1. What is the difference between V series and G series?

G series and V series are part of ITU-T Recommendations given to telecommunications and
computer protocol specification documents published by the Telecommunication Standardization Sector
(ITU-T) on behalf of the International Telecommunication Union. G series are protocol concern with the
Transmission system, media, digital systems and networks while the V series specifically concerns with the
data communication over the telephone network.
G SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS
Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks
Specification Range
Specification Type
G. 100 - G. 199
G. 200 - G. 299
G. 300 - G. 399
G. 400 - G. 499
G. 450 - G. 499
G. 600 - G. 699
G. 700 - G. 799
G. 800 - G. 899
G. 900 - G. 999
G. 1000 - G. 1999
G. 6000 - G. 6999
G. 7000 - G. 7999
G.8000 - G.8999
G. 8000 - G. 8099
G. 8100 - G. 8199
G. 8200 - G.8299
G. 8600 - G. 8699
G. 9000 - G. 9999

International Telephone Connections and Circuits

General Characteristics Common to all Analogue Carrier Transmission Systems
Individual Characteristics of International Carrier Telephone Systems on Metallic
Lines
General Characteristics of International Carrier Telephone Systems on Radio-Relay
or Satellite Links and Interconnection with Metallic Lines
Coordination of Radiotelephony and Line Telephony
Transmission Media and Optical Systems Characteristics
Digital Terminal Equipments
Digital Networks
Digital Sections and Digital Line System
Quality of Service and Performance Generic and User-Related Aspects
Transmission Media Characteristics
Data Over Transport Generic Aspects
Packet over Transport Aspects
Ethernet over Transport aspects
MPLS over Transport aspects
Quality and availability targets
Service Management
Access Networks

V Series Recommendations
Data Communication over the telephone network
V.1-V.9
V.10-V.34
V.35-V.39
V.40-V.49
V.50-V.59
V.60-V.99
V.100-V.199
V.200-V.249
V.250-V.299
V.300-V.399
V supplements

General
Interfaces and voiceband modems
Wideband modems
Error control
Transmission quality and maintenance
Simultaneous transmission of data and other signals
Interworking with other networks
Interface layer specifications for data communication
Control procedures
Modems on digital circuits
Supplements to the Series V Recommendations

2. Different Connectors
USB (Universal Serial Bus)

most pervasive connection type in todays world.

Types of USB
USB 1.0/1.1 can transmit data at speeds up to 12 Mbps.
USB 2.0 can transmit data at speeds up to 480 Mbps and is compatible with older versions of
USB. At the time of this article, USB 2.0 is the most common type found in the market.
USB 3.0 can transmit data at speeds up to 4.8 Gbps. It is compatible with previous versions of
USB.
The mini and micro USB variants are most often used with smaller, portable devices like PDAs,
phones, and digital cameras. The standard USB connectors are more often used on devices that tend to
remain plugged in, like external hard drives, keyboards, and mice.

FireWire
Developed by Apple to solve the lack of high-speed connections available to peripherals during the
early 90s.
Speed was given high priority, and it showed in the resulting standard. Went through several
revisions, and each was consistently quicker than USB.
Never gained the widespread appeal of USB. Losing its performance advantage made it nearly
obsolete.

Purpose: high speed data transfer for computer peripherals. High bandwidth devices, like printers
and scanners, will benefit from.
Two forms: 1394a (which has a transfer speed of 400 Mbps) and 1394b (which has a transfer
speed of 800 Mbps).
Otherwise known as IEEE 1394, i.LINK, or Lynx, commonly used for connecting digital camcorders
and external hard drives to a computer.
Firewire typically has 6 pins in its connector, though a 4 pin variety is common as well.

SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

Designed to succeed IDE, and it has. Compared to IDE, SATA provides higher data transfer
speeds. Your motherboard needs to be compatible with SATA, and nowadays most of them are.
Can be identified by two connectors: each having 7 pins and an empty notch. It looks like a subtle
L-shape.
eSATA (External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

Extension of, or improvement on, the SATA cable it makes SATA technology available in an
external form. In reality, eSATA is not much different from SATA, but it allows connections to
devices like external hard drives and optical drives.
offers speeds much faster than most FireWire and USB alternatives.
Not capable of powering devices
the cables only had to work short distances. The maximum length of cable is six feet, six inches.
THUNDERBOLT

a new type of connection developed by Intel under the codename Light Peak.

