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State-of-the-art
Geert DE SCHUTTER
Self-Compacting
Concrete
Self-compacting concrete
Fills the formwork like a liquid
No external compaction energy
Substantial ecological benefits
Increasing
limestone
filler content
Possible
occurrence of new
hydration peak
Physical effect
Chemical effect
Portland cement
Portland cement +
limestone filler
Time
Filler effect
Porous
interface
Dilution effect
limestone
10
Selection of
materials and
mix design
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 174-SCC
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Robustness
Robustness
Tailor-made blends
11
Mixing process
12
2011
13
Mixing process
14
Mixing process
Mortar/paste level
Concrete level
15
Mixing process
Ongoing fundamental research project on vacuum
mixing (Ghent University & University College):
Conventional Concrete, SCC, UHPC
Pore structure / Air void system
Rheology
Mechanical properties
Durability
16
Mixing process
Mixing process
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Influence of mixing
process often
neglected or not
understood
More fundamental
studies of mixing
process, including
advanced mixing
techniques like
vacuum mixing
17
Pumping
18
Pumping
Precast industry automated production process
19
20
Pumping SCC
Mixing Energy
0.4 GWh
0.6 GWh
Transport Energy
0.2 GWh
0.042 GWh
Compaction Energy
1.0 GWh
0.0 GWh
Finishing Energy
Neglected
Neglected
Total Energy
1.6 GWh
0.642 GWh
21
Pumping on-site
WFC Shanghai
SCC was
pumped
22
RHEOLOGICAL RESULTS
350
Yield stress:
300
SCC < TC
250
TC
200
Viscosity
150
SCC > TC
SCC
100
50
Shear thickening
0
0
10
15
PUMPING RESULTS
Pressure loss
(kPa/m)
45
40
35
SCC
30
25
20
This is the
opposite to the
rheological
results !!
TC
15
10
5
0
0
10
15
20
25
Discharge (l/s)
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
The paradox of
pumping SCC
Extrapolation of
rheometer
results, based on
the measured
shear stresses:
1200
SCC
1000
800
Viscosity (and
shear-thickening)
influences
pumping
pressures
significantly, yield
stress does not.
600
TC
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
t = t 0 + m p g&
Overestimation with
factor 2 to 5
Modified Bingham:
t = t 0 + m g& + c g&
Overestimation with
factor 4 to 10
Shear rate
Lower concentration
of aggregates
Velocity
Rheological
properties
MAGNEL LABORATORY FOR CONCRETE RESEARCH
HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Pipe centre-line
Shear rate
Velocity
Pipe centre-line
Shear rate
Lower concentration
of aggregates
Velocity
Pipe centre-line
Ongoing research
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
31
Ongoing research
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
32
Pumping
Pumping
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Surface layer?
Slip conditions?
Real velocity
measurements, in
order to understand
surface and slip
conditions
33
Filling of formwork
34
Filling of formwork
Filling of formwork
Example:
Villa Gistel
(Belgium)
Filling of formwork
37
Filling of formwork
38
Filling of formwork
Wall type A
Dimensions 4 m x 2 m x 0.21 m
SCC inlet: at the base on the short side
Wall type B
Dimensions 4 m x 2 m x 0.21 m
SCC inlet: at the base and central
39
Filling of formwork
CFD + VOF techniques
Governing equations Navier-Stokes equations
Conservation of mass (continuity equation):
Conservation of momentum:
40
Filling of formwork
41
Filling of formwork
Patent pending
New development: automatic connection valve
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
42
Filling of formwork
43
Uncoupling of pipes
44
Filling of formwork
Filling of
formwork
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 188-CSC
Complex
behaviour, e.g.
thixotropy.
Advanced
modelling, including
CFD.
45
Hydration process
46
Hydration process
Possible
occurrence of new
hydration peak
Portland cement
Portland cement +
limestone filler
Time
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
47
Hydration process
Analytical modelling
48
Hydration process
HYMOSTRUC MODEL
embedded
particles
expansion caused by
embedded particles
outer product
inner product
din;x
x/2
dx
49
Hydration process
50
Hydration Process
Hydration
process
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Advanced
hydration modelling
including
thermodynamic
modelling and
multi-scale
approach to predict
properties.
Tailor made binders
51
Mechanical properties
52
Mechanical properties
Compression
Bond
Shear
53
Compression
Mechanical properties
Peak strain limestoneSCC higher than peak
strain of CVC for same
compressive strength
90
80
70
f c,cyl [N/mm]
60
CVC1
CVC2
CVC3
SCC1
SCC2
SCC5
SCC7
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.50
0.07
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
Peak strain []
2.75
3.00
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
SCC LS
SCC BFS
SCC FA
SCC SF
SCC BFS+LS
SCC FA+LS
7
14
21
28
Time [days]
54
Bond
Mechanical properties
200 150
Top-bar effect:
500
1750
1700
16 mm
500
1500
250
450
200
Height [mm]
150 200
1250
1000
750
500
CVC1
SCC1
SCC2
250
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
55
Shear
Mechanical properties
Shear strength
Interlock - dmax
Influence limited
2-3%
ITZ quality
Influence significant
Around 8%
Bond
Influence limited
2%
56
Mechanical properties
Take-home message
Applying existing models
=
Safe
Adjusting models
=
Taking benefit of better performance
Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research
57
Mechanical properties
Mechanical
properties
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 228-MPS
Some remaining
issues like fatigue
and tension
stiffening
Smarter use of
(steel) fibers, taking
profit of alignment
due to casting,
combined with
advanced CFD
modelling
58
Durability
59
Durability
Transport properties
Important factors (as for TVC):
W/C
Degree of hydration
Mineral additions
20
y = 1.8394x - 2.7394
18
R = 0.8899
K [10
-12
m/s]
16
14
12
10
8
SCC
TC
4
2
0
4
cap
10
12
[%]
Capillary porosity
More general and more accurate than W/C!
60
Durability of SCC
More details:
State-of-the-art report of
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Durability of SelfCompacting Concrete,
Published by RILEM,
2007.
61
Durability in practice
EN 206 1 (2001): Concrete Specification,
performance, production and conformity
- Only applicable to vibrated concrete
SCC??
- Exposure classes:
- XC4: Cyclic wet and dry concrete surfaces exposed to water contact
- XS3: Tidal, splash and spray zones parts of marine structures
- Concrete types:
- minimum cement content
- maximum W/C ratio
- minimum compressive strength class
62
Durability in practice
As some general and practical conclusion it can be mentioned
that the durability of SCC is at least as good as the durability
of traditional concrete with similar W/C and cement content.
However, when the comparison is made based on strength,
SCC might show a somewhat inferior durability.
New developments concerning practical durability issues:
- Equivalent Concrete Performance Concept
- Durability indicators
63
Durability
Durability
State-of-the-art
Bottlenecks
Future
developments
Partly covered in
STAR Reports:
RILEM TC 205-DSC
Code prescription
(similar as for
TVC): deemed to
satisfy
Durability indicators
ECPC
64
Conclusion
During the last decades, concrete technology has
shown a significant evolution
65
Acknowledgement
Dr. K. Audenaert
Dr. V. Boel
Dr. X. Liu
Dr. A.-M. Poppe
Dr. G. Ye
Dr. D. Feys
Dr. B. Craeye
Dr. P. Desnerck
66
67