxJwGif
vSonf[kxifjrifzdkYa0;pG? xdkt&mwpfckwnf;aMumifh wpfcef;vHk;usufoa&,kwf aeonf[kxifjrif
rdav\/ xdkacgif;BuD;rSm ausmfpdef\rsufpdxJwGif trJowfHkodkY twifcH&cgeD;aom qdwfodk;BuD;\
rJh&GYJaeonfh rsufcGufESifhwlonf[k atmufarhav\/
]b,fvdkaumifBuD;vJrodbl;} [k ausmfpdefu rsufESmrJhajymav\/
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]ajymif q&m}
][kwfw,f? rsufESmBuD;udku ajymifaeovdkyJ}
]r[kwfbl;q&m}
]bmr[kwfwmvJ}
]ajymifqdkwm? 'Dwd&pmefudk ac:wJhemrnfudkajymwmq&m&JY? yJcl;dk;ru ypfvmwJhwd&pmefwJY}
]aMomf . . ajymifvm;} [k qdkum ausmfpdefonf xdkacgif;BuD;udk pdkufMunfhjyefav\/
]rsufESmudku rsufESmaoBuD;eJY}
][kwfw,fq&m? toufrS&dSawmhbJ? rsufESmaoaewmaygh}
]'gajymwmr[kwfbl;uGJY? towfcH&vdkY om;r,m;eJYuGJNyD; y&da'0 q,fhwpfrD;awmufaewJh rsufESmBuD;eJY
usufoa&r&dSvdkufwm? enf;enf;rS rBudKufaygif}
bdk;uGef;onf ausmfpdef\tajymudk oabmusoGm;av\/ rdrdudk,fwkdifvnf; xdkacgif;BuD;udk enf;enf;rQ
rESpfoufcJhay/ xkdokdYrESpfoufjcif;rSm MunfhIraumif;jcif;aMumifh r[kwfvS/ avSum;wGif wyfxm;onfh
ae&mrSm twuftqif;rvGwfbJ acgif;iHkYrqif;vQif rPdudkuydcH&av&m xdkacgif;BuD;wyfxm;onfh
tcsdefrSp ,aeYxd rSwfrSwf&& q,fhwpfBudrftwdkufcH&NyD;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ydkrdkrESpfoufjcif;yif
jzpfav\/ odkYjzpf ausmfpdef\pum;udkMum;&aomtcg rdrdESifh 0g'csif;wlolwpfa,mufawGYNyD [k
0rf;ajrmufum ][kwfw,fq&m? uRefawmfvJ enf;enf;rS oabmrusbl;? 'gayr,fh rru 'gBuD;udkyJ
tjrwfwEdk;vkyfxm;vdkYMunhfae&wm} [k ajymjyNyD;vQif rdrdajymvdkufonfhpum;rsm;udk Mum;oGm;rnf
avm[k tcef;wGif; tjcm;vl&dSr&dSvSnfhMunfhvdkufNyD; rnfholYudkrQrawGY&rS ]rr oabmusrd&if b,fol
rS jyifvdkYr&bl;? 0efaxmufrif;vJ oabmrusbl;? 'gayr,fh rr pum;ukd ry,f0HhvdkY Munhfae&wm?
q&mtdrfay:wufwJhtcg owdxm;? uRefawmfawmh acgif;eJYaqmifhrdaygif;rsm;vSNyD} [k owday;\/
]'Dvdkqdk&if wjcm;ae&ma&TYNyD; csdwfxm;ygvm;}
]rjzpfbl;q&m? rru {nfhcef;xJrSmrS yeH&w,fqdkNyD; 'Dae&mrSmcsdwfxm;wmyg? uRefawmfawmh jrefjref
ydk;[yfawmuf? jcudkufNyD; ysufygapvdkYom qkawmif;ae&awmhwmyJ} [k ajym&mu ajcoHMum;ojzifh
kwfw&ufpum;jzwfvkdufNyD; ]uJ . . uRefawmf 'Dypnf;awG tay:udk o,foGm;awmhr,f} [k qdkum
om;a&tdwfBuD;udkqGJwufoGm;&mu avSum;oHk;av;xpfra&mufrD ajymifacgif;BuD;u bdk;uGef;\
acgif;udk EIwfqufvkdufojzifh bdk;uGef;rSm aemufodkYvefusawmhr,fuJhodkY jzpfoGm;av\/ xdkaemufrS
udk,fudk[efvdkufNyD; a'goxGufvsuf ajymifacgif;BuD;udk vufoD;ESifhypfxdk;vdkuf&m ajymif;acgif;BuD;rSm
tenf;i,frQrsufESmrHIYbJ bdk;uGef;rSm vufwcgcg? rsufESmwrJhrJhjzpfvsuf udk,fhtjypfESifhudk,f
a'goudkxdef;NyD; tdrfay:odkYwuf oGm;av\/
ausmfpdefonf ajymifacgif;BuD;udkMunfh&onfrSm rdrdtzdkY edrdwfraumif;[k rSwfxifrdav\/ xdkacgif;BuD;
udk yHkoGif;wyfqifxm;onfrSm yHkoGif;olonf aumif;pGmuRrf;usifyHkr&acs/ aumfuyfxm;onfhae&m
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tcsKdYrSm jyefYjyefY&efY&efYr&dSbJ wGefYaeNyD; EIwfcrf;rSta&jym;onf tay:odkY tenf;i,fvefaeojzifh