 initially intended to be a fiber-optic connection capable of 10 Gbit/s (nearly twice the bandwidth of
USB 3.0).
Thunderbolt can deliver a whopping 10 watts, which is over twice as much as USB 3.0.
Nowm, it remains expensive and only a handful of companies have adopted it. Apple was first to
include it on production PCs. Other manufacturers are beginning to follow this lead, but only on
high-end products.
IDE (INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONICS)

used to connect storage devices to a motherboard. A wide cable that looks like a ribbon with more
than 2 plugs.
Have 40 pins; the smaller 2.5 drive variety uses a form-factor version of the IDE that has 44 pins.
ETHERNET

used to set up local area networks. Used to connect routers to modems and computers.
Cat 5 cables are the most basic type and provide speeds of either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.
Cat 5e, which means Cat 5 Enhanced, allows for faster data transmission than its
predecessor. It caps at 1,000 Mbps.
Cat 6 is the latest and offers the best performance of the three. Its capable of supporting
10 Gbps speeds.
Audio/ Video Connectors
VGA ( VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY)

VGA connection cable was the standard cable used to connect a computer to a monitor.

 More recently, it has faded out of popularity due to the gradual shift towards digital connections
over analog.
Can be identified by 15 pins arranged in 3 rows with 5 on each row. Each row corresponds to the 3
different color channels used in display: red, green, and blue.
DVI ( DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE)

Became the successor to VGA as technology moved away from analog towards digital.
Digital displays, like LCD, proved to be higher quality, which soon became the market standard for
home pictures. DVI connectors come in 3 varieties.
DVI-A can transmit analog signals, allowing it to be backwards compatible with VGA
(useful for CRT monitors and LCDs of lower quality).
DVI-D can transmit the newer digital signals.
DVI-I is capable of both analog and digital.
can also handle analog signals.

DISPLAY PORT

one of two A/V connections (the other being HDMI) developed in the middle of last decade.
developed specifically with computer monitors in mind and is meant to be the full-digital
replacement for DVI.
It has a maximum data rate of up to 18 Gbp/s in best fighting form. Like its sibling, Thunderbolt,
DisplayPort allows for daisy-chain configurations. Its possible to run up to four 1080p displays with
a single DisplayPort connection.
The spec supports up to three meters in copper and fifteen with fiber-optic but be warned, those
cables are expensive.

HDMI ( HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE)

Unlike VGA and DVI, HDMI sends both video and audio signals together. The signals are digital
only; thus, HDMI is only compatible with newer devices.
HDMI connectors come in 4 types:
Type A is the most popular. This connector can be identified by its 19 pins on the male
head. Type A is compatible with single-link DVI-D connections.
Type B is larger than Type A, coming in at 29 pins on the male head. Type B is compatible
with dual-link DVI-D connections.
Type C is a 19-pin connector thats most often used with portable devices, like camcorders
and digital cameras.
Type D looks similar to a micro-USB cord. It also has 19 pins.
It was built to be a do-it-all cable combining uncompressed audio and video for maximum picture
quality.
easy plug that can handle high display resolutions. Its downsides, such as the inability to daisychain and shorter cable lengths, usually arent a concern.
ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
TERMINAL BLOCKS

also called terminal boardsor strips

provide a convenient means of connecting individual electrical wires without a splice or physically
joining the ends.
usually used to connect wiring among various items of equipment within an enclosure or to make
connections among individually enclosed items.
Some disadvantages are that connecting wires is more difficult than simply plugging in a cable and
the terminals are generally not very well protected from contact with persons or foreign conducting
materials.

POSTS

general type of connector that simply screws or clamps bare wire to a post; such connectors are
frequently used in electronic test equipment and audio.
Plug and socket connectors
usually made up of a male plug (typically pin contacts) and a female receptacle (typically socket
contacts).Plugs generally have one or more pins or prongs that are inserted into openings in the
mating socket.

