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History of Art
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History Museum (Fig. 74). Several of the products of the workshop of the knightly stoves have
indirect analogies in southern Germany, dated to
around the same time, but a dispute goes on as
to which might have been created irst. one can
only conclude that the inluence and relations of
tiles from the Hungarian and the German areas
remains unknown, but that neither region copied
the others tiles nor did they use common molds.3
What is clear is that the Buda stove tiles became
very popular throughout the kingdom and even
beyond its borders (in Poland, Bohemia, Styria,
and Moldavia). It was the irst time that tile motifs
circulated over long distances and enjoyed such
a large-scale difusion. Similar molds were used
by other workshops and the tiles were copied
and imitated until the sixteenth century. the most
popular were those decorated with knight in tournament that gave the name to the entire group.4 in
the Kingdom of Hungary there are, to the best of
my knowledge, 38 tiles decorated with this motif
(57 individual items),5 making this one of the most
popular motifs (only surpassed by others such as
the two-tailed siren on 80 tiles6 and St. George
slaying the dragon on 68 tiles7). tiles with the
knight in tournament directly related to the originals in Buda (either produced in the same molds
or copied after those tiles) were discovered in both
today Slovakia and Slavonia. In the irst province, only one such item was found so far, in the
royal castle of Bratislava.8 In Slavonia, such tiles
were used in two castles Ruica9 and akovec10
two fortiications Susedgrad11 and Moslavina12
tamsi, Judit: Stcke des Riterigurenofens zu ofen (Buda) aus dem Burgschloss von ozora im Kontext der
Werkstatbeziehungen. In: Quasi liber et pictura. Studies in the Honor of Andrs Kubinyi on his Seventieth Birthday.
Ed.: Gyngyi Kovcs. Budapest: Etvs Lornd University and the Institute of Archaeological Sciences, 2004, pp. 519532;
Idem: Verwandte Typen im schweizerischen und ungarischen Kachelfundmaterial in der zweiten Hlfte des 15. Jahrhunderts.
Budapest: orszgos Memlkvdelmi Hivatal, 1995.
Gruia, Ana-Maria: tiles Decorated with the Knight in tournament in the Kingdom of Hungary. In: Acta Musei Brukenthal,
a. 4, 2009, pp. 203221.
the unit of my analysis consists of any number of identical individual tiles or fragments discovered on the same site.
this reduction was necessary for comparison, since existing publications (excavation reports in particular) often do not
mention the exact number of such items found on archaeological sites.
Gruia, Ana-Maria: Sirena bicaudat pe cahle medievale. Iconograie i posibile funcii. In: Arheologia medieval, a. 6, 2007,
pp. 205241.
Gruia, Ana-Maria: Religious Representations; Eadem: Saint George on Medieval Stove tiles from transylvania, Moldavia
and Wallachia. An Iconographical Approach. In: Acta Musei Napocensis, a. 4144, 20042007, pp. 231254.
Holl, Imre: Sptgotische ofenkachel. In: Acta Archeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, a. 50, 1998, pp. 139214, 178;
Polla, Belo: Bratislava, zpadn suburbium. Bratislava: Slovensk Nrodn Mzeum, 1979, p. 149, ig. 80.5.
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica. osijek: Muzej Slavonije, 2004, p. 255, cat. 536.
Holl, Imre: Sptgotische ofenkachel, p. 178, ig. 38.1; Vidovi, Josip: Katalog: Stolea utvrde rezultati zatitnih arheolokih
istraivanja fortiikacije starog grada akovec. akovec: Muzej Meimurja, 1994.
Stahuljak, tihomil Klobuar, olga: Penjaci starih gradova Samobora i Susedgrada. In: Tkaliev zbornik, a. 2, 1958,
pp. 205242, 209, 210, ig. 2.
Bobovec, Ana: Penjaci s prednjom dekorativnom ploom u Moslavakim srednkovjevonim gradovima. In: Arheoloka
istraivanja u Bjelovarsko-Bilogorskoj upaniji i pogrebni ritusi na teritoriju Hrvatske. Conference proceedings. Zagreb: Hrvatsko
Arheoloko Drutvo, 2003, pp. 163176, 165, 173, ig. t.3.5.
