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P
P
R
R
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J E
F I
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97.313
First published 1990
ISBN 0 7210 1388 0
Price Group C
British Cement Association 1990
All advice or information from the British Cement Association is intended for those who will evaluate the significance and limitation of its contents and take responsibility
for its use and application. No liability (including that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted. Readers should note that all BCA
publications are subject to revision from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
D.F.H. Bennett
BSc, MSc CEng, MICE
and
R.W. Gordon
BSc (Eng), ACGI, DIC, CEng, MICE
FOREWORD
This publication was commissioned by the
Reinforced Concrete Campaign Group.
The Group was set up in 1988 to run a
promotional campaign aimed at providing
better knowledge and understanding of
concrete design and building technology.
Its members are Sheerness Steel plc,
Allied Steel and Wire Limited and the
British Reinforcement Manufacturers
Association, representing the major
suppliers of reinforcing steel in the UK,
and the British Cement Association,
representing the major manufacturers of
Portland cement in the UK.
David Bennett is a Senior Engineer in
the Marketing Division of the British
Cement Association.
Bob Gordon was Chief Structural
Engineer for Bovis-Schal on all phases of
the Broadgate development.
CONTENTS
THE PROJECT
BUILDING
SPECIFICATION
Space provisions
Structure
Cladding
Services
Building management system
3
3
4
4
4
DESIGN
Architecture
Frame
Services
4
5
5
CONSTRUCTION
Substructure
Frame
Precast cladding
6
7
9
SPEED WITH
BUILT-IN QUALITY
APPENDIX
11
Project details
12
THE PROJECT
Plan of the
Broadgate
development
BUILDING SPECIFICATION
Typical
sixth-floor office
interior
Space provisions
The clear internal dimensions from finished floor
level to underside of ceiling are 2.74 m for typical
office areas and 3.05 m for trading floors. Generally,
the structural span between columns is 9 x 9 m and
9 x 12 m.
The gross floor area of the building is 33 500 m2
(typically 3700 m2 per floor), providing a usable area
of 27 000 m2.
Structure
The foundations consist of large-diameter bored
piles of in situ concrete, with underreaming.
Columns, perimeter beams and small areas of
Typical office
floor section
showing services
Cladding
The architectural character of the building highlights
the use of traditional materials in a clear, modern,
functional way. The external cladding is a
combination of high-quality architecturally finished
precast concrete and a curtain walling system. All
windows are double-glazed and framed with
aluminium mullions.
Services
Bay window
detail on Appold
Street
DESIGN
Architecture
The architectural master plan of Broadgate was
developed in two distinct phases. The early phase on
Finsbury Avenue comprised four buildings centred
around Broadgate Circle. The design of the facades using reticulated granite panels - provides a visual
symmetry to the buildings, emphasizing harmony
and uniformity.
In direct contrast to this, the ten buildings in the
later Bishopsgate phase have been designed to give
each one a distinctive architectural style, in order to
enhance corporate image and tenant identity. These
buildings are faced mainly in granite cladding panels,
with the exception of Broadwalk House.
The location of Broadwalk House, on an island
site and separated from the rest of the Bishopgate
Frame
The design of the frame of Broadwalk House was
finalized only after careful appraisal of all the options
- reinforced concrete, structural steel and prestressed concrete.
Comparative costings and construction times
were analysed for each option, using data from
previous projects on Broadgate and budget advice
from specialist contractors. These comparisons
showed conclusively that reinforced concrete was the
best buy. It was cheaper than steel by as much as
200/o, and faster to construct.
A ribbed-slab design was chosen for the floors,
with a wide-rib section, in order to maintain an
economical construction depth of 610 mm. The
ribs, spaced at 3.0 m intervals, span three bays - two
of 12.0 m and one of 9.0 m - onto the central spine
beams and perimeter beams, each of which span 9.0 m.