Jack
commonly refers to a connector often with the female electrical contact or socket, and is the "more fixed"
connector of a connector pair. Plug commonly refers to a movable connector, often (but not always) with
the male electrical contact or pin, and is the movable (less fixed) connector of a connector pair.
Some connector styles[3] may contain both pin and socket connection types.
A jack is properly described as a connector that is designed to be fixed on the surface of a bulkhead or
enclosure; "The stationary (more fixed) connector of a mating pair shall be designated J or X" [4] where J
means jack.[5] Its counterpart, the "plug," is designed to attach to a wire, cable or removable electrical
assembly; "The movable (less fixed) connector of a mating pair shall be designated P" [6] where P means
plug. This convention is currently defined in ASME Y14.44-2008 which is the current actively maintained
follow on to the withdrawn IEEE 200-1975; IEEE 200-1975 was derived from the long withdrawn MIL-STD16 which dates back at least to the 1950s which highlights the heritage of this connector naming
convention. IEEE 315-1975 works alongside ASME Y14.44-2008 to define J, P and X references.
A plug is properly described as a connector that is designed to be attached to a wire, cable or removable
electrical assembly: "The movable (less fixed) connector of a mating pair shall be designated P" [6] where P
means plug.[5]
The term jack occurs in several related terms:
The "registered jack" in RJ11, RJ45 and similar connectors, and includes the modular jacks used in modern
telephone systems and computer network interfaces (for example, "Ethernet jack").
The telephone jack of manual telephone switchboards, which is the socket fitting the original 1/4" telephone
plug. This open-frame, open-circuit accepts 1/4" mono phone plugs.

The 1/4" phone jack common to many electronic applications, either in a 2-conductor tip-sleeve (TS) or 3conductor tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) configuration.
The RCA jack, also known as a "phono jack", common to consumer electronics.
The EIAJ jack designed for consumer appliances requiring less than an 18.0 volt power supply.
When the description includes a diameter, the term refers to the jack that matches the corresponding
diameter of plug. For example:
6.35 mm or 1/4" jack
3.5 mm (1/8") miniature jack
2.5 mm (3/32") subminiature
A headphone (or earphone) jack is commonly one of the three standard sizes of 3-conductor TRS
headphone jacks, but the term could refer to any socket used for this purpose.
Component and device connectors
Electrical and electronic components and devices sometimes have plug and socket connectors or terminal
blocks, but individual screw terminals and fast-on or quick-disconnect terminals are more common. Small
components have bare lead wires for soldering. They are manufactured using casting.
BLADE CONNECTOR
A blade connector is a type of single wire connection using a flat conductive blade which is inserted into a
blade receptacle. Usually both blade connector and blade receptacle have wires attached to them either
through soldering of the wire to the blade or crimping of the blade to the wire. In some cases the blade is an
integral manufactured part of a component (such as a switch or a speaker unit), and a blade receptacle is
pushed onto the blade to form a connection.
A common type of blade connector is the "Faston". While Faston is a trademark of TE
Connectivity (formerly Tyco Electronics), it has come into common usage. Faston connectors come in male
and female types. They have been commonly used since the 1970s.

Ring and spade terminals[edit]

Ring style wire end blade connectors are normally sold in lots.
The connectors in the top row of the image are known as ring terminals and spade terminals (sometimes
called fork or split ring terminals). Electrical contact is made by the flat surface of the ring or spade, while
mechanically they are attached by passing a screw or bolt through them. The spade terminal form factor
facilitates connections since the screw or bolt can be left partially screwed in as the spade terminal is
removed or attached. Their sizes can be determined by the size of the conducting wire AWG and
the screw/bolt diameter size designation.
COMMONLY USED CONNECTORS
8P8C connector[edit]
Main article: 8P8C

8P8C Connector crimped to cable

8P8C is short for "eight positions, eight conductors", and so an 8P8C modular connector (plug or jack) is
a modular connector with eight positions, all containing conductors. The connector is probably most famous
for its use in Ethernet and widely used on CAT5 cables.
The 8P8C modular plugs and jacks look very similar to the plugs and jacks used for FCC's registered
jack RJ45 variants, although the specified RJ45 socket is not compatible with 8P8C modular plug
connectors. It neither uses all eight conductors (but only two of them for wires plus two for connecting a
programming resistor) nor does it fit into 8P8C because the true RJ45 is "keyed".
D-subminiature connectors[edit]
Main article: D-subminiature

A male DE-9 plug.

