Reducing the number of iterations in the WCIP

Method in case of space excitation

Hafedh. Hrizi
*

N. Sboui

H. Baudrand

Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences in Tunis

EI Manar

Electronics Laboratory ENSEEIHT

Toulouse France

2092 Tunisia

ISIT'COM - HAMMAM SOUSSE - SOUSSE UNIVERSITY

Abstract-The

WCIP

method

(Wave

Concept

circuits (High Frequency). In some cases, this method requires a

big number of iterations to converge to the optimal result. That's
why

it

needs

autoregressive
iterations

Index

much
an

computing

adaptive

filter

calculated
Terms-Wave

time.

For

to

reduce

by
Iterative

this,
the

we

use

an

number

of

this

method.

Method,

II.

Iterative

Process) is a numerical method used for modeling electronic HF

Convergence,

reducing number of iterations, reducing calculation.

THEORETICAL STUDY

A. Wave concept iterative algorithm

The WCIP method is an integral method based on the

wave

concept

and

it

is

used

in

solving

problems

of

electromagnetic modeling. It is noted "WCIP" because it treats

the waves instead of electromagnetic fields. This method is
different

from

the

other

integral

methods

(Method

of

moments, Galerkin Method ...) because it does not use the

scalar product or the matrix inversion. The method defmes two
I.

operators in spacial and spectral domains. The Fast Fourier

INTRODUCTION

The iterative method "WCIP" is a numerical method

which allows solving problems of electromagnetism and
analysis of electronic circuits High Frequency (HF). This
method uses waves instead of electromagnetic field

Mode Transformation (FMT) and the reverse transformation

i
FMr insure the transition from one area to another. Incident
and

reflected

IAI=

iterations is relatively high in the case of modeling complex

requiring

fine

mesh.

The

are

expressed

in

function

Bl

computational

complexity is related to the number of cells describing the

circuit. For that, it takes too long to give good results by this

1
2

JZOi
1
2 JZOi

(1)

method. To avoid this problem, the technique of adaptive

filtering is an effective way to ensure fast convergence to the
optimal value with minimum error. We use the adaptive LMS
algorithm (Least Mean Square), because it is the simplest in
terms of computation. In addition, it is the most efficient

The iterative process consists in establishing a recurrent

relation between the incident and reflected waves in two
different domains as indicated in the following equations:

{=A+Bo
A=rB

algorithm in terms of minimization criterion of the mean

square error

[16-24].

We present a new algorithm based on

adaptive filtering techniques and autoregressive. We also show

the integration of this filtering algorithm in the method
"WCIP" to create a new method that will be called "A-WCIP:
Adaptive-WCIP." Finally, we aim to reduce the number of
iterations

of

this

method,

and

therefore

we

reduce

the

computation time and improving the speed of convergence of

this method.

of

[1-15].

Although this method is absolutely convergent, the number of

structures

waves

electromagnetic fields as in the next relation:

(2)

The passage from one domain to another is ensured by the

Fast Mode Transformation (FMT) and the Fast Opposite Mode
i
Transformation (FMr ). The iterative process is summarized
in

Fig.

l.

To

generalize,

the

iterative

process

can

be

summarized by the following algorithm in Fig.l:

978-1-4799-2806-4/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

Begin

QuadripOie

1m'tial

Eo

Values

Fig. 2. Electric model

..
1\

Spatial

B(x,y)

Domain

Based on the general theory of the quadrupole, we can express

In

A(x.y)

BO

the current densities as a function of electric field:

(5)

B (m,nr FMT(B(x,y))

Spectral

A(m ,n)

Domain

1'; 2
1;2

With:

ex

quadrupole. The terms

(m ,n)

the

admittance

matrix

of

the

1 and Y21 of the matrix are defined as

follows:

+
A(x,y)

FMT

-/

(A(m,n))

YI2

No

1
2

and

Y22

J2

Convergence

Terms of matrix "Y" are obtained by exciting the circuit with

the first source and by passing the second source, the elements
"Y" are determined by exciting the circuit by the second

Yes

source, the first source is shorted. From the matrix [Y] we can
The end

deduce the distribution matrix [S] given by the following

equation:

Fig. I. The iterative algorithm "WeIP"

,,] l-[yij]
=
1 [Yij1

Slj

a- Com puting of "Y" and "S" m atrices

(6)

B. Com putational com plexity and convergence of the WCIP

m ethod

The surface admittance is generally determinated from the

next expression:

The iterative method is one of the most

< Eo / J >
Yin=----"-- < Eo / E >

effective

methods in solving problems of electromagnetism and analysis

of electronic circuits High Frequency (HF). This method relies

(3)

on the manipulation of incident and reflected waves instead of

electromagnetic field. Although this method is absolutely

The impedance is defmed by:

convergent, the number of iterations is relatively high in the

1
.
Zzn=
Yin

case of modeling complex structures requiring a fine mesh.

