Question 14

The TLV-TWA for a substance is 150ppm. A worker begin a work shift at 8 am and
complete the shift at 5 pm. 1 hr lunch break is included between 12noon 1 pm,
where it can be assumed that no exposure to the chemical is occur. The following
data were taken in the work area at the times indicated. Has the worker exceed the
TLV specification?
Concentration
PPM
110
110
130
143
162
147
142
153
157
159
165
153
130

Time
8:00 AM
8:10 AM
9:05 AM
10:07 AM
11:20 AM
12:00 AM
12:12 PM
1:00 PM
1:17 PM
2:03 PM
3:13 PM
4:01 PM
5:00 PM
Answer
TLV-TWA for a substance is 150ppm.

TLV-TWA is defined by basis of 8 hours of work, independent of total time exposed.

The data given involves 9 hours from 8 AM to 5 PM. The procedure is to integrate
the concentration vs time and then divide by 8 hours
t

1i
TWA C (t )dt
8t
We assume concentration Ci is averaged over the period of time Ti. Then TWA is
then computed by equation below.

TWA

C1T1 C2T2 ... CnTn

8

We assume at 8 am the concentration is 110 ppm.

Zaki

Time
8:00 AM
8:10 AM
9:05 AM
10:07 AM
11:20 AM
12:00 AM
12:12 PM
1:00 PM
1:17 PM
2:03 PM
3:13 PM
4:01 PM
5:00 PM

Concentration
PPM
110.000
110.000
130.000
143.000
162.000
146.620 *
142.000
153.080 *
157.000
159.000
165.000
153.000
130.000

Exposed
(min)

Exposed (hr)
(T)

10
55
62
73
40
12
48
17
46
70
48
59

0.167
0.917
1.033
1.217
0.667
0.200
0.800
0.283
0.767
1.167
0.800
0.983

CAverage

(CAverage) X (T)

110.000
120.000
136.500
152.500
154.310
0.000
0.000
155.040
158.000
162.000
159.000
141.500
Sum CT

18.333
110.000
141.050
185.542
102.873
0.000
0.000
43.928
121.133
189.000
127.200
139.142
1178.201

* Calculation obtained by interpolated values

TWA

Sum(CT ) 1178.201

147.275 ppm
8hrs
8

Because the TLV of the substance is 150 ppm, the worker is not overexposed.

Zaki

Question 15
Air contain 4ppm carbon tetrachloride, 25ppm 1,1-dichloroethane. Compute the
mixture TLV and determine if this value has been exceeded.
Answer
Mixture data:
4 ppm carbon tetrachloride (TLV-TWA of 5 ppm).
25 ppm 1,1-dichloroethane (TLV-TWA of 100 ppm).

We can use 2 equation

First Equation
n

(TLV TWA) mix

C
i 1

Ci

(TLV TWA)
i 1

4 25
29

27.6 ppm
4 25 1.05

5 100

The total mixture concentration is 4 + 25 = 29 ppm. The workers are over exposed
under these circumstances.
Second Equation
n

Ci
4 25

1.05

5 100
i 1 (TLV TWA)i
Because the quantity is greater than 1, the TLV-TWA has been exceeded.

Zaki

Question 16
A vessel contains 42 gallons toluene. The lid of the vessel is left open (lid diameter =
3ft). Determine time required to evaporate all the toluene in the vessel. The
temperature is 85oF. Estimate the toluene concentration (ppm) near the vessel is the
local ventilation rate is t000 ft3/min. The pressure is 1atm.
Answer
3 Feet

We must first calculate the evaporation rate.

Assume for this case, Psat >> p, therefore the equation used is

MKAP sat
Qm
RgTL
We must then determine K (Mass transfer coefficient (length/time) for an area A).
We use water as reference substance, Mass transfer coefficient of 0.83 cm/s
1/ 3

M
K Ko o
M

1
3

cm 18

1
0.83
0.482cms
s 92.13

1 ft 60s
K 0.482cms 1

0.949 ft min
30.48cm 1 min
Area

d 2 (3.14)(3 ft )2

7.065 ft 2
A
4
4

Zaki

Rankine temperature conversion formulae

from Rankine

to Rankine

[C] = ([R] 491.67) 59 [R] = ([C] + 273.15) 95

Celsius

Fahrenheit [F] = [R] 459.67

[K] = [R] 59

Kelvin

[R] = [F] + 459.67

[R] = [K] 95

TL Absolute temperature of Toluene

TL 85 459.67 544.67 Rankine

Kelvin = (Fahrenheit + 459.67) X (5/9)
= (85 + 459.67) X (5/9)
= 302.59 Kelvin

P saturation of toluene

sat
ln Ptoluene
A

B
C T

T is temperature in kelvin
A, B, C are constant
A = 16.0137
B = 3096,52
C = -53.67
Retrieved from
th

David Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 7 Ed(Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003) page 1057

sat
ln Ptoluene
16.0137

3096.52
3.574
53.67 302.59

sat
ln Ptoluene
3.574
sat
Ptoluene
e3.574 35.65mm Hg
Zaki

1 mm hg = 0.00131578947 atm
sat
Ptoluene
35.65mm Hg 35.65 0.00131578947atm

0.0469atm
The Evaporation rate is

MKAP sat
Qm
Rg TL

92 lbm

lb mol 0.949 ft min 7.065 ft 2 0.0469atm

0.7302 ft 3 atm lb mol R 544.67 R
0.0727 lbm min

The initial mass of Toluene

42 gal

7.234lb
303.83lbm
1gal

Time to evaporate

303.83lbm
4,179 min
0.0727 lbm min
1hour
4,179 min
69.65hour
60 min

Zaki

The concentration is estimate using equation below

KAP sat
C ppm
106
kQv P

0.949 ft

min 7.065 ft 2 0.0469atm

6

10
k 1000 ft 3 min 1atm

314.45
k

K is varies from 0.1 to 0.5

0.1 K 0.5
K=0.1

C ppm

314.45
3,144.5 ppm
0.1

K=0.5

C ppm

314.45
628.9 ppm
0.5

The concentration will range from 628.9 ppm to 3,144.5 ppm depending on the value
of K. Because the TLV for toluene is 20 ppm, the concentration is all greater than
TLV.

Zaki