The lateral stability of the frame was checked by
analysing the deflections and sway of a threedimensional computer model of the structure. The
inherent stiffness of the frame eliminated the need
for shear walls, so enabling fast and economic
construction.
Bringing natural
light into the
building
The central
atrium canopy
Services
Whilst secondary service ductwork could have been
positioned in the voided areas between ribs, it would
have imposed a limitation on flexibility for end-user
fitting out. Consequently all ductwork was zoned
below soffit level.
Entrance lobby
CONSTRUCTION
A number of construction features were incorporated into the design of the structure to take
account of site constraints, speed of erection, labour
availability, and competitive prices.
For the frame and substructure the fast-build
method was used - this incorporated the following
features.
Design of one column/one pile to eliminate
construction of large pile caps.
Construction of the ground floor slab ahead of the
basement to accelerate the frame.
Elimination of shear walls in order to speed floor
cycle time.
Prefabrication of floors was facilitated by
standardization of the building grid and the column
sizes. Specification clauses were drafted to permit
large-area pours and the early removal of soffit
falsework to aid rapid construction techniques.
To ensure that quality was built into the project,
each trade contractor bidding for work was required
to submit a quality plan. This ensured that the
procedures for achieving quality were set down
correctly and that the resources were provided for
the work to be carried out effectively.
Constructing the
main piles
Substructure
Basement,
showing the
intermediate
columns and the
ground-floor
soffit
Constructing the
double-storey
height columns
Frame
During the eight-week tender period for the frame
contract, the frame was changed from in situ to
composite in situ and precast concrete.
This change was made at the
request of the trade
contractor because the space
outside the site boundary
was too restricted to fly large
table forms.
The composite floor slab
consisted of precast soffit
slabs and precast rib beams
which spanned 12 m
between the in situ spine and
edge beams. The precast elements
were structurally tied together with an in situ
concrete topping.
The availability of a disused goods yard near the
site made it feasible and economic to set up a
Floor
construction
elements
Compacting in
situ concrete with
a vibrating screed
rail
An adjustable
column form
Precast cladding
An important consideration in letting the cladding
contract was the ability of the cladding contractor to
undertake the design, manufacture and pre-assembly
of the precast concrete cladding panels and window
units, in addition to their erection. Early in the
design stage the architect met the cladding
contractor to standardize and simplify the panel
design, for efficient precast production. Only a few
modifications to the original details of the precast
profiles were made. These were to ease removal of
the panels from their moulds by adjusting the panel
profiles to give 2.50 taper and by adopting rounded
corners to eliminate sharp arrises.
The terracotta colour of the panels was achieved
by using a mixture of 2.5% yellow and a 2.5% red
pigment by weight, blended with a white cement
mortar. The precast panels, of grade C45 concrete,
were lifted out of their moulds on achieving
20 N/mm2 strength. They were air-cured for two
weeks, under cover, in a specially designated curing
bay protected from the weather. This allowed the
Moulds for
precasting the
curved panels
Spandrel panel
fixing assembly
Window panel
fixing assembly
10
11
A P P E N D I X
Construction Manager
Architect and Structural
Engineer
Services Engineer
Frame Contractor
Precast Contractor
Rosehaugh Stanhope
Developments plc and
British Rail Property Board
Bovis-Schal Joint Venture
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Jaros Baum & Bolles
Ray ORourke & Son Limited
Schokbeton-Nijhuis Alkono
- Joint Venture
THE PROGRAMME
SCHEDULE OF AREAS
Gross floor area
Net lettable area
Number of storeys
m2
33 500
27 000
8
CONSTRUCTION COSTS
Piling
Substructure
Frame
M&E
Cladding/roofing
Finishes
External works
Sundries
Total
12
/m2
12.04
45.84
92.76
342.34
171.11
102.62
4.34
34.89
805.94
CONSTRUCTION TIME
Start
Finish
Duration
September 1987
May 1989
20 months
TYPICAL FLOOR
PLANS AND SECTIONS
Trading level 1
Section AA
Office level 4
Section BB
13