ausmfpdefonf xdkacgif;BuD;udktaotcsmpdkufMunfY&mwGif rdrdtm;xdkacgif;BuD;ujyL;Munhfum EIwfcrf;
&GJYBuD;ESifh ajymifjyouJhodkY xifjrifrdvsuf cifaqGxH rdrdvm&jcif;rSm ta&;rvSp&mtaMumif;jzpfonfudk
edrdwfjya&mhovm;[k xifrdav\/
xdktcdkufwGif ausmfpdefonf rdrdaemufbufrS ajcoHMum;&ojzifh vSnfhMunhfvdkuf&m cifaqG\rdcif
a':ausmharjzpfaeonfudk awGY& xdkif&mrSxum ]a':a': . . rm&JYaemf} [k EIwfqufav\/
odkY&mwGif a':ausmharonf ausmfpdef\pum;udk jyefvnfajymzdkY&ef pdwfxJroGif;bJ ajymifacgif;BuD;
udkom ta&;,laeoljzpfonfh tavsmuf ]armifausmfpdef? 'Dacgif;BuD;udkoabmusNyD; Munfhaeovm;} [k
ar;vkdufav\/ ausmfpdefrSm xdkacgif;BuD;udk oabmrusaomfvnf; a,muravmif;[k arQmfrSef;xm;ol
tm; qefYusifrajymEdkifbJ&dSonfhjyif a':ausmharrSm ol\tvdkudk vdkufajymoludk ta&;,lwwfonfh
0goem&dSaomaMumifh ][kwfuJh a':a':? 'Dacgif;BuD;eJY? 'Dtcef;BuD;eJY odyfNyD;usufoa&&dSwmyJ} [k
ajrmufajymvkdufav\/
]a':a':jzifhav 'Dacgif;BuD;&wJhaeYuwnf;u tdrfrSmwpfaeYwjcm;usufoa&wdk;NyD; vmbfaumif;0ifw,f
vdkYatmufarhwmyJ? 'gaMumifh armifatmifazudk aus;Zl;wifvdkY rqHk;EdkifbJ &dSaewmyJ} [k ajymvkduf&m
atmifaz[laomtoHudk Mum;vdkuf&vQif apmapmu bdk;uGef;ajymvkdufonfh emrnfudkowd&um
acgif;BuD;udkarhoGm;NyD; ]b,fu atmif . . armif . . tif; . . udkatmifazvJ} [k ar;vdkufav\/
]armifatmifazqdkwm om,m0wDe,fu e,fpD;awmtkyfuav;aygh armif&JY? ta':wdkY om,m0wDudk
ajymif;&wkef;uawGYMuwmyJ/ aoewfypf odyfwnfh'gyJ? trJvdkufaumif; wpfa,mufaygh? tck a':a':wdkY
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ausmfpdefrSm e*dkuyif xdkacgif;BuD;udkoabmrus/ atmifaz\emrnfudkvnf; Mum;puwnf;u atmhESvHk;
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aecJhzl;oljzpf aqGaqGonfowdaumif;ol? tpGrf;aumif;ol? wpfpHkwpf&m &J&J&ifh&ifh aqmif&GufpGefYpm;ol

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ausmfpdefonf atmifazrSm tb,fuJhodkYaomvlpm;jzpfonfudk emrnfMum;&uwnf;u Munfhcsifjrifcsif
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wGif a':ausmharu OD;atmifuJ rESpfoufaMumif;udkodojzifh rsufapmif;xdk;um ]NidrfNidrfaeprf;yg?