The D-subminiature electrical connector is commonly used for the RS-232 serial port on modems and IBM
compatible computers. The D-subminiature connector is used in many different applications, for computers,
telecommunications, and test and measurement instruments. A few examples are monitors
(MGA, CGA, EGA), the Commodore 64, MSX, Apple II, Amiga, and Atari joysticks and mice, and game
consoles such as Atari and Sega.
Another variants of D-subminiature are the Positronic D-subminiature connector which have PosiBand
closed entry contact option, solid machined contacts, thermocouple contact options, crimp and PCB
mount.;[7] and the Positronic Combo D-subminiature which have Large Surface Area (LSA) contact system
that is for low contact resistance and saves energy, and sequential mating options.[8]
Power connectors[edit]
See also: AC power plugs and sockets, DC connector, NEMA connectors and Industrial and multiphase
power plugs and sockets

A panel-mounted IEC 60320 C14male connector designed to accept AC line power

Power connectors must protect people from accidental contact with energized conductors. Power
connectors often include a safety groundconnection as well as the power conductors. In larger sizes, these
connectors must also safely contain any arc produced when an energized circuit is disconnected or may
require interlocking to prevent opening a live circuit.
Socket, is the general term, in British English, but there are numerous common alternatives for household
connectors, including power point,[9] plug socket,[10] wall socket,[11] and wall plug.[12]
Receptacle and outlet are common in American English, for household connectors, sometimes with
qualifiers such as wall outlet, electrical
Radio frequency connectors[edit]
Main article: RF connector
For more details on this topic, see Impedance matching and Signal reflection.

A male 50 ohm BNC connector

Connectors used at radio frequencies must not change the impedance of the transmission line of which
they are part, otherwise signal reflection and losses will result. A radio-frequency connector must not allow
external signals into the circuit, and must prevent leakage of energy out of the circuit. At lower radio
frequencies simple connectors can be used with success, but as the radio frequency
increases,transmission line effects become more important, with small impedance variations from
connectors causing the signal to reflect from the connector, rather than to pass through. At UHF and above,
silver-plating of connectors is common to reduce losses. Common types of RF connectors are used
for television receivers, two-way radio, certain Wi-Fi devices with removable antennas, and industrial or
scientific measuring instruments using radio frequencies.
DC CONNECTOR
A DC connector is an electrical connector for supplying direct current (DC) power. For portable consumer
electronic devices, the coaxial power connector is frequently used, but many other types of connectors also
exist.
Hybrid connectors[edit]
Hybrid connectors have housings with inserts that allow the intermixing of many connector types, such as
those mentioned above. These housings may also allow intermixing of electrical and non-electrical
interfaces, examples of the latter being pneumatic line connectors, andoptical fiber connectors. Because
hybrid connectors are modular in nature, they tend to simplify assembly, repair, and future modifications.
They also allow the creation of composite cable assemblies that can reduce equipment installation time by
reducing the number of individual cable and connector assemblies.
Banana[edit]
Banana connectors are used to connect single wires to electrical equipment. They are often used with
testing equipment.
Barrier Strip/Spade Lug[edit]
A connector that locks a metal spade to a terminal by screwing them together..
Crimp[edit]
Crimp connectors can be used for fast and friction-type connections in DC applications where connections
are broken repeatedly.
Alligator/Crocodile clip[edit]
Alligator connectors are often used as temporary test leads.
Screw terminal[edit]
A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is held by the tightening of a screw.
Phone[edit]
Phone connectors can be used as connectors in microphone cables and for low-voltage, low-current
applications.

RCA[edit]
RCA connectors can be used in audio connections.
DIN[edit]
A DIN connector is suitable with multiple conductor wires for interconnecting audio and computer
accessories.
Tee[edit]
A Tee connector is an electrical connector that connects three cables together.
ELECTRICAL CABLE
Termination and gender[edit]
Main article: Gender of connectors and fasteners
When used to terminate cables, in some applications both ends of the cable are terminated using identical
connectors (generally male), as in registered jack telephone cables orEthernet over twisted pair network
cables, while in other applications the two ends are terminated differently, either with male and female of
the same connector (as in an extension cord), which ends can be connected to each other in a loop, or with
incompatible connectors, in an adapter cable.
Wiring and pinouts[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Pinout.
See also: Crossover cable