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
317
Bratislava
royal castle
Nova Ves
bishops residence
Nova Ves
bishops residence
Susedgrad
fortiication
Ruica
castle
Moslavina
fortiication
svetina
akovec
? (kept in
Bjelovar)
noble residence
castle
Owner
the motif on lat, panel tiles, lacking the openwork. Another group of tiles with the knight in
tournament, imitations of their Buda prototypes,
with variants, modiications, and distortions, thus
showing a decrease in quality, were produced in
the workshops of Nova Ves and used in the residence of the bishop of Zagreb in the city15 (Fig. 75).
Archaeological
Dating
King of
Hungary
Bishop of
Zagreb
Bishop of
Zagreb
Number of Tiles
and Glazing
Observations
openwork
14661500
14661500
end 15th c.
Nikola and
second half 15th c.
Lovro of ilok
upor fam.
until 1493
Cilli family
Cilli family
2 tiles,
green glaze
5 tiles;
green glaze/
brown glaze
green glaze
panel tile;
local workshop
green glaze
openwork, tracery
white paint
openwork (?)
openwork;
local workshop
panel tile
openwork, tracery
Table 1. Data available on tiles decorated with the knight in tournament discovered in Slovakia and Slavonia.
It seems that in present-day Slovakia, the
knight in tournament tiles did not enjoy favor, the
only known context of use being the royal castle in
Fig. 75. Tiles with the knight in tournament from Buda, Bratislava, and Ruica.
13
14
15
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History of Art
unsetled, since the mere archaeological evidence of directly related tiles in diferent
locations cannot clarify that.
Chronologically, a patern of
vertical social transmission
seems to be supported by dating. the irst copies have all
been dated close to the time
when the originals were produced (ca. 1475). In some places, more variants of the knightin-tournament tiles have been
discovered and were probably used together. this is the
case of Buda (the knight to the
b
right, to the left, and the related motif of the pair of knights
in tournament) and Nova Ves
(where the knight turned to the
left is done both in open-work
and on relief panel tiles). there
are also diferences in glaze or
paint color. the reasons why
this motif enjoyed such popularity probably relate to their
prestige value (produced for
and used in the royal castle
in Buda) and their illustration
Fig. 76. Tiles with saints on corbels: a) Buda
c
of the latest knightly culture.
st. Adrian and David, st. George, holy bishop,
they might have been chosen
b) Ruica st. George, David, holy bishop,
c) Varadin holy bishop.
also for self-representation,
since war and tournament
such as the one in were a noblemans calling.
other motifs created by the knightly stoves
Nova Ves. If the
irst directly relat- workshops in Buda also found their way into
ed tiles, original Slavonia. one such motif illustrates the allegoriproducts or irst- cal icon of the Pelican in Her Piety, referring to
hand copies of the Christs sacriice on the cross, in a central medaltiles in Buda were lion surrounded by vegetal decoration. Remains
donated by the of at least 6 green glazed panel tiles of the sort
king to his mag- have been recovered from the ruins of the royal
nates, the later palace in Buda.16 Besides the directly-related tiles
and less luxurious examples were certainly pro- of this type found in nowadays Hungary, one was
duced locally. In the absence of writen records, also discovered in the castle in Ruica.17
one does not know the exact mechanisms of transAnother large group of popular tiles created
mission in the case of the irst tiles. Did the royal for the royal castle in Buda depicts pairs of saints,
workshops produce more originals with the same prophets, and Old Testament characters on cormold? Did masters move and receive permission bels lanking the central box of niche tiles surto work for other projects? Were tiles and molds mounted by Gothic open-work tracery (Fig. 76).
transported or just drawings? the issue remains these are among the best quality tiles ever made
a
16
17
Holl, Imre: Kzpkori klyhacsempk Magyarorszgon II, p. 177, 180, ig. 155; Idem: Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse,
p. 265, 266, 267, ig. 8; Idem: Sptgotische ofenkachel, p. 153, 154, ig. 19.