(4)

The

computational

complexity

is

strongly

related to the

number of cells describing the circuit. To this end, this method

b- Case of a quadrupole

requires a relatively high computing time to converge to the

optimal result. As we note in [3] the convergence is slow and
exceeds one thousand iterations.

A quadrupole is an electronic device having two ports.

To determine the characteristics of a quadrupole, it is asswned

Also as other studies [ 2,

that there are two sources defming a transmission line. The

electric model of the line is in Fig.

9,

14, 15] have shown the

computational complexity of the method, especially in the case

2:

of complex structures that require a large number of pixels.

In addition, the great progress in technology especially of high

frequency electronics and the emergence of new families of
1,01

integrated circuits make the computational complexity of

calculating very important. More complex circuits require high

accuracy at the mesh on the spatial structure. Hence the need

0,99

for a finer discretisation circuit for maximum information on

:::' 0,98

the distribution of physical quantities. However, though a fine

0,97

mesh needs more accuracy, it requires high computation time

of computational complexity in calculation method WCIP

0,95

becomes

0,94

very

interesting

problem

to

investigate.

r'\

.,.

0,96

especially if it is a complex structure. This is why the problem

a

ItA .A V"
liN

1'1.1\ I '\ """""\ "V" f-' r-r

The

operator in the space field diffraction reflects the relationship

50

100

150

200

between pitches of waves through the plane of the interface

250

300

350

400

450

500

Iterations

circuit. This operator is a key element in the numerical

method. In addition it depends on the quality of spatial grid

Fig. 4. [Sill parameters at frequency 10GHZ (500 iterations)

circuit. To do this, we must describe the plan for discretization

pixels to achieve a better result. This determines the spatial
mesh computational complexity of the method WCIP. Thus,

0,07

the computational complexity of the iterative method depends

0,06

on three main parameters: the spatial resolution defined by the

0,05

mesh size, the number of interfaces and the number of

:::' 0,04

1'.1 "1.r" 'Ij

time in the case of modeling a complex electronic structure or

0,02

containing active ingredients, this is what we will show in the

0,01
o

following study. For modeling complex structures or circuits

containing active elements, the method "WCIP" takes a long

V ..... '\

"""

&I

0,03

iterations. In addition, the method requires more computing

\f"\,

50

100

150

200 250

time to converge to the correct result. In addition to the

300

350

400

450

500

Iterations

calculation becomes cumbersome if you use a fine mesh. For

example, for structures 5 12x5 12 cells, it takes 24 minutes for
1000 iterations using

the

method

WCIP. This result

IS

Fig. 5. [S21] parameters at frequency 10GHZ (500 iterations)

calculated by a machine with an Intel (R) Pentium (R) Dual

From Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, we note that at frequency 9.8GHZ,

Core CPU 2x2.16GHz and 3GB of RAM.

the method may not converge with 200 and 1000 iterations
which is a big number. For this, the computing numerical

a. Study of convergence in the case of spatial excitation

The

studied

circuit

is

presented

in

Fig.3.

It

complexity becomes slow and the method needs much time to

is

give good results.

transmission line excited by a source space. The structure has

1,01

the next characteristics: height h = 6 mm substrate, the

permittivity Er=l, the dimensions a=30mm, b=60mm. This
structure is constituted by a metal, a dielectric and two

0,99

sources.

0,98
0,97
0,96

V
Vv

..M .f'\,. V yJ

rV

r-

'-'\

0,95
0,94

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180 200

Iterations

Fig. 3. Line transmission structure

Fig. 6. [SII] Parameters at frequency 9.8GHZ (200 iterations)

The Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show that the WCIP method begins the
convergence from 500 iterations, for this it needs a big number
of iterations to achieve the convergence to the optimal results.

frequencies. This provides the stability and convergence of our

1,01

system irrespective of the conditions of the input signal [ 16] .

.r ,t\\,.j ..IV \

0,99

fV'

::' 0,98

yo

",.

rJ

'\A

I"J

A
yo

j'V

lJI
r,

0,97

Starting

Initial values

0,96
0,95
0,94

1. . . Nmin lterations

100 200

300

400 500

600

700

WCIP

800 900 1000

Tterationss
Fig. 7. [Sill Parameters at frequency 9.8GHZ (1000 iterations)

Nmin . . . . . . . Nmax Iterations

A-WCIP

Finally, we note that the computational complexity of

calculating in the iterative method is important when we have
a spatial excitation of circuits. Thus, it is necessary to improve
this method advantage by other techniques to ensure faster

No

convergence to good results and to reduce the complexity and

computation time.
C.