Ethernet crossover cable, showing wiring at each end

When a cable is terminated by a connector, the various wires in the cable are connected to contacts (pins)
in the connector. The most common methods of connecting pins to individual wires are soldering, insulation
displacement, insulation piercing, screw clamping, axial screw termination, cage clamping, crimping, pressin termination, and wire wrapping. Some of these wiring methods can be accomplished without specialized
tools. Other methods, while requiring a special tool, can assemble connectors to a cable much faster and
more reliably, and make repairs easier.
If one has specified wires within a cable (for instance, the colored Ethernet cable wires in TIA/EIA-568-B),
then the order in which different color wires are attached to different connector pins defines the wiring
scheme. Different ways of wiring numbered connector pins at the two ends of a cable creates different
assemblies, which may appear identical but behave differently.
If both ends of a cable have the same connector, or male and female versions of a connector, or even
similar connectors (such as RJ11and BS 6312, both of which often have 6P4C (6 positions and 4
contacts)), there is a notion of straight through cable and crossover cable:
In a straight through cable, pins on one end correspond exactly to the corresponding pins on the other end
(pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, etc.).

Using the same wiring (a given color wire connects to a given number pin, the same at both ends) at each
end yields a straight through cable.
In a crossover cable, pins do not so correspond; most often in crossover cables some cables are swapped,
meaning that if pin 1 on one end goes to pin 2 on the other end, then pin 2 on the first end goes to pin 1 on
the second end, and not to pin 3 or some other: such crossover cables are symmetric, meaning that they
work identically regardless of which way you plug them in (if you turn the cable around, it still connects the
same pins as before).
Using different wiring (a given color wire connects to one number pin at one end, and a different number
pin at the other) at each end yields a crossover cable.
A well-known crossover cable is the Ethernet crossover cable, which converts
between T568A and T568B termination.
What matters specifically is not "which contact corresponds to which wire", but rather "which contact on one
connector corresponds to which contact on the other connector": to illustrate the distinction, T568A straight
through cables and T568B straight through cables are electrically identical: pin 1 on one end corresponds
to pin 1 on the other end, though in the T568A it is a green/white striped wire that connects them, while in
T568B it is an orange/white striped wire that connects them. However, a cable wired with T568A at one end
and T568B at the other is a crossover cable.
The name "straight through" is suggestive but slightly misleading: if one has a ribbon cable, such that all
wires are in fact straight and in a line, the pinouts at the two ends are themirror of each other: the left-most
wire on one end is the right-most wire on the other.
KINDS OF NETWORK CABLES
1. Coaxial cable

Coaxial Cabling: Used for 10Base2 and 10Base5

10Base5 = Thicknet, vampire taps and Attachment Unit Interfaces (AUI) connectors, 500m max length.
10Base2 = Thinnet, BNS connectors with T-connector/transceiver to connect to each machine, 185 meters
max
2. Unshielded twisted pair

UTP CHARACTERISTICS

unshielded
twisted
covered by insulting sheath

UTP CATEGORIES
Category 1

Voice only (Telephone)

Used for POTS,ISDN, Doorbell wiring

Category 2

Data to 4 Mbps (Localtalk)

Originally designed for Token Ring

Category 3

Data to 10Mbps (Ethernet) (TIA/EIA 568B) Can be used for telephones

Category 4

Data to 20Mbps (Token ring)

Category 5

Data to 100Mbps (Fast Ethernet)

Very popular desktop cabling. Not suitable for

GigE (1000Base T)

Category 5e

Data to 1000Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet)

( TIA/EIA 568-B)

Lower emissions, better for Gigabit Ethernet

Category 6

Data to 2500Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet+)

(TIA/EIA 568-B)

Intended as a replacement for Cat5e, capability to

support multigigabit speeds ( when standards are
created)

Cat 6a

Data to 10Gps

Future specification

Cat 7

600 MHz (ISO/IEC 11801 Class F)

Designed for transmission at frequencies up to 600

MHz

Intended for fast Token Ring Speed. Frequency of

20Mhz

CAT5e CABLE
1000Mbps data capacity
For runs of up to 90 meters
Solid core cable ideal for structural installations (PVC or Plenum)
Stranded cable ideal for patch cables
Terminated with RJ-45 connectors