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 248, cat. 522.
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
319
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
320
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 258, cat. 540, p. 281, cat. 593, p. 290, cat. 611.
Ibidem, p. 257, cat. 539.
Ibidem, p. 269, cat. 561; the reconstruction shows the motif decorating a panel tile, but the small preserved fragments
might have been part of a niche tile as well.
Ibidem, p. 269, cat. 562.
Ibidem, p. 269, cat. 560.
Ibidem, p. 271, cat. 565.
Ibidem, p. 272, cat. 569.
St. George: Holl, Imre: Sptgotische ofenkachel, p. 190, p. 194, ig. 49.1; Balogh, Joln: Az Erdlyi renaissance. Kolozsvr:
tudomnyos Intzet, 1943, p. 462, ig. 653; David: Holl, Imre: Ungarisch-Polnische beziehungen aufgrund der
ofenkacheln (zweite hlfte 15.-erste hlfte 16. Jahrhundert). In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,
a. 55, 2004, pp. 333375, p. 334, ig. 1; Idem: Sptgotische ofenkachel, p. 141, p. 144, ig. 5, p. 189, ig. 44.3, p. 190, p. 201,
ig. 56.23; Holl, Imre Voit, Pl: Alte ungarische Ofenkacheln. Budapest: Corvina Verlag, 1963, p. 65, cat. 16, ig. 16; Holl,
Imre: Kzpkori klyhacsempk Magyarorszgon I, p. 252, p. 255, ig. 76; holy bishop: Idem: Sptgotische ofenkachel,
p. 191, p. 196, ig. 51. others mentioned in the existing literature, mostly Holl, Imre: Sptgotische ofenkachel.
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 271, cat. 567.
Ibidem, p. 272, cat. 568.
Ibidem, p. 271, cat. 564.
Ibidem, p. 271, cat. 566.
Ibidem, p. 273, cat. 570.
Ibidem, p. 270, cat. 563.
Ilijani, Mira: Urbanizam Graditeljstvo Kultura. Zbornik radeva. Varadin: Gradski Muzej Varadin, 1999, p. 264, p. 263,
ig. 3; Eadem: upanija varadinska u srednjem vijeku/Die Gespanschaft Varadin im Mitelalter. Varadin: tiva tiskara, 1999,
p. 54, cat. 110; Eadem: Iz srednjega u novi vijek. Varadinski stari grad i project bastion. Zagreb: Gradski Muzej Varadin, 2008,
p. 49, ig. 116.
Iz srednjega u novi vijek, p. 49.
History of Art
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35
36
37
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 268, cat. 559.
Kocsis, Edit Sabjn, tibor: A visegrdi kirlyi palota klyhai s klyhacsempe leletei. Visegrd: Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum
Mtys Kirly Mzeum, 1998, p. 35, p. 140, ig. LXVILXIX/140143; Medieval Visegrd. Royal Castle, Palace, Town and
Franciscan Friary. Ed.: Jzsef Laszlovszky. Dissertationes Pannonicae III. 4. Budapest: Etvs Lornd University, 1995,
p. 40, p. 141, ig. 167.
Ilijani, Mira: Urbanizam Graditeljstvo Kultura. Zbornik radeva, p. 263, ig. 1, p. 264; Eadem: upanija varadinska u srednjem
vijeku, p. 54, cat. 112; Iz srednjega u novi vijek, p. 49, ig. 115.
Iz srednjega u novi vijek, p. 49.
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
321
Fig. 80. Kneeling angel, tiles from Nova Ves, Varadin, and Planina pri Sevnici.
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39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
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Franz, rosemarie: Die Kachelofen Entstehung und kunstgeschichtliche Entwicklung bis zum Ausgang des Klassizismus.
Graz: Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt, 1969, ig. 108; Hackenbroch, Yvonne: Stove tiles from Austria. In: The
Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, a. 9, 1964, pp. 309316, pp. 310312, ig. 4.
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 296, cat. 622.
Holl, Imre Voit, Pl: Alte ungarische Ofenkacheln, 39.