The New iterative algorithm "A- WClP"

The new algorithm is rated "A-WCIP" (Adaptive

The end

WCIP) because it is based on improving the method WCIP by

adaptive filtering technique which ensures fast convergence to

Fig. 9. The new iterative process "A-weIp"

the optimal result [ 16] . As shown in Fig. 8, the idea is to add

to the classical algorithm WCIP a new algorithm describing a

Consequently, the new algorithm with "A-WCIP", we

filter AR (autoregressive) and an adaptive filter based on the

improve the convergence of the classical iterative WCIP

LMS algorithm.

which calculates only a limited number of iterations equal to

"Nmin". The number "Nmax" iterations required to achieve

x(1 ) , .... ,x(n-1)

--'-.--'-..:...-...
. 1 Filter (AR)

convergence can be achieved by the new algorithm "A

WCIP", which is a very fast algorithm. Thus, a significant gain
in computation time will be realized by this new approach.

bIn)
White
Noise

III. RESULTS AND SIMULATIONS

Fig. 8. The new functional bloc

In the previous theoretical study, the input signal will be

appointed in the next section by the coefficients S 1 1 or S2 1 of

Thus, the algorithm of the new method will be noted

the diffraction matrix. To model the electronic structure, we

as "A-WCIP" (Adaptive Wave Concept Iterative Process) as in

Fig.

9.

use the new iterative adaptive algorithm "A-WCIP." To

We introduce an input sequence having a length equal

validate the results found by the new approach, we compare

to "Nmin", iterations of this sequence are calculated by the

with the results of the iterative basis "WCIP."

conventional algorithm WCIP. The new algorithm "A-WCIP"

predicted

the

outcome

of

the

remaining

iterations

until

A. Case of a Space excitation

"Nmax" iterations where convergence to the optimal value is

reached. The best of our packaging system is first made by a

We test the new technique "A-WCIP" in the case of a

good selection of the optimal order "m" filter "AR". Then, it is

circuit with spatial excitation. We study the structure shown in

made by a good selection of step adaptation of the LMS

Fig. 3 is a transmission line excited by an excitation source

algorithm. We conclude that the packaging of this system is

space. We present in Fig. 10, 1 1 and 12, the convergence

mainly based on the nature of the input signal. This is an

curves of "S" parameters in function of iterations. These

important point of our approach, because it ensures that the

parameters are calculated by two methods: the traditional and

system adapts to all types of input signals which vary from one

the

frequency to another, especially when we test a wide range of

new

method

("WCIP"

and

"A-WCIP")

at

different

frequencies. In the case of spatial excitation, we note that the

method WCIP requires a large number of iterations that can
4

reach

2000

iterations to converge to the correct result. In the

Finally, we can say that we have reduced the number

2000

method "A-WCIP" WCIP algorithm is used to calculate the

of iterations calculated by the iterative method from

first iteration ("Nmin" iterations) and other iterations will be

200

calculated by the new filtering technique. The number "Nmax"

excitation. Thus, we reduce greatly the computation time and

or

400

to

iterations in the case of a circuit with spatial

represents the maximum number of iterations to achieve

the computational complexity of this method. If you change

convergence. We fmd the following results from the new

the frequency study, we fmd that the method "A-WCIP"

technique "A-WCIP" converges to good results and that in

always ensures a fast convergence towards the optimal result.

comparison with the method "WCIP" basis.

This demonstrates

-- Sl1

1.01

0.99

[S]

0.98
0.97

-- Sl1

:WCIP

Luu\ ,l\.I!

Ji -..rv
(

the robustness of this new approach.

CONCLUSION

: A-WCIP

'o.t. M

Along this paper, we presented the technique to

improve the iterative method. We used a new algorithm based

on adaptive filtering technique to accelerate the convergence
to the correct result. The convergence speed of the classical

iterative method has been improved. In the new method "A

0.96

WCIP", the iterative algorithm is used to calculate only a

0.95

minimum

0.94

iterations calculated by the iterative method from

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

number

"Nmin"

of

iterations,

we

reduce

the

1000

25

to

iterations. The remaining iterations after "Nmin" are processed

Iterations

by the new filtering algorithm to achieve convergence to the

optimal value after "Nmax

Fig. 10. Variation O[SII in fonction of iterations

(Nmax=2000, Nmin=400, Frequency=1OGHZ)

1000"

iterations. Thus, we have a

very rapid convergence in comparison with the conventional

method in which the algorithm computes all

1000

iterations.

Finally, a very significant reduction of computational time was

-- S21

0,07
0.06
[ ]0,05
S
0.04

-- S21:

:WCIP

obtained. And beyond, we ensure fast convergence with an

A-WCIP

average

error

limited

IIIUnI ,JIM

n" ," ' a IJ' I IhAII MI fI,..A Iftv.. IT"" Y'Y"O

1-

""

.".

-yo

provide

significant

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0,02

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0.01

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