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axmifcsif&if;yJ} [k qdkav\/
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ttdyfBuD;olwpfa,muf jzpfojzifh rEkd;bJ wacgacgjzifh ESmacgif;yavGrIwf aeav\/
ausmfpdefonf ckwifatmufwGif ajymifacgif;BuD;udkzufvsuf Nidrf0yfpGmae&mu ajymifacgif;BuD;rS
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]taumifBuD; . . taumifBuD; . . enf;wJh taumifBuD;r[kwfbl;As? w&SL;&SL;toHBuD;eJY

ckwifatmufuaeNyD;awmh . .} [k pum;rqufEkdifbJ &dSav\/
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wpfa,mufonf ,ckavmuf taMumufBuD;jcif;udk pOf;pm;r&EkdifbJ&Sdojzifh ]taumifBuD;awGY&wmeJY
'gavmufyJ i,foHygatmif atmf&ovm;} [k ar;av\/
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av\/
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ckwifatmufrS xGufvmaom
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trlt&mESifh Munhfaeav\/
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olypfowfw,fqdkwm

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b,fvkdjzpfwmvJqdkwm a':a': ar;raeawmhygbl;? vlvdrfwpfa,mufudk ay:atmif vkyfay;wmudkyJ?
aus;Zl;odyfwifwmyJuG,f} [k qdkum tjyifodkY xGufoGm;av\/

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xdktcgrS cifaqGu ausmfpdeftm; ]udkausmfpdef? awmfawmfyJ ttdyfysufoGm;w,fxifw,f? tm;&dSatmif

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cifaqG\aemufodkY ygoGm;ojzifh atmifazrSm aMumifawmifai;NyD; usef&pfav\/
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xkdaemuf cifaqGu ]udkudktckn udkudkYtdyf&m jyefrtdyfeJYawmh? atmifazu tndK;xm;NyD; tdyfaysmfaewkef;

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jrefrmhtvif;r*Zif;? atmufwdkbm? 1938/

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136

q&m&,fvdkY uefawmhyghr,f? udkif; . . oGm;r,fAsm? MumaevkdY rawGY&if armwm tzwfwifaevdrfhr,f}

[k qdkNyD; xGufoGm;av\/
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bk&m;tmHkjyKvsuf&dSaom
cifav;udk
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rsm;pGm0rf;omtm;&&dSum
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qifjcifrd bdk;csdefajymvkdufonfh pum;rsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;rdaomaMumifh rnfodkYjyKvkyf&ygrnfenf;[k
tMuHxkwfvkduf&m
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uefawmh&aom ukodkvfuHapwemwdkY\ tusKd;tm;aMumifh b0qufwdkif;qufwdkif; a[m'Dab;rSm&dSwJh
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ydwf&,fav&m ]cGd} ceJ toHxGufoGm;onfudk cspfazMum;vSnfhMunfhpOf cifav;vnf;
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rdrdpum;udk cifav;u r&,fbJ tl;wpfa,mufudkawGY MunhfIenf;rsKd; MunhfumaeaomaMumifh
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xdktcgrS cifav;u owd&[efjyKum ]aMomf . . &SifwkdYvm;? uRefru olawmif;pm;rSwfvkdY? tif; . .