Radi, Mladen Boji, Zvonko: Srednjovjekovni Grad Ruica, p. 299, cat. 625.
Ibidem, p. 298, cat. 624.
Holl, Imre: Regensburgi kskzpkori klyhacsempk Magyarorszgon. In: Archaeologiai rtest, a. 107, 1980, pp. 3043,
p. 35, ig. 12.
tomii, eljko: Regensburg Budim Ilok. Kasnosrednjovjekovni penjaci iz dvora knezova Ilokih dokaz sveza Iloka
i Europe. In: Prilozi, a. 21, 2004, pp. 143176, p. 156, cat. 2, p. 160, ig. 19, p. 161, ig. 20, p. 167.
Holl, Imre: Regensburgi klyhacsempk.
tamsi, Judit: Verwandte Typen im schweizerischen und ungarischen Kachelfundmaterial in der zweiten Hlfte des 15.
Jahrhunderts. Budapest: orszgos Memlkvdelmi Hivatal, 1995, p. 135, ig. 94, p. 104.
Maic, Boris: Kasnogoticki pecnjaci s Nove Vesi, p. 34, p. 35, ig. 22, cat. 12, p. 39, p. 40.
Ibidem, p. 32; Prosen, Nevenka: Arheoloko iskapanje tvrave u azmi. in: Ljetopis JAZU, a. 64, 1960.
History of Art
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50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
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58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
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Holl, Imre: Kzpkori klyhacsempk Magyarorszgon IV, p. 84, p. 85, ig. 35; Melis, Irsn Katalin: Szent Gyrgy alakos
budai klyhacsempk. In Mveldstrtneti tanulmnyok a magyar kzpkorrl. Ed.: Bla Kpeczi Erik Fgedi. Budapest:
Gondolat, 1986, pp. 254358, pp. 257259, ig. 15.
Uiak, Peter: Formy na vrobu kachlc z Banskej Bystrice a Slovenskej upe. In: Archaeologia historica, a. 29, 2004, pp. 561
568, p. 626, ig. 7.1, pp. 630632, pp. 634635.
Ibidem, p. 626, pp. 630632, pp. 634635.
Ibidem, p. 627, p. 628, ig. 8.1.a, p. 632.
Holl, Imre: Kzpkori klyhacsempk Magyarorszgon IV, p. 84, p. 85, ig. 37.
Holk, tefan P.: Stredovek kachliarska diela v Banskej Bystrici. In: Zbornk Slovenskho Nrodnho Mzea, Histria 14,
a. 68, 1974, pp. 175193.
Egyhz-Jurovsk, Beata: Stredovek kachlice. Katalg. Bratislava: Slovensk Nrodn Mzeum Archeologick Mzeum,
1993, cat. 8; Holk, tefan P.: Stredovek kachliarstvo. Bratislava: Pallas, 1978, ig. 64; Holk, tefan P.: Stredovek
kachliarska diela v Banskej Bystrici, p. 177, ig.1.
Egyhz-Jurovsk, Beata: Stredovek kachlice, cat. 154, ig. 12 and cat. 155, ig. 11.
Bodnr, Katalin: Klyhacsempk Ngrd megybl I. Szcsny mezvros XVXVI. szzadi klyhacsempi. In: Ngrd
megyei Mzeumok vknyve, a. 14, 1988, pp. 924, p. 11, cat. 9, ig. 9.
Holk, tefan P.: Ete raz k nlezom gotickych kachlc v Banskej Bystrici. In: Zbornk Slovenskho Nrodnho Mzea,
Histria 17, a. 71, 1977, pp. 133138. He debates the data published by Eva S. Cserey (Adatok a besztercebnyai).
Mcelov, Marta: Gotick kachov pece z banskobystrickej radnice. In: Archaeologia historica, a. 24, 1999, pp. 409420.
Labuda, Jozef: Zaujmav kachlice z Banskej tiavnice a Sitna. In Gotick a renesann kachlice v Karpatoch. Ed.: Jn
Chovanec. trebiov: Arx Paris, 2005, pp. 175182 + 261, p. 181, ig. 6.