3. Fiber Optic

Fiber-Optic Cabling and Connectors for Ethernet

Longer distances supported
More expensive
Secure
Less interference than electrical cabling
Only type of cabling to support 10 Gigabit Ethernet
- > Dark fiber is when fiber cabling is lease from a service provider
Two Categories of Optical Cabling
Multimode (MM): Use LEDs, shorter distances, less expensive
Singlemode (SM): Use lasers, Small diameter optical fiber, require more precision when being made, more
expensive, greater distances.
- > Fiber cabling is made from fiberglass, has extra protection from plastic and Kevlar coating.
- > Light hits the outer wall of the core/inner wall of the cladding, "bounces" until destination reached
Optical Connectors for Ethernet
To transmit data in both directions, need a pair of fiber strands. No need to twist the strands together, since
there is no magnetic interference.
ST Connector (BNC style), SC Connector (2 strands attach to single connector), MT-RJ Connector (same
plastic mold as RJ-45)
Optical Connectors for Ethernet
To transmit data in both directions, need a pair of fiber strands. No need to twist the strands together, since
there is no magnetic interference.
ST Connector (BNC style), SC Connector (2 strands attach to single connector), MT-RJ Connector (same
plastic mold as RJ-45)
Summary

Ethernet Cabling Standards

Standard
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
10 Base - T
100 Base - FX
100 Base - T
100Base-T4
100Base-TX
1000Base-LX
1000Base-SX

Cabling
Thick Coaxial
Thin Coaxial
UTP CAT 3, 5, 5e, 6
Two Strands, multimode
UTP CAT3,5,5e,6, 2-pair
UTP CAT3,5,5e,6, 4-pair
UTP CAT3,5,5e,6, or STP, 2-pair
Long-wavelength, MM or SM
Short-wavelength, MM

1000Base-ZX
1000Base-CS
1000Base-T

Extended wavelength, SM
STP, 2-pair
UTP CAT5,5e,6

Maximum Length
500m
185m
100m
400m
100m
100m
100m
10 km (SM), 3 km (MM)
220m with 62.5 micron fiber;
550m with 50-micron fiber
100km
25m
100m

10-Gigabit Ethernet: defined in IEEE 803.ae

Allows only point-to-point topology (intended for connectivity between switches)
Only full-duplex communication
Specifies only optical cabling
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs: Known informally as Wi-Fi, only one station can effectively transmit at a time
(within the range)
802.11 requires different MAC header than 802.3 header
802.11a = 5 GHz, 54 Mbps
802.11b = 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps
802.11c = 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps

COLOR CODING OF ETHERNET CABLES

The TIA/EIA 568-A standard which was ratified in 1995, was replaced by the TIA/EIA 568-B standard in
2002 and has been updated since. Both standards define the T-568A and T-568B pin-outs for using
Unshielded Twisted Pair cable and RJ-45 connectors for Ethernet connectivity. The standards and pin-out
specification appear to be related and interchangeable, but are not the same and should not be used
interchangeably.

Both the T-568A and the T-568B standard Straight-Through cables are used most often as patch cords for
your Ethernet connections. If you require a cable to connect two Ethernet devices directly together without
a hub or when you connect two hubs together, you will need to use a Crossover cable instead.

A good way of remembering how to wire a Crossover Ethernet cable is to wire one end using the T-568A
standard and the other end using the T-568B standard. Another way of remembering the color coding is to
simply switch the Green set of wires in place with the Orange set of wires. Specifically, switch the solid
Green (G) with the solid Orange, and switch the green/white with the orange/white.
Ethernet Cable Tips:
A straight-thru cable has identical ends.
A crossover cable has different ends.
A straight-thru is used as a patch cord in Ethernet connections.
A crossover is used to connect two Ethernet devices without a hub or for connecting two hubs.
A crossover has one end with the Orange set of wires switched with the Green set.
Odd numbered pins are always striped, even numbered pins are always solid colored.
Looking at the RJ-45 with the clip facing away from you, Brown is always on the right, and pin 1 is on the
left.
No more than 1/2" of the Ethernet cable should be untwisted otherwise it will be susceptible to crosstalk.
Do not deform, do not bend, do not stretch, do not staple, do not run parallel with power cables, and do not
run Ethernet cables near noise inducing components.