tJ'gbmjyKovJ? bmvkyfzkdY &SifuRefrtem; uyfvm&wmvJ}
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aA'ifq&mu Ak'[l;N*dK[fvIyf&Sm;aevdkY Ak'[l;eHaxmifhuaeNyD; &dScdk;&r,fqdkvdkYyg} [k ajymonfhtwGuf . .
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trlt&mESifh xdkif&mrSxoGm;aomaMumifh cspfazu ]'DrSmxdkifygOD;? cP} [k qdkvkdufav&m ]&Sif b,fhES,fh
vkdufvmjyefwmwkef;}
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pG,fawmfwkdufxJrSm cifav;\ ta':BuD; xGufvmNyD;vQif ]cif? bmjzpfwmwkef;} [k ar;vdkuf&m
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pdwfat;oGm;av\/
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cifav;\pum;udk
a':a':cifMum;&vQif
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a&onfwpfa,mufvHk;&dS&ufom;eJY
ar;ae&ao;ovm;}
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[k ar;aepOf cspfazvnf; vGwf&mvGwfaMumif;ajy;av\/
wefaqmif;wpfckxJodkY cspfaz0ifa&mufum acwrQpdwfat;atmif xdkifaeNyD;aemuf ,cifae&mwGif
cifav;wdkYtm;
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rawGYbJ&dSav\/
odkYrawGYaomfvnf;
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wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkjrifvQif pifppfcspfBudKufaompdwf a&S;OD;pGm ay:aygufvmonfr[kwfao;bJ
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taESmifht,SufwpfrsKd;rsKd; jyKvkyfMujcif;yif jzpfav&m xdkodkYjyKvkyfonfudk rdef;uav;rsm;u
taumif;xif pmudkvufcHjcif;? jyef NyHK;jyjcif;? Mumrlvkyfjcif; ponfwdkYudk jyKvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf NidrSef;rodNid? xdrSef;rodxd? wPSmaESmifBudK; &pfywfcsnfaESmifrdNyDjzpf
kef;xGufaomiSm rwwfEdkifbJ pGJrSef;rod pGJvmMujcif;udk cspfonf? BudKufonf[k ac:a0:todtrSwf
jyKMujcif;yifjzpf&um; cifav;tm; Iyfovdkvdk? aemufovdkvdk vkyfvkdufjcif;rsm;onf ol\pdwf
cifav;tm; cspfovdkvdk jzpfay:vmapawmh\/
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vkyfaewm? olu bmrSpdwfrqdk;wJYtjyif olYta':BuD;uar;wmawmif pum;vTJNyD;ajymao;wmyJ/
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Z0e

139

]tif; . . q&mh0w&m;twdkif; tMuHmPfay;&rnfqdk&if oleJY aemufxyfawGY&atmif MuHzdkYvdkwmyJAs?

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tjyifrxGufawmh awGYzdkYqdkwm tcufom;vm;As}
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..
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]aumif;ygNyDav? cifAsm;ajymovdk vdkufem&rSmaygh} [k cspfazrSm 0efcHvkduf&av\/

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]tdk . . ae&mrus&if q&mhacgif;tjypfrcsygbl;? wkwfeJYomcsrSm} [k ajymaepOf

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a':pkonf rdrdtBuHatmifjrifouJhodkY 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfaomrsufESmESifh pdk;armifxHodkYa&mufvm

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]olYudktypfcH&wm 'DaoewfeJYyJvdkY b,fhES,fvkyfajymEdkifovJ? urmay:rSm 'Daoewfwpfckwnf;yJ

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romr,mjzpfaeonfudk awGY&av\/ odkYjzpf OD;vwfrSm pum;rajymEkdifbJ Muufaoaovsuf

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pdk;armifpum;udk r,Hkovdkvdk&dSrdav\/
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]bm . .}

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]uRefr rjrifbl;rSwfvdkYvm;}
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pdk;armifrSm xdktdrfBuD;rS kwfw&ufxGufroGm;ao;bJ pdwfysufvufysufjzifh xdkjywif;aygufteD;

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pum;wpfcGef;wpfyg'rS rajymEkdifMubJ OD;vwf\yg;pyfrS xGufonfhtoHrSm ]t[rf;} [k cRJ&Sif;oHjzpf
pdk;armifyg;pyfrSxGufonfh toHrSm ]t[if;} [k a'gozdESdyfoHomjzpfav\/
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tEkESifhatmifzdkY&ef y&d,m,foHk;zdkYvdkavNyD[k ESvHk;jyKum ]aMomf . . armifpdk;armifyguvm;} [k csKdom
acsmharmhaomavoHjzifh ac:vdkufav\/
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tif;

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]aMomf . .} [k pdk;armif;u oa&mfovdkvdk vkyfvkdufav\/

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b,fvdk[meJY

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rif;eJY

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