Hoo, Jozef: Archaeologick vskum hradu ov a zmku v Kremnici. In: Archaeologia historica, a. 6, 1981, pp. 457465,
p. 462, ig. III.3.
History of Art
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Gruia, Ana-Maria: Sex on the Stove. A Fifteenth-Century Stove tile from Bansk Bystrica. In: Medium Aevum Quotidianum,
a. 55, 2007, pp. 1958.
Chovanec, Jn: Palatnska kachov pec Imricha Pernyiho. In Gotick a renesann kachlice v Karpatoch. Ed.: Jn Chovanec.
trebiov: Arx Paris, 2005, pp. 2354, p. 49, ig. 20.
Chovanec, Jn: Palatnska kachov pec Imricha Pernyiho, pp. 2354, p. 49, ig. 20; Polla, Belo: Koice-Krsna.
K stredovekm dejinm Krsnej nad Horndom. Koice: Vchodoslovensk vydavatestvo pre Slovensk Nrodn Mzeum
v Bratislave, 1986, p. 244, ig. 120:6.
Chovanec, Jn: Palatnska kachov pec Imricha Pernyiho, pp. 2354, p. 49, ig. 24; Egyhz-Jurovsk, Beata: Stredovek
kachlice, cat. 225, ig. 44.
Chovanec, Jn: Palatnska kachov pec Imricha Pernyiho.
Drawing from on-site presentation panels.
Kmenes, Mnika: Klyhacsempk Csik-, Gyergy s Kszonszkbl 14.18. szzad. Kolozsvr: Enz Gza Foundation for
Cultural History, 2005, p. 114, cat. 1, plate 8, ig. 3.
Egyhz-Jurovsk, Beata: Stredovek kachlice, cat. 121, ig. 21.
Kahoutek, Ji: Vzkum stedovkch hrad v oblasti Vsetnskch vrch. In: Archaeologia historica, a. 16, 1991, pp. 241254,
p. 245, ig. 6.
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
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tile collections
in slovakia and slavonia
Fig. 84. Stone mold from an unknown location in Slovakia and tile created with it,
discovered at Vsetnske hory (Bohemia).
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86
Ana Maria Gruia: Fashionable Stove tiles in Slovakia and Slavonia during the Fifteenth Century
327
angel supporting a coat of arms with the three lilies of the city of Koice87 ofers further support for
placing the workshop in that town (located just
36km away). the religious motifs on these tiles
include the Madonna, the four capital virgins, St.
James, St. John the Almsgiver, St. Christopher,
and St. George. there are also lay motifs, such
as a couple of burghers playing cards, couples
in love, dancers, vegetal and geometric motifs.88
Some of the depictions were inspired by contemporary engravings. the only identiied analogies
are on tiles in Krsna nad Horndom (40km) and
Kltorisko (100km); it is possible that the workshop in Koice supplied these other sites as well.
Conclusions
the present study can only lead to tentative conclusions, due to the partial state of research and
publication of tiles in the region, the need for
exact measurements of related tiles in order to
determine if they are original products, copies,
imitations or only indirectly related, and for historical research that might ofer more insight in
the means of tile transmission (molds, tiles, traveling masters, drawings/engravings). Also, the distances are calculated according to modern roads
and maps and the igures might be adjusted and
beter explained through research of medieval
markets, roads, and transportation in the region
in the late Middle Ages. Nevertheless, I believe
the present analysis can be useful in noting general trends in tile motif transmission and distribution and in emiting initial hypotheses to be
veriied by further interdisciplinary research. the
main advantage in identifying groups of iconographically related tiles is the direction given for
more in-depth, technical analyses.89
As for the means of motif transmission on
tiles, the analyzed cases indicate the possibility of tiles (molds or masters) granted by royal
favor (tiles with the knight in tournament produced in Buda and used by magnates very soon
afterwards), collected or commissioned through
personal initiatives, maybe inspired by travels of
the nobility (the case of special collections such
as that in Ruica), and obtained through connections between workshops (Buda, Bansk Bystrica,
Nova Ves, possibly also Varadin). tile collections certainly depended on availability and the
87
88
89
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