By looking at a T-568A UTP Ethernet straight-thru cable and an Ethernet crossover cable with a T-568B
end, we see that the TX (transmitter) pins are connected to the corresponding RX (receiver) pins, plus to

plus and minus to minus. You can also see that both the blue and brown wire pairs on pins 4, 5, 7, and 8
are not used in either standard. What you may not realize is that, these same pins 4, 5, 7, and 8 are not
used or required in 100BASE-TX as well. So why bother using these wires, well for one thing its simply
easier to make a connection with all the wires grouped together. Otherwise you'll be spending time trying to
fit those tiny little wires into each of the corresponding holes in the RJ-45 connector.
The straight-through cables are used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data
Communications Equipment (DCE), such as computers and routers to modems (gateways) or hubs
(Ethernet Switches). The cross-over cables are used when connecting DTE to DTE, or DCE to DCE
equipment; such as computer to computer, computer to router; or gateway to hub connections. The DTE
equipment terminates the signal, while DCE equipment do not.

RJ45 Color-Coded Scheme

RJ45 cables have 8 color-coded wires, and the plugs have 8 pins and conductors. Eight wires are used as
4 pairs, each representing positive and negative polarity. The most commonly used wiring standard for
100baseT is T-586B stanrard described above. Prior to EIA 568A and 568B standards, the color-coded
scheme was used to wire RJ45 cables. The table below depicts pin and color schemes used in traditional
and standardized setup.
Pin
Colored Scheme
T-568B (Common)
T-568A
1
Blue
Orange Stripe
Green Stripe
2
Orange
Orange
Green
3
Black
Green Stripe
Orange Stripe
4
Red
Blue
Blue
5
Green
Blue Stripe
Blue Stripe
6
Yellow
Green
Orange
7
Brown
Brown Stripe
Brown Stripe
8
White (or Grey)
Brown
Brown
T-568A and T-568B are the two wiring standards for RJ-45 connector data cable specified by TIA/EIA-568A wiring standards document. The difference between the two is the position of the orange and green wire
pairs. It is preferable to wire to T-568B standards if there is no pre-existing pattern used within a building.

RJ stands for Registered Jacks. These are used in telephone and data jack wiring registered with FCC. RJ11 is a 6-position, 4-conductor jack used in telephone wiring, and RJ-45 is a 8-position, 8-conductor jack
used in 10BaseT and 100BaseT ethernet wiring.
Electronic Industries Association (EIA) developed the TIA/EIA-568-A standard, which specifies wiring and
performance standards for Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cabling. Category Rating System specifies the
definition of performance categories for 100 ohm UTP cabling system.
Category 3 specifies the twisted pair cable and connecting hardware that can support transmission
frequency up to 16MHz, and data rates up to 10Mbps. This is primarily used in telephone wiring.
Category 4 specifies cables and connectors that supports up to 20MHz and data rates up to 16Mbps. With
introduction of category 5, this is a rarely used category.
Category 5 specifies cables and connectors that supports up to 100MHz and data rates up to 100Mbps.
With 100BaseT Ethernet today, Category 5 is a widely used cabling system that matches todays highspeed data requirements.
UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. It is the cabling system with one or more pairs of twisted insulated
copper wires contained in a single sheath. It is the most widely used cabling system in telecommunications
and data communications environment today.
0.0.0.0
Definition: IP addressnumbers range from 0.0.0.0 up to 255.255.255.255. The IP address 0.0.0.0 has
special meaning on computer networks.
Computers normally show an address of 0.0.0.0 when they are not connected to a TCP/IPnetwork. Having
this address, a computer cannot be reached or communicate with any other devices over IP.
TCP/IP software applications also use 0.0.0.0 as a programming technique to monitor network traffic from
any valid IP address. While connected computers do not use this address, messages carried over IP
sometimes include 0.0.0.0 inside the header when the source of the message is unknown.
In the Internet Protocol version 4 the address 0.0.0.0 is a non-routable meta-address used to designate an
invalid, unknown or non applicable target. To give a special meaning to an otherwise invalid piece of data is
an application of in-band signaling.
Uses include:
The address a host claims as its own when it has not yet been assigned an address. Such as when
sending the initial DHCPDISCOVER packet when using DHCP.
The address a host assigns to itself when address request via DHCP has failed, provided the host's IP
stack supports this. This usage has been replaced with the APIPAmechanism in modern operating
systems.
A way to specify "any IPv4-host at all". It is used in this way when specifying a default route.
A way to explicitly specify that the target is unavailable.[1]
A way to specify "any IPv4 address at all". It is used in this way when configuring servers (i.e. when binding
listening sockets). This is known to TCP programmers as INADDR_ANY. (bind(2) binds to addresses, not
interfaces.)
In IPv6, the all-zeros-address is written as "::".